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<mods:title id="D692C9512F69A96D062A01CFB686FD9E">Taxonomic studies on Oriental Microplitis Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Microgastrinae) with description of two new species from South India</mods:title>
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Genus
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF8FFB33D899CB978D0DBA0" ID-CoL="5S9B" ID-ENA="51538" authority="Foerster" authorityName="Foerster" box="[238,483,1690,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF8FFB33D899CB97841DBA1" bold="true" box="[238,370,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Microplitis</emphasis>
Foerster
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<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF8FFB33DF09CC278AFDBE2" ID-CoL="5S9B" authority="Foerster 1862" authorityName="Foerster" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,412,1761,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF8FFB33DF09CC27834DBE2" box="[151,263,1761,1783]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Microplitis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB33C6A9CC178AFDBE2" author="Foerster" box="[269,412,1761,1783]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Foerster, A. (1862) Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Braconen. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, 19, 225 - 288." type="journal article" year="1862">Foerster 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 24.5. [
<typeStatus id="393D884AFFF8FFB33C829CC17B29DBE2" box="[485,538,1762,1783]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Type</typeStatus>
species, by original designation,
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF8FFB33E0B9CC17D4EDBE2" authority="Nees" authorityName="Nees" box="[876,1149,1761,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sordipes">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF8FFB33E0B9CC17D70DBE2" box="[876,1091,1761,1783]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Microgaster sordipes</emphasis>
Nees
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von Esenbeck, 1834;
<treatmentCitation id="672710F9FFF8FFB3383B9CC27825DA03" author="Nixon" page="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB3383B9CC279CEDA03" author="Nixon" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Nixon, G. E. J. (1965) A reclassification of the Tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 2 (Supplement), 1 - 284." type="journal article" year="1965">Nixon 1965</bibRefCitation>
: 7
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;
<treatmentCitation id="672710F9FFF8FFB33C469D237885DA03" author="Nixon" box="[289,438,1792,1814]" page="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB33C469D2378AEDA03" author="Nixon" box="[289,413,1792,1814]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Nixon, G. E. J. (1970) A revision of the northwestern European species of Microplitis Forster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 25, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1970">Nixon 1970</bibRefCitation>
: 3
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;
<treatmentCitation id="672710F9FFF8FFB33CA69D227B46DA03" author="Mason" box="[449,629,1792,1814]" page="132" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB33CA69D227B71DA03" author="Mason" box="[449,578,1792,1814]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Mason, W. R. M. (1981) The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 115, 1 - 147. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 113115 fv" type="journal article" year="1981">Mason 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 132
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="672710F9FFF8FFB33FE79D237A8CDA03" author="Austin" box="[640,959,1792,1814]" page="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB33FE79D237AAADA03" author="Austin" box="[640,921,1792,1814]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Austin, A. D. &amp; Dangerfield, P. C. (1992) Synopsis of Australasian Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with a key to genera and description of new taxa. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 6, 1 - 76. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / it 9920001" type="journal article" year="1992">Austin &amp; Dangerfield 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="672710F9FFF8FFB33EAD9D237DF2DA03" author="Chen" box="[970,1217,1792,1814]" page="221" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB33EAD9D237DA2DA03" author="Chen" box="[970,1169,1792,1814]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Chen, J. &amp; Song, D. (2004) Systematic Studies on Microgastrinae of China (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Fujian Science &amp; Technology Publishing House, Fuzhou, 354 pp. [Chinese with English summary]" type="book" year="2004">Chen &amp; Song 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 221
</treatmentCitation>
[See
<treatmentCitation id="672710F9FFF8FFB339939D2379C6DA21" author="Shenefelt" page="737" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB339939D2379C6DA21" author="Shenefelt" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Shenefelt, R. D. (1973) Braconidae 5, Microgasterinae &amp; Ichneutinae. Part 9. In: van der Vecht, J. &amp; Shenefelt, R. D. (Eds.), ' Hymenopterorum Catalogus'. Dr W. Junk, Gravenhage, pp. 669 - 812." type="book chapter" year="1973">Shenefelt (1973: 737)</bibRefCitation>
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for bibliography.]
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF8FFB33DF09D1E7829DA46" box="[151,282,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Dapsilotoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB33C479D1E788ADA46" author="Cameron" box="[288,441,1853,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Cameron, P. (1906) On the Tenthredinidae and parasitic Hymenoptera collected in Baluchistan by Major C. G. Nurse. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 17, 89 - 107." type="journal article" year="1906">
<collectingCountry id="9E917678FFF8FFB33C479D1E784EDA46" box="[288,381,1853,1875]" name="Cameroon" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Cameron</collectingCountry>
1906
</bibRefCitation>
: 101.
<typeStatus id="393D884AFFF8FFB33C919D1D7B1BDA46" box="[502,552,1854,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF8FFB33FE39D1E7AD1DA46" authority="Cameron" authorityName="Cameron" box="[644,994,1853,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Dapsilotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testaceipes">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF8FFB33FE39D1E7A4EDA46" box="[644,893,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Dapsilotoma testaceipes</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="9E917678FFF8FFB33EE49D1E7AD1DA46" box="[899,994,1853,1875]" name="Cameroon" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Cameron</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy, 1906, synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB3382A9D1E79CEDA67" author="Viereck" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Viereck, H. L. (1914) Type species of genera of ichneumon flies. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 83, 1 - 186. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.83.1" type="journal article" year="1914">Viereck 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 25.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF8FFB33DF09D597D06DA85" blockId="6.[151,1436,1761,1936]" box="[151,1077,1914,1936]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF8FFB33DF09D59787FDA85" box="[151,332,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Glabromicroplitis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB33C359D5878F1DA85" author="Papp" box="[338,450,1914,1936]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Papp, J. (1979) Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from Tunisia, 1. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 32, 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1979">Papp 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 176. [
<typeStatus id="393D884AFFF8FFB33F649D587B0BDA85" box="[515,568,1915,1936]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF8FFB33FF29D597D18DA85" authority="Papp 1979" authorityName="Papp" authorityYear="1979" box="[661,1067,1914,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Glabromicroplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mahunkai">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF8FFB33FF29D597A87DA85" box="[661,948,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Glabromicroplitis mahunkai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB33EDC9D587D18DA85" author="Papp" box="[955,1067,1914,1936]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Papp, J. (1979) Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from Tunisia, 1. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 32, 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1979">Papp 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF8FFB23DF09D9E7A77DFBD" blockId="6.[151,1436,1981,2006]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,1437]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="376" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF8FFB33DF09D9E7839DAC3" bold="true" box="[151,266,1981,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(after
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF8FFB33C3F9D9E7BA3DAC3" author="Austin" box="[344,656,1981,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="375" refString="Austin, A. D. &amp; Dangerfield, P. C. (1993) Systematics of Australian and New Guinean Microplitis Foerster and Snellenius Westwood (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae), with a review of their biology and host relationships. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 7, 1097 - 1166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9931097" type="journal article" year="1993">Austin &amp; Dangerfield 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Clypeal margin concave to straight; eyes large and densely setose; width of face (at widest) 0.5× width of head; labial palps nearly always with three segments, rarely with four segments; pronotum with lateral furrow; mesoscutum usually with some sculpturing, sometimes completely smooth; notauli variable, ranging from virtually absent to strongly impressed and coarsely sculptured; posterior band of scutellum usually wide and smooth, interrupted medially by rugosity; prepectal carina absent; propodeum usually convexly rounded, rarely composed of two faces meeting transversely and then not at an acute angle, virtually always with a distinct percurrent medial keel, never with an areola, surface coarsely sculptured, usually rugose to reticulate-rugose; hind coxa usually small, shorter than T1; hind tibial spurs subequal in length, short, usually reaching less than 0.3–0.4× distance to hind basitarsus; fore wing usually infuscated, with 1-R1 short, not reaching to SR1; 1CU-1 variable in length but always shorter than 2 CU-1; r-m present; vannal lobe convex and setose throughout; metasoma with T1 much longer than wide, often parallel sided or tapering towards apex; suture between T2 and T3 faintly defined or absent, if defined then T2 usually shorter than T3, rarely equal in length; sometimes with indistinct median field on T2; metasoma apart from T1 smooth; hypopygium usually well sclerotised, never membraneous and expandable, sometimes elongate medially; ovipositor usually very short, often slightly down-curved throughout length, sheaths rarely protruding much beyond apex of hypopygium, nearly always with long hairs on exposed part, often setose apically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AE9C6563FFF9FFB23DA098977ABCDFD9" box="[199,911,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF9FFB23DA098977ABCDFD9" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1437]" box="[199,911,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23DA098977853DFD8" bold="true" box="[199,352,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Distribution.</emphasis>
Cosmopolitan (
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF9FFB23F7498977BF3DFD9" author="Shenefelt" box="[531,704,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" refString="Shenefelt, R. D. (1973) Braconidae 5, Microgasterinae &amp; Ichneutinae. Part 9. In: van der Vecht, J. &amp; Shenefelt, R. D. (Eds.), ' Hymenopterorum Catalogus'. Dr W. Junk, Gravenhage, pp. 669 - 812." type="book chapter" year="1973">Shenefelt 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF9FFB23FAB98977AB0DFD9" author="Wilkinson" box="[716,899,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" refString="Wilkinson, D. S. (1930) A revision of the Indo-Australian species of the genus Microplitis (Hymenoptera: Bracon.). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 21, 23 - 27. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0007485300021519" type="journal article" year="1930">Wilkinson 1930</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AE9C6563FFF9FFB23DA098F47B6CDAC8" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF9FFB23DA098F47BE4DEDD" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23DA098F47814DFE5" bold="true" box="[199,295,727,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Biology.</emphasis>
This is one of the most apomorphic genus of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23EB298F47D4DDFE5" box="[981,1150,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgastrinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Microgastrinae</taxonomicName>
and
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF9FFB239D098F479D2DE01" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" refString="Shaw, M. R. &amp; Huddleston, T. (1991) Classification and biology of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 7, 1 - 126." type="journal article">Shaw &amp; Huddleston (1991)</bibRefCitation>
in their work include specific comments on the genus
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23E2C98DF7AF5DE01" box="[843,966,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23E2C98DF7AF5DE01" box="[843,966,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Microplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In brief, the genus contains both solitary and gregarious species that oviposit into the early stages of mostly exposed host larvae. There are usually three larval instars, sometimes four (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23F4599667B87DE49" box="[546,692,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="demolitor">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23F4599667B87DE49" box="[546,692,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">M. demolitor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which complete development and emerge from the host larva by the latter's final instar. For the solitary species, the host larva is only partially eaten, and the host survives for a period of time after the emergence of the parasitoid. The cocoon of the emerged parasitoids is formed beneath or beside the dead or dying host (
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF9FFB23C8A99937BF8DEDD" author="Song" box="[493,715,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" refString="Song, D. &amp; Chen, J. (2008) Five new species of the genus Microplitis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from china. Florida Entomologist, 91, 283 - 293. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1653 / 0015 - 4040 (2008) 91 [283: fnsotg] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Song &amp; Chen 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF9FFB23DA099F678FAD825" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
Many species of the genus are important natural enemies, and some have been used in biological control, for example,
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23C6099DB7B5BD905" authority="Haliday" authorityName="Haliday" box="[263,616,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mediator">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23C6099DB78C1D905" box="[263,498,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Microplitis mediator</emphasis>
(Haliday)
</taxonomicName>
against
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23FAB99DB7D24D905" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[716,1047,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Heliothis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armigera">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23FAB99DB7A96D91A" box="[716,933,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Heliothis armigera</emphasis>
(Hübner)
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="9E917678FFF9FFB2392599D47DB6D905" box="[1090,1157,1015,1040]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">China</collectingCountry>
(Li
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB239DB99DA7DC4D905" box="[1212,1271,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
2004). Indian
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23DF09E3F7820D921" box="[151,275,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23DF09E3F7820D921" box="[151,275,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Microplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are, as far as is known, solitary parasitoids, usually of
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23E9F9E3F7D5CD920" box="[1016,1135,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
. The exceptions are those species reared from
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23C1B9E1C78D7D94D" box="[380,484,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23C889E627BCDD94D" authority="Wilkinson" authorityName="Wilkinson" box="[495,766,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="demolitor">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23C889E627BB1D94D" box="[495,642,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">M. demolitor</emphasis>
Wilkinson
</taxonomicName>
reared from
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23EF59E637DB9D94D" authority="Fab." authorityName="Fab." box="[914,1162,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Laelie" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23EF59E637D0DD94D" box="[914,1086,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Laelie obsoleta</emphasis>
(Fab.)
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="9E917678FFF9FFB239D79E1C7C29D94D" box="[1200,1306,1087,1112]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and in this study we reared
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23C069E477B54D969" box="[353,615,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="narendrani" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23C069E477B54D969" box="[353,615,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Microplitis narendrani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CFC15781FFF9FFB23F139E477BE0D968" box="[628,723,1124,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" rank="species">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23F139E477BE0D968" bold="true" box="[628,723,1124,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23E719E467A8DD969" box="[790,958,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennatulae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23E719E467A8DD969" box="[790,958,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">M. pennatulae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CFC15781FFF9FFB23EAC9E477D19D968" box="[971,1066,1124,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" rank="species">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23EAC9E477D19D968" bold="true" box="[971,1066,1124,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
from
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB2391C9E467C3FD969" box="[1147,1292,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Lymantriidae" genus="Psalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennatula">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB2391C9E467C3FD969" box="[1147,1292,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">P. pennatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB238479E477885D9B5" authority="Szepligeti" authorityName="Szepligeti" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculipennis">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB238479E47781FD9B5" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Microplitis maculipennis</emphasis>
(Szépligeti)
</taxonomicName>
is a natural biological control agent of castor semilooper
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB2395F9EAB7805D9D1" authority="(Linnaeus) (Gupta 2013)" authorityName="(Linnaeus) (Gupta" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acanthodelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janata">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB2395F9EAB7C2FD98A" box="[1080,1308,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Acanthodelta janata</emphasis>
(Linnaeus) (
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF9FFB23DF99E8F781ED9D1" author="Gupta" box="[158,301,1196,1220]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" refString="Gupta, A. (2013) Revision of the Indian Microplitis Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae), with description of one new species. Zootaxa, 3620 (3), 429 - 452. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3620.3.5" type="journal article" year="2013">Gupta 2013</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23C219E8F78F2D9D1" box="[326,449,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23C219E8F78F2D9D1" box="[326,449,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Microplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are attacked by several hyperparasitoids,
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB239729E8F7CAFD9D1" authority="Cameron" authorityName="Cameron" box="[1045,1436,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Mesochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicornis">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB239729E8F7C24D9D1" box="[1045,1303,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Mesochorus pilicornis</emphasis>
(
<collectingCountry id="9E917678FFF9FFB2384D9E8F7CA7D9D1" box="[1322,1428,1196,1220]" name="Cameroon" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Cameron</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23DF99EEC7862D9FD" box="[158,337,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23C049EEC7B37D9FD" box="[355,516,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mesochorinae">Mesochorinae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23F379EF37DA5D9FD" authority="Ruschka" authorityName="Ruschka" box="[592,1174,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="secundaria">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23F379EF37A5DD9FD" box="[592,878,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Brachymeria secundaria</emphasis>
(Ruschka) (Chalcididae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="82174B19FFF9FFB239CC9EEC79E7D818" author="Prabhakar" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" refString="Prabhakar, M. &amp; Prasad, Y. G. (2005) Biology and seasonal dynamics of Snellenius maculipennis (Szepligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a larval parasitoid of castor semilooper, Achaea janata (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Biological Control, 19, 29 - 34." type="journal article" year="2005">Prabhakar &amp; Prasad 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23D809ED778DBD819" box="[231,488,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="narendrani" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23D809ED778DBD819" box="[231,488,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Microplitis narendrani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CFC15781FFF9FFB23C979ED77B78D818" box="[496,587,1268,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" rank="species">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23C979ED77B78D818" bold="true" box="[496,587,1268,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23FE49ED67A15D819" box="[643,806,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennatulae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23FE49ED67A15D819" box="[643,806,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">M. pennatulae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CFC15781FFF9FFB23E499ED77ABBD818" box="[814,904,1268,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" rank="species">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23E499ED77ABBD818" bold="true" box="[814,904,1268,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
are also attacked by an unidentified species of
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23DF09F3B78FAD825" box="[151,457,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23DF09F3B781AD825" box="[151,297,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Brachymeria</emphasis>
(Chalcididae)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF9FFB23DA09F1F7863D888" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">
The species placed in the genus
<taxonomicName id="21864D6BFFF9FFB23F589F1F7B89D841" box="[575,698,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4F2EAFAFFF9FFB23F589F1F7B89D841" box="[575,698,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">Microplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated using combinations of the following character states (see
<tableCitation id="AB040353FFF9FFB23C779F7C7852D86D" box="[272,353,1375,1400]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1399,202,1189]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Coding of character states for Oriental species of Microplitis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B2F96660FFF6FFBD3DF09ABB7AAEDDBA" pageId="7" pageNumber="376" tableUuid="B2F96660FFF6FFBD3DF09ABB7AAEDDBA">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Note that some characters states, denoted by ‘?’, are unknown in species that we have not been able to examine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF9FFB23DF09FEF7BDFD8F0" blockId="7.[151,1318,1484,2013]" box="[151,748,1484,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">1 Notauli: 0; faintly indicated 1; deeply impressed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF9FFB23DF09FD37A01DB8D" blockId="7.[151,1318,1484,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">2 Medial furrow on mesoscutum: 0; present 1; absent 2; indistinct. 3 Percurrent medial longitudinal carina of propodeum: 0; distinct 1; indistinct. 4 Shape of T1: 0; parallel sided 1; sub-parallel sided or widening posteriorly 2; narrowing posteriorly. 5 Sculpturing of scutellum: 0; rugose 1; rugulose 2; micropunctured. 6 Medial longitudinal groove on T1: 0; present 1; absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF9FFB23DF09C867A56DA10" blockId="7.[151,1318,1484,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">7 Longitudinal carina between antennal sockets: 0; present 1; absent. 8 Sculpturing of propodeum: 0; coarsely rugose 1; reticulo-rugose. 9 Median field of T2: 0; present 1; faintly indicated 2; absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF9FFB23DF09D337BBFDA58" blockId="7.[151,1318,1484,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">10 Sculpturing of hind coxa: 0; smooth 1; striate basally 2; sculptured or punctate basally. 11 Terminal flagellomere: 0; acute 1; blunt.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF9FFB23DF09D7B7BB4DA80" blockId="7.[151,1318,1484,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">12 Sculpturing of face: 0; smooth 1; rugose or rugulose 2; punctate. 13 Body colour: 0; black 1; reddish brown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E63936E8FFF9FFB23DF09D837B6CDAC8" blockId="7.[151,1318,1484,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="376">14 Lateral temples in anterior view: 0; hidden 1; slightly visible. 15 Scutellar lunules: 0; narrow 1; wide.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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