177 lines
20 KiB
XML
177 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="EA8D8638AFFC6B7978B003A04CE054C5" ID-DOI="10.5252/g2011n3a3" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5381380" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630292643081" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Geraads, Denis, Spassov, Nikolaï, Hristova, Latinka, Markov, Georgi N. & Tzankov, Tzanko" docDate="2011" docId="0387BB49FFB33D13FF05CC3CFCECFB75" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.2011.33.3.451-484.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 33 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n3a3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DF8BFA78045876A77BB343B212438C9A.3:Geodiversitas.2011-2012.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="DF8BFA78045876A77BB343B212438C9A" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2011-2012.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Hippotherium brachypus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="462" masterDocId="FFBEC331FFB83D18FF8ACF6DFF9CFFBC" masterDocTitle="Upper Miocene mammals from Strumyani, South-Western Bulgaria" masterLastPageNumber="484" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="462" updateTime="1699217341029" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8EE63EA4D47FE5A81DD309A2B0C5D38D">
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<mods:title id="DE83ADCCD69B2FC252C506AB4B05360A">Upper Miocene mammals from Strumyani, South-Western Bulgaria</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="D0935F18E1AD4A399D47FE1E7A27A39B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D64BC98B940A6D51CD0AC828CA034D8B">Geraads, Denis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="459F2FD8955D0AE7B8E750960F99515C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="10E56CF062B27EBDC2A2405D88FA0896">Spassov, Nikolaï</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="3BC56454C3A3C2EB44FB1D4FAE81826C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="41C90281934A589D51867BC9FEE22B9F">Hristova, Latinka</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C1156344342E59EEDA8DDAA966EC88E7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3DC9D94721752FFB64C92C354C5FA035">Markov, Georgi N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="C041349D05B7D3D4B601010C2DE6FB84" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6648E87DF28AB2605973B5845D2EEB26">Tzankov, Tzanko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="954F3BF79D65A6D9D5FDB591FA3A02F1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="39785441416166CD18590B85068F5B9A">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="86F43FB46B7DE584337BBBDC84E1C02B">
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<mods:date id="1E49812B8BB6AC604032C1622993C3DF">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8793334BB719B7C624FBE0CAA2AF733F">2011-09-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1C1A3019D17D4DD9E211A8761D0FC6E4">33</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CD12159AB0E8264B215AA672A9110761">3</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="6DF5A624A919A27706D0128B85DFBCDB">451</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="9BD45EF55A25C150C45F0A75E5BFC657">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E0F2BD6E734ECB121EB59B0423FDFD1A" type="DOI">10.5252/g2011n3a3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="ADCCF19707B5219253FE362DE2D97250" type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="61937409DE3473E06E099DAACAC75C6A" type="Zenodo-Dep">5381380</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0387BB49FFB33D13FF05CC3CFCECFB75" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0387BB49FFB33D13FF05CC3CFCECFB75" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0387BB49FFB33D13FF05CC3CFCECFB75" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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<subSubSection id="C33459D4FFB33D13FF05CC3CFE48FA1B" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B910A5FFFB33D13FF05CC3CFDF5FCD0" blockId="11.[143,617,849,876]" box="[143,617,849,876]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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<heading id="D0D9BD33FFB33D13FF05CC3CFDF5FCD0" box="[143,617,849,876]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FF05CC3CFDF5FCD0" authority="(Hensel, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[143,617,849,876]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FF05CC3CFEB6FCD0" bold="true" box="[143,298,849,876]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Hippotherium</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FED8CC3CFE22FCD0" bold="true" box="[338,446,849,876]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">brachypus</emphasis>
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(Hensel, 1862)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B910A5FFFB33D13FFFBCCFCFE48FA1B" blockId="11.[111,648,913,1700]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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There is only one skull of a young individual, FM- 2326, with deciduous teeth (DP1-DP4), M1 and the tips of M2 (
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<figureCitation id="131516DAFFB33D13FE85CCBDFEC3FC57" box="[271,351,976,1003]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[113,124,1122,1139]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,214,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-262@12.[113,1209,214,1084]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Fossil mammals from the Miocene of Strumyani (SW Bulgaria): A, Hippotherium cf. brachypus (Hensel, 1862), lateral view of skull FM-2326; B, Cremohipparion mediterraneum (Roth & Wagner, 1855), lateral view of skull FM-2028;C, Hipparion dietrichi (Wehrli, 1941), lateral view of skull FM-2029. Scale bar: 20 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5381390" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5381390/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
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). The region above the cheek teeth, with the left preorbital fossa, is preserved. The orbit is about
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<quantity id="4CD6A7BAFFB33D13FE9ACB7DFECFFB97" box="[272,339,1040,1067]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
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behind M2. The preorbital fossa is oriented antero-ventrally, sub-triangular, and deep. The peripheral rims are well defined, with a slight posterior pocket. The infraorbital foramen is located at the antero-ventral border of the preorbital fossa, above the limit DP2-DP3. The facial crest ends at the limit P4-M1. The choanae reach the middle of M1. Enamel plication of the deciduous teeth is rich, with multiple
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FD91CA60FF09FAFB" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">plis caballins</emphasis>
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and rounded protocon. M1 is slightly worn, the posterior fossette is still open and the enamel features are not clearly visible. The protocon is elliptical, the
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FF78CAE1FEFBFA1A" box="[242,359,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">pli caballin</emphasis>
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is simple.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33459D4FFB33D13FF02CAC6FCECFB75" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B910A5FFFB33D13FF02CAC6FCECFB75" blockId="11.[111,648,913,1700]" lastBlockId="11.[675,1216,216,1225]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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As the specimen is not well-preserved and belongs to a young individual, it is difficult to draw reliable conclusions about its taxonomical appartenance. The species with well-developed, sub-triangular preorbital fossa situated far from the orbit are
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FFFEC926FE87F9D8" authorityName="von Meyer" authorityYear="1829" box="[116,283,1611,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenium">
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FFFEC926FE87F9D8" box="[116,283,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. primigenium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FEA0C926FE25F9D8" box="[298,441,1611,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FEA0C926FE25F9D8" box="[298,441,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. giganteum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FE7DC926FDE3F9D8" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[503,639,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FE7DC926FDE3F9D8" box="[503,639,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. brachypus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The preserved portion of the skull resembles all of them. We can exclude
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FED6C9E7FD9EF91F" authorityName="von Meyer" authorityYear="1829" box="[348,514,1674,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenium">
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FED6C9E7FD9EF91F" box="[348,514,1674,1699]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. primigenium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as the rest of the fauna is unlikely of Vallesian age.
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FBA6CFB5FC95FEAD" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
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Hippotheriun
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FD2FCF9AFC95FEAD" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[677,777,247,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">brachypus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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is known from several Turolian localities: Hadjidimovo, Kalimantsi, AkkasdaĞI, Pikermi and Samos (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF77AEFFB33D13FD7ECE5AFC57FEEE" author="HRISTOVA L. & KOVACHEV D. & SPASSOV N." box="[756,971,311,338]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="77 - 84" refId="ref20140" refString="HRISTOVA L., KOVACHEV D. & SPASSOV N. 2003. - Hipparion brachypus Hensel, 1862 from the Late Miocene of Hadjidimovo, Southwestern Bulgaria. Comptes rendus de l'Academie bulgare des Sciences 56: 77 - 84." type="journal article" year="2003">
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Hristova
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FCD0CE55FC17FEED" box="[858,907,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">et al.</emphasis>
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2003
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF77AEFFB33D13FC5ECE5AFD43FECE" author="HRISTOVA L. & KOVACHEV D." pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="180 - 184" refId="ref19987" refString="HRISTOVA L. & KOVACHEV D. 2005. - Notes on taxonomy of the Middle Turolian hipparions from localities near Kalimantsi village. Mathematics and natural sciences. Proceedings of the International scientific conference 8 - 11.06.2005. South-West University, Blagoevgrad, Vol. 2: 180 - 184." type="journal article" year="2005">Hristova & Kovachev 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF77AEFFB33D13FD66CE3AFC10FECE" author="KOUFOS G. D." box="[748,908,343,370]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="197 - 252" refId="ref20584" refString="KOUFOS G. D. 1987 a. - Study of the Pikermi Hipparions. Part I: generalities and taxonomy. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle C, 9, 2: 197 - 252." type="journal article" year="1987">Koufos 1987a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF77AEFFB33D13FC10CE3AFB2FFECE" author="KOUFOS G. D. & VLACHOU T. D." box="[922,1203,343,370]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="633 - 705" refId="ref20797" refString="KOUFOS G. D. & VLACHOU T. D. 2005. - Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of AkkasdaGI, Turkey. Geodiversitas 27 (4): 633 - 705." type="journal article" year="2005">Koufos & Vlachou 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF77AEFFB33D13FD2CCE1BFC5CFE2D" author="VLACHOU T. D. & KOUFOS G. D." box="[678,960,374,401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="207 - 281" refId="ref22628" refString="VLACHOU T. D. & KOUFOS G. D. 2009. - The Late Miocene mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 11. Equidae. Beitrage zur Palaontologie 31: 207 - 281." type="journal article" year="2009">Vlachou & Koufos 2009</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF77AEFFB33D13FC5FCE1BFB0CFE2D" author="GROMOVA V." box="[981,1168,374,401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="1 - 475" refId="ref19847" refString="GROMOVA V. 1952. - Gipparioni (Rod Hipparion). Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy 36: 1 - 475. (In Russian)" type="journal article" year="1952">Gromova (1952)</bibRefCitation>
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described a closely related species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FB91CEFAFB2EFE0C" box="[1051,1202,407,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FB91CEFAFB2EFE0C" box="[1051,1202,407,432]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. giganteum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, from the early Turolian of Grebeniki (GREB),
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<collectingCountry id="F3394ACFFFB33D13FD2DCEB8FC9EFE4C" box="[679,770,469,496]" name="Ukraine" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
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, but its differences from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FB81CEBBFB0FFE53" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1035,1171,469,495]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FB81CEBBFB0FFE53" box="[1035,1171,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. brachypus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are not clear.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF77AEFFB33D13FC9FCE98FBA3FDAC" author="VLACHOU T. D. & KOUFOS G. D." box="[789,1087,501,528]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="207 - 281" refId="ref22628" refString="VLACHOU T. D. & KOUFOS G. D. 2009. - The Late Miocene mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 11. Equidae. Beitrage zur Palaontologie 31: 207 - 281." type="journal article" year="2009">Vlachou & Koufos (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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think that they are related to the degree of retraction of the nasal slit, but the problem looks more complex. Gromova erected the species
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FC54CD38FBF1FDD2" box="[990,1133,597,622]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FC54CD38FBF1FDD2" box="[990,1133,597,622]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. giganteum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the basis of
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<specimenCount id="9D28C1D6FFB33D13FC8ACD19FC19FD33" box="[768,901,628,655]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" type="juvenile">one juvenile</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount id="9D28C1D6FFB33D13FC4ACD19FBB5FD33" box="[960,1065,628,655]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" type="adult">one adult</specimenCount>
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skulls. From her description, one of the distinctive features of the species is a nasal slit positioned slightly anterior to P2.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBF77AEFFB33D13FD61CDBEFC06FD52" author="GABUNIA L." box="[747,922,723,750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" refId="ref19160" refString="GABUNIA L. 1959. - K Istorii Gipparionov (po materialam iz Neogena SSSR) [On the History of Hipparions (after Material from the Neogene of USSR)]. Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva, 570 p. (in Russian)." type="book" year="1959">Gabunia (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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expanded the diagnosis of the species, based upon this feature, on the basis of eight new skulls from the
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<typeStatus id="5495B4FDFFB33D13FC5CCC7FFB98FC91" box="[982,1028,786,813]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">type</typeStatus>
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locality. According to his observations, the level of the bottom of the nasal slit varies from just before P2 to above its anterior half. Thus, it partly overlaps its range in the sample of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FCD8CCFFFC45FC17" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[850,985,913,939]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
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<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FCD8CCFFFC45FC17" box="[850,985,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. brachypus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Pikermi (above P2) and Hadjidimovo (usually above P2; only
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<specimenCount id="9D28C1D6FFB33D13FB18CCDDFC95FC57" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
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|
has a nasal slit above the anterior end of P3). The slightly shorter, more primitive, nasal slit of some specimens from Grebeniki, could be related to the earlier age of this site. The material from the
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<typeStatus id="5495B4FDFFB33D13FC83CB22FCABFBD6" box="[777,823,1103,1130]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">type</typeStatus>
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locality of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FC3ACB3DFBA3FBD5" box="[944,1087,1104,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
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|
<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FC3ACB3DFBA3FBD5" box="[944,1087,1104,1129]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. giganteum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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needs revision but from the recent data, the position of the nasal slit cannot be used to separate
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|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FBA1CBE2FB26FB14" box="[1067,1210,1167,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
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|
<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FBA1CBE2FB26FB14" box="[1067,1210,1167,1192]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. giganteum</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from
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|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E71DCFFB33D13FD6ACBC2FCF5FB74" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[736,873,1198,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
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|
<emphasis id="B95AD64DFFB33D13FD6ACBC2FCF5FB74" box="[736,873,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">H. brachypus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |