183 lines
19 KiB
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183 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" ID-GBIF-Dataset="00ef0df6-46b9-4928-b16a-ccab53206586" ID-PMC="PMC3677362" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-283-15" ID-PubMed="23794840" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-283-15" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 283" ModsDocTitle="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)" checkinTime="1451247475901" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Williams, Gary C." docDate="2013" docId="CF340F8198AC032AB2105C6FFA602000" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 283: 15-42" docOrigin="ZooKeys 283" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" docTitle="Alcyonium Williams, 2013, sp. indet." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="CF03FFD9FFFAD159457A315EFF85255D" masterDocTitle="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1668155570686" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Williams, Gary C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>283</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>15</mods:start>
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<mods:end>42</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-283-15</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152042191" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF340F8198AC032AB2105C6FFA602000" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CF340F8198AC032AB2105C6FFA602000" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="6" pageNumber="21">sp. indet.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 5-6
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="21" type="synonomy">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Synonomy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Williams (2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 184-185, 188);
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<bibRefCitation author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden" pageId="22" pageNumber="37" pagination="1067 - 1081" title="The nephtheid soft coral genus Gersemia Marenzeller, 1878, with the description of a new species from the northeast Pacific and a review of two additional species (Octocorallia; Alcyonacea)." volume="83" year="2009">Williams and Lundsten (2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 1078).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="21" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
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CAS 179450, Canada, British Columbia, Weynton Passage, Plumper Group of islands, Plumper Island, (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="50.591682">50°35.501'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-126.79995">126°47.997'W</geoCoordinate>
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), 20 m depth, 10 November 2009, collector: N. McDaniel, one whole colony. CAS 173217, Canada, British Columbia, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Swordfish Island (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="48.310112">48°18'36.4"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-123.582886">123°34'58.4"W</geoCoordinate>
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), 6 m depth, 28 September 2009, collectors: C. Blondeau, T. Hill, R. Van Hall, one whole colony, abundant in underwater tunnel with dynamic surge. CAS 029138, U.S.A., Alaska, Arctic Ocean, near Point Barrow, 44 m depth, 29 July 1951, collector: J. Bohlke on R/V
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<normalizedToken originalValue="”Ivik”">"Ivik"</normalizedToken>
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, two whole colonies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" type="taxonomic assessment">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Taxonomic assessment.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
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sp. indet. is known from the west coast of North America from Alaska south to British Columbia and California, and has been referred to as
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Gersemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gersemia rubiformis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubiformis">Gersemia rubiformis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Capnella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Capnella rubiformis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubiformis">Capnella rubiformis</taxonomicName>
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, or
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Eunephthya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eunephthya rubiformis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubiformis">Eunephthya rubiformis</taxonomicName>
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in numerous publications (examples:
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<bibRefCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Madsen 1944</bibRefCitation>
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; Ofwegen 2012). These binomens are
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="22" start="start">based</pageBreakToken>
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on the entry
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<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Rhytismataceae" genus="Lobularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lobularia rubiformis" order="Rhytismatales" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="rubiformis">Lobularia rubiformis</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Ehrenberg (1834</bibRefCitation>
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: 282). All previous references that referred to the original author of the species have noted
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Ehrenberg (1834)</bibRefCitation>
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as the original source. However, on page 282 of this work, he notes that Pallas was the original author. This fact apparently has eluded the attention of subsequent authors, both in print and in electronic sources as well. Ehrenberg does not identify the date of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pallas’s">Pallas's</normalizedToken>
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description, but it is known that Peter Simon Pallas published works on
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="23" start="start">zoophytes</pageBreakToken>
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and corals between 1766 and 1798 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Seminarios de Biologia Marinha, Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="20" pageNumber="35" pagination="3 - 102" title="Status of knowledge of octocorals of world seas." volume="1981" year="1981 a">Bayer 1981a</bibRefCitation>
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). Ehrenberg also notes the locality of
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<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Rhytismataceae" genus="Lobularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lobularia rubiformis" order="Rhytismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="rubiformis">Lobularia rubiformis</taxonomicName>
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as "Mari septentrionali" (= Northern Sea). Needless-to-say, this is ambiguous and could serve to describe the North Atlantic, the Arctic Ocean, or all northern seas including the North Pacific. The name
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Gersemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gersemia rubiformis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubiformis">Gersemia rubiformis</taxonomicName>
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has been applied to a species of soft coral that is reported to occur in polar to temperate regions of the Arctic Ocean and the northwest Atlantic Ocean from the eastern Canada south to North Carolina (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Ofwegen 2012b</bibRefCitation>
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). It has also been reported from the
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="24" start="start">North</pageBreakToken>
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Pacific Ocean from Alaska south to California and west to Russia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Williams, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Organic Chemistry" pageId="22" pageNumber="37" pagination="332 - 335" title="Cembrane and pseudopterane diterpenes from the soft coral Gersemia rubiformis." url="10.1021/jo00379a002" volume="52" year="1987">Williams et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Ofwegen 2012b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
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In addition, there are other ambiguous details that are relevant here.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ehrenberg’s">Ehrenberg's</normalizedToken>
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1834 paper is dedicated to the corals of the Red Sea, but he lists
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<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Rhytismataceae" genus="Lobularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lobularia rubiformis" order="Rhytismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="rubiformis">Lobularia rubiformis</taxonomicName>
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as inhabiting the "Mari septentrionali." The genus
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<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Rhytismataceae" genus="Lobularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lobularia" order="Rhytismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Lobularia</taxonomicName>
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is a synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Cladiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cladiella" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Cladiella</taxonomicName>
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, a zooxanthellate Indo-Pacific genus that is distributed in the Red Sea as well as much of the Indo-West Pacific (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, K" journalOrPublisher="Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville" pageId="21" pageNumber="36" title="Soft corals and sea fans - a comprehensive guide to the tropical shallow-water genera of the Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea." year="2001">Fabricius and Alderslade 2001</bibRefCitation>
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). The genera to which this species has been identified in the literature represent two different soft coral families, the
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<taxonomicName family="Alcyoniidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" rank="family">Alcyoniidae</taxonomicName>
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and the
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<taxonomicName family="Nephtheidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" rank="family">Nephtheidae</taxonomicName>
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. My examination of western North American material reveals that the species has small, completely retractile polyps and a polyp arrangement that is lobate rather than catkin-like (even though there may be few to no polyps on the lower parts of the expanded lobes). In addition, the northeastern Pacific material (Figure 5) exhibits morphological similarities to other species of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
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, as previously described and illustrated (
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<bibRefCitation author="Verseveldt, J" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden" pageId="22" pageNumber="37" pagination="155 - 181" title="New and redescribed species of Alcyonium Linnaeus, 1758 (Anthozoa: Alcyonacea)." volume="66" year="1992">Verseveldt and Ofwegen 1992</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Casas, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden" pageId="20" pageNumber="35" pagination="299 - 311" title="Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the Scotia Arc, South Atlantic Ocean. I. The genus Alcyonium Linnaeus, 1758." volume="71" year="1997">Casas et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ofwegen, LP van" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="22" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 19" title="The genus Alcyonium (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Alcyoniidae) in Chile." volume="1607" year="2007">Ofwegen et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). The general appearance of the scIerites of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
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sp. indet. (Figure 6) are consistent with other species of the genus as well. I therefore here align the species to the
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<taxonomicName family="Alcyoniidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" rank="family">Alcyoniidae</taxonomicName>
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, rather than the
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<taxonomicName family="Nephtheidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" rank="family">Nephtheidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
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Recent molecular phylogenetic evidence shows that there are two species included in
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Gersemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gersemia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Gersemia</taxonomicName>
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that nest in the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
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, rather than with other nephtheids (
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<bibRefCitation author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="20" pageNumber="35" pagination="351 - 359" title="A new family of soft corals (Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) form the aphotic tropical eastern Pacific water revealed by integrative taxonomy." url="10.1080/14772000.2012.707694" volume="10" year="2012">Breedy et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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: 357). In light of this, future research may show that other species previously allocated to
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Gersemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gersemia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Gersemia</taxonomicName>
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may in fact belong to
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
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. It is not known if a type specimen of
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<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Rhytismataceae" genus="Lobularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lobularia rubiformis" order="Rhytismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="rubiformis">Lobularia rubiformis</taxonomicName>
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was ever designated. From the aforementioned, it is here considered that the Pacific coast material cannot justifiably be ascribed to
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Gersemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gersemia rubiformis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubiformis">Gersemia rubiformis</taxonomicName>
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and the validity of that species cannot be determined at present. Because of this, the Pacific coast species is considered as an unidentified species of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Williams 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 184-185, 188;
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<bibRefCitation author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden" pageId="22" pageNumber="37" pagination="1067 - 1081" title="The nephtheid soft coral genus Gersemia Marenzeller, 1878, with the description of a new species from the northeast Pacific and a review of two additional species (Octocorallia; Alcyonacea)." volume="83" year="2009">Williams and Lundsten 2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 1078). It is evident that a taxonomic revision and determination of the validity of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Gersemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gersemia rubiformis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubiformis">Gersemia rubiformis</taxonomicName>
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is necessary, and that molecular studies of samples from various populations in the Atlantic, Arctic, and Pacific Oceans may provide a clearer understanding regarding taxonomic status.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
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Figure 5.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
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sp. indet. A Underwater photograph of orange and pale orange colonies, November 10, 2009, at Plumper Rock, Plumper Group of islands, Weynton Passage, British Columbia, Canada, GPS coordinates 50 35.495N
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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126 47.998W., 20 m depth. Photo by Neil McDaniel B Wet-preserved white specimen (CAS 179450) C Wet-preserved red specimen (CAS 173217); scale bars for B and C =10 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
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Figure 6.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
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sp. indet. (CAS 029138). A Polyp sclerites B Coenenchymal sclerites of the polypary C Coenenchymal sclerites of the stalk. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |