treatments-xml/data/03/85/F1/0385F1339D57FFA4C939FA87FB6A793A.xml

<document id="BA92889013564A24E8AF731169952990" ID-CLB-Dataset="22367" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2018.409" ID-GBIF-Dataset="81b4a8ca-db15-4a5f-95b8-2d14ed9f08d6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3787160" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588696840644" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Holstein, Norbert, Tamer, Sarah el &amp; Weigend, Maximilian" docDate="2018" docId="0385F1339D57FFA4C939FA87FB6A793A" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-409_holstein_tamer_weigend.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 409" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Corylus maxima Mill." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="FFBC894B9D4FFFBFCB46FFF0FFB07F1D" masterDocTitle="The nutty world of hazel names - a critical taxonomic checklist of the genus Corylus (Betulaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="45" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1698838529518" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4187C35CC739DCDA700784541FCB4583">The nutty world of hazel names - a critical taxonomic checklist of the genus Corylus (Betulaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AB9319C9CB9E987A07B9AF2915D7E2B5">Tamer, Sarah el</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="261D06C1209105A7A20B989B84481E8F">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E31C31B785102D3EBB4B6DEE5946930B">2018</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C33613AE9D57FFA7C939FA87FC047A8D" box="[639,948,1398,1425]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9340259D57FFA7C939FA87FC047A8D" blockId="24.[639,948,1398,1425]" box="[639,948,1398,1425]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<heading id="D0DBF7499D57FFA7C939FA87FC047A8D" box="[639,948,1398,1425]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="2">
12. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D57FFA7C9EDFA86FC047A8D" ID-CoL="YQ6C" authority="Mill." box="[683,948,1398,1425]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7C9EDFA86FCC37A8D" bold="true" box="[683,883,1398,1425]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Corylus maxima</emphasis>
Mill.
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33613AE9D57FFA6CBFBFA48FAA07CBF" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9340259D57FFA6CBFBFA48FB807C62" blockId="24.[189,1399,1464,2027]" lastBlockId="25.[189,1399,266,2027]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7CBFBFA48FDF17ACF" box="[189,577,1464,1490]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">The Gardeners Dictionary ed. 8</emphasis>
no. 2 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D57FFA7C9DDFA48FC807ACE" author="Miller P." box="[667,816,1464,1491]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref38040" refString="Miller P. 1768. The Gardeners Dictionary ed. 8. John Rivington et al., London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 541" type="book" year="1768">Miller 1768</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D57FFA7C826FA49FBF17ACF" authority="Willd." authorityName="Willd." box="[864,1089,1464,1491]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7C826FA49FC5B7ACF" box="[864,1003,1464,1491]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. tubulosa</emphasis>
Willd.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7CF16FA49FAC77ACF" box="[1104,1399,1464,1491]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Species Plantarum ed. 4</emphasis>
4 (1): 470 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D57FFA7CA37FA2CFD897AEA" author="Willdenow C. L. von" box="[369,569,1500,1527]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref40357" refString="Willdenow C. L. von 1805. Species Plantarum. Vol. 4. G. C. Nauk, Berlin. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 727" type="book" year="1805">Willdenow 1805</bibRefCitation>
) nom. illegit. superfl. – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D57FFA7C81CFA2DFD957907" authority="Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum" authorityName="Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7C81CFA2DFC537AEB" box="[858,995,1500,1527]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7CF59FA2CFB347AEB" box="[1055,1156,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">tubulosa</emphasis>
Loudon, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7CFBEFA2CFD957907" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
3: 2018, fig. 1943 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D57FFA7C849F9F0FC037907" author="Loudon J. C." box="[783,947,1536,1562]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37669" refString="Loudon J. C. 1838. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. Vol. 3. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37723" type="book" year="1838">Loudon 1838</bibRefCitation>
). – Original citation: Only a reference to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D57FFA7CA4DF9D4FE4A7923" author="Bauhin C." box="[267,506,1572,1598]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref33509" refString="Bauhin C. 1623. Pinax Theatri Botanici. Ludovic Regis, Basel. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 712" type="book" year="1623">Bauhin (1623: 418)</bibRefCitation>
: “ 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7C953F9D4FCCC7923" box="[533,892,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D57FFA7C953F9D4FCA27923" box="[533,786,1572,1598]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="sativa" subSpecies="fructu">Corylus sativa fructu</taxonomicName>
oblongo
</emphasis>
,” which does not contain figures. – 
<typeStatus id="5497FE879D57FFA7CE72F9D4FAC37923" box="[1332,1395,1572,1598]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Type</typeStatus>
: not localized (No original specimen found in BM or K). – Note: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D57FFA7C89AF9B7FB2D797C" box="[988,1181,1607,1633]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7C89AF9B7FB2D797C" box="[988,1181,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Corylus maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recognized in the 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7CA51F99BFE43799B" box="[279,499,1643,1670]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Flora of the USSR</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D57FFA7C942F99BFD02799B" author="Bobrov E. G." box="[516,690,1643,1670]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="253 - 268" refId="ref33753" refString="Bobrov E. G. 1936 a. Coryleae. In: Komarov V. L. (ed.) Flora of the U. S. S. R. 5: 253 - 268. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR." type="journal article" year="1936">Bobrov 1936a</bibRefCitation>
), 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7C98EF99BFC367998" box="[712,902,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Flora Europaea</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7C884F99BFAC77998" box="[962,1399,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">World Checklist and Bibliography of</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D57FFA7CBACF97FFD3779B4" authority="(Govaerts &amp; Frodin 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Govaerts &amp; Frodin" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[234,647,1679,1705]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7CBACF97FFEF979B4" box="[234,329,1679,1705]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fagales</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D57FFA7CA1EF97FFDCD79B4" author="Govaerts R. &amp; Frodin D. G." box="[344,637,1679,1705]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref35520" refString="Govaerts R. &amp; Frodin D. G. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Fagales (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Fagaceae and Ticodendraceae). The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, England." type="book" year="1998">Govaerts &amp; Frodin 1998</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The absence of both a physical specimen and the direct citation of an illustration (Art. 7.7, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D57FFA7C96EF943FCA179D0" author="McNeill J. &amp; Barrie F. R. &amp; Buck W. R. &amp; Demoulin V. &amp; Greuter W. &amp; Hawksworth D. L. &amp; Herendeen P. S. &amp; Knapp S. &amp; Marhold K. &amp; Prado J. &amp; Prud'homme van Reine W. F. &amp; Smith G. F. &amp; Wiersema J. H. &amp; Turland N. J." box="[552,785,1715,1741]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37892" refString="McNeill J., Barrie F. R., Buck W. R., Demoulin V., Greuter W., Hawksworth D. L., Herendeen P. S., Knapp S., Marhold K., Prado J., Prud'homme van Reine W. F., Smith G. F., Wiersema J. H. &amp; Turland N. J. 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code). Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein." type="book" year="2012">
McNeill 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7C9D4F943FD7D79D0" box="[658,717,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
) makes the interpretation of this name difficult. The rather cryptic description of the stipules being intermediate between 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D57FFA7CF6AF927FB0779ED" box="[1068,1207,1750,1777]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="avellana">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7CF6AF927FB0779ED" box="[1068,1207,1750,1777]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. avellana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D57FFA7CFB0F927FAC679ED" baseAuthorityName="Kosenko" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1270,1398,1750,1777]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="colurna">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7CFB0F927FAC679ED" box="[1270,1398,1750,1777]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. colurna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
makes it rather hard to understand the exact intention of the author. Miller wrote that “red and white Filberts, both which are so well known, as need no description” (and was definitely wrong in that point). Solely his citation of Bauhin’s descriptive name “ 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7C83BF8B2FB697841" box="[893,1241,1858,1884]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D57FFA7C83BF8B2FBC37841" box="[893,1139,1858,1884]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="sativa" subSpecies="fructu">Corylus sativa fructu</taxonomicName>
oblongo
</emphasis>
,” gives some indication of what was meant, but the most important character, the involucre of the nut, is not described by him. Miller’s idea of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D57FFA7C9C7F87AFCB078BE" box="[641,768,1930,1956]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D57FFA7C9C7F87AFCB078BE" box="[641,768,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clearly connected to the filbert. The word is said to be either derived from “full beard” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D57FFA7C9D8F85DFCF278DA" author="Loudon J. C." box="[670,834,1965,1991]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37669" refString="Loudon J. C. 1838. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. Vol. 3. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37723" type="book" year="1838">Loudon 1838</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D57FFA7C817F85DFBBA78DA" author="Goeschke F." box="[849,1034,1965,1991]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref35448" refString="Goeschke F. 1887. Die Haselnuss. P. Parey, Berlin." type="book" year="1887">Goeschke 1887</bibRefCitation>
) or from an old English name (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D57FFA7CBB4F821FE2578F6" author="Loudon J. C." box="[242,405,2001,2027]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37669" refString="Loudon J. C. 1838. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. Vol. 3. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37723" type="book" year="1838">Loudon 1838</bibRefCitation>
). There are two Saints of the name Philibert: Philibert of Jumièges, whose feast day is on 20 
<superScript id="7C59ED6D9D56FFA6CA6AFEFAFE897E05" attach="left" box="[300,313,266,280]" fontSize="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">th</superScript>
August, and Philibert of Toledo, whose feast day is on 22 
<superScript id="7C59ED6D9D56FFA6C8A6FEFAFC417E05" attach="left" box="[992,1009,266,280]" fontSize="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">nd</superScript>
August (The Benedictine Monks of St. Augustine’s Abbey, Ramsgate 1921), both at the time when filberts are supposed to ripen (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6CBB4FEA2FE2E7E71" author="Bunyard E. A." box="[242,414,338,364]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="225 - 232" refId="ref34242" refString="Bunyard E. A. 1920. Cob nuts and filberts. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society n. s. 45: 225 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1920">Bunyard 1920</bibRefCitation>
). Filberts are generally regarded as having a long involucre, much exceeding the ripe nut in length. However, there are two morphs: 1) the involucre is often deeply split and the lobes are striate to reticulate and often bend outwards, and 2) a smooth tubular involucre enclosing the nut and producing a short beak with a laciniate apex, similar to what is found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CF16FE4DFB507ECB" box="[1104,1248,444,471]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CF16FE4DFB507ECB" box="[1104,1248,444,471]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Brookshaw (1812, pl. 73) illustrates both kinds, the former as “Barcelona filbert” (also with an oblong nut) and the latter as “white and scarlet filbert.” The citations under Bauhin’s descriptive name all mention that Miller’s “filbert” is cultivated and that the fruit is oblong and is either white or red. White and red filberts were described separately as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C9F9FDBAFC487D79" authority="Aiton" authorityName="Aiton" box="[703,1016,586,612]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="alba">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C9F9FDBAFCF57D79" box="[703,837,586,612]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C83AFDBAFC007D79" box="[892,944,586,612]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">alba</emphasis>
Aiton
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CF69FDBAFAC77D79" authority="Aiton" authorityName="Aiton, Hortus Kewensis" authorityYear="1789" box="[1071,1399,586,612]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CF69FDBAFB057D79" box="[1071,1205,586,612]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CFAAFDBAFA9F7D79" box="[1260,1327,586,612]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rubra</emphasis>
Aiton
</taxonomicName>
later-on, so Miller’s species includes different entities. The name 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C899FD9EFBD57D9A" box="[991,1125,621,648]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C899FD9EFBD57D9A" box="[991,1125,621,648]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. tubulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is superfluous, because Willdenow cited 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CAF1FD61FD897DB7" box="[439,569,657,683]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CAF1FD61FD897DB7" box="[439,569,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in synonymy. Loudon accepted a hazel with a tubular involucre as a distinct and cited 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CAFFFD44FD887DD3" box="[441,568,692,718]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CAFFFD44FD887DD3" box="[441,568,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C936FD44FD477DD3" box="[624,759,692,718]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C936FD44FD477DD3" box="[624,759,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. tubulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as synonyms, though he adopted the later name. Since Loudon cited 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CACBFD28FDFD7DEC" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[397,589,727,754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CACBFD28FDBC7DEC" box="[397,524,728,754]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. maxima</emphasis>
Mill.
</taxonomicName>
fully, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C9DEFD28FC0E7DEC" box="[664,958,727,754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C9DEFD28FCAF7DEC" box="[664,799,727,754]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C81FFD27FC0E7DEC" box="[857,958,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">tubulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is to be interpreted as nomen novum. As there are no 
<typeStatus id="5497FE879D56FFA6CAEEFD0BFE567C08" box="[424,486,763,789]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">types</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C949FD0BFD207C09" box="[527,656,763,789]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C949FD0BFD207C09" box="[527,656,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C9D9FD0BFC797C08" box="[671,969,763,789]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C9D9FD0BFC987C08" box="[671,808,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C822FD0BFC797C08" box="[868,969,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">tubulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not homotypic (illegitimate) with Aiton’s varieties 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CAF0FCEEFD1D7C25" box="[438,685,798,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="alba">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CAF0FCEEFD8F7C25" box="[438,575,798,824]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. alba
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C9ACFCEEFC437C25" authorityName="Aiton, Hortus Kewensis" authorityYear="1789" box="[746,1011,798,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C9ACFCEEFCC37C25" box="[746,883,798,824]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C8F6FCEEFC437C25" box="[944,1011,798,824]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, even Loudon did not have a clear image of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CAAEFCB2FDD77C46" box="[488,615,834,860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CAAEFCB2FDD77C46" box="[488,615,834,860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as Loudon’s figure does not correspond to Willdenow’s specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CA4CFC95FE217C62" box="[266,401,869,895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CA4CFC95FE217C62" box="[266,401,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. tubulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(B-W 17704-010!, B-W 17704-020!, B-W 17704–030!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9340259D56FFA6CBFBFC79FAA07CBF" blockId="25.[189,1399,266,2027]" box="[189,1296,904,931]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CBFBFC79FC1D7CBF" authority="C. F. Ludw., Die Neuere Wilde Baumzucht" authorityName="C. F. Ludw., Die Neuere Wilde Baumzucht" box="[189,941,904,931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="sativa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CBFBFC79FEF47CBF" box="[189,324,904,931]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CA38FC79FE747CBF" box="[382,452,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">sativa</emphasis>
C.F.Ludw., 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C912FC79FC1D7CBF" box="[596,941,904,930]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Die Neuere Wilde Baumzucht</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 14 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C8AFFC78FB3A7CBF" author="Ludwig C. F." box="[1001,1162,904,930]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref37712" refString="Ludwig C. F. 1783. Die Neuere Wilde Baumzucht. Muller, Leipzig. Available from http: // www. mdz-nbn-resolving. de / urn / resolver. pl? urn = urn: nbn: de: bvb: 12 - bsb 10293944 - 2 [accessed 22 Mar. 2016]." type="url" year="1783">Ludwig 1783</bibRefCitation>
) nom. nud.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33613AE9D56FFA5CBFBFC5CFE637A68" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9340259D56FFA6CBFBFC5CFE827AC4" blockId="25.[189,1399,266,2027]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CBFBFC5CFCB57CD8" ID-CoL="7LKV2" authority="Aiton, Hortus Kewensis" authorityName="Aiton, Hortus Kewensis" box="[189,773,939,966]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="alba">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CBFBFC5CFEFD7CD8" box="[189,333,939,966]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CADEFC5BFE7C7CD8" box="[408,460,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">alba</emphasis>
Aiton, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C973FC5CFCB57CD8" box="[565,773,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hortus Kewensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
3: 363 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C8C6FC5CFBA47CDB" author="Aiton W." box="[896,1044,940,966]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref33175" refString="Aiton W. 1789. Hortus Kewensis. Vol. 3. Printed for George Nicol, Bookseller to his majesty, Pall Mall, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4504" type="book" year="1789">Aiton 1789</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CF09FC5CFDB17CF4" ID-CoL="3W5BM" authority="(Aiton) Steud., Nomenclator Botanicus" authorityName="Steud., Nomenclator Botanicus" baseAuthorityName="Aiton" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CF09FC5CFB1E7CD8" box="[1103,1198,939,966]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. alba</emphasis>
(Aiton) Steud., 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CBACFC3FFDB17CF4" box="[234,513,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Nomenclator Botanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C94CFC3FFDF57CF4" box="[522,581,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ed. 2</emphasis>
1: 424 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C9ECFC3FFCFC7CF4" author="Steudel E. G. von" box="[682,844,975,1001]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref39607" refString="Steudel E. G. von. 1840. Nomenclator Botanicus ed. 2. Vol. 2. J. G. Cottae, Stuttgart; Tubingen. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 655" type="book" year="1840">Steudel 1840</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C83FFC3FFD537B11" ID-CoL="7LKV2" authority="(Aiton) C. K. Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde" authorityName="C. K. Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde" baseAuthorityName="Aiton" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="maxima" variety="alba">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C83FFC3FFC497CF4" box="[889,1017,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. maxima</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CF70FC3FFBDA7CF4" box="[1078,1130,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">alba</emphasis>
(Aiton) C.K.Schneid., 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CBACFC02FD537B11" box="[234,739,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
1: 149 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C80CFC02FBBA7B11" author="Schneider C. K." box="[842,1034,1010,1036]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref39247" refString="Schneider C. K. 1904 [&quot; 1906 &quot;]. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Vol. 1. G. Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194" type="book" year="1904">Schneider 1904</bibRefCitation>
). – Original citation: “ 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CE5CFC02FD027B2D" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CE5CFC02FECE7B2D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="sativa" subSpecies="fructu">Corylus sativa fructu</taxonomicName>
albo minore sive vulgaris
</emphasis>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C989FBE6FCDD7B2C" author="Bauhin C." box="[719,877,1046,1073]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref33509" refString="Bauhin C. 1623. Pinax Theatri Botanici. Ludovic Regis, Basel. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 712" type="book" year="1623">Bauhin 1623</bibRefCitation>
). – Type: not localized. – Note: this name is only accompanied with the English common name, so it lacks a description itself, but it contains a validating description by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C957FBACFD047B6B" author="Bauhin C." box="[529,692,1116,1142]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref33509" refString="Bauhin C. 1623. Pinax Theatri Botanici. Ludovic Regis, Basel. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 712" type="book" year="1623">Bauhin (1623</bibRefCitation>
; Art. 7.7, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C865FBACFBBA7B6A" author="McNeill J. &amp; Barrie F. R. &amp; Buck W. R. &amp; Demoulin V. &amp; Greuter W. &amp; Hawksworth D. L. &amp; Herendeen P. S. &amp; Knapp S. &amp; Marhold K. &amp; Prado J. &amp; Prud'homme van Reine W. F. &amp; Smith G. F. &amp; Wiersema J. H. &amp; Turland N. J." box="[803,1034,1116,1143]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref37892" refString="McNeill J., Barrie F. R., Buck W. R., Demoulin V., Greuter W., Hawksworth D. L., Herendeen P. S., Knapp S., Marhold K., Prado J., Prud'homme van Reine W. F., Smith G. F., Wiersema J. H. &amp; Turland N. J. 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code). Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein." type="book" year="2012">
McNeill 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C8CDFBADFC747B6B" box="[907,964,1116,1142]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). As there are no corresponding specimens in either Kew or BM, nor a figure in Bauhin’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C8C5FB71FB3E7B87" authority="Theatri Botanici" authorityName="Theatri Botanici" box="[899,1166,1152,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Pinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C8C5FB71FB3E7B87" box="[899,1166,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pinax Theatri Botanici</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is no original material. The citations under the name “ 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C9AEFB53FA887BA0" box="[744,1336,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C9AEFB53FC5D7BA0" box="[744,1005,1187,1213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="sativa" subSpecies="fructu">Corylus sativa fructu</taxonomicName>
albo minore sive vulgaris
</emphasis>
” are ambiguous. They sometimes mention a round nut in contrast to the oblong nut typical of the filbert. This is in contrast to the citation of Dodoens’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C84BFB1AFB147A18" authority="(Dodoens 1757: 515)" baseAuthorityName="Dodoens" baseAuthorityPageNumber="515" baseAuthorityYear="1757" box="[781,1188,1258,1285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hortensis">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C84BFB1AFC2D7A19" box="[781,925,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. hortensis</emphasis>
(Dodoens 1757: 515)
</taxonomicName>
, to whom Bauhin also referred. Dodoens differentiates and illustrates two hazels, a wild one (a mirror image copy from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6CA6DFAC1FDB47A56" author="Fuchs L." box="[299,516,1329,1356]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref35287" refString="Fuchs L. 1542. De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes. Isingrin, Basel." type="book" year="1542">Fuchs (1542: 398)</bibRefCitation>
, which is the 
<typeStatus id="5497FE879D56FFA6C9E3FAC1FCA17A56" box="[677,785,1329,1355]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C871FAC1FC0E7A56" ID-CoL="YQ55" box="[823,958,1329,1355]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="avellana">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C871FAC1FC0E7A56" box="[823,958,1329,1355]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.), and the domesticated one (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6CE69FAC1FED67A73" author="Fuchs L." pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref35287" refString="Fuchs L. 1542. De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes. Isingrin, Basel." type="book" year="1542">Fuchs 1542: 399</bibRefCitation>
). Dodoens’ cultivated hazel has a laciniate involucre, and he explicitly mentions the red pellicule (testa) of the nut. Bauhin also cites Fuchs’ 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C82CFA87FBE27A8C" box="[874,1106,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C82CFA87FC617A8C" ID-CoL="7NZ7L" box="[874,977,1399,1425]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ringiculidae" genus="Avellana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cycloneritida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Avellana</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C89DFA87FBE27A8C" box="[987,1106,1399,1425]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="domestica">domestica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, although Fuchs clearly states “rubra membrana inclusus”, which appears to be in contrast to the “white” fruit of Bauhin’s name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9340259D56FFA5CBFBFA12FCB67A17" blockId="25.[189,1399,266,2027]" lastBlockId="26.[189,1399,267,1754]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CBFBFA12FD7D7AE6" ID-CoL="YQ6S" authority="Aiton, Hortus Kewensis" authorityName="Aiton, Hortus Kewensis" authorityYear="1789" box="[189,717,1505,1532]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CBFBFA12FEF17AE6" box="[189,321,1505,1532]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CA33FA11FE087AE6" box="[373,440,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rubra</emphasis>
Aiton, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C94EFA12FD7D7AE6" box="[520,717,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hortus Kewensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
3: 363 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C862FA12FC1C7AE1" author="Aiton W." box="[804,940,1506,1532]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref33175" refString="Aiton W. 1789. Hortus Kewensis. Vol. 3. Printed for George Nicol, Bookseller to his majesty, Pall Mall, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4504" type="book" year="1789">Aiton 1789</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C896FA12FD0D7902" ID-CoL="YQ6S" authority="(Aiton) Borkh., Theoretisch Praktisches Handbuch der Forstbotanik" baseAuthorityName="Aiton" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C896FA12FB827AE6" box="[976,1074,1505,1532]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. rubra</emphasis>
(Aiton) Borkh., 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CFABFA11FD0D7902" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Theoretisch Praktisches Handbuch der Forstbotanik</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
1: 723 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C85EF9F5FC587902" author="Borkhausen M. B." box="[792,1000,1541,1567]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref33982" refString="Borkhausen M. B. 1800. Theoretisch Praktisches Handbuch der Forstbotanik. Heyer, Giessen. Available from https: // books. google. de / books? id = LMM 6 AAAAcAAJ [accessed 22 Jun. 2016]." type="url" year="1800">Borkhausen 1800</bibRefCitation>
) nom. illegit. superfl. – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CFBFF9F5FB3D795F" ID-CoL="YQ6S" authority="(Aiton) C. K. Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde" authorityName="C. K. Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde" baseAuthorityName="Aiton" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="maxima" variety="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CFBFF9F5FAC77902" box="[1273,1399,1541,1567]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. maxima</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CA65F9D8FED6795F" box="[291,358,1576,1602]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rubra</emphasis>
(Aiton) C.K.Schneid., 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C9CEF9D8FB3D795F" box="[648,1165,1576,1602]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
1: 149 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6CFB9F9D8FE99797B" author="Schneider C. K." pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref39247" refString="Schneider C. K. 1904 [&quot; 1906 &quot;]. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Vol. 1. G. Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194" type="book" year="1904">Schneider 1904</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CA24F9BCFE2D7994" authority="(Aiton) C. K. Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde" authorityName="C. K. Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde" baseAuthorityName="Aiton" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" form="normalis" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="maxima" variety="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CA24F9BCFE587978" box="[354,488,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. maxima</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C976F9BCFDC3797B" box="[560,627,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rubra</emphasis>
f. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C9E7F9BCFCB9797B" box="[673,777,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">normalis</emphasis>
(Aiton) C.K.Schneid., 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CF69F9BCFE2D7994" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
1: 149 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C941F99FFD757994" author="Schneider C. K." box="[519,709,1647,1673]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref39247" refString="Schneider C. K. 1904 [&quot; 1906 &quot;]. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Vol. 1. G. Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194" type="book" year="1904">Schneider 1904</bibRefCitation>
) nom. inval. (Art. 24.3, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C8B7F99FFB567994" author="McNeill J. &amp; Barrie F. R. &amp; Buck W. R. &amp; Demoulin V. &amp; Greuter W. &amp; Hawksworth D. L. &amp; Herendeen P. S. &amp; Knapp S. &amp; Marhold K. &amp; Prado J. &amp; Prud'homme van Reine W. F. &amp; Smith G. F. &amp; Wiersema J. H. &amp; Turland N. J." box="[1009,1254,1647,1673]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref37892" refString="McNeill J., Barrie F. R., Buck W. R., Demoulin V., Greuter W., Hawksworth D. L., Herendeen P. S., Knapp S., Marhold K., Prado J., Prud'homme van Reine W. F., Smith G. F., Wiersema J. H. &amp; Turland N. J. 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code). Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein." type="book" year="2012">
McNeill 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CF18F980FB2B7994" box="[1118,1179,1647,1673]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). – Original citation: “ 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CA18F962FCAB79B1" box="[350,795,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CA18F962FDE479B1" box="[350,596,1682,1708]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="sativa" subSpecies="fructu">Corylus sativa fructu</taxonomicName>
oblongo rubente
</emphasis>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C870F962FBBD79B0" author="Bauhin C." box="[822,1037,1682,1709]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref33509" refString="Bauhin C. 1623. Pinax Theatri Botanici. Ludovic Regis, Basel. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 712" type="book" year="1623">Bauhin 1623: 418</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<typeStatus id="5497FE879D56FFA6CF72F963FBC379B0" box="[1076,1139,1683,1709]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Type</typeStatus>
: not localized. – Note: as for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CA7FF946FD8679CD" ID-CoL="7LKV2" box="[313,566,1718,1744]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="alba">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CA7FF946FE7379CD" box="[313,451,1718,1744]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C944F946FD8679CD" box="[514,566,1718,1744]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C90EF946FCE479CD" ID-CoL="YQ6S" authorityName="Aiton, Hortus Kewensis" authorityYear="1789" box="[584,852,1718,1744]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C90EF946FD6279CD" box="[584,722,1718,1744]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C857F946FCE479CD" box="[785,852,1718,1744]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only accompanied with the English native name, but it contains a validating description by Bauhin (Art. 7.7, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C8A9F929FB6979EE" author="McNeill J. &amp; Barrie F. R. &amp; Buck W. R. &amp; Demoulin V. &amp; Greuter W. &amp; Hawksworth D. L. &amp; Herendeen P. S. &amp; Knapp S. &amp; Marhold K. &amp; Prado J. &amp; Prud'homme van Reine W. F. &amp; Smith G. F. &amp; Wiersema J. H. &amp; Turland N. J." box="[1007,1241,1753,1779]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref37892" refString="McNeill J., Barrie F. R., Buck W. R., Demoulin V., Greuter W., Hawksworth D. L., Herendeen P. S., Knapp S., Marhold K., Prado J., Prud'homme van Reine W. F., Smith G. F., Wiersema J. H. &amp; Turland N. J. 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code). Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein." type="book" year="2012">
McNeill 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CF1EF92AFB2279EE" box="[1112,1170,1753,1779]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). As there are no corresponding specimens in either Kew or BM, nor a figure in Bauhin’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6CF24F90DFADF780B" authority="Theatri Botanici" authorityName="Theatri Botanici" box="[1122,1391,1788,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Pinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6CF24F90DFADF780B" box="[1122,1391,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pinax Theatri Botanici</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is no original material. According to Bauhin’s phrase name, this taxon has oblong reddish nuts, corresponding to the red filbert of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C99EF8B3FCCF7843" author="Miller P." box="[728,895,1859,1886]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref38040" refString="Miller P. 1768. The Gardeners Dictionary ed. 8. John Rivington et al., London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 541" type="book" year="1768">Miller (1768)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D56FFA6C8C8F8B4FBA67843" author="Rea J." box="[910,1046,1859,1886]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref38733" refString="Rea J. 1665. Flora. Thomas Clarke, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50878" type="book" year="1665">Rea (1665)</bibRefCitation>
already described the “wellknown” filberts and indicates that the “red filbert” has a red testa, but he did not mention red leaves, although he discussed leaf characters for other names. Also Dodoens (1757: 515) mentioned a red pellicule. Therefore, the mention of the red color is thus not referring to the foliage, but the testa. The application and interpretation of Borkhausen’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D56FFA6C812F821FC0B78F6" ID-CoL="YQ6S" box="[852,955,2001,2027]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D56FFA6C812F821FC0B78F6" box="[852,955,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is confusing in this context, because the same descriptive epithet was published before, but it was eventually used to describe something different. In all cases, the authors deal with filberts (in the sense of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5C8BEFEDFFB097E57" ID-CoL="YQ6C" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[1016,1209,303,330]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C8BEFEDFFBC77E54" box="[1016,1143,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. maxima</emphasis>
Mill.
</taxonomicName>
) as they refer to the same Pre-Linnean polynomina by Bauhin. However, on the one hand, the epithet in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CFA9FEA3FD897E8C" ID-CoL="YQ6S" authority="Aiton (1789: 363)" authorityName="Aiton, Hortus Kewensis" authorityPageNumber="363" authorityYear="1789" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CFA9FEA3FAC67E71" box="[1263,1398,338,365]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CA5BFE86FED07E8D" box="[285,352,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">rubra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CA20FE86FD897E8C" author="Aiton W." box="[358,569,374,401]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref33175" refString="Aiton W. 1789. Hortus Kewensis. Vol. 3. Printed for George Nicol, Bookseller to his majesty, Pall Mall, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4504" type="book" year="1789">Aiton (1789: 363)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
describes the red testa. On the other hand, Borkhausen understood the epithet to describe a plant with red or brownish leaves, while Aiton did not mention the leaves at all. A red-leaved filbert was mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5C9F2FE4EFC2C7EC5" author="Du Roi J. P." box="[692,924,445,472]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref34748" refString="Du Roi J. P. 1771. Die Harbkesche wilde Baumzucht. Vol. 1. Furstliche Waisenhaus-Buchhandlung, Braunschweig." type="book" year="1771">Du Roi (1771: 178)</bibRefCitation>
for the first time, but without giving it a valid name. When Du Roi dealt with Miller’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5C9B3FE11FC057EE6" ID-CoL="YQ6C" box="[757,949,481,507]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C9B3FE11FC057EE6" box="[757,949,481,507]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Corylus maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, he distinguished white filberts and red filberts as did Miller and later Aiton; he even cited the same polynomina by Bauhin. But in contrast to Miller and Aiton (and any other author to our knowledge), already Du Roi understood his “red filberts” to have red or brownish leaves. Since there is no information on the leaf color of Miller’s and Aiton’s “red filbert”, it is doubtful whether Borkhausen actually meant his name to be something new. Even 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CA2FFD63FD817DB0" author="Goeschke F." box="[361,561,659,685]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref35448" refString="Goeschke F. 1887. Die Haselnuss. P. Parey, Berlin." type="book" year="1887">Goeschke (1887)</bibRefCitation>
mentions that the “Rote Lambertsnuss”/red filbert has slightly brownish leaves, while he accepted a purple-leaved filbert as something different. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CF07FD46FB597DCD" ID-CoL="YQ6S" box="[1089,1257,694,720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CF07FD46FB597DCD" box="[1089,1257,694,720]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Corylus rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore interpreted best a new combination, because Borkhausen meant the same “red filbert” that also Miller and Aiton cited by using Bauhin’s polynomen, although Aiton and Borkhausen referred the epithet to different characters. Since Borkhausen does not discuss green-leaved filberts or cited any filberts under another name, there is no apparent intent to describe a new species but rather to use a better-fitting name. Therefore, Art. 41.4 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5C98DFC98FC047C9E" author="McNeill J. &amp; Barrie F. R. &amp; Buck W. R. &amp; Demoulin V. &amp; Greuter W. &amp; Hawksworth D. L. &amp; Herendeen P. S. &amp; Knapp S. &amp; Marhold K. &amp; Prado J. &amp; Prud'homme van Reine W. F. &amp; Smith G. F. &amp; Wiersema J. H. &amp; Turland N. J." box="[715,948,872,899]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref37892" refString="McNeill J., Barrie F. R., Buck W. R., Demoulin V., Greuter W., Hawksworth D. L., Herendeen P. S., Knapp S., Marhold K., Prado J., Prud'homme van Reine W. F., Smith G. F., Wiersema J. H. &amp; Turland N. J. 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code). Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein." type="book" year="2012">
McNeill 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C870FC99FCC17C9F" box="[822,881,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
) applies. However, Borkhausen’s new combination is illegitimate, as he also cites a “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5C840FC7CFB8A7CBB" ID-CoL="YQ6C" authority="Munchh." authorityName="Munchh." box="[774,1082,908,934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C840FC7CFC777CBB" box="[774,967,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Corylus maxima</emphasis>
Münchh.
</taxonomicName>
” in synonymy. The present authors are not aware of any publication of this name, but rather interpret this name as an “updated” citation. Münchhausen does not use Miller’s binomial in the third volume of his 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CF82FC24FAC67CF0" box="[1220,1398,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Der Hausvater</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CBB4FC07FDAA7B0C" author="Munchhausen O. von" box="[242,538,1015,1041]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref38214" refString="Munchhausen O. von 1768. Der Hausvater. Vol. 3 (3). Forster, Hanover." type="book" year="1768">Münchhausen 1768: 827</bibRefCitation>
), but refers to Miller’s polynomen (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5C8FDFC07FBF97B0F" author="Miller P." box="[955,1097,1015,1042]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref38020" refString="Miller P. 1759. The Gardeners Dictionary ed. 7. John Rivington et al., London." type="book" year="1759">Miller 1759</bibRefCitation>
) that Miller took up later. Münchhausen also did not publish that name when he dealt with hazelnuts again in the fifth volume of the 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CA71FBCFFE577B45" box="[311,487,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Der Hausvater</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CAB1FBCEFC907B45" author="Munchhausen O. von" box="[503,800,1086,1112]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref38234" refString="Munchhausen O. von 1770. Der Hausvater. Vol. 5. Forster, Hanover." type="book" year="1770">Münchhausen 1770: 142</bibRefCitation>
). He omitted the discussion of the filberts at all by referring to his publication in the third Hausvater volume. After Miller adopted the binomials in the eigth edition of his 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CA88FB75FCB47B82" box="[462,772,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">The Gardeners Dictionary</emphasis>
and published 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5C8F1FB76FB6F7BBD" ID-CoL="YQ6C" authority="(Miller 1768)" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[951,1247,1157,1184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C8F1FB76FB867B82" box="[951,1078,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. maxima</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CF03FB75FB657BBD" author="Miller P." box="[1093,1237,1157,1184]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref38040" refString="Miller P. 1768. The Gardeners Dictionary ed. 8. John Rivington et al., London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 541" type="book" year="1768">Miller 1768</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, Borkhausen apparently updated Münchhausen’s description (who also did not mention red leaves). Nevertheless, Borkhausen makes an indirect reference to a published name on the same rank without excluding parts of it, rendering his 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5C94DFB00FDC07A17" ID-CoL="YQ6S" box="[523,624,1264,1290]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C94DFB00FDC07A17" box="[523,624,1264,1290]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
superfluous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9340259D55FFA5CBFBFAE4FE637A68" blockId="26.[189,1399,267,1754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CBFBFAE4FAC67A33" ID-CoL="7LL6T" authority="Risso, Histoire Naturelle des Principales Productions de l'Europe Meridionale" box="[189,1398,1300,1326]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="tubulosa" variety="oblonga">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CBFBFAE4FEF37A33" box="[189,323,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. tubulosa</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CA3CFAE4FE6A7A33" box="[378,474,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">oblonga</emphasis>
Risso, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C969FAE4FAC67A33" box="[559,1398,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Histoire Naturelle des Principales Productions de l’Europe Méridionale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CBACFAC8FBD17A4C" box="[234,1121,1335,1361]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et particulièrement de Celles des Environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes</emphasis>
2: 332 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CF81FAC7FAE27A4F" author="Risso A." box="[1223,1362,1335,1362]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref39008" refString="Risso A. 1826. Histoire Naturelle des Principales Productions de l'Europe Meridionale et particulierement de Celles des Environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes. Vol. 2. F. - G. Levrault, Strasbourg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58984" type="book" year="1826">Risso 1826</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<typeStatus id="5497FE879D55FFA5CBACFAABFE997A68" box="[234,297,1371,1397]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type</typeStatus>
: not localized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33613AE9D55FFA5CBFBFA8FFC557806" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9340259D55FFA5CBFBFA8FFB1B7AA1" blockId="26.[189,1399,267,1754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CBFBFA8FFE7A7A85" authority="Fingerh." authorityName="Fingerh." box="[189,458,1406,1433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CBFBFA8FFEED7A85" box="[189,349,1406,1433]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. intermedia</emphasis>
Fingerh.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CA92FA8FFD847A85" box="[468,564,1407,1432]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Linnaeaceae" genus="Linnaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CA92FA8FFD847A85" box="[468,564,1407,1432]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Linnaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
4: 384, tab. III fig. 4 (Fingerhuth 1829). – Original citation: “Wächst an schattigen Stellen bei Esch im Köllner Regierungs-Bezirk.” – 
<typeStatus id="5497FE879D55FFA5C885FA53FBB27AA0" box="[963,1026,1443,1469]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type</typeStatus>
: not localized.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9340259D55FFA5CBFBFA36FDF97972" blockId="26.[189,1399,267,1754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CBFBFA36FB627AC2" authority="Poit. &amp; Turpin, Pomologie Francaise Recueil des Plus Beaux Fruits Cultives" box="[189,1234,1477,1504]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CBFBFA36FE987AC2" box="[189,296,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. sativa</emphasis>
Poit. &amp; Turpin, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CAB4FA35FB627AC2" box="[498,1234,1477,1504]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pomologie Française Recueil des Plus Beaux Fruits Cultivés</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CF9AFA36FAE67AC2" box="[1244,1366,1478,1503]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
en 
<collectingCountry id="F33B00B59D55FFA5CE47FA36FAE67AC2" box="[1281,1366,1478,1503]" name="France" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">France</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
4: tab.11 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CA07FA19FE6E7919" author="Poiteau P. A." box="[321,478,1513,1540]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref38673" refString="Poiteau P. A. 1846. Pomologie Francaise Recueil des Plus Beaux Fruits Cultives en France. Vol. 4. Langlois and Leclercq, Paris." type="book" year="1846">Poiteau 1846</bibRefCitation>
) nom. illegit. superfl. – Note: this name was published with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CFE6FA1AFAC7791E" authority="Willd." authorityName="Willd." box="[1184,1399,1513,1540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CFE6FA1AFA97791E" box="[1184,1319,1513,1540]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. tubulosa</emphasis>
Willd.
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym. The plate also depicts the kind of hazel that is here considered to represent 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CFB7F9FDFADF793A" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[1265,1391,1549,1575]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CFB7F9FDFADF793A" box="[1265,1391,1549,1575]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Poiteau and Turpin even show the dark red testa that was mentioned in literature cited by Bauhin on which 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CA7FF9A4FE097973" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[313,441,1620,1646]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CA7FF9A4FE097973" box="[313,441,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
relies upon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9340259D55FFA5CBFBF988FED679C7" blockId="26.[189,1399,267,1754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CBFBF988FC03798F" authority="Henriksson, Botaniska Notiser 1918" authorityName="Henriksson, Botaniska Notiser" authorityYear="1918" box="[189,947,1655,1682]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="viminalis">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CBFBF988FEF8798C" box="[189,328,1655,1682]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CACFF987FE45798C" box="[393,501,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">viminalis</emphasis>
Henriksson, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C9D1F987FCDD798C" box="[663,877,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Botaniska Notiser</emphasis>
1918
</taxonomicName>
(6): 297 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CF74F988FAB3798F" author="Henriksson J." box="[1074,1283,1656,1682]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="237 - 247" refId="ref35742" refString="Henriksson J. 1918. Om Corylus avellana. Botaniska Notiser 1918 (6): 237 - 247." type="journal article" year="1918">Henriksson 1918</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<typeStatus id="5497FE879D55FFA5CE72F988FAC3798F" box="[1332,1395,1656,1682]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type</typeStatus>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F33B00B59D55FFA5CBACF96BFEFA79A8" box="[234,330,1691,1717]" name="Sweden" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, Dalia, paroecia Gunnarsnäs, in silva Hällan ad Mörtviken, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CF5FF96CFB0D79A8" box="[1049,1213,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">J. Henriksson</emphasis>
s.n. (holo-: not localized).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9340259D55FFA5C917F8F1FC557806" blockId="26.[593,997,1792,1819]" box="[593,997,1792,1819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
12a. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5C9CCF8F0FC6B7806" authority="' Purpurea" authorityName="Purpurea" box="[650,987,1792,1819]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C9CCF8F0FCE27807" bold="true" box="[650,850,1792,1819]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Corylus maxima</emphasis>
‘ 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C825F8F1FC6B7806" bold="true" box="[867,987,1793,1819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33613AE9D55FFA4CBFBF8B3FB6A793A" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9340259D55FFA4CBFBF8B3FB6A793A" blockId="26.[189,1399,1858,2028]" lastBlockId="27.[234,1399,267,1575]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CBFBF8B3FB2F7841" ID-CoL="8W96B" authority="hort. ex Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum" authorityName="Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum" box="[189,1183,1858,1885]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CBFBF8B3FEF87841" box="[189,328,1858,1885]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CACFF8B3FE457841" box="[393,501,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">purpurea</emphasis>
hort. ex Loudon, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C990F8B2FB2F7841" box="[726,1183,1858,1884]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
3: 2017 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CE5FF8B2FE99789D" author="Loudon J. C." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref37669" refString="Loudon J. C. 1838. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. Vol. 3. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37723" type="book" year="1838">Loudon 1838</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CA1EF896FE51789D" ID-CoL="8W96G" box="[344,481,1894,1920]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CA1EF896FE51789D" box="[344,481,1894,1920]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. tubulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[unranked] 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5C933F897FAE6789D" ID-CoL="8W96B" authority="Audib. ex Mouill., Traite des Arbres &amp; Arbrisseaux" authorityName="Mouill., Traite des Arbres &amp; Arbrisseaux" box="[629,1366,1894,1921]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C933F897FD51789D" box="[629,737,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">purpurea</emphasis>
Audib. ex Mouill., 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C896F896FAE6789D" box="[976,1366,1894,1920]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Traité des Arbres &amp; Arbrisseaux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
2: 1142 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CA73F87AFDB078B9" author="Mouillefert P." box="[309,512,1930,1956]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref38114" refString="Mouillefert P. 1891 - 1898. Traite des Arbres &amp; Arbrisseaux. Vol. 2. Librairie des sciences naturelles Paul Klincksieck, Paris. Available from http: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 441427 m [accessed 22 Mar. 2016]." type="url" year="1891">
Mouillefert 
<date id="FF9266E59D55FFA5CA80F87AFDB078B9" box="[454,512,1930,1956]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1891" valueMax="1898">1891</date>
</bibRefCitation>
–1898) nom. illegit. superfl. – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5C829F87AFE1B78DA" ID-CoL="8W96B" authority="(hort. ex Loudon) Rehder, Manual" authorityName="Rehder, Manual" baseAuthorityName="Loudon" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="maxima" variety="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C829F87AFC4078BE" box="[879,1008,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. maxima</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CF68F87AFB2A78BE" box="[1070,1178,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">purpurea</emphasis>
(hort. ex Loudon) Rehder, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CA16F85DFE1B78DA" box="[336,427,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Manual</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CAF0F85DFBEF78D5" box="[438,1119,1965,1992]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Hardy in North America</emphasis>
: 154 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D55FFA5CFF6F85DFAE078DA" author="Rehder A." box="[1200,1360,1965,1991]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref38857" refString="Rehder A. 1927. Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Hardy in North America. MacMillan, New York." type="book" year="1927">Rehder 1927</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CBACF821FEDD78F6" ID-CoL="YQ6C" box="[234,365,2001,2027]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CBACF821FEDD78F6" box="[234,365,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA5CAC7F821FE4B78F6" ID-CoL="YQ6S" authorityName="Aiton, Hortus Kewensis" authorityYear="1789" box="[385,507,2001,2027]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="rubra">
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5CAFEF821FE4B78F6" box="[440,507,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D55FFA4C956F821FE2D7E38" authority="(hort. ex Loudon) C. K. Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde" authorityName="C. K. Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde" baseAuthorityName="Loudon" form="purpurea" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="form">
f. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA5C96AF822FD2878F6" box="[556,664,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">purpurea</emphasis>
(hort. ex Loudon) C.K.Schneid., 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D55FFA4CF70F821FE2D7E38" italics="true" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
1: 149 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4C956FEFBFD637E3B" author="Schneider C. K." box="[528,723,267,294]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref39247" refString="Schneider C. K. 1904 [&quot; 1906 &quot;]. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Vol. 1. G. Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194" type="book" year="1904">Schneider 1904</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C84FFEFCFAC37E38" ID-CoL="8W96B" authority="(hort. ex Loudon) Rehder" authorityName="Rehder" baseAuthorityName="Loudon" box="[777,1395,267,294]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" form="purpurea" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C84FFEFCFC3E7E38" box="[777,910,268,294]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
f. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C8FCFEFCFB967E38" box="[954,1062,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">purpurea</emphasis>
(hort. ex Loudon) Rehder
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CBACFEDFFE5C7E70" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Bibliography of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the Cooler Temperate Regions of the Northern Hemisphere</emphasis>
: 111 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4C971FEA3FD667E70" author="Rehder A." box="[567,726,339,365]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref38878" refString="Rehder A. 1949. Bibliography of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the Cooler Temperate Regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA." type="book" year="1949">Rehder 1949</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C842FEA3FC237E71" ID-CoL="8W96B" box="[772,915,339,365]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C842FEA3FC237E71" box="[772,915,339,365]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A.DC., 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C8BEFEA3FE0C7E8D" authority="Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis" authorityName="Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis" class="Insecta" family="Protereismatidae" genus="Prodromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C8BEFEA3FE0C7E8D" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
16(2): 132 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4C91BFE86FCA17E8C" author="Candolle A. L. P. P. de" box="[605,785,374,401]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 160" refId="ref34489" refString="Candolle A. L. P. P. de 1864. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Vol. 16 (2): 1 - 160. Treuttel &amp; Wurtz, Paris." type="journal article" year="1864">Candolle 1864</bibRefCitation>
) nom. inval. pro syn. – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CF0EFE87FC987EA9" ID-CoL="3W5BQ" authority="hort. ex Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum" authorityName="Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atropurpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CF0EFE87FABB7E8D" box="[1096,1291,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. atropurpurea</emphasis>
hort. ex Loudon, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CA1FFE6AFC987EA9" box="[345,808,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
3: 2017 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4C8E0FE6AFBFC7EA9" author="Loudon J. C." box="[934,1100,410,436]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref37669" refString="Loudon J. C. 1838. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. Vol. 3. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37723" type="book" year="1838">Loudon 1838</bibRefCitation>
) nom. inval. pro syn. – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CBACFE4EFDF47ECA" ID-CoL="3W5BQ" authority="Booth et al." authorityName="Booth" box="[234,580,445,472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atropurpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CBACFE4EFE1B7ECA" box="[234,427,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. atropurpurea</emphasis>
Booth 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C941FE4EFDF47ECA" box="[519,580,445,471]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, James Booth &amp; Söhne, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C833FE4DFE347EE6" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eigenthümer der Flottbecker Baumschulen bei Hamburg</emphasis>
1845: 45 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4C947FE11FD607EE1" author="Booth J." box="[513,720,481,508]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref33946" refString="Booth J. et al. [&quot; James Booth &amp; Sohne &quot;] 1845. James Booth &amp; Sohne, Eigenthumer der Flottbecker Baumschulen bei Hamburg. W. L. Anthes, Hamburg." type="book" year="1845">
Booth 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C914FE12FD3C7EE6" box="[594,652,481,507]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
1845
</bibRefCitation>
).– 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C9B2FE11FDBA7D03" ID-CoL="7LLBX" authority="(Booth et al.) G. Kirchn., Arboretum Muscaviense" authorityName="G. Kirchn., Arboretum Muscaviense" baseAuthorityName="Booth" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="atropurpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C9B2FE11FCCB7EE6" box="[756,891,481,507]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C8F2FE12FBE07EE6" box="[948,1104,482,507]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">atropurpurea</emphasis>
(Booth 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CFE9FE12FB597EE6" box="[1199,1257,481,507]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
) G.Kirchn., 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CBACFDF4FDBA7D03" box="[234,522,516,542]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Arboretum Muscaviense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 670 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4C911FDF5FC3B7D3D" author="Petzold E. C. A. &amp; Kirchner G." box="[599,907,517,544]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref38511" refString="Petzold E. C. A. &amp; Kirchner G. 1864. Arboretum Muscaviense. W. Opetz, Gotha. Available from https: // books. google. de / books / about? id = a 5 UCAAAAYAAJ [accessed 22 Jun. 2017]." type="url" year="1864">Petzold &amp; Kirchner 1864</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C8FFFDF5FE837D5E" ID-CoL="YQ54" authority="(Booth et al.)" baseAuthorityName="Booth" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="tubulosa" variety="atropurpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C8FFFDF5FBF27D03" box="[953,1090,516,543]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. tubulosa</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CFC6FDF5FAAC7D03" box="[1152,1308,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">atropurpurea</emphasis>
(Booth 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CBACFDD9FE997D5F" box="[234,297,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
A.DC., 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CADAFDD8FC4C7D5F" authority="Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis" authorityName="Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis" box="[412,1020,552,579]" class="Insecta" family="Protereismatidae" genus="Prodromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CADAFDD8FC4C7D5F" box="[412,1020,552,579]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
16(2): 132 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4CFDFFDD8FAE07D5E" author="Candolle A. L. P. P. de" box="[1177,1360,552,579]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 160" refId="ref34489" refString="Candolle A. L. P. P. de 1864. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Vol. 16 (2): 1 - 160. Treuttel &amp; Wurtz, Paris." type="journal article" year="1864">Candolle 1864</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CBACFDBCFB307D7B" ID-CoL="YQ54" authority="(Booth et al.) Dippel, Handbuch der Laubholzkunde" authorityName="Dippel, Handbuch der Laubholzkunde" baseAuthorityName="Booth" box="[234,1152,588,614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" form="atropurpurea" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CBACFDBCFED87D7B" box="[234,360,588,614]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
f. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CAC2FDBDFD907D7B" box="[388,544,589,614]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">atropurpurea</emphasis>
(Booth 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C93AFDBDFD057D7B" box="[636,693,588,614]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
) Dippel, 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C866FDBCFB307D7B" box="[800,1152,588,614]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Handbuch der Laubholzkunde</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
2: 130 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4CF9DFDBCFADE7D7B" author="Dippel L." box="[1243,1390,588,614]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref34643" refString="Dippel L. 1891 [&quot; 1892 &quot;]. Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Vol. 2. P. Parey, Berlin. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12978" type="book" year="1891">Dippel 1891</bibRefCitation>
) [“1892”]. – 
<typeStatus id="5497FE879D54FFA4CA30FD80FE057D97" box="[374,437,624,650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Type</typeStatus>
: not localized. – Note: this is a cultivar with dark red to purple leaves, but Loudon did not give any information on the involucre or the shape of the nut necessary for the differentiation between 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CA1EFD47FE537DCD" ID-CoL="YQ55" box="[344,483,694,721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="avellana">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CA1EFD47FE537DCD" box="[344,483,694,721]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. avellana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C963FD47FD187DCD" ID-CoL="YQ6C" box="[549,680,695,721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C963FD47FD187DCD" box="[549,680,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. More complicating, Loudon did not differentiate between 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CBACFD2BFEC37DE9" ID-CoL="YQ55" box="[234,371,730,757]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="avellana">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CBACFD2BFEC37DE9" box="[234,371,730,757]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. avellana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CAE9FD2BFD807DE9" ID-CoL="YQ6C" box="[431,560,731,757]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CAE9FD2BFD807DE9" box="[431,560,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at a species level. Loudon cited Loddiges’ 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CF71FD2AFAC67DE9" box="[1079,1398,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Catalogue of Plants ed. 16</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4CBB4FD0EFE147C04" author="Loddiges W." box="[242,420,766,793]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref37614" refString="Loddiges W. 1836. Catalogue of Plants ed. 16. W. Wilson, London." type="book" year="1836">Loddiges 1836</bibRefCitation>
) as only source. Original material therefore came from commercial cultivation, and there is no physical material to our knowledge. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4C85FFCD1FBBF7C21" author="Goeschke F." box="[793,1039,801,828]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref35448" refString="Goeschke F. 1887. Die Haselnuss. P. Parey, Berlin." type="book" year="1887">Goeschke (1887: 79)</bibRefCitation>
reported that his “Rotblättrige Lambertsnuss” (“red-leaved Lambert’s hazel or Filbert”) was introduced as “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CF2CFCB5FADA7C42" ID-CoL="3W5BQ" box="[1130,1386,837,863]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atropurpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CF2CFCB5FADA7C42" box="[1130,1386,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Corylus atropurpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” by the Pépinières Baumann in Bollwiller, 
<collectingRegion id="49E88EC79D54FFA4C99EFC98FC9B7C9F" box="[728,811,872,898]" country="France" name="Alsace" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Alsace</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33B00B59D54FFA4C871FC99FC377C9E" box="[823,903,873,899]" name="France" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">France</collectingCountry>
in the 1820s. Loudon cited just this name (in synonymy to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CAF6FC7DFDAC7CBB" ID-CoL="8W96B" box="[432,540,909,934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CAF6FC7DFDAC7CBB" box="[432,540,909,934]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and it is therefore likely that Goeschke had the original cultivar in mind in his book. According to Goeschke’s description, this cultivar has purple leaves, a smooth tubular involucre, and the nut has a pale pink testa. This cultivar still exists under the name ‘Purple Aveline’. Red/purple foliage is apparently of a single origin in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C82EFC07FC757B0C" ID-CoL="8VWHC" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[872,965,1015,1041]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C82EFC07FC757B0C" box="[872,965,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Corylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4C893FC07FB1A7B0F" author="Thompson M. M." box="[981,1194,1015,1042]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="119 - 122" refId="ref39874" refString="Thompson M. M. 1985. Linkage of the incompatibility locus and red pigmentation genes in hazelnut. Journal of Heredity 76: 119 - 122." type="journal article" year="1985">Thompson (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported that the locus for leaf coloration (A for anthocyanin) and the self-incompatibility “gene” were linked in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CBACFBCEFEF77B45" ID-CoL="8VWHC" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[234,327,1086,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CBACFBCEFEF77B45" box="[234,327,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Corylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is confirmed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4C918FBCFFC977B45" author="Ives C. &amp; Sathuvalli V. R. &amp; Colburn B. C. &amp; Mehlenbacher S. A." box="[606,807,1086,1113]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="250 - 253" refId="ref36248" refString="Ives C., Sathuvalli V. R., Colburn B. C. &amp; Mehlenbacher S. A. 2014. Mapping the incompatibility and style color loci in two hazelnut progenies. HortScience 49 (3): 250 - 253." type="journal article" year="2014">
Ives 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C9D3FBCFFD7F7B45" box="[661,719,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
. The cultivars ‘Fuscorubra’ and ‘Rode Zeller’ have the S6 allele, while ‘Purple Aveline’ (Rotblättrige Lambertsnuss/ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C8A8FB92FB1E7B66" ID-CoL="3W5BQ" box="[1006,1198,1122,1148]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atropurpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C8A8FB92FB1E7B66" box="[1006,1198,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. atropurpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hort./ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CFB3FB92FAC77B66" ID-CoL="YQ6C" box="[1269,1399,1122,1148]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CFB3FB92FAC77B66" box="[1269,1399,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘Purpurea’) has the alleles S5S10. The cultivar ‘Fuscorubra’ has a short bract husk, while ‘Rode Zeller’ has a long husk. In ‘Rode Zeller’, however, the husk is not long tubular, but the bract lamina is striate and presents the nut openly in contrast to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C81DFB3DFC6E7BFB" ID-CoL="YQ6C" box="[859,990,1229,1255]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C81DFB3DFC6E7BFB" box="[859,990,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘Purpurea’. Both cultivars inherit the red leaf coloration (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4C946FB00FCBA7A16" author="Thompson M. M. &amp; Lagerstedt B. H. &amp; Mehlenbacher S. A." box="[512,778,1264,1291]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="125 - 184" refId="ref39902" refString="Thompson M. M., Lagerstedt B. H. &amp; Mehlenbacher S. A. 1996. Hazelnuts. In: Janick J. &amp; Moore J. N. (eds) Fruit Breeding 3: 125 - 184. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, New York. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. jhered. a 110035" type="journal article" year="1996">
Thompson 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C9CEFB01FD747A17" box="[648,708,1264,1290]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
), while 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C82CFB00FC5B7A17" ID-CoL="YQ6C" box="[874,1003,1264,1290]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C82CFB00FC5B7A17" box="[874,1003,1264,1290]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘Purpurea’/’Purple Aveline’ does not and is thus interpreted as graft hybrid on ‘White Aveline’, which is 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CF72FAE4FB047A30" ID-CoL="YQ6C" box="[1076,1204,1300,1326]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CF72FAE4FB047A30" box="[1076,1204,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CFFAFAE4FEAE7A4C" ID-CoL="7LKV2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="alba">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CFFAFAE4FAF37A33" box="[1212,1347,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CBACFAC7FEAE7A4C" box="[234,286,1335,1361]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As Loudon cited the horticultural epithet 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C858FAC8FC0A7A4C" ID-CoL="3W5BQ" box="[798,954,1336,1361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atropurpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C858FAC8FC0A7A4C" box="[798,954,1336,1361]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">atropurpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in synonymy, it is a pro synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CBACFAACFEE67A68" ID-CoL="8W96B" box="[234,342,1372,1397]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CBACFAACFEE67A68" box="[234,342,1372,1397]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As a horticultural variety (cultivar) it is best called 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C8A3FAABFBD97A68" ID-CoL="YQ6C" box="[997,1129,1371,1397]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C8A3FAABFBD97A68" box="[997,1129,1371,1397]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘Purpurea’, since this epithet is the oldest, unambiguously referable name to the cultivated plant (Art. 29.1, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4CF90FA8EFE9A7AA1" author="Brickell C. D. &amp; Alexander C. &amp; David J. C. &amp; Hetterscheid W. L. A. &amp; Leslie A. C. &amp; Malecot V. &amp; Jin X. &amp; Cubey J. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 184" refId="ref34057" refString="Brickell C. D., Alexander C., David J. C., Hetterscheid W. L. A., Leslie A. C., Malecot V., Jin X. &amp; Cubey J. J. 2009. International Code of nomenclature for cultivated plants. Scripta Horticulturae 10: 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="2009">
Brickell 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CE7AFA8FFAC77A85" box="[1340,1399,1406,1432]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). However, it must be noted that the name “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C860FA52FC147AA1" ID-CoL="YQ6C" box="[806,932,1442,1468]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C860FA52FC147AA1" box="[806,932,1442,1468]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” has been widely misapplied to a large- and round-fruited cultivar of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C909FA36FD6A7AC2" ID-CoL="YQ55" box="[591,730,1477,1504]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="avellana">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C909FA36FD6A7AC2" box="[591,730,1477,1504]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. avellana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and it was even validly published as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4CFF3FA36FEF7791E" ID-CoL="7LL7J" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="avellana" variety="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CFF3FA36FAF07AC2" box="[1205,1344,1477,1504]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. avellana</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4CBACFA1AFEF7791E" box="[234,327,1514,1539]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for just that round-fruited cultivar. Bean’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C3BA69D54FFA4C87EFA1AFAEC7919" ID-CoL="YQ54" authority="(Bean 1898: 350)" baseAuthorityName="Bean" baseAuthorityPageNumber="350" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[824,1372,1513,1540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="maxima" variety="atropurpurea">
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C87EFA1AFC07791E" box="[824,951,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. maxima</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9589C379D54FFA4C8A9FA1AFB3B791E" box="[1007,1163,1514,1539]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">atropurpurea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD3DD49D54FFA4CFDFFA19FAE57919" author="Bean W. J." box="[1177,1365,1513,1540]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="349 - 350" refId="ref33601" refString="Bean W. J. 1898. Trees and shrubs. The hazels. The Garden 54: 349 - 350." type="journal article" year="1898">Bean 1898: 350</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is such a case, and the described plant likely refers to a cultivar similar to ‘Rode Zeller’.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>