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<mods:title id="49F87F65B71D738F78F0C86E1373B099">Taxonomic revision of the species of Parvanachis Radwin, 1968 (Gastropoda: Columbellidae) from the Gulf of Panama</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C0B65EFFD2FF81FF0F529DFAE0FA4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6141026" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119410429" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6141026" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C0B65EFFD2FF81FF0F529DFAE0FA4A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0B65EFFD2FF81FF0F529DFAE0FA4A" lastPageNumber="209" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFD2FF81FF0F529DFE22FC31" box="[151,466,907,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD2FF81FF0F529DFE22FC31" blockId="8.[151,466,907,933]" box="[151,466,907,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<heading id="D09EB024FFD2FF81FF0F529DFE22FC31" bold="true" box="[151,466,907,933]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FF0F529DFE22FC31" ID-CoL="7PBZD" authority="Radwin, 1968" authorityName="Radwin" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,466,907,933]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FF0F529DFE22FC31" bold="true" box="[151,466,907,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FF0F529DFED8FC30" bold="true" box="[151,296,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Parvanachis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD2FF81FEB6529AFE22FC31" author="Radwin" box="[302,466,908,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refString="Radwin, G. E. (1968) New taxa of western Atlantic Columbellidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 81, 143 - 150." type="journal article" year="1968">Radwin, 1968</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFD2FF81FF0F52C2FAC4FC7E" box="[151,1332,980,1002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD2FF81FF0F52C2FAC4FC7E" blockId="8.[151,1332,980,1002]" box="[151,1332,980,1002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB792066FFD2FF81FF0F52C2FAC4FC7E" box="[151,1332,980,1002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FF0F52C2FDB6FC7E" authority="Radwin, 1968: 145" authorityName="Radwin" authorityPageNumber="145" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,582,980,1002]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Parvanachis">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FF0F52C2FF19FC7E" box="[151,233,980,1002]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Anachis</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FF6F52C2FE87FC7E" box="[247,375,980,1002]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Parvanachis</emphasis>
)
<treatmentCitation id="0AC82159FFD2FF81FE1E52C2FDB6FC7E" author="Radwin" box="[390,582,980,1002]" page="145" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" year="1968">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD2FF81FE1E52C2FDE7FC7E" author="Radwin" box="[390,535,980,1002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refString="Radwin, G. E. (1968) New taxa of western Atlantic Columbellidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 81, 143 - 150." type="journal article" year="1968">Radwin, 1968</bibRefCitation>
: 145
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
147 (
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFD2FF81FD1F52C2FD44FC7E" box="[647,692,980,1002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">type</typeStatus>
by original designation
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FC3252C3FAD9FC7E" authority="C.B. Adams, 1845" authorityName="C.B. Adams" authorityYear="1845" box="[938,1321,980,1002]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Buccinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="obesum">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FC3252C3FB93FC7E" box="[938,1123,980,1002]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Buccinum obesum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD2FF81FBF152C2FAD9FC7E" author="Adams" box="[1129,1321,980,1002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refString="Adams, C. B. (1845) Specierum Novarum Conchyliorum, in Jamaica repertorum, synopsis. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 2, 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1845">C.B. Adams, 1845</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFD2FF81FF0F5500FA6CFA93" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD2FF81FF0F5500FA6CFA93" blockId="8.[151,1437,1046,1503]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FF0F5500FEE1FBBB" bold="true" box="[151,273,1046,1071]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Shell small (
<quantity id="4C91AAADFFD2FF81FE3B5501FDF0FBBA" box="[419,512,1047,1071]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">38 mm</quantity>
long), globose fusiform, with dominant axial ridges and underlying spiral grooves. Spire generally flat-sided with incised sutures. Aperture edge thickened and denticulate, with a shallow posterior notch anterior to the suture. The radula is typical for columbellids, with sigmoid lateral teeth, having a triangular basal secondary lateral cusp with a strong hook toward the radular membrane. The female gonoduct has a short thin-walled vestibule, lacks a bursa copulatrix, has a single gland mass, and has a coiled gonopericardial duct and gonopericardial-pallial duct, both encased in muscle. The male gonoduct is typical for columbellids, but lacks the secondary seminal vesicle found in many species. The penis is simple in form with a long or short filament-like tip.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFD2FF81FF5F5404FAE0FA4A" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFD2FF81FF5F5404FAE0FA4A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1046,1503]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FF5F5404FECBFABF" bold="true" box="[199,315,1298,1323]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FEDC5405FE21FABF" box="[324,465,1299,1323]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FEDC5405FE21FABF" box="[324,465,1299,1323]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Parvanachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been usually considered either as a genus or as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FB435405FAC5FABF" box="[1243,1333,1299,1323]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FB435405FAC5FABF" box="[1243,1333,1299,1323]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Anachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since its description.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD2FF81FEBA5421FE5EFADB" author="Keen" box="[290,430,1335,1359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refString="Keen, A. M. (1971) Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2 nd ed. Stanford University Press, 1064 pp." type="book" year="1971">Keen (1971)</bibRefCitation>
still gave it subgeneric status.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD2FF81FC925420FC49FADB" author="Radwin" box="[778,953,1334,1359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refString="Radwin, G. E. (1977 a) The family Columbellidae in the Western Atlantic. The Veliger, 19, 403 - 417." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="a">Radwin (1977a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD2FF81FC5D5420FBFCFADB" author="Radwin" box="[965,1036,1334,1359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refString="Radwin, G. E. (1977 b) The family Columbellidae in the Western Atlantic, part IIa - The Pyreninae. The Veliger, 20, 119 - 133." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">1977b</bibRefCitation>
) raised
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FBFE5420FB03FADA" box="[1126,1267,1334,1358]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FBFE5420FB03FADA" box="[1126,1267,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Parvanachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to a full genus in his papers on Western Atlantic columbellids, though was apparently thinking about this earlier, as he lists
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FF0F5468FED4FA02" box="[151,292,1406,1430]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FF0F5468FED4FA02" box="[151,292,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Parvanachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a genus in a
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FE415469FDC6FA02" box="[473,566,1407,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Festivus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FE415469FDC6FA02" box="[473,566,1407,1430]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Festivus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
paper in 1974 but does not discuss it. His justification (1977b) was based on
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FF0F54B5FEDEFA2F" box="[151,302,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Parvanachis</emphasis>
distinct shell and radular morphology.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD2FF81FD7954B5FC45FA2F" box="[737,949,1443,1467]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refString="Lopes, H., Coelho, A. &amp; Cardoso, P. (1971) Consideracoes sobre a familia Columbellidae no Brasil (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 54, 29 - 30." type="journal article">
Lopes
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FCB454B5FC94FA2F" box="[812,868,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">et al.</emphasis>
(1971)
</bibRefCitation>
referred
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FB8354B5FB4CFA2F" box="[1051,1212,1443,1467]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="obesa">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FB8354B5FB4CFA2F" box="[1051,1212,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Anachis obesa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FB4754B5FF22FA4B" authority="A. Adams, 1860" authorityName="A. Adams" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Zafra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FB4754B5FAEDFA2F" box="[1247,1309,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Zafra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFD2FF81FABC54B5FF22FA4B" author="Adams" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refString="Adams, A. (1860) On some new genera and species of Mollusca from Japan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (3 rd. ser.), 35, 331 - 337." type="journal article" year="1860">A. Adams, 1860</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, an Indo-Pacific taxon, and Faber (2004) similarly regarded
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FCEF54D0FBF4FA4A" box="[887,1028,1478,1502]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FCEF54D0FBF4FA4A" box="[887,1028,1478,1502]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Parvanachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFD2FF81FB5354D1FAF9FA4B" box="[1227,1289,1479,1503]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Zafra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFD2FF81FB5354D1FAF9FA4B" box="[1227,1289,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Zafra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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