307 lines
38 KiB
XML
307 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="FDCB17E33CDFAC47A3A38535DE215362" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.185076" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f98bc233-860f-421d-b215-8d0a6cc1e01a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="185076" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459951801869" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Melo, Adriano S. & Wheeler, Terry A." docDate="2009" docId="03E73656990FED12FF53B1C1FABDFA2D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01972p058.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1972" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pseudogaurax idiogenes Wheeler, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="FFDE4E2E990EED16FFC4B266FFB6FFA7" masterDocTitle="A new species of Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae) reared from dobsonfly egg-masses (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1698230835953" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D8C92153AE24ED0A114F8744EBC91D07">
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<mods:title id="0978664E9FD86903F917787B1031EAAD">A new species of Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae) reared from dobsonfly egg-masses (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D4B0A408359CA7D1BC31DEB565975DE6">Melo, Adriano S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="54FA8C0D04998BC8BC3EE28796DDB2FA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3221938035272C6DEDD26FA69B3389D1">Wheeler, Terry A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B9A7769408283D08F7FE9B8498C7CFD1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0ACDDF56C4F1337555AC14FC3A5D3F5F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="56C692D6414CBFA704F47266987EC94A">
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<mods:date id="747AADD8B5314EDA216E51F9A2ACC00A">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="71A247847AFB4DE65D3429857F33AD18" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="31F0AAFB736DBD229161FE67972BC7F8">1972</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="F6700A7FFDBE3451CBC99BBB785C6CC3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="477BBAC325FBC568F750150107999687" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.185076</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="75FFAC611BCB56B2595F279EF0897781" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E7BE8A9EAC531B089DFDBE845EB4BB2A" type="Zenodo-Dep">185076</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E73656990FED12FF53B1C1FABDFA2D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6225948" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119376560" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6225948" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E73656990FED12FF53B1C1FABDFA2D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E73656990FED12FF53B1C1FABDFA2D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="C354D4CB990FED17FF53B1C1FEAEFC43" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990FED17FF53B1C1FDCBFC66" blockId="1.[151,637,935,996]" box="[151,637,935,961]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="D0B9302C990FED17FF53B1C1FDCBFC66" bold="true" box="[151,637,935,961]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93A5B52990FED17FF53B1C1FDCBFC66" bold="true" box="[151,637,935,961]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990FED17FF53B1C1FD98FC66" ID-CoL="9HT6B" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" box="[151,558,935,961]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Pseudogaurax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idiogenes" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B93A5B52990FED17FF53B1C1FE08FC66" bold="true" box="[151,446,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Pseudogaurax idiogenes</emphasis>
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Wheeler
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A209E629990FED17FDFFB1C1FDCBFC66" box="[571,637,935,961]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990FED17FF53B1ACFEAEFC43" blockId="1.[151,637,935,996]" box="[151,280,970,996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13759BC5990FED17FF5BB1ACFEB8FC43" box="[159,270,970,996]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,269,1414,1438]" captionTargetBox="[230,1348,376,1371]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[206,1380,336,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pseudogaurax idiogenes. 1. Male genitalia, lateral. 2. Male genitalia, posterior. 3. Male genitalia, ventral. Abbreviations: cer – cercus; ej ap – ejaculatory apodeme; epd – epandrium; hyp – hypandrium; phal – phallus; phap – phallapodeme; pog – postgonite; sur – surstylus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185077/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C354D4CB990FED12FF53B67CFABDFA2D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990FED17FF53B67CFBB0FA83" blockId="1.[151,1437,1050,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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Description: Total length 3.0–
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<quantity id="4CB62AA5990FED17FE3EB67CFDE1FB93" box="[506,599,1050,1076]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
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. Frons yellow, subequal in width to eye in dorsal view; frontal triangle half as long as frons, shining yellow, ocellar tubercle shining black; 8–10 long, pale fronto-orbital setae; several pale interfrontal setae almost as long as fronto-orbital setae; ocellar bristles short, reclinate; vertical and postocellar bristles long, pale; eye large, densely hairy; gena yellow, genal height 0.1 times eye height; vibrissa and subvibrissal setae long, pale; postgena yellow, narrow; occiput yellow; face flat, pale yellow; pedicel yellow, first flagellomere yellow, reniform, higher than long; arista long pubescent, dark brown; proboscis small, pale; palpus yellow, with long, pale distal and ventral setulae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990FED17FF02B754FA2BF92B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1050,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Thorax with pronotum distinct in dorsal view, pale yellow; scutum yellow with dark yellow to orange longitudinal median and intra-alar stripes, median stripe with narrow, darker orange stripe on either side of midline in some specimens, small, dark, medial spot anterior to scutellum; scutal setae pale, postpronotal and notopleural setae slightly darker; 1 anterior and 2 posterior notopleural setae; row of prescutellar setae slightly longer than other scutal setulae; scutellum yellow, rugose, with long pale setulae; apical scutellar bristles pale, divergent, strong, lateral scutellar setae weak, pale; thoracic pleurites yellow except for dark shining anteroventral spot on anepisternum. Legs pale yellow except for brown band on middle third of hind tibia; femoral organ absent; tibial organ large, oval, pale, interrupting brown tibial band on posterior surface of hind tibia. Wing typical of the genus; second costal sector 1.7–2.0 times as long as third, cell c broad; halter yellow.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990FED17FF02B4FCFC6CF97B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1050,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Abdominal syntergite 1+2 yellow with brown posterolateral corners, tergites 3–5 brown, tergite 3 sometimes paler medially; tergites with long weak setae, especially laterally.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990FED17FF02B48CFC51F803" blockId="1.[151,1437,1050,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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Male postabdomen (
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<figureCitation id="13759BC5990FED17FE7AB48CFD85F8A3" box="[446,563,1770,1796]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,269,1414,1438]" captionTargetBox="[230,1348,376,1371]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[206,1380,336,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pseudogaurax idiogenes. 1. Male genitalia, lateral. 2. Male genitalia, posterior. 3. Male genitalia, ventral. Abbreviations: cer – cercus; ej ap – ejaculatory apodeme; epd – epandrium; hyp – hypandrium; phal – phallus; phap – phallapodeme; pog – postgonite; sur – surstylus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185077/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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): epandrium pale yellow, broader than high in posterior view; surstylus straight, slightly clavate, setose and setulose; hypandrium short and broad in ventral view; postgonites wellsclerotized, broad and quadrate in lateral view; distiphallus long, pale, membranous; cerci long, quadrate, well-sclerotized, diverging apically and separated by deep U-shaped ventral cleft, each cercus with long ventral seta and shorter setae and setulae; subepandrial sclerite simple, pale.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990FED14FF02B5D4FAE0F9F3" blockId="1.[151,1437,1050,2036]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,1554,1900]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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Female postabdomen: tergite 6 well-sclerotized, with posteromedial dark spot; other tergites and sternites of segments 6–8 reduced; tergite 10 triangular, shining; cerci well-sclerotized, elongate, narrow in dorsal Etymology: The species name is from the Greek
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990CED14FCC5B474FCC7F98C" box="[769,881,1554,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Pseudogaurax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idiogenes">
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<emphasis id="B93A5B52990CED14FCC5B474FCC7F98C" box="[769,881,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">idiogenes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(distinctive, peculiar), referring to the habits of the larvae, feeding on eggs of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990CED14FE3DB45CFD3BF9F3" box="[505,653,1594,1620]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Megaloptera</taxonomicName>
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instead of spider egg masses like most species of this genus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990CED14FF53B2FEFDCFFE8D" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<table id="F94E75E0990C12E9FF53B2FEFA2AFE8D" box="[151,1436,152,298]" gridcols="5" gridrows="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<tr id="357E8502990C12E9FF53B2FEFA2AFF15" box="[151,1436,152,178]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
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<th id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FF53B2FEFE47FF15" box="[151,497,152,178]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">view, with long setulae.</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="357E8502990C12E9FF53B2D9FA2AFF7D" box="[151,1436,191,218]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<th id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FF53B2D9FE47FF7D" box="[151,497,191,218]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Type material: Holotype</th>
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<td id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FE3CB2D9FD2FFF7D" box="[504,665,191,218]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">ɗ. BRAZIL:</td>
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<td id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FD64B2D9FC16FF7D" box="[672,928,191,218]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">São Paulo, Iporanga,</td>
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<td id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FC6CB2D9FB4FFF7D" box="[936,1273,191,218]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Parque Estadual Intervales,</td>
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<td id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FAC4B2D9FA2AFF7D" box="[1280,1436,191,218]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">(24°17’36”S,</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="357E8502990C12E9FF53B28EFA2AFEA5" box="[151,1436,232,258]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<th id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FF53B28EFE47FEA5" box="[151,497,232,258]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">48°25’06”W), 600–700m, ex</th>
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<td id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FE3CB28EFD2FFEA5" box="[504,665,232,258]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">corydalid egg</td>
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<td id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FD64B28EFC16FEA5" box="[672,928,232,258]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">masses, 26.i.2002, A.</td>
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<td id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FC6CB28EFB4FFEA5" box="[936,1273,232,258]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">S. Melo (MZSP). Paratypes.</td>
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<td id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FAC4B28EFA2AFEA5" box="[1280,1436,232,258]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Same data as</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="357E8502990C12E9FF53B369FA2AFE8D" box="[151,1436,271,298]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
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<th id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FF53B369FE47FE8D" box="[151,497,271,298]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">holotype (1ɗ, 4Ψ, MZSP, 1ɗ,</th>
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<td id="76AFEC7E990C12E9FE3CB369FD2FFE8D" box="[504,665,271,298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">1Ψ, LEM).</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF31D7C8990CED14FF53B7E0FC3BFA44" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185077/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" targetBox="[230,1348,376,1371]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990CED14FF53B7E0FC3BFA44" blockId="2.[151,1436,1414,1507]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="B93A5B52990CED14FF53B7E0FEF2FA39" bold="true" box="[151,324,1414,1438]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">FIGURES 1–3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990CED14FE88B7E1FDE5FA39" box="[332,595,1415,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Pseudogaurax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idiogenes">
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<emphasis id="B93A5B52990CED14FE88B7E1FDE5FA39" box="[332,595,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Pseudogaurax idiogenes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. 1. Male genitalia, lateral. 2. Male genitalia, posterior. 3. Male genitalia, ventral. Abbreviations: cer – cercus; ej ap – ejaculatory apodeme; epd – epandrium; hyp – hypandrium; phal – phallus; phap – phallapodeme; pog – postgonite; sur – surstylus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990CED14FF02B404FCB2F8CB" blockId="2.[151,1436,1554,1900]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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Comments: This species will not key out in Sabrosky’s (1966; 1990) keys to New World
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<emphasis id="B93A5B52990CED14FB17B404FA32F9DC" box="[1235,1412,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990CED14FB17B404FA36F9DC" box="[1235,1408,1634,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Pseudogaurax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogaurax</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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It runs to couplet
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<quantity id="4CB62AA5990CED14FE8AB4ECFE3DF903" box="[334,395,1674,1700]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDFFAB1990CED14FE56B4ECFDE3F903" author="Sabrosky" box="[402,597,1674,1700]" pageId="2" pageNumber="58" refString="Sabrosky, C. W. (1966) Three new Brazilian species of Pseudogaurax with a synopsis of the genus in the western hemisphere (Diptera, Chloropidae). Papeis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura (Sao Paulo), 19, 117 - 127." type="journal article" year="1966">Sabrosky (1966)</bibRefCitation>
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but does not key to either half of that couplet because of the color pattern of the legs. We have not included revised couplets to Sabrosky’s keys to species because the large number of undescribed Neotropical species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990CED14FDA0B4BCFCB8F954" box="[612,782,1754,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Pseudogaurax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93A5B52990CED14FDA0B4BCFCB8F954" box="[612,782,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Pseudogaurax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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would make any effort premature pending a complete revision of the fauna. Specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990CED14FD87B564FD67F8BC" box="[579,721,1794,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Pseudogaurax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idiogenes">
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<emphasis id="B93A5B52990CED14FD87B564FD67F8BC" box="[579,721,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">P. idiogenes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may be distinguished from other described New World species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990CED14FF35B54CFE2CF8E4" box="[241,410,1834,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Pseudogaurax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93A5B52990CED14FF35B54CFE2CF8E4" box="[241,410,1834,1859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Pseudogaurax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the combination of the scutal colour pattern, the yellow scutellum and the extensively yellow legs with a dark band on the hind tibia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF18740990CED14FF53B5C4FD39F81C" blockId="2.[151,1436,1954,2020]" box="[151,655,1954,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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Natural history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990CED14FEAAB5C4FD39F81C" box="[366,655,1954,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Pseudogaurax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idiogenes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990CED14FEAAB5C4FD39F81C" box="[366,655,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Pseudogaurax idiogenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF18740990CED15FF02B5ACFDAFFE6B" blockId="2.[151,1436,1954,2020]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,780]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990CED14FF02B5ACFE5AF844" box="[198,492,1994,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Pseudogaurax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idiogenes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990CED14FF02B5ACFE5AF844" box="[198,492,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Pseudogaurax idiogenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens were obtained from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990CED14FCB9B5ACFBA7F843" box="[893,1041,1994,2020]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Megaloptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
egg-masses collected in Parque Estadual Intervales, Iporanga, São Paulo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359C7D0990DED15FD4BB2FCFD61FF13" box="[655,727,154,180]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7AE187990DED15FD2DB2FCFCCBFF13" box="[745,893,152,180]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" precision="15" value="-24.293333">24o17’36” S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7AE187990DED15FC49B2FCFBA9FF13" box="[909,1055,152,180]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" precision="15" value="-48.418335">48o25’06”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB62AA5990DED15FBEAB2FCFB00FF13" box="[1070,1206,154,180]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="650.0" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="600.0">600–700 m</quantity>
|
||
el.), on
|
||
<date id="FFF0A180990DED15FADBB2FCFA2EFF13" box="[1311,1432,154,180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" value="2002-01-26">26-I-2002</date>
|
||
. Egg-masses were located on a small wooden bridge with a foundation of sedimentary rocks vertical to the stream. Four egg-masses (~
|
||
<quantity id="4CB62AA5990DED15FE2CB28CFD89FEA3" box="[488,575,234,260]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter each) were obtained from the bridge foundation. They were removed using a screwdriver and included a small piece of rock to which they were attached, thus preventing damage to the egg-masses. Two pieces of rock, each containing two egg-masses (~
|
||
<quantity id="4CB62AA5990DED15FBB5B35CFB01FEF3" box="[1137,1207,314,340]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart in each case) were collected. The white covering material of all egg-masses was homogenous and did not contain any sign of oviposition by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FEA3B3ECFE4AFE03" box="[359,508,394,420]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is thus likely that female flies attacked the megalopteran egg-masses during or immediately after oviposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF18740990DED15FF03B3BCFD1AFCAB" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,780]" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">
|
||
It is not certain to which species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FDA2B3BCFD4CFE53" box="[614,762,474,500]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Megaloptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
the egg-masses belonged. No description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FAC3B3BCFA2DFE53" box="[1287,1435,474,500]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Megaloptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae is available for the species occurring in the region. However, adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FBF7B065FA2AFDBB" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[1075,1436,514,540]" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" genus="Chloronia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corripiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FBF7B065FA9DFDBB" box="[1075,1323,515,540]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Chloronia corripiens</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FF15B04DFE5BFDE3" authority="Navas" authorityName="Navas" box="[209,493,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" genus="Corydalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FF15B04DFE23FDE3" box="[209,405,555,580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Corydalus diasi</emphasis>
|
||
Navás
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been collected at the same site. A third species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FB01B04DFE9BFDCB" authority="MacLachlan" authorityName="MacLachlan" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" genus="Corydalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hecate">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FB01B04DFA2DFDE3" box="[1221,1435,555,580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Corydalus hecate</emphasis>
|
||
MacLachlan
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been collected from two streams in the same watershed, ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CB62AA5990DED15FB91B034FB15FDCB" box="[1109,1187,594,620]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
from the study site.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDFFAB1990DED15FF53B01CFEE2FD33" author="Azevedo" box="[151,340,634,660]" pageId="3" pageNumber="57" refString="Azevedo, C. A. S. (2003) Taxonomia e bionomia de imaturos de Megaloptera (Insecta) na Amazonia Central, Brasil. M. Sc. thesis. Instituto de Pesquisas da Amazonia. Manaus, Brazil." type="book" year="2003">Azevedo (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provides photographs of egg-masses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FCEEB01DFC12FD33" box="[810,932,635,660]" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" genus="Corydalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FCEEB01DFC12FD33" box="[810,932,635,660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Corydalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FBC0B01DFA2AFD33" authority="Rambur" authorityName="Rambur" box="[1028,1436,634,660]" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" genus="Chloronia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hieroglyphica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FBC0B01DFA92FD33" box="[1028,1316,635,660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Chloronia hieroglyphica</emphasis>
|
||
(Rambur)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the central Amazon. Egg-masses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FD54B0C5FCBCFD1B" box="[656,778,675,700]" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" genus="Corydalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FD54B0C5FCBCFD1B" box="[656,778,675,700]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Corydalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are white, while those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FB8FB0C5FAD8FD1B" box="[1099,1390,675,700]" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" genus="Chloronia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hieroglyphica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FB8FB0C5FAD8FD1B" box="[1099,1390,675,700]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Chloronia hieroglyphica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are pale-brown. If coloration is diagnostic at the genus level, egg-masses from the study site probably belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FF53B095FEE7FCAB" box="[151,337,755,780]" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" genus="Corydalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FF53B095FEE7FCAB" box="[151,337,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Corydalus diasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FEBCB095FDF0FCAB" box="[376,582,755,780]" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" genus="Corydalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hecate">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FEBCB095FDF0FCAB" box="[376,582,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Corydalus hecate</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13759BC5990DED15FD92B094FD29FCAB" box="[598,671,754,780]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. A" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[325,1258,830,1789]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[308,1278,794,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. A. Intact (top) and ecloded (bottom) egg-masses of Corydalidae (not attacked by parasites). B. Egg-masses attacked by Pseudogaurax idiogenes showing emergence holes of adult flies (top) and remaining fly puparia (bottom, protective layer of egg mass partially removed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF31D7C8990DED15FF53B498FD21F8FC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185078/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[325,1258,830,1789]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF18740990DED15FF53B498FD21F8FC" blockId="3.[151,1436,1790,1883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FF53B498FEAFF8B1" bold="true" box="[151,281,1790,1814]" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
A. Intact (top) and ecloded (bottom) egg-masses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FC88B498FC78F8B2" box="[844,974,1790,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corydalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(not attacked by parasites). B. Egg-masses attacked by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990DED15FED8B547FD93F89F" box="[284,549,1825,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" genus="Pseudogaurax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idiogenes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A5B52990DED15FED8B547FD93F89F" box="[284,549,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Pseudogaurax idiogenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing emergence holes of adult flies (top) and remaining fly puparia (bottom, protective layer of egg mass partially removed).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF18740990DED12FF03B5EFFE02FE6D" blockId="3.[151,1436,1929,2035]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,1418]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Because the initial objective was to obtain megalopteran larvae, egg-masses were not separated in individual containers. On
|
||
<date id="FFF0A180990DED15FE5CB5D7FDB8F86C" box="[408,526,1969,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" value="2002-01-31">31-I-2002</date>
|
||
five flies emerged from one egg-mass. Flies were first seen at 06:50 am and it is likely that they emerged minutes before, as they were close to the egg-mass and the wings of one individual were not yet expanded. It was possible to identify the five small holes in the egg-mass from which they emerged. Two flies escaped during transfer between vials; the three remaining specimens were females. On
|
||
<date id="FFF0A180990AED12FF53B28EFEA0FEA5" box="[151,278,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="2002-02-01">01-II-2002</date>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D484CC9990AED12FEDAB28EFECCFEA5" box="[286,378,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D484CC9990AED12FE71B28EFD91FEA5" box="[437,551,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" type="female">6 females</specimenCount>
|
||
emerged between 06:40 and 06:50 am from the same egg-mass. On
|
||
<date id="FFF0A180990AED12FA9CB28EFF64FE8D" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="2002-02-06">06-II- 2002</date>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D484CC9990AED12FF1FB376FE8FFE8D" box="[219,313,272,298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D484CC9990AED12FEB2B376FE5FFE8D" box="[374,489,272,298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
|
||
emerged between 07:50 and 08:25 am from the second egg-mass on the same piece of rock. On
|
||
<date id="FFF0A180990AED12FEAEB35EFE5EFEF5" box="[362,488,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="2002-02-07">07-II-2002</date>
|
||
around 07:50 am, two further individuals (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D484CC9990AED12FC26B35EFBE3FEF5" box="[994,1109,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
) were obtained, likely from the second egg-mass. The last fly (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D484CC9990AED12FDEBB306FD23FEDD" box="[559,661,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
) emerged on
|
||
<date id="FFF0A180990AED12FCF7B306FC00FEDD" box="[819,950,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="2002-02-22">22-II-2002</date>
|
||
. It was not possible to determine its exact emergence time, although it was first sighted around 09:30 am. The puparia of reared flies remained inside the megalopteran egg-mass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF18740990AED12FF03B3BEFBFAFDBD" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The two egg-masses on the second piece of rock produced no flies. Megalopteran larvae emerged from one of them in the night of
|
||
<date id="FFF0A180990AED12FE12B066FD36FDBD" box="[470,640,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="2002-02-06" valueMax="2002-02-07" valueMin="2002-02-06">06-07-II-2002</date>
|
||
. The second egg-mass remained intact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF18740990AED12FF03B04EFB5EFB85" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
A second visit was made to the sample site on
|
||
<date id="FFF0A180990AED12FD21B04EFCD8FDE5" box="[741,878,552,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="2004-03-09">09-III-2004</date>
|
||
to assess the proportion of attacked egg-masses and the number of puparia per egg-mass. A total of 126 egg-masses was recorded. Nine were in poor condition, indicating that they were likely from the previous year. One intact egg-mass (no
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990AED12FB5FB01EFA99FD35" box="[1179,1327,632,658]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Megaloptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990AED12FA9DB01EFF59FD1D" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
emergence) was partially covered by the nest of a wasp, and one showed signs of fungal infection. Another egg-mass was damaged. From the remaining 114 egg-masses, two (1.8%) were pre-emergence, 24 (21.0%) showed signs of megalopteran emergence, and 88 (77.2%) contained fly puparia or small holes (sign of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990AED12FF72B17EFEF1FC95" box="[182,327,792,818]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
emergence) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13759BC5990AED12FE22B17EFD9BFC95" box="[486,557,792,818]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. A" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[325,1258,830,1789]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[308,1278,794,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. A. Intact (top) and ecloded (bottom) egg-masses of Corydalidae (not attacked by parasites). B. Egg-masses attacked by Pseudogaurax idiogenes showing emergence holes of adult flies (top) and remaining fly puparia (bottom, protective layer of egg mass partially removed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185078/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Twenty egg-masses showing signs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990AED12FBD5B17EFB14FC95" box="[1041,1186,792,818]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
attack were removed from the substrate, fixed in alcohol and returned to the laboratory to estimate the number of flies developing per egg-mass. The mean number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990AED12FDFAB10EFD79FC25" box="[574,719,872,898]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
puparia per egg-mass was 26.65 (n = 20, min = 4, max = 77, sd = 20.62). Some of the egg-masses were attached to the lower surface of the substrate, and as the fly puparia are only loosely attached to the substrate, it is possible that some of them fell down before collection. Additionally, egg-masses revealed saprophagous invertebrates such as Acari and Psocoptera (Insecta), which may have destroyed part of the material. Thus the numbers provided above may be underestimates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF18740990AED12FF03B656FC30FB4D" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Five out of the 20 examined egg-masses contained dipteran larvae, likely from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990AED12FBA2B656FB4DFBED" box="[1126,1275,1072,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In three eggmasses there were well-developed pupae and adults of small wasps. Each fly puparium was parasitized by a single wasp. One megalopteran egg-mass contained two adult wasps and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D484CC9990AED12FC3DB6E6FBD2FB3D" box="[1017,1124,1152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" type="pupa">20 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
of wasps. Additionally, in four egg-masses some fly puparia (1 of 18, 3 of 11, 2 of 50, and 60 of 77 puparia, respectively) were completely filled by small larvae, probably parasitoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990AED12FD1BB6B6FC34FB4D" box="[735,898,1232,1258]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF18740990AED12FF03B69EFABDFA2D" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Although data are available only from a single locality in southeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359C7D0990AED12FC28B69EFB81FAB5" box="[1004,1079,1272,1298]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is likely that this Chloropidae-Corydalidae host association occurs elsewhere. Some egg-masses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EFCC3990AED12FBE5B746FB06FA9D" box="[1057,1200,1312,1338]" class="Insecta" family="Corydalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corydalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
observed during a casual visit to a stream site in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359C7D0990AED12FDA8B72EFD02FAC5" box="[620,692,1352,1378]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Maquiné, Rio Grande do Sul,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7AE187990AED12FBE8B72EFB0EFAC5" box="[1068,1208,1352,1378]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" precision="15" value="-29.525833">29°31’33”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7AE187990AED12FB02B72EFAEAFAC5" box="[1222,1372,1352,1378]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" precision="15" value="-50.315556">50°18’56”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFF0A180990AED12FAADB72EFF60FA2D" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="2004-12">XII- 2004</date>
|
||
), ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CB62AA5990AED12FF3CB716FEE5FA2D" box="[248,339,1392,1418]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="km" value="700.0">700 km</quantity>
|
||
from the study site, contained small holes similar to those observed in this study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |