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<document id="2758609E0BD873713AECA5BEBBB796B8" ID-CLB-Dataset="46747" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3753.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="220b1885-c8f8-46f6-9452-f1dd51baf651" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="253310" ID-ZooBank="DE234954-1829-4277-9E17-78C4E5C18142" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460364433523" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Maintenon, Marta J." docDate="2014" docId="03C0B65EFFD6FF99FF0F54B1FD4DFE1C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03753p225.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3753 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parvanachis pygmaea Sowerby I 1832" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="217" masterDocId="FFF9CE26FFDAFF89FF985116FFF0FF94" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the species of Parvanachis Radwin, 1968 (Gastropoda: Columbellidae) from the Gulf of Panama" masterLastPageNumber="225" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="213" updateTime="1698295016751" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="80E43105DC0316F420FA50A26667793D">Taxonomic revision of the species of Parvanachis Radwin, 1968 (Gastropoda: Columbellidae) from the Gulf of Panama</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6366482E3184E3C09C00F5470CF1B6EB">Maintenon, Marta J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E3702D6C45A7C4AF684FC847B909896C">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C0B65EFFD6FF99FF0F54B1FD4DFE1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6141036" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119410430" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6141036" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C0B65EFFD6FF99FF0F54B1FD4DFE1C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0B65EFFD6FF99FF0F54B1FD4DFE1C" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFD6FF85FF0F54B1FE79FA76" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF0F54B1FD74FA56" blockId="12.[151,644,1447,1507]" box="[151,644,1447,1474]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<heading id="D09EB024FFD6FF85FF0F54B1FD74FA56" bold="true" box="[151,644,1447,1474]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD6FF85FF0F54B1FD74FA56" ID-CoL="7656W" authority="Sowerby I, 1832" authorityName="Sowerby I" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,644,1447,1474]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF0F54B1FD74FA56" bold="true" box="[151,644,1447,1474]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF0F54B1FE50FA55" bold="true" box="[151,416,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Parvanachis pygmaea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FE2854BEFD8CFA56" author="Sowerby" box="[432,636,1448,1474]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Sowerby, G. B. I. (1832) Genus Columbella. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pt. II. No. 16, 113 - 120." type="proceedings paper" year="1832">Sowerby I, 1832</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF0F54DCFE79FA76" blockId="12.[151,644,1447,1507]" box="[151,393,1482,1507]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFD6FF85FF0F54DCFF04FA77" box="[151,244,1482,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1943,1965]" captionTargetBox="[204,1368,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[204,1368,193,1905]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Parvanachis shells. All are preserved specimens, so some dark areas on the body whorls of the shells are the coloring of the preserved animal visible through the shell. Scale bar = 1 mm. A – D. Parvanachis pygmaea, USNM 1231314, Playa Rio Mar. E – H. Parvanachis mullineri. E – G. USNM 1231315, Isla Venado. H. USNM 1231316, Punta Calafate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253316/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Figure 6</figureCitation>
A–D, 7A, 7E
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFD6FF85FF0F5704FA6CF867" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF0F5704FC59F9D3" blockId="12.[151,1436,1554,1822]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD6FF85FF0F5704FDE1F9BC" ID-CoL="XC24" authority="Sowerby, 1832" authorityName="Sowerby" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,529,1554,1576]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Columbella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF0F5704FE9EF9BC" box="[151,366,1554,1576]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Columbella pygmaea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FEED5704FDE1F9BC" author="Sowerby" box="[373,529,1554,1576]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Sowerby, G. B. I. (1832) Genus Columbella. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pt. II. No. 16, 113 - 120." type="proceedings paper" year="1832">Sowerby, 1832</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: p. 119, not figured. 1844a: p. 141, pl. 40 fig. 163. Duclos in Chenu, 1848: pl. 25 figs. 1– 2.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FF785727FE56F9D3" author="Adams" box="[224,422,1585,1607]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Adams, C. B. (1852) Catalogue of shells collected at Panama, with notes on their synonymy, station, and geographical distribution. Annals of Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 5, 229 - 567." type="journal article" year="1852">Adams, C.B., 1852</bibRefCitation>
: p. 97.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FE775724FD81F9D3" author="Reeve" box="[495,625,1585,1607]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1858 - 1859) Monograph of the genus Columbella. Conchologica Iconica Vol. XI. London, 37 pls." type="journal volume" year="1858">Reeve, 1858</bibRefCitation>
: sp. 128, pl. 22, figs. 128–129.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF0F5746FAADF910" blockId="12.[151,1436,1554,1822]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD6FF85FF0F5746FE0EF9F2" ID-CoL="DBGS" authority="Sowerby, 1832" authorityName="Sowerby" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,510,1616,1638]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF0F5746FEBBF9F2" box="[151,331,1616,1638]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Anachis pygmaea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FEC15746FE08F9F2" author="Sowerby" box="[345,504,1616,1638]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Sowerby, G. B. I. (1832) Genus Columbella. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pt. II. No. 16, 113 - 120." type="proceedings paper" year="1832">Sowerby, 1832</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FD915746FD40F9F2" author="Carpenter" box="[521,688,1616,1638]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Carpenter, P. P. (1857) Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British Museum: collected by Philip Reigen. Oberlin Press, London, 552 pp." type="book" year="1857">Carpenter, 1857</bibRefCitation>
: p. 510; 1863: p. 344.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FC005746FB3CF9F2" author="Baker" box="[920,1228,1616,1638]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Baker, F., Hanna, G. D. &amp; Strong, A. M. (1938) Columbellidae from western Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4 th Series, 23 (16), 245 - 254." type="journal article" year="1938">
<collectingCountry id="F37E47D8FFD6FF85FC005746FC26F9F2" box="[920,982,1616,1638]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Baker</collectingCountry>
, Hanna &amp; Strong, 1938
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 250, not figured.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FF5F5778FE30F910" author="Strong" box="[199,448,1646,1668]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Strong, A. M. &amp; Hertlein, L. G. (1939) Marine mollusks from Panama collected by the Allan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, 1931 - 1932. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications of the University of Southern California, Ser. 1. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 2 (12), 177 - 245." type="journal article" year="1939">Strong &amp; Hertlein, 1939</bibRefCitation>
: p. 184, not figured.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FD0A5779FCF9F910" author="Keen" box="[658,777,1646,1668]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Keen, A. M. (1958) Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Stanford University Press, 624 pp." type="book" year="1958">Keen, 1958</bibRefCitation>
, p. 384, sp. 448 (illustration from Sowerby, Thes. Conch.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF0F579BFC05F937" blockId="12.[151,1436,1554,1822]" box="[151,1013,1677,1699]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD6FF85FF0F579BFDAEF937" ID-CoL="XC24" authority="Sowerby" authorityName="Sowerby" box="[151,606,1677,1699]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Columbella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea" subGenus="Seminella">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF0F579BFE19F937" box="[151,489,1677,1699]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Columbella (Seminella) pygmaea</emphasis>
(Sowerby)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FDFF5798FD17F937" author="Tryon" box="[615,743,1677,1699]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Tryon, G. W. Jr. (1883) Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic. Vol. 5. Marginellidae, Olividae, Columbellidae. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 100 - 276." type="book" year="1883">Tryon, 1883</bibRefCitation>
: p. 166, pl. 56 figs. 91, 92.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF0F57BAFC3CF956" blockId="12.[151,1436,1554,1822]" box="[151,972,1708,1730]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD6FF85FF0F57BAFD3AF956" ID-CoL="XC24" authority="Sowerby. Kobelt, 1897" authorityName="Sowerby. Kobelt" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,714,1708,1730]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Columbella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea" subGenus="Anachis">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF0F57BAFE28F956" box="[151,472,1708,1730]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Columbella (Anachis) pygmaea</emphasis>
Sowerby.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FDDB57BAFD3AF956" author="Kobelt" box="[579,714,1708,1730]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Kobelt, W. (1897) Die Familie der Columbelliden. In: Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini &amp; Chemnitz. Nurnberg, Verlag von Bauer &amp; Raspe. Bd. 3, Abt. 1 d, 344 pp., 44 pls." type="book" year="1897">Kobelt, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: p. 158, taf. 22, figs. 1, 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF0F57DCFD74F974" blockId="12.[151,1436,1554,1822]" box="[151,644,1738,1760]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD6FF85FF0F57DCFE43F974" ID-CoL="66J39" authority="Bartsch, 1931" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,435,1738,1760]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dalli">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF0F57DCFEEDF974" box="[151,285,1738,1760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Anachis dalli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FEBB57DCFE43F974" author="Bartsch" box="[291,435,1738,1760]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Bartsch, P. (1931) Descriptions of new marine mollusks from Panama, with a figure of the genotype of Engina. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 79, art. 15, 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.79 - 2881.1" type="journal article" year="1931">Bartsch, 1931</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: pp. 2–3, pl. 1 fig. 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF0F57FFFA7FF96B" blockId="12.[151,1436,1554,1822]" box="[151,1423,1769,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD6FF85FF0F57FFFD64F96B" ID-CoL="DBGS" authority="Sowerby, 1832" authorityName="Sowerby" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,660,1769,1791]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea" subGenus="Parvanachis">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF0F57FFFE11F96B" box="[151,481,1769,1791]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Anachis (Parvanachis) pygmaea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FE7657FFFD7CF96B" author="Sowerby" box="[494,652,1769,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Sowerby, G. B. I. (1832) Genus Columbella. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pt. II. No. 16, 113 - 120." type="proceedings paper" year="1832">Sowerby, 1832</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FD0457FCFCE5F96B" author="Keen" box="[668,789,1769,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Keen, A. M. (1971) Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2 nd ed. Stanford University Press, 1064 pp." type="book" year="1971">Keen, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: p. 585, sp. 1209.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FC5557FFFBA6F96B" author="Abbott" box="[973,1110,1769,1791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Abbott, R. T. (1974) American Seashells, 2 nd ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 663 pp." type="book" year="1974">Abbott, 1974</bibRefCitation>
