230 lines
37 KiB
XML
230 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="9FB07E6CAC0A6742EF1E6744C6F1B622" ID-CLB-Dataset="4939" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="723d2e5b-aa7b-4d6f-84ad-bc45531fa175" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4928494" ID-ZooBank="5F2D2119-40F9-4DCE-B4AE-CDE87E44C0EA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623434454951" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mitov, Plamen G., Perkovsky, Evgeny E. & Dunlop, Jason A." docDate="2021" docId="038106260C6C717118C0FD90FAA54326" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4984.1.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4984 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Caddo dentipalpus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="FFB87E5E0C6971771857FFD7FFE04267" masterDocTitle="Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) in Eocene Rovno amber (Ukraine)" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1699012069377" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="ADD88FA2DECD860D77F794954DBDD3D1">
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<mods:title id="28A3248AFB76A46A577D71045448B347">Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) in Eocene Rovno amber (Ukraine)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4C021BBFDD44B24BF80E39A321372A8E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0D6DBD21EDA60B8485C0E53B9F2D13CB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4C5A39FEEE8155CBD8C46662E7E18CCB">Mitov, Plamen G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="EC9BC9F4EE3BFA848FC9EB3F31AA8648" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="65C47146E3CC25AB04ECBF565A2CF4DE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3F2B9E5A6B0EAD68ADD57BB88D1F068F">Perkovsky, Evgeny E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="600892CA57F95A810197907735ECB2CA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FA4C42352453458E6879265FE8414685">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="109F228368E123BB02D36D4EDD6232AD">Dunlop, Jason A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="90CD274B8756117A0B0841E8980D5410" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0179-6640</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2053013D4BD63D56D347E4116449D0A3" type="email">jason.dunlop@mfn.berlin</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="906D2B81A02B466947020141ED4507D7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="ECAB2651AE4D82A23DDD09113B8A2B09">
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<mods:title id="3DE32BC039FE563076AA7CE2E5589267">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4D55792CB1F4E5780B2A7378C6D74A7B">
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<mods:date id="DFA2CBC978BD843D1BBF5AA692B578D4">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="736508211F6D3983755BDF2E2BA63623">2021-06-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C26EF56BF7EDA6604E957E655BF17419">4984</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="37912C27771C28B00472748E4EA54B7A">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="CBD9CCB586955343A3B67F347EE9A9E0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9A772E45FB96CA8074BED15EDACC1ADD" type="CLB-Dataset">4939</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5F8E87F1D59EC8E5062E40ECA6086094" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.6</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="038106260C6C717118C0FD90FAA54326" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5217235" ID-GBIF-Taxon="184587109" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5217235" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038106260C6C717118C0FD90FAA54326" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038106260C6C717118C0FD90FAA54326" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="C332E4BB0C6C717218C0FD90FD114006" box="[151,753,583,610]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B97B7300C6C717218C0FD90FD114006" blockId="5.[151,753,583,645]" box="[151,753,583,610]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="D0DF005C0C6C717218C0FD90FD114006" bold="true" box="[151,753,583,610]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C717218C0FD90FD114006" ID-CoL="7T29S" authority="(C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[151,753,583,610]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
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<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C717218C0FD90FD114006" bold="true" box="[151,753,583,610]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C717218C0FD90FE994005" bold="true" box="[151,377,583,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Caddo dentipalpus</emphasis>
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(C. L.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6C71721987FD90FD094006" author="Koch, C. L. & Berendt, G. C." box="[464,745,583,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refId="ref17431" refString="Koch, C. L. & Berendt, G. C. (1854) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. In: Berendt, G. C. (Ed.), Die in Bernstein befindlichen organischen Reste der Vorwelt gesammelt in Verbindung mit mehreren bearbeitetet und herausgegeben 1. Berlin, Nicolai, 124 pp." type="book" year="1854">Koch & Berendt, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332E4BB0C6C717218C0FDBCFF1840E2" box="[151,248,619,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B97B7300C6C717218C0FDBCFF1840E2" blockId="5.[151,753,583,645]" box="[151,248,619,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<figureCitation id="1313ABB50C6C717218C0FDBCFF1840E2" box="[151,248,619,645]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–3" captionStart-1="FIGURES 4–6" captionStartId-0="6.[151,264,1887,1911]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,264,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox-0="[207,1379,342,1858]" captionTargetBox-1="[230,1357,185,1883]" captionTargetId-0="figure-119@6.[207,1379,342,1861]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@7.[230,1357,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–3. Caddo dentipalpus (C.L.Koch & Berendt, 1854), females, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 1 SIZK K-2369, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates positon of the three thorns, ventrally on the pedipalp femur). 2 SIZK K-27632, ventro-lateral view of body (arrow indicates protruding part of the ovipositor). 3 SIZK K-2880, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates large ocular tubercle characteristic of the species). Scale bars: 1, 3: 1 mm; 2: 0.5 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 4–6. Caddo dentipalpus (C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854), female, SIZK K-2880, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 4 Ventro-lateral view of specimen (ventrally body covered with white emulsion and filamentous fungal hyphae: black arrows). 5 Fungal hyphae viewed at high magnification. 6 Three large thorns (arrowed) visible on pedipalp femur, indicating a female. Scale bars: 4: 1.0 mm; 6: 0.3 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928496" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928498" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4928496/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4928498/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C332E4BB0C6C717218C0FD64FD0B41E6" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B97B7300C6C717218C0FD64FD0B41E6" blockId="5.[151,1437,691,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C717218C0FD64FDF740AA" bold="true" box="[151,535,691,717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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Material examined.
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<collectingCountry id="F33FF7A00C6C717219DDFD64FDEE40AA" box="[394,526,691,717]" name="Ukraine" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">UKRAINE</collectingCountry>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C71721A77FD64FDBE40AA" box="[544,606,691,717]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K-2369 (jointly with
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C71721B0DFD64FC7840AA" box="[858,920,691,717]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K-2363–2368),
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C71721C02FD64FB7340AA" box="[1109,1171,691,717]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K-27632 and
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C71721D6FFD64FA9640AA" box="[1336,1398,691,717]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K- 2880. All from
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<collectingRegion id="49EC79D20C6C71721910FD0FFE724095" box="[327,402,728,754]" country="Ukraine" name="Rivne" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Rovno</collectingRegion>
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amber,
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<collectingRegion id="49EC79D20C6C717219BAFD0FFD694096" box="[493,649,727,754]" country="Ukraine" name="Rivne" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Rovno Oblast</collectingRegion>
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(Region), Sarny District, Klesov, Pugach quarry; late Eocene. Syninclusions:
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C71721955FD2CFEA04172" box="[258,320,763,789]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K-27632, stellate hairs/trichomes,
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<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721A9DFD2CFCEC4172" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1817" box="[714,780,763,789]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Acari</taxonomicName>
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;
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C71721B4FFD2CFCB64172" box="[792,854,763,789]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K-2363, female of
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<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721C63FD2CFA794171" authority="(Orthocladiinae)" baseAuthorityName="Orthocladiinae" box="[1076,1433,763,790]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae (Orthocladiinae)</taxonomicName>
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;
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C717218C0FCC8FF35415E" box="[151,213,799,825]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K-2364, two Collembola, Entomobryomorpha;
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C71721B51FCC8FCA4415E" box="[774,836,799,825]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K-2365, female of
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<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721C67FCC8FA78415D" authority="(Orthocladiinae)" baseAuthorityName="Orthocladiinae" box="[1072,1432,799,826]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae (Orthocladiinae)</taxonomicName>
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;
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C717218C0FC94FF35413A" box="[151,213,835,861]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K-2366,
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<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C7172191EFC94FE57413A" box="[329,439,835,861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Oribatida">Oribatida</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721991FC94FCC6413A" authority="Sellnick" authorityName="Sellnick" authorityYear="1919" box="[454,806,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Neoliodidae" genus="Platyliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensigerus">
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<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C71721991FC94FD5B413A" box="[454,699,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Platyliodes ensigerus</emphasis>
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Sellnick
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C71721B61FC94FC94413A" box="[822,884,835,861]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K-2367, two Collembola, Entomobryomorpha;
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<collectionCode id="ED392FF50C6C717218C0FCB0FF3541E6" box="[151,213,871,897]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">SIZK</collectionCode>
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K-2368, two Collembola, Entomobryomorpha.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C332E4BB0C6C71721890FC5CFD474486" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8B97B7300C6C71721890FC5CFF1A461A" blockId="5.[151,1437,691,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C71721890FC5CFEB941C2" bold="true" box="[199,345,907,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Description.</emphasis>
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Within the darker resin, the body of SIZK K-2369 (
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<figureCitation id="1313ABB50C6C71721BC4FC5CFC3241C2" box="[915,978,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[207,1379,342,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[207,1379,342,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Caddo dentipalpus (C.L.Koch & Berendt, 1854), females, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 1 SIZK K-2369, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates positon of the three thorns, ventrally on the pedipalp femur). 2 SIZK K-27632, ventro-lateral view of body (arrow indicates protruding part of the ovipositor). 3 SIZK K-2880, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates large ocular tubercle characteristic of the species). Scale bars: 1, 3: 1 mm; 2: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4928496/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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) is deformed and covered dorso-laterally with an air bubble. During processing of the amber, the body of the harvestman (L: 0.825) was sawn off ventro-laterally. This fossil is female, as shown by the presence of three large thorns (acute tubercles/megaspines) ventrally on the femur of the pedipalp. Femur distally with a large mesal setose lobe/apophysis. All pedipalpal segments armed with stout setae, mostly on mesal surfaces. Claw large: 0.084. We could measure correctly only the length of palpal segments (Fe: 0.7, Pa: 0.32–0.35, Ti: 0.28–0.3, Ta: 0.56), and the length of some of the leg femurs (Fe I: 1.08, Fe II: 0.77).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B97B7300C6C71721890FB50FE62471E" blockId="5.[151,1437,691,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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SIZK K-27632 (
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<figureCitation id="1313ABB50C6C717219D7FB50FE2446C6" box="[384,452,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[207,1379,342,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[207,1379,342,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Caddo dentipalpus (C.L.Koch & Berendt, 1854), females, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 1 SIZK K-2369, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates positon of the three thorns, ventrally on the pedipalp femur). 2 SIZK K-27632, ventro-lateral view of body (arrow indicates protruding part of the ovipositor). 3 SIZK K-2880, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates large ocular tubercle characteristic of the species). Scale bars: 1, 3: 1 mm; 2: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4928496/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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) has a body dorsally obscured by the presence of breaks/cracks in the amber just above it. This specimen (L: 1.25) is also a female. A protruding ovipositor (furcal length: 0.126–0.14) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313ABB50C6C71721CB4FB7CFAC946A2" box="[1251,1321,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[207,1379,342,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[207,1379,342,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Caddo dentipalpus (C.L.Koch & Berendt, 1854), females, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 1 SIZK K-2369, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates positon of the three thorns, ventrally on the pedipalp femur). 2 SIZK K-27632, ventro-lateral view of body (arrow indicates protruding part of the ovipositor). 3 SIZK K-2880, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates large ocular tubercle characteristic of the species). Scale bars: 1, 3: 1 mm; 2: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4928496/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
: arrow) is visible, as well as the presence of the three typical femoral megaspines. Ocular tubercle: length: 0.5, width: 1.0; diameter of each lens 0.175. Appendage lengths: chelicera, basal segment equivocal, distal segment 0.52, movable digit 0.17. We could correctly measure only the length of the following palpal segments: Cx: 0.3, Tr: 0.2, Ti: 0.22; Ta: 0.475; length of the tarsal claw: 0.07. Legs femur length: Fe II: 1.12, Fe III: 0.63; other femurs could not be measured accurately.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97B7300C6C71721890FA54FD474486" blockId="5.[151,1437,691,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
SIZK K-2880 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313ABB50C6C71721922FA54FE3B47F9" box="[373,475,1411,1438]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–3" captionStart-1="FIGURES 4–6" captionStartId-0="6.[151,264,1887,1911]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,264,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox-0="[207,1379,342,1858]" captionTargetBox-1="[230,1357,185,1883]" captionTargetId-0="figure-119@6.[207,1379,342,1861]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@7.[230,1357,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–3. Caddo dentipalpus (C.L.Koch & Berendt, 1854), females, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 1 SIZK K-2369, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates positon of the three thorns, ventrally on the pedipalp femur). 2 SIZK K-27632, ventro-lateral view of body (arrow indicates protruding part of the ovipositor). 3 SIZK K-2880, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates large ocular tubercle characteristic of the species). Scale bars: 1, 3: 1 mm; 2: 0.5 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 4–6. Caddo dentipalpus (C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854), female, SIZK K-2880, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 4 Ventro-lateral view of specimen (ventrally body covered with white emulsion and filamentous fungal hyphae: black arrows). 5 Fungal hyphae viewed at high magnification. 6 Three large thorns (arrowed) visible on pedipalp femur, indicating a female. Scale bars: 4: 1.0 mm; 6: 0.3 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928496" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928498" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4928496/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4928498/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Figs 3–6</figureCitation>
|
||
) is not easily visible dorsally due to the presence of an air-pocket, as well as many cracks in the amber (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313ABB50C6C717219D6FA70FE2647A6" box="[385,454,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[207,1379,342,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[207,1379,342,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Caddo dentipalpus (C.L.Koch & Berendt, 1854), females, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 1 SIZK K-2369, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates positon of the three thorns, ventrally on the pedipalp femur). 2 SIZK K-27632, ventro-lateral view of body (arrow indicates protruding part of the ovipositor). 3 SIZK K-2880, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates large ocular tubercle characteristic of the species). Scale bars: 1, 3: 1 mm; 2: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4928496/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventrally, the body is covered with a white emulsion, as well as with filamentous fungal hyphae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313ABB50C6C71721975FA1CFE6A4781" box="[290,394,1483,1510]" captionStart="FIGURES 4–6" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[230,1357,185,1883]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[230,1357,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 4–6. Caddo dentipalpus (C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854), female, SIZK K-2880, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 4 Ventro-lateral view of specimen (ventrally body covered with white emulsion and filamentous fungal hyphae: black arrows). 5 Fungal hyphae viewed at high magnification. 6 Three large thorns (arrowed) visible on pedipalp femur, indicating a female. Scale bars: 4: 1.0 mm; 6: 0.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928498" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4928498/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Figs 4–5</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is noteworthy that a similar arthropod-pathogenic fungal overgrowth is usually observed on dead harvestmen in very humid conditions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6C71721AFAFA38FB8C446E" author="Cokendolpher, J. C. & Mitov, P. G." box="[685,1132,1519,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="339 - 373" refId="ref15162" refString="Cokendolpher, J. C. & Mitov, P. G. (2007) Chapter 9. Natural Enemies. In: Pinto da Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (Eds.), Harvestmen. The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, pp. 339 - 373." type="book chapter" year="2007">Cokendolpher & Mitov 2007: 348–349</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 9.2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6C71721C8EFA38FF00444A" author="Wijnhoven, H." pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref21720" refString="Wijnhoven, H. (2009) De Nederlandse hooiwagens (Opiliones). Entomologische Tabellen 3. Supplement bij Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen, 1 - 118." type="book chapter" year="2009">Wijnhoven 2009: 13–14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 25;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6C71721911F9C4FDB0444A" author="Barbosa, B. C. & Maciel, T. T. & Abegg, A. D. & Borges, L. M. & Rosa, C. M. & Vargas-Peixoto, D." box="[326,592,1555,1581]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="11 - 14" refId="ref14752" refString="Barbosa, B. C., Maciel, T. T., Abegg, A. D., Borges, L. M., Rosa, C. M. & Vargas-Peixoto, D. (2016) Arachnids infected by arthropod-pathogenic Fungi in an urban fragment of Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. Natureza Online, 14 (2), 11 - 14." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Barbosa
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C717219FEF9C3FE03444A" box="[425,483,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016: 13
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2A–B; P. Mitov, pers. obs.). Three large thorns (acute tubercles) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313ABB50C6C71721D38F9C4FF464435" captionStart="FIGURES 4–6" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[230,1357,185,1883]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[230,1357,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 4–6. Caddo dentipalpus (C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854), female, SIZK K-2880, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 4 Ventro-lateral view of specimen (ventrally body covered with white emulsion and filamentous fungal hyphae: black arrows). 5 Fungal hyphae viewed at high magnification. 6 Three large thorns (arrowed) visible on pedipalp femur, indicating a female. Scale bars: 4: 1.0 mm; 6: 0.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928498" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4928498/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) are clearly visible on the femur of the pedipalp, indicating that this specimen is again female (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6C71721D51F9E0FA774436" author="Gruber, J." box="[1286,1431,1591,1617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="237 - 259" refId="ref16386" refString="Gruber, J. (1974) Bemerkungen zur Morphologie und systematischen Stellung von Caddo, Acropsopilio und verwandter Formen (Opiliones, Arachnida). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 78, 237 - 259." type="journal article" year="1974">Gruber 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6C717218C0F98CFEFC4411" author="Shear, W. A." box="[151,284,1627,1654]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="65 - 88" refId="ref20836" refString="Shear, W. A. (1975) The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). The Journal of Arachnology, 2, 65 - 88." type="journal article" year="1975">Shear 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its body has L: 1.37. The ocular tubercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313ABB50C6C71721B4EF98CFCBE4412" box="[793,862,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[207,1379,342,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[207,1379,342,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Caddo dentipalpus (C.L.Koch & Berendt, 1854), females, from Rovno amber (Klesov, Pugach quarry, Ukraine), late Eocene. 1 SIZK K-2369, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates positon of the three thorns, ventrally on the pedipalp femur). 2 SIZK K-27632, ventro-lateral view of body (arrow indicates protruding part of the ovipositor). 3 SIZK K-2880, body, dorso-lateral view (arrow indicates large ocular tubercle characteristic of the species). Scale bars: 1, 3: 1 mm; 2: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4928496/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is characteristic of the species—compared to the length of the body it is large, with length: 0.56, and width: 0.87, and diameter of each lens 0.238. The length of only a part of the palpal segments could be measured accurately: Fe: 0.35, Pa: 0.35, Ti: 0.28, Ta: 0.35; Legs femur length: Fe I: 0.76, Fe II: 1.12, Fe III: 0.74, Fe IV: 0.91.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332E4BB0C6C71711890F93CFAA54326" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97B7300C6C71711890F93CFAA54326" blockId="5.[151,1437,691,2014]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,321]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C71721890F93CFEDB4562" bold="true" box="[199,315,1771,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721916F93CFDF44562" baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[321,532,1771,1797]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C71721916F93CFDF44562" box="[321,532,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Caddo dentipalpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easy to recognise among the European amber harvestmen through its combination of a very large and broad eye tubercle, very large eyes and large thorns (acute tubercles/megspines) on the palpal femur. It has also been recorded from Baltic and Bitterfeld amber (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AA828B0C6C71721BCBF8E4FC0E452A" box="[924,1006,1843,1869]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,939,963]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary of the 20 currently accepted species of fossil harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones), plus taxa assignable only to genus level (Bartel & Dunlop 2019; Elsaka et al. 2019) found across the three principal amber-bearing localities in northern and eastern Europe. Of these, Baltic amber has the richest fauna (18 species), followed by Bitterfeld (8) and Rovno (6). Note this may reflect intensity of collection rather than genuine ecological differences. Four species have been found in all three ambers. † indicates an extinct genus; X – based on published data; N – newly recorded." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF57E7B80C68717618C0FC7CFAD34634" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" tableUuid="DF57E7B80C68717618C0FC7CFAD34634">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) and as discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6C71721C89F8E4FA8E4529" author="Shear, W. A." box="[1246,1390,1843,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="65 - 88" refId="ref20836" refString="Shear, W. A. (1975) The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). The Journal of Arachnology, 2, 65 - 88." type="journal article" year="1975">Shear (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6C717218C0F880FE434516" author="Dunlop, J. A. & Mitov, P. G." box="[151,419,1879,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="347 - 375" refId="ref15864" refString="Dunlop, J. A. & Mitov, P. G. (2009) Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber. ZooKeys, 16, 347 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 16.224" type="journal article" year="2009">Dunlop & Mitov (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
it is of particular interest for being almost identical to a living species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721CEEF880FA784516" authority="Banks" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[1209,1432,1879,1905]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C71721CEEF880FAA94516" box="[1209,1353,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Caddo agilis</emphasis>
|
||
Banks
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, restricted today to North America and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FF7A00C6C71721A12F8ABFD4D45F2" box="[581,685,1915,1942]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">East Asia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6C71721AEBF8ACFCAE45F1" author="Suzuki, S." box="[700,846,1915,1942]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="261 - 273" refId="ref21607" refString="Suzuki, S. (1976) The harvestmen of the family Caddidae in Japan (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Science, Hiroshima University, B 1, 26, 261 - 273." type="journal article" year="1976">Suzuki 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721C57F8ACFBAB45F2" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[1024,1099,1915,1941]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C71721C57F8ACFBAB45F2" box="[1024,1099,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Caddo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or even the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721D7CF8ACFA7845F2" box="[1323,1432,1915,1941]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caddidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, occur in the Recent European fauna and the Rovno records further indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721C40F848FB8245DE" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[1047,1122,1951,1977]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C71721C40F848FB8245DE" box="[1047,1122,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Caddo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally more widely distributed across Eastern Europe as well. Its modern relatives (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721B01F814FC0445BA" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[854,996,1987,2013]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C71721B01F814FC0445BA" box="[854,996,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Caddo agilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6C71721BA6F813FB2F45B9" authority="Shear" authorityName="Shear" box="[1009,1231,1987,2014]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pepperella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6C71721BA6F813FB6845BA" box="[1009,1160,1987,2014]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">C. pepperella</emphasis>
|
||
Shear
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are usually found in very humid, densely shaded areas, such as ravines, and there is usually a coniferous element in the forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6F71711D0CFF40FF3242B2" author="Shear, W. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="65 - 88" refId="ref20836" refString="Shear, W. A. (1975) The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). The Journal of Arachnology, 2, 65 - 88." type="journal article" year="1975">Shear 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or it can be found in bamboo thickets and beech forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6F71711B03FF6CFC0642B1" author="Suzuki, S." box="[852,998,187,214]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="261 - 273" refId="ref21607" refString="Suzuki, S. (1976) The harvestmen of the family Caddidae in Japan (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Science, Hiroshima University, B 1, 26, 261 - 273." type="journal article" year="1976">Suzuki 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6F71711BAFFF6CFB6642B2" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[1016,1158,187,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6F71711BAFFF6CFB6642B2" box="[1016,1158,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Caddo agilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to occupy exposed surfaces (e.g., tree trunks, logs, stones) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6F71711A2AFF08FCF4429E" box="[637,788,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pepperella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6F71711A2AFF08FCF4429E" box="[637,788,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">C. pepperella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs on the ground in the leaf litter and under fallen objects (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6F7171188FFED4FE88437A" author="Suzuki, S." box="[216,360,259,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="261 - 273" refId="ref21607" refString="Suzuki, S. (1976) The harvestmen of the family Caddidae in Japan (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Science, Hiroshima University, B 1, 26, 261 - 273." type="journal article" year="1976">Suzuki 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9CAC10C6F71711924FED4FD8A437A" author="Shultz, J. W. & Regier, J. C." box="[371,618,259,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="238 - 240" refId="ref20933" refString="Shultz, J. W. & Regier, J. C. (2009) Caddo agilis and C. pepperella (Opiliones, Caddidae) diverged phylogenetically before acquiring their disjunct, sympatric distributions in Japan and North America. The Journal of Arachnology, 37, 238 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / H 08 - 66.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Shultz & Regier 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28CCB30C6F71711A2CFED4FCAE437A" baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[635,846,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C6B220C6F71711A2CFED4FCAE437A" box="[635,846,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Caddo dentipalpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found quite often in the European ambers. Perhaps the fossil species also preferred tree trunks, where it would have easily come into contact with sticky resin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |