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<document id="63C8624043247AFAEAA205E079893DC4" ID-CLB-Dataset="2869" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab021" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9ad2cd5f-60d4-4c02-819f-fea89dda74f7" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5799206" ID-ZooBank="A93B7D7A-1F8E-4E59-B86D-67814E01F797" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1640158773547" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shiganova, Tamara A. &amp; Abyzova, Galina A." docDate="2022" docId="03A38E58FFA4AB355C833AC72233B19B" docLanguage="en" docName="zlab021.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Beroe pseudocucumis Shiganova &amp; Abyzova 2022, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="307" masterDocId="FF9AF620FFADAB3F5F2B3B55270AB74E" masterDocTitle="Revision of Beroidae (Ctenophora) in the southern seas of Europe: systematics and distribution based on genetics and morphology" masterLastPageNumber="322" masterPageNumber="297" pageNumber="306" updateTime="1699472940828" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E9EEB043625D5BCFBAB5E07B5085D35E">Revision of Beroidae (Ctenophora) in the southern seas of Europe: systematics and distribution based on genetics and morphology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DC7CE5A112B15C222E18462EE20D5131">Shiganova, Tamara A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="1A8727B4E73E65628530C3B852C1DC72">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="D7101DEC7D48C36AACC4A31F20746356" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab021</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A38E58FFA4AB355C833AC72233B19B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799221" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191711123" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5799221" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A38E58FFA4AB355C833AC72233B19B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A38E58FFA4AB355C833AC72233B19B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA4AB365C833AC7223FB6E4" box="[936,1333,402,426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA4AB365C833AC7223FB6E4" blockId="9.[936,1333,402,426]" box="[936,1333,402,426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
<heading id="D0FD8822FFA4AB365C833AC7223FB6E4" box="[936,1333,402,426]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA4AB365C833AC723C1B6E7" authority="Shiganova &amp; Abyzova, 2022" authorityName="Shiganova &amp; Abyzova" authorityYear="2022" box="[936,1227,402,425]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="318" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="pseudocucumis" status="sp. nov.">BEROE PSEUDOCUCUMIS</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365BF93AC0223FB6E4" bold="true" box="[1234,1333,402,426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24D5E27FFA4AB365BF93AC0223FB6E4" box="[1234,1333,402,426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA4AB365C103AEF24F5B55C" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA4AB365C103AEF24F5B55C" blockId="9.[827,1310,442,530]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365C103AEF24F5B55C" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
Zoobank registration:
<uri id="FF9B334CFFA4AB365B623AEF24F5B55C" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:
<uuid id="FFAC059BFFA4AB365CBA3A8F24F5B55C" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">87D103FA-F278-4D2F-B206- 0AAF96632F0C</uuid>
</uri>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA4AB365C1039162226B539" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA4AB365C1039162253B516" blockId="9.[827,1442,578,631]" box="[827,1369,578,600]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365C103916235BB516" box="[827,1105,579,600]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
Synonyms:
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA4AB365CEC3916235BB516" ID-CoL="5WJTR" authorityName="sensu Mayer" authorityYear="1912" box="[967,1105,579,600]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="ovata">Beroe ovata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA4AB365B5C39172243B516" author="Eschscholtz R" box="[1143,1353,578,600]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" refId="ref15266" refString="Eschscholtz R. 1829. System der Acalephen. Eine ausfuhrliche Beschreibung aller Medusenartigen Strahlthiere. Berlin: F. Dummler, 190." type="book" year="1829">Eschscholtz, 1829</bibRefCitation>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA4AB365A4939162226B539" blockId="9.[827,1442,578,631]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA4AB365A4939162324B539" ID-CoL="LLTX" authority="sensu Mayer" authorityName="sensu Mayer" authorityYear="1912" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365A49391624D4B539" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">Beroe cucumis sensu</emphasis>
Mayer
</taxonomicName>
(of
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA4AB365B733934222EB538" author="Bayha KM &amp; Harbison GR &amp; Mcdonald, JH &amp; Gaffney PM" box="[1112,1316,609,631]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" pagination="167 - 175" refId="ref14678" refString="Bayha KM, Harbison GR, Mcdonald, JH, Gaffney PM. 2004. Preliminary investigation on the molecular systematics of the invasive ctenophore Beroe ovata. In: Dumont H, Shiganova TA, Niermann U, eds. Aquatic invasions in the Black, Caspian, and Mediterranean Seas. Dordrecht: Springer, 167 - 175." type="book chapter" year="2004">
Bayha
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365B83393723EAB538" box="[1192,1248,609,631]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004
</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA4AB365C1039F52495B45F" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA4AB365C1039F52495B45F" blockId="9.[827,1443,672,1062]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365C1039F524CCB5FB" box="[827,966,672,693]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">Etymology:</emphasis>
From Latin
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA4AB365B5939F523D2B5FB" authorityName="sensu Mayer" authorityYear="1912" box="[1138,1240,672,693]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365B5939F523D2B5FB" box="[1138,1240,672,693]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">cucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, cucumber, and the Greek prefix ψευδο-, false, because the name
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA4AB365C10398B24B4B5BD" authorityName="sensu Mayer" authorityYear="1912" box="[827,958,734,755]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365C10398B24B4B5BD" box="[827,958,734,755]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">B. cucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been misapplied to this species in the past.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA4AB355C78384F26F9B152" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA4AB355C78384F26A1B3A7" blockId="9.[827,1443,672,1062]" lastBlockId="10.[145,762,990,1564]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
The body is long-oval, from slightly flattened to nearly circular in cross-section, l/w: 2.0–3.0, with length up to three times longer than the width, which is specific for this species. The aboral end and oral part is rounded, which is specific for this species (
<figureCitation id="133123CBFFA4AB365C6838E1248FB484" box="[835,901,948,970]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[164,242,1787,1809]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,1116,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-345@9.[163,1443,1116,1748]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Beroe pseudocucumis. A, general view of adult ctenophore with meridional and paragastal canals; B, lateral view; C, view of meridional and paragastal canals and dense diverticulae, which does not anastomose with each other; D, axial funnel tube and aboral pole with a row of long branched aboral papillae (photographs by T. Makovec and T.Shiganova, from Shiganova &amp; Malej, 2009)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799223/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Adult length varies from
<quantity id="4CF292ABFFA4AB365BEC38E12261B487" box="[1223,1387,948,970]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="105.0" valueMax="160.0" valueMin="50.0">50 to 160 mm</quantity>
. The eight meridional canals lie under eight rows of ciliary combs, which extend for three-quarters of the length from aboral pole towards the mouth or, sometimes, further (
<figureCitation id="133123CBFFA7AB355FDA388B2654B4BA" box="[241,350,990,1012]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[164,242,1787,1809]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,1116,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-345@9.[163,1443,1116,1748]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Beroe pseudocucumis. A, general view of adult ctenophore with meridional and paragastal canals; B, lateral view; C, view of meridional and paragastal canals and dense diverticulae, which does not anastomose with each other; D, axial funnel tube and aboral pole with a row of long branched aboral papillae (photographs by T. Makovec and T.Shiganova, from Shiganova &amp; Malej, 2009)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799223/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
). Lateral branches of the meridional canals (diverticulae) are dense (which is unique in this species) and do not anastomose with each other (
<figureCitation id="133123CBFFA7AB355DE63F4927BAB31E" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[164,242,1787,1809]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,1116,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-345@9.[163,1443,1116,1748]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Beroe pseudocucumis. A, general view of adult ctenophore with meridional and paragastal canals; B, lateral view; C, view of meridional and paragastal canals and dense diverticulae, which does not anastomose with each other; D, axial funnel tube and aboral pole with a row of long branched aboral papillae (photographs by T. Makovec and T.Shiganova, from Shiganova &amp; Malej, 2009)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799223/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). Stomodaeum is voluminous and occupies most of the body (four-fifths). The colour is pink or translucent, being slightly pink along the ciliary comb rows. There is an axial funnel tube; the aboral pole is fringed with a row of long, branched papillae, which is also specific for this species (
<figureCitation id="133123CBFFA7AB355E623F812691B3A4" box="[329,411,1236,1258]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[164,242,1787,1809]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,1116,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-345@9.[163,1443,1116,1748]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Beroe pseudocucumis. A, general view of adult ctenophore with meridional and paragastal canals; B, lateral view; C, view of meridional and paragastal canals and dense diverticulae, which does not anastomose with each other; D, axial funnel tube and aboral pole with a row of long branched aboral papillae (photographs by T. Makovec and T.Shiganova, from Shiganova &amp; Malej, 2009)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799223/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF756FC6FFA4AB365F8838AD2636B362" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799219" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5799219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799219/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" startId="9.[163,242,1016,1038]" targetBox="[184,775,668,940]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA4AB365F8838AD2636B362" blockId="9.[163,779,1016,1068]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365F8838AD2601B343" bold="true" box="[163,267,1016,1038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA4AB365E3C38AC256BB340" authority="(Eschscholtz, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Eschscholtz" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[279,609,1016,1038]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365E3C38AC269AB340" box="[279,400,1017,1038]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">Beroe ovata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA4AB365EB438AD2552B340" author="Eschscholtz R" box="[415,600,1016,1038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" refId="ref15266" refString="Eschscholtz R. 1829. System der Acalephen. Eine ausfuhrliche Beschreibung aller Medusenartigen Strahlthiere. Berlin: F. Dummler, 190." type="book" year="1829">Eschscholtz, 1829</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, after Tréguboff &amp; Rose (1957).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF756FC6FFA4AB365F8F3DAE26BDB024" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799223" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5799223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799223/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" startId="9.[164,242,1787,1809]" targetBox="[163,1443,1116,1748]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA4AB365F8F3DAE26BDB024" blockId="9.[163,1443,1787,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365F8F3DAE2601B05F" bold="true" box="[164,267,1787,1809]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA4AB365E3E3DA926F8B05C" authorityName="Shiganova &amp; Abyzova" authorityYear="2022" box="[277,498,1788,1810]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="pseudocucumis">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA4AB365E3E3DA926F8B05C" box="[277,498,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="306">Beroe pseudocucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, general view of adult ctenophore with meridional and paragastal canals; B, lateral view; C, view of meridional and paragastal canals and dense diverticulae, which does not anastomose with each other; D, axial funnel tube and aboral pole with a row of long branched aboral papillae (photographs by T. Makovec and T. Shiganova, from
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA4AB365F883C0126A3B024" author="Shiganova TA &amp; Malej A" box="[163,425,1876,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" pagination="61 - 71" refId="ref18891" refString="Shiganova TA, Malej A. 2009. Native and non-native ctenophores in the Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research 31: 61 - 71." type="journal article" year="2009">Shiganova &amp; Malej, 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF756FC6FFA7AB355FBA3827225EB4E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799225" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5799225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799225/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" startId="10.[145,224,882,904]" targetBox="[145,1425,195,842]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA7AB355FBA3827225EB4E8" blockId="10.[145,1425,882,934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355FBA382727F0B4C9" bold="true" box="[145,250,882,904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355E2E382626A8B4C6" box="[261,418,882,904]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA7AB355E2E38262694B4C6" authorityName="sensu Mayer" authorityYear="1912" box="[261,414,882,904]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">Beroe cucumis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A, aboral end (photo A. Semenov); B, oral view with mouth; C, adult ctenophore from the White Sea (photo A. Semenov); D, adult ctenophore from the Great Belt (photo H. U. Riisgård from
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355B7F38C5224CB4E8" author="Shiganova TA &amp; Riisgard HU &amp; Ghabooli S &amp; Tendal OS" box="[1108,1350,912,934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="111 - 116" refId="ref19091" refString="Shiganova TA, Riisgard HU, Ghabooli S, Tendal OS. 2014 b. First report on Beroe ovata in an unusual mixture of ctenophores in the Great Belt (Denmark). Aquatic Invasions 9: 111 - 116." type="journal article" year="2014">
Shiganova
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355BE338C523F6B4E8" box="[1224,1276,912,934]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014b
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA7AB355F823FA726F9B152" blockId="10.[145,762,990,1564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">
This new species differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA7AB355D093FA625D8B246" authorityName="sensu Mayer" authorityYear="1912" box="[546,722,1267,1288]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355D093FA625D8B246" box="[546,722,1267,1288]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Beroe cucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its long body (up to three times longer compared to width), the roundish shape of the mouth, the dense diverticulae that do not anastomose with each other. Its stomodaeum is large and constitutes four-fifths of the width of the body. There is an axial funnel tube and an aboral pole with a row of long, branched, aboral papillae (
<figureCitation id="133123CBFFA7AB355FD13E9C2632B291" box="[250,312,1481,1503]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[164,242,1787,1809]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,1116,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-345@9.[163,1443,1116,1748]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Beroe pseudocucumis. A, general view of adult ctenophore with meridional and paragastal canals; B, lateral view; C, view of meridional and paragastal canals and dense diverticulae, which does not anastomose with each other; D, axial funnel tube and aboral pole with a row of long branched aboral papillae (photographs by T. Makovec and T.Shiganova, from Shiganova &amp; Malej, 2009)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799223/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Reliable identification may only prove reliable thorough morphological examination of adult individuals and DNA analyses.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA7AB355FBA3D1025A6B020" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA7AB355FBA3D1025A6B020" blockId="10.[145,762,1605,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355FBA3D1026B0B114" box="[145,442,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Geographical distribution:</emphasis>
This species occurs in warm waters. Genetically its occurrence was confirmed off Villefranche sur Mer (Ligurian Sea) and the Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean), the north-eastern Pacific off the Californian coast and in the north-west Atlantic at Woods Hole,
<collectingRegion id="49CEF1ACFFA7AB355E083D8B26C6B1BA" box="[291,460,1758,1780]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355EF73D8B25A8B1BD" author="Podar M &amp; Haddock SH &amp; Sogin ML &amp; Harbison GR" box="[476,674,1758,1780]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="218 - 230" refId="ref18282" refString="Podar M, Haddock SH, Sogin ML, Harbison GR. 2001. A molecular phylogenetic framework for the phylum Ctenophora using 18 S rRNA genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21: 218 - 230." type="journal article" year="2001">
Podar
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355D0D3D8A2554B1BD" box="[550,606,1758,1780]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355D843D8B261FB05C" author="Bayha KM &amp; Harbison GR &amp; Mcdonald, JH &amp; Gaffney PM" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="167 - 175" refId="ref14678" refString="Bayha KM, Harbison GR, Mcdonald, JH, Gaffney PM. 2004. Preliminary investigation on the molecular systematics of the invasive ctenophore Beroe ovata. In: Dumont H, Shiganova TA, Niermann U, eds. Aquatic invasions in the Black, Caspian, and Mediterranean Seas. Dordrecht: Springer, 167 - 175." type="book chapter" year="2004">
Bayha
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355FBA3DAB27C6B05C" box="[145,204,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355E0F3DA82527B05C" author="Johansson ML &amp; Shiganova TA &amp; Ringvold H &amp; Stupnikova AN &amp; Heath DD &amp; MacIsaac HJ" box="[292,557,1789,1811]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="520 - 529" refId="ref16397" refString="Johansson ML, Shiganova TA, Ringvold H, Stupnikova AN, Heath DD, MacIsaac HJ. 2018. Molecular insights into the ctenophore genus Beroe in Europe: new species, spreading invaders. Journal of Heredity 109: 520 - 529." type="journal article" year="2018">
Johansson
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355E823DAB26EFB05C" box="[425,485,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
; this study). The species is also known from morphological studies in the Mediterranean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355E9F3C6F2531B001" author="Chun C" box="[436,571,1850,1872]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="313" refId="ref14995" refString="Chun C. 1880. Die Ctenophoren des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel vol. 1. Berlin: R. Friedlander &amp; Sohn, 313." type="book chapter" year="1880">Chun, 1880</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355D613C6E25F8B001" author="Mertens H" box="[586,754,1850,1872]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="479 - 543" refId="ref17261" refString="Mertens H. 1833. Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen uber die beroeartigen Akalephen. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg 2: 479 - 543." type="journal article" year="1833">Mertens, 1833</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355FBA3C0C2679B020" author="Galil BS &amp; Gevili R" box="[145,371,1881,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref15610" refString="Galil BS, Gevili R. 2013. A moveable feast: Beroe cucumis sensu Mayer, 1912 (Ctenophora; Beroida; Beroidae) preying on Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865 (Ctenophora; Lobata; Bolinopsidae) off the Mediterranean coast of Israel. BioInvasions Records 2: 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="2013">Galil &amp; Gevili, 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355E543C0C2597B020" author="Shiganova TA &amp; Malej A" box="[383,669,1881,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="61 - 71" refId="ref18891" refString="Shiganova TA, Malej A. 2009. Native and non-native ctenophores in the Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research 31: 61 - 71." type="journal article" year="2009">Shiganova &amp; Malej, 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA7AB355C6A388A239EB117" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA7AB355C6A388A2280B3A7" blockId="10.[809,1426,990,1625]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">
In an extensive study of warm-water ctenophores,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355C0238A8233DB35D" author="Harbison GR &amp; Madin LP &amp; Swanberg NR" box="[809,1079,1021,1043]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref16173" refString="Harbison GR, Madin LP, Swanberg NR. 1978. On the natural history and distribution of oceanic ctenophores. Deep Sea Research 25: 233 - 256." type="journal article" year="1978">
Harbison
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355C8838AB24EBB35C" box="[931,993,1021,1043]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
(1978)
</bibRefCitation>
showed that
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA7AB355BCA38AB229AB35D" authorityName="sensu Mayer" authorityYear="1912" box="[1249,1424,1022,1043]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355BCA38AB229AB35D" box="[1249,1424,1022,1043]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Beroe cucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread also in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic. However, he highlighted (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355B813F6F225EB301" author="Harbison GR" box="[1194,1364,1082,1104]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" refId="ref16113" refString="Harbison GR. 2001. A guide to American species of ctenophores introduced into the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Naples: CIESM Workshop." type="proceedings paper" year="2001">Harbison, 2001</bibRefCitation>
) that the species he called
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA7AB355B323F0F2259B320" authority="sensu Mayer" authorityName="sensu Mayer" authorityYear="1912" box="[1049,1363,1113,1135]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355B323F0F2209B321" box="[1049,1283,1114,1135]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Beroe cucumis sensu</emphasis>
Mayer
</taxonomicName>
after
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355C023F2D2315B3C0" author="Harbison GR &amp; Madin LP &amp; Swanberg NR" box="[809,1055,1144,1166]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref16173" refString="Harbison GR, Madin LP, Swanberg NR. 1978. On the natural history and distribution of oceanic ctenophores. Deep Sea Research 25: 233 - 256." type="journal article" year="1978">
Harbison
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355CB23F2D24DBB3C3" box="[921,977,1144,1165]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
(1978)
</bibRefCitation>
, is not the same as the one from
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA7AB355C023FC324ACB3E2" box="[809,934,1174,1196]" name="Greenland" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Greenland</collectingCountry>
described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355B663FC32205B3E2" author="Fabricius, O" box="[1101,1295,1174,1196]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" refId="ref15290" refString="Fabricius, O. 1780. Fauna Groenlandica. Copenhagen and Leipzig: J. G. Rothe, 450." type="book" year="1780">Fabricius (1780)</bibRefCitation>
. The same opinion was expressed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355B783FE02258B385" author="Wrobel D &amp; Mills C" box="[1107,1362,1205,1227]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" refId="ref19790" refString="Wrobel D, Mills C. 1998. Pacific coast pelagic invertebrates. A guide to the common gelatinous animals. Monterey: Sea Challengers &amp; Monterey Bay Aquarium." type="book" year="1998">Wrobel &amp; Mills (1998)</bibRefCitation>
after study of individuals from the Pacific coast of the
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA7AB355A663F81228CB3A7" box="[1357,1414,1236,1257]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA7AB355C6A3FA6239EB117" blockId="10.[809,1426,990,1625]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">
We suppose that all these individuals listed as
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA7AB355C023E4724A0B268" authorityName="sensu Mayer" authorityYear="1912" box="[809,938,1297,1319]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355C023E4724A0B268" box="[809,938,1297,1319]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">B. cucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but found outside the cold-water areas, belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA7AB355C863E652231B20B" authority=": Spanish" authorityName="Spanish" box="[941,1339,1327,1349]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="pseudocucumis">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355C863E6523CAB20A" box="[941,1216,1327,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Beroe pseudocucumis</emphasis>
: Spanish
</taxonomicName>
coast, Madeira, the Canary Islands, the Caribbean and from the east coast of the
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA7AB355B343E38235FB2CC" box="[1055,1109,1389,1410]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">USA</collectingCountry>
to southern
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA7AB355BC63E38223FB2CD" box="[1261,1333,1389,1411]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355A6D3E3824BAB2EF" author="Bayha KM &amp; Harbison GR &amp; Mcdonald, JH &amp; Gaffney PM" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="167 - 175" refId="ref14678" refString="Bayha KM, Harbison GR, Mcdonald, JH, Gaffney PM. 2004. Preliminary investigation on the molecular systematics of the invasive ctenophore Beroe ovata. In: Dumont H, Shiganova TA, Niermann U, eds. Aquatic invasions in the Black, Caspian, and Mediterranean Seas. Dordrecht: Springer, 167 - 175." type="book chapter" year="2004">
Bayha
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355C023ED9246CB2EE" box="[809,870,1419,1441]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355CEA3EDE23F8B2EF" author="Oliveira OM &amp; Migotto AE" box="[961,1266,1419,1441]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref18066" refString="Oliveira OM, Migotto AE. 2006. Pelagic ctenophores from the Sao Sebastiao Channel, southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 1183: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="2006">Oliveira &amp; Migotto, 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355A283ED92280B2EF" author="Moss AG" box="[1283,1418,1420,1441]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="403 - 411" refId="ref17820" refString="Moss AG. 2009. Ctenophora of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder DL, Camp DK, eds. Gulf of Mexico - origins, waters, and biota. Biodiversity. College Station, Texas: Texas A &amp; M University Press, 403 - 411." type="book chapter" year="2009">Moss, 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355C023EFF2303B28E" author="Oliveira OM &amp; Miranda TP &amp; Araujo EM &amp; Ayon P &amp; Posso CM &amp; Cepeda-Mercado AA &amp; Cordova P &amp; Cunha AF &amp; Genzano GN &amp; Haddad MA &amp; Mianzan HW" box="[809,1033,1450,1472]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref18165" refString="Oliveira OM, Miranda TP, Araujo EM, Ayon P, Cedeno- Posso CM, Cepeda-Mercado AA, Cordova P, Cunha AF, Genzano GN, Haddad MA, Mianzan HW. 2016. Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters. Zootaxa 4194: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="2016">
Oliveira
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355CA63EFE24CFB2F1" box="[909,965,1450,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). A few studies mentioned similar individuals from the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355C4A3EB22344B2B3" author="Harbison GR &amp; Madin LP &amp; Swanberg NR" box="[865,1102,1511,1533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref16173" refString="Harbison GR, Madin LP, Swanberg NR. 1978. On the natural history and distribution of oceanic ctenophores. Deep Sea Research 25: 233 - 256." type="journal article" year="1978">
Harbison
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355CF93EBD2300B2B2" box="[978,1034,1511,1533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
, 1978
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355B713EB22244B2B3" author="Gul S &amp; Jahangir S" box="[1114,1358,1511,1533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="991 - 993" refId="ref15961" refString="Gul S, Jahangir S. 2019. First occurrence of Pleurobrachia pileus (O. F. Muller, 1776) and sighting records of four other species of comb jellies (Ctenophora) from the coast of Pakistan (northern Arabian Sea): a brief account. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 16: 991 - 993." type="journal article" year="2019">Gul &amp; Jahangir, 2019</bibRefCitation>
). It is highly likely that these also are the warm-water
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA7AB355A793D5224D3B174" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="pseudocucumis">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355A793D5224D3B174" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Beroe pseudocucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also inhabiting the Indo-Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355A4C3D7024D7B117" author="von Drygalski E" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" refId="ref15085" refString="von Drygalski E. 1909. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903: im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern 4. Berlin: G. Reimer." type="book" year="1909">von Drygalski, 1909</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355CC23D16238EB117" author="Bigelow HB" box="[1001,1156,1603,1625]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" refId="ref14739" refString="Bigelow HB. 1919. Hydromedusae, siphonophores, and ctenophores of the ' Albatross' Philippine expedition. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office." type="book" year="1919">Bigelow, 1919</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA7AB355C023DD72233B19B" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA7AB355C023DD72233B19B" blockId="10.[809,1424,1666,1749]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA7AB355C023DD7249EB1D9" box="[809,916,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="307">Habitat:</emphasis>
Warm water, inshore and offshore (F. Lombard, pers. comm;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA7AB355B693DF42273B1F8" author="Shiganova TA &amp; Malej A" box="[1090,1401,1697,1719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="307" pagination="61 - 71" refId="ref18891" refString="Shiganova TA, Malej A. 2009. Native and non-native ctenophores in the Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research 31: 61 - 71." type="journal article" year="2009">Shiganova &amp; Malej, 2009</bibRefCitation>
.); widespread in tropical and subtropical waters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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