: p. 197, sp. 2068 (not figured).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF0F561EFCEBF88A" blockId="12.[151,1436,1554,1822]" box="[151,795,1800,1822]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD6FF85FF0F561EFDDAF88A" ID-CoL="7656W" authority="Sowerby, 1832" authorityName="Sowerby" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,554,1800,1822]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF0F561EFE88F88A" box="[151,376,1800,1822]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Parvanachis pygmaea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FE1E561EFDD3F88A" author="Sowerby" box="[390,547,1800,1822]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Sowerby, G. B. I. (1832) Genus Columbella. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pt. II. No. 16, 113 - 120." type="proceedings paper" year="1832">Sowerby, 1832</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FDAC561EFD27F88A" author="Skoglund" box="[564,727,1800,1822]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Skoglund, C. (1992) Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod (Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1992. The Festivus, supplement 24, 1 - 169." type="journal article" year="1992">Skoglund, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: p. 89.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF0F565CFB25F813" blockId="12.[151,1436,1866,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF0F565CFF13F8F7" bold="true" box="[151,227,1866,1891]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFD6FF85FF0F565CFF2FF8F7" box="[151,223,1866,1891]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Types</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Four probable
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFD6FF85FE17565DFE01F8F7" box="[399,497,1867,1891]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
marked by Keen in 1964, NHMUK 1966389, collected by Cuming at Monte Cristo (not St. Elena),
<collectingCountry id="F37E47D8FFD6FF85FEDF5678FE54F813" box="[327,420,1902,1927]" name="Ecuador" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(in Guayaquil province, according to
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FCD75679FBD0F813" author="Adams" box="[847,1056,1902,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Adams, C. B. (1852) Catalogue of shells collected at Panama, with notes on their synonymy, station, and geographical distribution. Annals of Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 5, 229 - 567." type="journal article" year="1852">C.B. Adams, 1852</bibRefCitation>
) on dead shells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD6FF85FF5F5684FA6CF867" blockId="12.[151,1436,1866,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD6FF85FF5F5684FE5DF83F" bold="true" box="[199,429,1938,1963]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Taxonomic history.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FE2E5684FD9EF83F" author="Sowerby" box="[438,622,1938,1963]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Sowerby, G. B. I. (1832) Genus Columbella. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pt. II. No. 16, 113 - 120." type="proceedings paper" year="1832">Sowerby (1832)</bibRefCitation>
reports Cuming collecting this species on dead shells in sandy mud at
<collectingCountry id="F37E47D8FFD6FF85FF0F56A1FED3F85B" box="[151,291,1974,1999]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Santa Elena</collectingCountry>
, at 10 fms.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FE2B56A0FDA8F85B" author="Adams" box="[435,600,1974,1999]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Adams, C. B. (1852) Catalogue of shells collected at Panama, with notes on their synonymy, station, and geographical distribution. Annals of Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 5, 229 - 567." type="journal article" year="1852">Adams (1852)</bibRefCitation>
reports finding them under stones at the low water mark.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD6FF85FA9356A1FA6CF85B" author="Keen" box="[1291,1436,1975,1999]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Keen, A. M. (1971) Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2 nd ed. Stanford University Press, 1064 pp." type="book" year="1971">Keen (1971)</bibRefCitation>
figures one of Cuming’s specimens from Monte Cristo, as well as Sowerby’s illustration; no material from St.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFD7FF84FF0F5181FED8FDCB" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD7FF84FF0F5181FED8FDCB" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
Elena was found at
<collectionCode id="ED789F8DFFD7FF84FEED518EFE12FF3B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[373,482,152,175]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">NHMUK</collectionCode>
. Sowerby’s (1844) illustration is not specific enough to match a particular specimen, but is consistent with the Monte Cristo specimens.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD7FF84FD5751AAFC7EFF41" author="Carpenter" box="[719,910,188,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Carpenter, P. P. (1857) Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British Museum: collected by Philip Reigen. Oberlin Press, London, 552 pp." type="book" year="1857">Carpenter (1857)</bibRefCitation>
refers to
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FC6F51AAFB4CFF40" box="[1015,1212,188,212]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FC6F51AAFB4CFF40" box="[1015,1212,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Anachis pygmaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as being variable in color, from ‘light horn with a few purple-brown patches to nearly uniform black brown’; he probably has this species confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FE3B5013FDE5FE88" box="[419,533,260,284]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="adamsi">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FE3B5013FDE5FE88" box="[419,533,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">P. adamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(described below), which is similar in size and whose markings sometimes resemble those of
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FEFC503FFE15FED4" box="[356,485,297,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FEFC503FFE15FED4" box="[356,485,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">P. pygmaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 1864 he refers to his and Adams’ material as
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FB89503EFB28FED4" box="[1041,1240,296,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FB89503EFB28FED4" box="[1041,1240,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Anachis pygmaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FB47503EFA99FED4" box="[1247,1385,296,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" rank="variety" variety="auriflua">
var.
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FA97503EFA99FED4" box="[1295,1385,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">auriflua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but no formal description or illustration has been found to determine an identity for that name, so it must remain a
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FF0F5067FEC7FE1C" box="[151,311,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">nomen nudum</emphasis>
. One lot of Carpenter’s specimens (
<collectionCode id="ED789F8DFFD7FF84FD415066FCDCFE1C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[729,812,368,392]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">USNM</collectionCode>
716231, Carpenter Tablet 2429), is cited in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD7FF84FAB55066FF11FE39" author="Carpenter" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Carpenter, P. P. (1857) Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British Museum: collected by Philip Reigen. Oberlin Press, London, 552 pp." type="book" year="1857">Carpenter (1857)</bibRefCitation>
as showing
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FEF45083FE1CFE38" box="[364,492,405,428]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FEF45083FE1CFE38" box="[364,492,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">P. pygmaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in different stages of growth, but is not this species; however it has fewer specimens than reported (
<specimenCount id="9D6FCCC1FFD7FF84FEA550A1FE49FE44" box="[317,441,439,464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="juvenile">6 juveniles</specimenCount>
rather than
<specimenCount id="9D6FCCC1FFD7FF84FDDA50AEFD4DFE44" box="[578,701,439,464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="juvenile">7 juveniles</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D6FCCC1FFD7FF84FD6D50AEFCA0FE44" box="[757,848,439,464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="adult">3 adults</specimenCount>
) so perhaps the lot was split.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD7FF84FB3950A1FAB9FE44" author="Bartsch" box="[1185,1353,439,464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Bartsch, P. (1931) Descriptions of new marine mollusks from Panama, with a figure of the genotype of Engina. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 79, art. 15, 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.79 - 2881.1" type="journal article" year="1931">Bartsch (1931)</bibRefCitation>
named
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FF0F50CAFEDCFE60" box="[151,300,476,500]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dalli">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FF0F50CAFEDCFE60" box="[151,300,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Anachis dalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFD7FF84FEA150CAFE6DFE61" box="[313,413,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED789F8DFFD7FF84FE3C50CAFE05FE60" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[420,501,476,500]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">USNM</collectionCode>
368144) from Taboga Island,
<collectingCountry id="F37E47D8FFD7FF84FCD050CBFC54FE60" box="[840,932,477,500]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Panama</collectingCountry>
. Photos of the likely
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFD7FF84FB1750CBFB01FE61" box="[1167,1265,477,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FA8E50CAFA6CFE60" box="[1302,1436,476,500]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FA8E50CAFA6CFE60" box="[1302,1436,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">C. pygmaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFD7FF84FF605316FED8FD8C" box="[248,296,512,536]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">type</typeStatus>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FE535316FDD1FD8C" box="[459,545,512,536]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dalli">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FE535316FDD1FD8C" box="[459,545,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">A. dalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were both examined, and though Bartsch briefly notes that his species was previously misidentified as
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FE565332FDA3FDA8" box="[462,595,548,572]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FE565332FDA3FDA8" box="[462,595,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">A. pygmaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, he does not specify how they differ, and no differences between the
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFD7FF84FAF95333FA6CFDA9" box="[1377,1436,549,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">types</typeStatus>
are apparent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFD7FF84FF5F537AFCB6FD59" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD7FF84FF5F537AFCB6FD59" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FF5F537AFEB1FD11" bold="true" box="[199,321,620,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Small (
<quantity id="4C91AAADFFD7FF84FE06537AFDEBFD10" box="[414,539,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4 to 7 mm</quantity>
) species with a biconic, axially ribbed shell, straw colored with a white band immediately below the suture and a spiral row of dark markings overlying or slightly below the white band. A second band of dark markings is present below the periphery.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFD7FF86FF5F53C1FC56F860" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD7FF84FF5F53C1FB8DFCAC" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FF5F53C1FEC6FD64" bold="true" box="[199,310,727,752]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Material.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FEA453CEFDC6FD64" box="[316,566,728,752]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FEA453CEFDC6FD64" box="[316,566,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Parvanachis pygmaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was common at most localities (6 of 11,
<tableCitation id="C6EB32F3FFD7FF84FC6753C1FBBFFD64" box="[1023,1103,727,752]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,1478,1501]" captionText="TABLE 1. Collecting localities and specimens from each." pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Table 1</tableCitation>
) though not in high numbers.
<specimenCount id="9D6FCCC1FFD7FF84FF0F53EAFEC2FC81" box="[151,306,764,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="generic">45 specimens</specimenCount>
were collected on and under rocks in muddy sand or sand; most were large juveniles or adults.
<collectionCode id="ED789F8DFFD7FF84FF0F5236FF18FCAC" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[151,232,800,824]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">USNM</collectionCode>
has these from Baja California to
<collectingCountry id="F37E47D8FFD7FF84FDF15209FD38FCAC" box="[617,712,799,824]" name="Ecuador" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. Three were sectioned, three dissected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD7FF84FF5F5252FB53FB51" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FF5F5252FF0FFCC8" box="[199,255,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Shell</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFD7FF84FE885252FEAFFCC9" box="[272,351,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1943,1965]" captionTargetBox="[204,1368,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[204,1368,193,1905]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Parvanachis shells. All are preserved specimens, so some dark areas on the body whorls of the shells are the coloring of the preserved animal visible through the shell. Scale bar = 1 mm. A – D. Parvanachis pygmaea, USNM 1231314, Playa Rio Mar. E – H. Parvanachis mullineri. E – G. USNM 1231315, Isla Venado. H. USNM 1231316, Punta Calafate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253316/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
A–D): Shell biconic,
<quantity id="4C91AAADFFD7FF84FDCC5252FD06FCC8" box="[596,758,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.8" valueMin="4.2">4.2 to 6.8 mm</quantity>
long (avg.
<quantity id="4C91AAADFFD7FF84FCE35252FC11FCC8" box="[891,993,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.41" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="5.41">5.41 mm</quantity>
) and
<quantity id="4C91AAADFFD7FF84FBBC5252FB12FCC8" box="[1060,1250,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.85" metricValueMin="2.05" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="2.45" valueMax="2.85" valueMin="2.05">2.05 to 2.85 mm</quantity>
wide (avg.
<quantity id="4C91AAADFFD7FF84FAF35252FF34FC14" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.40 mm</quantity>
) in
<specimenCount id="9D6FCCC1FFD7FF84FF775271FE77FC14" box="[239,391,871,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="generic">26 specimens</specimenCount>
measured. Adult shells with 4.5 to 5.5 teleoconch whorls (avg. 4.8). Protoconch smooth, offwhite, with 3 to 3.25 (avg.
<quantity id="4C91AAADFFD7FF84FE53529AFDEAFC31" box="[459,538,908,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0518" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="in" value="3.17">3.17 in</quantity>
eight specimens) whorls. Shell sculptured primarily with axial ridges (15 to 18 on the penultimate whorl), weak, evenly spaced spiral grooves between axial ridges on the spire whorls. No welldeveloped subsutural cord except on the first two whorls, unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FCF352C3FC27FC78" box="[875,983,980,1004]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="adamsi">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FCF352C3FC27FC78" box="[875,983,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">P. adamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is the same size and very similar otherwise. Apex usually eroded, unlike similar species. Shell easily recognized by its striking and relatively invariant color pattern. Shell glossy white or yellowish, with a row of purplish brown blotches on the anterior half of each whorl, usually strongest on every other axial ridge, and a white band between the dark spots and the suture. Body whorl with a second row of axially elongated dark blotches below the periphery. Aperture edge thickened, with a few denticles internally. Aperture edge with a shallow posterior sinus. Parietal callus with a weakly denticulate ridge. Aperture color reflects that of the shell exterior, anterior end of shell paler.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD7FF84FF5F55C6FF1CFAA4" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FF5F55C6FE8CFB7C" box="[199,380,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Body coloration</emphasis>
: Body cream colored, with dense black mottling and white speckles. Front corners of the foot without markings. Siphon mottled, with a black band; tentacles cream colored, with black bands on the base and middle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD7FF84FF5F542AFAD4FAEC" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FF5F542AFEB4FAC0" box="[199,324,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Operculum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFD7FF84FECC542AFE67FAC0" box="[340,407,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Parvanachis operculae and radulae. Scale bars: A – D, 200 µm; E – H, 20 µm. A – D. Operculae. A. P. pygmaea. B. P. mullineri. C. P. adamsi. D. P. nigricans. E – H. Radulae. E. P. pygmaea, 40 X. F. P. mullineri, 40 X. G. P. adamsi, 20 X. H. P. nigricans, 20 X." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253317/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A): Operculum oblong, with a keel and bilobed muscle scar, and usually a terminal nucleus (one photographed appeared to be damaged, nucleus was sub-terminal). Operculum center is darker tan.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD7FF84FF5F5492FBEDF99C" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FF5F5492FEE8FA08" box="[199,280,1412,1436]" class="Jungermanniopsida" family="Radulaceae" genus="Radula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Porellales" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FF5F5492FEE8FA08" box="[199,280,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Radula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFD7FF84FEBF5492FE9AFA08" box="[295,362,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Parvanachis operculae and radulae. Scale bars: A – D, 200 µm; E – H, 20 µm. A – D. Operculae. A. P. pygmaea. B. P. mullineri. C. P. adamsi. D. P. nigricans. E – H. Radulae. E. P. pygmaea, 40 X. F. P. mullineri, 40 X. G. P. adamsi, 20 X. H. P. nigricans, 20 X." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253317/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E): Radula similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FD215493FCD5FA08" box="[697,805,1412,1436]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="adamsi">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FD215493FCD5FA08" box="[697,805,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">P. adamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFD7FF84FCAB5492FC85FA08" box="[819,885,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Parvanachis operculae and radulae. Scale bars: A – D, 200 µm; E – H, 20 µm. A – D. Operculae. A. P. pygmaea. B. P. mullineri. C. P. adamsi. D. P. nigricans. E – H. Radulae. E. P. pygmaea, 40 X. F. P. mullineri, 40 X. G. P. adamsi, 20 X. H. P. nigricans, 20 X." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253317/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
G) and
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FC515493FBBEFA08" box="[969,1102,1413,1436]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigricans">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FC515493FBBEFA08" box="[969,1102,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">P. nigricans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFD7FF84FBC55492FB6FFA08" box="[1117,1183,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Parvanachis operculae and radulae. Scale bars: A – D, 200 µm; E – H, 20 µm. A – D. Operculae. A. P. pygmaea. B. P. mullineri. C. P. adamsi. D. P. nigricans. E – H. Radulae. E. P. pygmaea, 40 X. F. P. mullineri, 40 X. G. P. adamsi, 20 X. H. P. nigricans, 20 X." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253317/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
H). Lateral teeth about 40 µm long in adults, with three pointed secondary cusps; the basal cusp is pointed down and embedded in radular membranes. Center plates are rectangular, about 30 to 40 µm wide by 10 to 25 µm deep. The three specimens (two adult males, one adult female) dissected had radulae with 125 to 132 tooth rows.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD7FF84FF5F5702FE9CF801" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FF5F5702FE34F9B8" box="[199,452,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Reproductive anatomy</emphasis>
: Spermiduct typical for
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD7FF84FD455702FC9AF9B8" box="[733,874,1556,1580]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD7FF84FD455702FC9AF9B8" box="[733,874,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Parvanachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the addition of a flap-like projection at the penis near the base and a penial pouch. Coiled seminal vesicle with a long posterior portion having normal darkstaining sperm, anterior portion with mixed dark-staining and pink-staining sperm cells. Epithelia in both portions flat. Short mantle cavity duct present adjacent to kidney. Spermiduct from mantle Cavity duct to penis base encased in body wall muscle. At penis base, spermiduct leaves body wall and forms a long loop adjacent to the proboscis. Spermiduct loop epithelium (
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFD7FF84FE7357D1FDC2F974" box="[491,562,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1575,1597]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,176,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,171,1554]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Histological sections from the male reproductive tract of Parvanachis. Scale bar = 200 µm. A. Cross section of upper body of P. adamsi showing gonad and seminal vesicle. B. Cross section of upper body of P. nigricans showing the seminal vesicle. C. Cross section through pallial spermiduct loop of P. pygmaea. D. Cross section of mid body of P. nigricans showing the spermiduct loop. E. Semi-longitudinal section of mid-penis of P. pygmaea. F. Semi-longitudinal section through penis of P. pygmaea showing transition from the wide central portion with glandular duct to the filament tip. G. Cross section of body of P. nigricans with a portion of the body wall spermiduct and a partial longitudinal section through the penis showing the basal flap at the upper middle. H. Cross section through the body of P. nigricans with a partial longitudinal section of the penis, showing the transition from the wider glandular portion to the non-secretory filament tip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253314/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C) tall and mucoidal, becomes non-secretory at penis base. Penis long and narrow, with a short filament tip and a flap of tissue protruding to one side near the base (
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFD7FF84FB5557FAFAE4F890" box="[1229,1300,1772,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1575,1597]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,176,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,171,1554]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Histological sections from the male reproductive tract of Parvanachis. Scale bar = 200 µm. A. Cross section of upper body of P. adamsi showing gonad and seminal vesicle. B. Cross section of upper body of P. nigricans showing the seminal vesicle. C. Cross section through pallial spermiduct loop of P. pygmaea. D. Cross section of mid body of P. nigricans showing the spermiduct loop. E. Semi-longitudinal section of mid-penis of P. pygmaea. F. Semi-longitudinal section through penis of P. pygmaea showing transition from the wide central portion with glandular duct to the filament tip. G. Cross section of body of P. nigricans with a portion of the body wall spermiduct and a partial longitudinal section through the penis showing the basal flap at the upper middle. H. Cross section through the body of P. nigricans with a partial longitudinal section of the penis, showing the transition from the wider glandular portion to the non-secretory filament tip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253314/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F). A semilongitudinal section of the penis where it narrows is shown in
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFD7FF84FCEC5619FC4AF8BC" box="[884,954,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1575,1597]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,176,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,171,1554]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Histological sections from the male reproductive tract of Parvanachis. Scale bar = 200 µm. A. Cross section of upper body of P. adamsi showing gonad and seminal vesicle. B. Cross section of upper body of P. nigricans showing the seminal vesicle. C. Cross section through pallial spermiduct loop of P. pygmaea. D. Cross section of mid body of P. nigricans showing the spermiduct loop. E. Semi-longitudinal section of mid-penis of P. pygmaea. F. Semi-longitudinal section through penis of P. pygmaea showing transition from the wide central portion with glandular duct to the filament tip. G. Cross section of body of P. nigricans with a portion of the body wall spermiduct and a partial longitudinal section through the penis showing the basal flap at the upper middle. H. Cross section through the body of P. nigricans with a partial longitudinal section of the penis, showing the transition from the wider glandular portion to the non-secretory filament tip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253314/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F; at this point the duct also narrows and becomes non-secretory. Penial spermiduct straight. Tissue flap at base does not involve duct or any modified epithelia, so ostensibly has a more mechanical function. Distal portion of penis at rest stored in a pouch in the mantle cavity roof.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1657C0FFD4FF87FF0F5681FAB0F87E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253316/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" targetBox="[204,1368,193,1904]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD4FF87FF0F5681FAB0F87E" blockId="14.[151,1436,1943,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD4FF87FF0F5681FEE5F839" bold="true" box="[151,277,1943,1965]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD4FF87FE865681FE6EF839" box="[286,414,1943,1965]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD4FF87FE865681FE6EF839" box="[286,414,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Parvanachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells. All are preserved specimens, so some dark areas on the body whorls of the shells are the coloring of the preserved animal visible through the shell. Scale bar = 1 mm. A–D.
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD4FF87FC6356A3FB14F858" box="[1019,1252,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD4FF87FC6356A3FB11F858" box="[1019,1249,1973,1996]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">Parvanachis pygmaea</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
USNM 1231314, Playa Rio Mar. E–H.
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD4FF87FEE956C2FDA4F87E" box="[369,596,2004,2026]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mullineri">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD4FF87FEE956C2FDA4F87E" box="[369,596,2004,2026]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Parvanachis mullineri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. E–G. USNM 1231315, Isla Venado. H. USNM 1231316, Punta Calafate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1657C0FFD5FF86FF0F572DFEC6F91A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253317/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1572]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD5FF86FF0F572DFEC6F91A" blockId="15.[151,1434,1595,1678]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FF0F572DFEE2F9C5" bold="true" box="[151,274,1595,1617]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD5FF86FE80572DFE68F9C5" box="[280,408,1595,1617]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FE80572DFE68F9C5" box="[280,408,1595,1617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Parvanachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
operculae and radulae. Scale bars: A–D, 200 µm; E–H, 20 µm. A–D. Operculae. A.
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FB74572AFA97F9C5" box="[1260,1383,1596,1617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD5FF86FB74572AFA92F9C5" box="[1260,1378,1596,1617]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">P. pygmaea</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
B.
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FA11572AFF0BF9E4" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD5FF86FA11572AFF07F9E4" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mullineri">P. mullineri</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
C.
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FEBB574DFE7EF9E4" box="[291,398,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD5FF86FEBB574DFE7AF9E4" box="[291,394,1626,1648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="adamsi">P. adamsi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
D.
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FE2F574DFDC9F9E4" box="[439,569,1627,1648]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD5FF86FE2F574DFDC5F9E4" box="[439,565,1627,1648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigricans">P. nigricans</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
E–H. Radulae. E.
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FD67574DFC8CF9E4" box="[767,892,1627,1648]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD5FF86FD67574DFC88F9E4" box="[767,888,1627,1648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">P. pygmaea</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
40X. F.
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FC42574DFBA9F9E4" box="[986,1113,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD5FF86FC42574DFBA4F9E4" box="[986,1108,1626,1648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mullineri">P. mullineri</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
40X. G.
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD5FF86FB22574DFAEEF9E4" box="[1210,1310,1626,1648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="adamsi">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FB22574DFAEEF9E4" box="[1210,1310,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">P. adamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 20X. H.
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD5FF86FA11574DFF06F91A" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigricans">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FA11574DFF06F91A" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">P. nigricans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 20X.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD5FF86FF5F57ADFC56F860" blockId="15.[151,1436,1723,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
Female reproductive system typical for
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD5FF86FD0557ADFCDAF947" box="[669,810,1723,1747]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD5FF86FD0557ADFCDAF947" box="[669,810,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Parvanachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; bursa copulatrix absent, coiled gonopericardial duct present. Glands comprise a single mass, which stains red anteriorly and darker purple posteriorly, with a pale purple band across the middle closer to the posterior end. Gonopericardial duct splits from oviduct just inside posterior end of gland mass. Gonopericardial duct muscular and coiled on the oviduct side, with a tall secretory epithelium; then widens to become almost as wide as the glandular mass itself, with a pouched, mucoid wall (
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFD5FF86FAFC565DFF54F813" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1830]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Histological sections from the female reproductive tract of Parvanachis. Scale bars: A – E, 200 µm; F – G, 100 µm. A. Longitudinal section of female gland mass of P. di c hrom a. B. Pericardium of P. pygmaea. C, D, E. Serial cross sections of P. pygmaea showing oviducal glands and gonopericardial duct. F, G. Serial sections of gonopericardial duct of P. diminuta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253313/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
C–E). Duct narrows before entering the pericardium, which in the specimen sectioned was full of sperm and cellular material. Gonopericardial-pallial duct splits from pericardium adjacent to where gonopericardial duct enters. Vestibule short, non-muscular. The specimen sectioned had an egg capsule in the vestibule, so details of the vestibule epithelium and form could not be ascertained with certainty.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFCAFF99FF5F5181FD4DFE1C" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCAFF99FF5F5181FD4DFE1C" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCAFF99FF5F5181FECBFF24" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Remarks.</emphasis>
The 12 year gap between description of this species and its illustration, combined with lack of specimens from the reported
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFCAFF99FE4451ABFDFCFF41" box="[476,524,189,213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">type</typeStatus>
locality and the obvious similarity between several of these species, creates some uncertainty in this species’ original identity. It is possible, given the similarity between
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCAFF99FB1D51F7FA6CFF6C" box="[1157,1436,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCAFF99FB1D51F7FAFBFF6C" box="[1157,1291,225,248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">P. pygmaea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCAFF99FA8051F7FA6CFF6C" box="[1304,1436,224,248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mullineri">P. mullineri</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCAFF99FF5E5013FEC4FE88" box="[198,308,260,284]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="adamsi">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCAFF99FF5E5013FEC4FE88" box="[198,308,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">P. adamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(discussed below), to suggest that the unillustrated
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCAFF99FCE35012FAEEFE88" authority="Sowerby, 1832" authorityName="Sowerby" authorityYear="1832" box="[891,1310,260,285]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Columbella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCAFF99FCE35012FB9AFE88" box="[891,1130,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Columbella pygmaea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCAFF99FBEA5012FAEEFE88" author="Sowerby" box="[1138,1310,260,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" refString="Sowerby, G. B. I. (1832) Genus Columbella. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pt. II. No. 16, 113 - 120." type="proceedings paper" year="1832">Sowerby, 1832</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, is actually what I identify here as
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCAFF99FE02503FFDECFED4" box="[410,540,296,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mullineri">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCAFF99FE02503FFDECFED4" box="[410,540,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">P. mullineri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCAFF99FDDB503FFD40FED4" box="[579,688,296,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="adamsi">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCAFF99FDDB503FFD40FED4" box="[579,688,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">P. adamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Reeve’s (1858) figure, interestingly enough, shows the dark band adjacent to the suture, consistent with
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCAFF99FDDC505BFD37FEF0" box="[580,711,332,356]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mullineri">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCAFF99FDDC505BFD37FEF0" box="[580,711,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">P. mullineri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, Sowerby’s illustration from 1844, consistent with the existing
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFCAFF99FF6E5066FEABFE1C" box="[246,347,368,392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
, sets the identity of the species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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