563 lines
74 KiB
XML
563 lines
74 KiB
XML
<document id="BE2E4FD510DC3ABDD4E32BDE9E555C72" ID-ISSN="11755334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629677440347" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Morandini, André C. & Marques, Antonio C." docDate="2010" docId="03FE87DAFFAF2511FF0BFB66FCDF46F4" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02464p097.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2464" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chrysaora melanaster Brandt 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FFC7FFA2FF8B2536FF9CFF9EFFB74448" masterDocTitle="Revision of the genus Chrysaora Péron & Lesueur, 1810 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) 2464" masterLastPageNumber="97" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1699094557028" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="2F68796D7D947140331FF15FEFB03507" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="2619A3BB76D12C0A1A33AE5C9C2A873F">
|
||
<mods:title id="727424C0333352452E4367D2D599FC69">Revision of the genus Chrysaora Péron & Lesueur, 1810 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) 2464</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="019A8E4BACA820F91C6277DBDEC8DFEA" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="253A0CA45BC3FF5850547A24D5DE1493">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="10ADD48E99C1C0BACC78E235A0F78D37">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="53DA6415B396989BE6DE751E12EB4009">Morandini, André C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="1B5E87F6E99C7D1C619EB273637B4863" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="A4D3CD9DB0BAF4F02FEB12BC835AEEF7">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="A53047F68B2255B83C79E3B1A9D99C8B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="569F539FB8044822B13874EAB71E4FC2">Marques, Antonio C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="82375537CABDFF64937539EAAB2E0A97">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="218942C2F378F1DA02DD809C7F40D08A" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="22E2277C644208E70D075DAA24133AA1">
|
||
<mods:title id="72B1B780C6FC2E59D2667A5245385ABF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="AB7C772029B7D5F3ACE1819BB69FA3F1">
|
||
<mods:date id="B547EFDB2065A1EA236304FE1ECED1B6">2010</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="2C61EB3F1BE3895DB91FD302857B5468" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="9EF7B2361FD2F82A126CE44BEB9C9D3B">2010-05-14</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="8FE4DD7D11B837A37C603618F702C082" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="B4915A4FD56410059F992349091C4931">2464</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="12F0E4774B93FAAE09DB0F47CD7FC4CC" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="7BD85D6011436D7D456C80816A498330">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="5D5215D18F48BFD868601A50017A41ED">97</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="0F93566482F6EA376130406B1FDBFF28">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8EC330F2AA09E93FC95690500B17FC26" type="ISSN">11755334</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03FE87DAFFAF2511FF0BFB66FCDF46F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6319482" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6319482" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87DAFFAF2511FF0BFB66FCDF46F4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87DAFFAF2511FF0BFB66FCDF46F4" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFAF2512FF0BFB66FDFA4159" box="[151,589,1271,1298]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAF2512FF0BFB66FDFA4159" blockId="36.[151,589,1271,1333]" box="[151,589,1271,1298]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<heading id="D0A081A0FFAF2512FF0BFB66FDFA4159" bold="true" box="[151,589,1271,1298]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAF2512FF0BFB66FDFA4159" ID-CoL="5YKPW" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,589,1271,1298]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAF2512FF0BFB66FDFA4159" bold="true" box="[151,589,1271,1298]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAF2512FF0BFB66FE15415A" bold="true" box="[151,418,1272,1298]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Chrysaora melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE36FB69FDFA4159" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[426,589,1271,1297]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="201 - 275" refId="ref57622" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodomus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatorum. Fasc. I. Polypos, Acalephas Discophoras et Siphonophoras, nec non Echinodermata continens. Recueil des Actes de la Seance Publique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 1834, 201 - 275." type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFAF2512FF0BFA85FE1C417D" box="[151,427,1307,1333]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAF2512FF0BFA85FE1C417D" blockId="36.[151,589,1271,1333]" box="[151,427,1307,1333]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2A49FFAF2512FF03FA85FEA9417D" box="[159,286,1307,1333]" captionStart="FIGURES 44" captionStartId="38.[151,269,1830,1854]" captionTargetBox="[274,1328,192,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-115@38.[265,1336,173,1819]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 44 to 49. Chrysaora melanaster. Fig. 44. Side view of medusa (reproduced from the original description by Brandt, 1835); Fig. 45. Live specimen swimming, Bering Sea, Alaska (picture: Kevin Raskoff), ~20 cm diameter; Fig. 46. Subumbrellar view of specimen USNM not-numbered, ~30 cm in diameter, note pale coloration; Fig. 47. Stranded medusae on Alaska beach (picture: Ron Niebrugge); Fig. 48. Subumbrellar view of adult, note dark lines (picture: Richard Brodeur); Fig. 49. Subumbrellar view of young specimen USNM 53224 (~3 cm in diameter), note arrangement of septa and tentacles." pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figures 44</figureCitation>
|
||
–49, 79, 91)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFAF2513FF0BFAFBFAF64527" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAF2513FF0BFAFBFD454487" blockId="36.[151,1436,1381,2012]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1436,152,367]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4711E2FFAF2513FF0BFAFBFD454487" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FF0BFAFBFDE24134" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[151,597,1381,1404]" page="227" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1835">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAF2512FF0BFAFBFDE24134" ID-CoL="5YKPW" authority="Brandt 1835: 227" authorityName="Brandt" authorityPageNumber="227" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,597,1381,1404]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAF2512FF0BFAFBFE3E4134" box="[151,393,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Chrysaora melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE08FAFBFDE24134" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[404,597,1381,1404]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="201 - 275" refId="ref57622" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodomus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatorum. Fasc. I. Polypos, Acalephas Discophoras et Siphonophoras, nec non Echinodermata continens. Recueil des Actes de la Seance Publique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 1834, 201 - 275." type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt 1835: 227</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(description) [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4993F82EFFAF2512FD64FAFBFCC24134" box="[760,885,1381,1404]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFAF2512FC0BFAFBFC534134" box="[919,996,1381,1404]" name="Russia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FC6BFAFBFB0B4134" author="Lesson, R. P." box="[1015,1212,1381,1404]" page="403" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1843">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FC6BFAFBFB0B4134" author="Lesson, R. P." box="[1015,1212,1381,1404]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref65161" refString="Lesson, R. P. (1843) Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes, Acalephes. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 596 pp." type="book" year="1843">Lesson 1843: 403</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(description).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FAC3FAFBFE9341D4" author="Claus, C." page="36" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1877">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FAC3FAFBFE9341D4" author="Claus, C." pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref59456" refString="Claus, C. (1877) Studien uber Polypen und Quallen der Adria. I. Acalephen (Discomedusen). Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 38, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1877">Claus 1877: 36</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FE3DFA1BFD2841D4" author="Haeckel, E." box="[417,671,1413,1436]" page="515" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1880">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE3DFA1BFD2841D4" author="Haeckel, E." box="[417,671,1413,1436]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="361 - 672" refId="ref62176" refString="Haeckel, E. (1880) Das System der Medusen. I, 2: System der Acraspeden. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 361 - 672 pp." type="book chapter" year="1880">Haeckel 1880: 515–516</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(description) [North Pacific Ocean].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FBB0FA1BFB4A41D4" author="Vanhoffen, E." box="[1068,1277,1413,1436]" page="23" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1888">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FBB0FA1BFB4A41D4" author="Vanhoffen, E." box="[1068,1277,1413,1436]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="5 - 52" refId="ref71976" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1888) Untersuchungen uber semaostome und rhizostome Medusen. Bibliotheca Zoologica, 1 (3), 5 - 52." type="journal article" year="1888">Vanhöffen 1888: 23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(brief description); 49 (distribution).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FE5BFA3BFD7241F4" author="Vanhoffen, E." box="[455,709,1445,1468]" page="49" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1906">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE5BFA3BFD7241F4" author="Vanhoffen, E." box="[455,709,1445,1468]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="40 - 64" refId="ref72038" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1906) Acraspedae Gegenbaur 1856. Nordisches Plankton, 11, 40 - 64." type="journal article" year="1906">Vanhöffen 1906: 49–50</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(brief description), fig. 12 (medusa) [North Pacific Ocean].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FACAFA3BFE854194" author="Mayer, A. G." page="580" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1910">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FACAFA3BFE854194" author="Mayer, A. G." pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="499 - 735" refId="ref66623" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) The medusae of the world. Volume III. The Scyphomedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, III, 499 - 735." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910: 580</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(synoptic table), fig. 367 (medusa).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FD2FFA5BFCC74194" author="Bigelow, H. B." box="[691,880,1477,1500]" page="90" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1913">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FD2FFA5BFCC74194" author="Bigelow, H. B." box="[691,880,1477,1500]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref57266" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1913) Medusae and Siphonophorae collected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer ' Albatross' in the north-western Pacific, 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 44, 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1913">Bigelow 1913: 90</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention) [North Pacific Ocean].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FB41FA5BFF5541B4" author="Stiasny, G." page="73" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1919">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FB41FA5BFF5541B4" author="Stiasny, G." pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="66 - 99" refId="ref70589" refString="Stiasny, G. (1919) Die Scyphomedusen-Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Reichsmuseums in Leiden. II. Stauromedusae, Coronatae, Semaeostomeae. Zoologische Mededeelingen, 4, 66 - 99." type="journal article" year="1919">Stiasny 1919: 73– 74</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(description) [Yokohama –
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFAF2512FD96FA7BFDFB41B4" box="[522,588,1509,1532]" name="Japan" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FDC0FA7BFC8741B4" author="Vannucci, M." box="[604,816,1509,1532]" page="125" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1954">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FDC0FA7BFC8741B4" author="Vannucci, M." box="[604,816,1509,1532]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="95 - 149" refId="ref72111" refString="Vannucci, M. (1954) Hydrozoa e Scyphozoa existentes no Instituto Oceanografico. II. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 5 (1 - 2), 95 - 149." type="journal article" year="1954">Vannucci 1954: 125</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(commented that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAF2512FC6CFA7BFB3341B4" ID-CoL="5YKPW" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1008,1156,1509,1532]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAF2512FC6CFA7BFB3341B4" box="[1008,1156,1509,1532]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is identical to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAF2512FA83FA7BFA3B41B4" authorityName="Kishinouye" authorityYear="1898" box="[1311,1420,1509,1532]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gilberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAF2512FA83FA7BFA3B41B4" box="[1311,1420,1509,1532]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FF5BF99BFE324254" author="Naumov, D. V." box="[199,389,1541,1564]" page="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1956">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FF5BF99BFE324254" author="Naumov, D. V." box="[199,389,1541,1564]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="36 - 41" refId="ref67713" refString="Naumov, D. V. (1956) [Medusae in the far eastern waters of the Soviet Union]. Trudy Problemnykh i tematicheskikh soveshchanii [Transactions of Special Problem Conferences], 6, 36 - 41. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1956">Naumov 1956: 38</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention, tab.).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FDAAF99BFC914254" author="Kramp, P. L." box="[566,806,1541,1564]" page="326" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1961">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FDAAF99BFC914254" author="Kramp, P. L." box="[566,806,1541,1564]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="7 - 469" refId="ref64310" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 7 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961: 326–327</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(synonymy).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FC26F99BFBCE4254" author="Naumov, D. V." box="[954,1145,1541,1564]" page="63" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1961">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FC26F99BFBCE4254" author="Naumov, D. V." box="[954,1145,1541,1564]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 98" refId="ref67758" refString="Naumov, D. V. (1961) Stsifoidnye meduzy morei SSSR [Scyphoid medusae of the seas of SSSR]. Opredeliteli po Faune S. S. S. R. [Fauna S. S. S. R.], 75, 1 - 98. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Naumov 1961: 63</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(key), 64–66 (description), fig. 43 (medusa) [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFAF2512FE10F9BBFE6C4274" box="[396,475,1573,1596]" name="Russia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FE73F9BBFCE74274" author="Hamner, W. M. & Schneider, D." box="[495,848,1573,1596]" page="172" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1986">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE73F9BBFCE74274" author="Hamner, W. M. & Schneider, D." box="[495,848,1573,1596]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="171 - 177" refId="ref62249" refString="Hamner, W. M. & Schneider, D. (1986) Regularly spaced rows of medusae in the Bering Sea: role of Langmuir circulation. Limonology and Oceanography, 31 (1), 171 - 177." type="journal article" year="1986">Hamner & Schneider 1986: 172</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(tab. 1), 173 (mention) [Bering Sea].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FB65F9BBFA2C4274" author="Mills, C. E." box="[1273,1435,1573,1596]" page="67" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1987">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FB65F9BBFA2C4274" author="Mills, C. E." box="[1273,1435,1573,1596]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="65 - 67" refId="ref67033" refString="Mills, C. E. (1987) Class Scyphozoa, Order Semaeostomeae. In: Kozloff, E. N. (ed.), Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp. 65 - 67." type="book chapter" year="1987">Mills 1987: 67</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention, key), fig. 3.80 (medusa) [northwest Pacific Ocean]. Larson 1990: 549 (mention, tab. 1), 552 (historical), 552 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAF2512FF62F9FBFE244234" ID-CoL="5YKPW" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[254,403,1637,1660]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAF2512FF62F9FBFE244234" box="[254,403,1637,1660]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE2BF9FBFDFC4234" author="Fewkes, J. W." box="[439,587,1637,1660]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="3 - 50" refId="ref61276" refString="Fewkes, J. W. (1889) New Invertebrata from the coast of California. Bulletin Essex Institute, 21, 3 - 50 (99 - 146)." type="journal article" year="1889">Fewkes, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAF2512FDF4F9FBFD4F4234" ID-CoL="5YL26" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[616,760,1637,1660]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fuscescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAF2512FDF4F9FBFD4F4234" box="[616,760,1637,1660]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. fuscescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), fig1E (medusa, figure reproduced from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FB2AF9FBFA8B4234" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[1206,1340,1637,1660]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="237 - 411" refId="ref57679" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1838) Ausfuhrliche Beschreibung der von C. H. Mertens auf seiner Weltumsegelung beobachteten Schirmquallen, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen uber die Schirmquallen uberhaupt. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg, 6 Serie, Sciences Naturelles, 2, 237 - 411." type="journal article" year="1838">Brandt 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) [Bering Sea].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FE98F91BFE5C42D4" author="Cairns, S. D. & Calder, D. R. & Brickmann-Voss, A. & Castro, C. B. & Pugh, P. R. & Cutress, C. E. & Jaap, W. C. & Fautin, D. G. & Larson, R. J. & Harbison, G. R. & Arai, M. N. & Opresko, D. M." box="[260,491,1669,1692]" page="12" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1991">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE98F91BFE5C42D4" author="Cairns, S. D. & Calder, D. R. & Brickmann-Voss, A. & Castro, C. B. & Pugh, P. R. & Cutress, C. E. & Jaap, W. C. & Fautin, D. G. & Larson, R. J. & Harbison, G. R. & Arai, M. N. & Opresko, D. M." box="[260,491,1669,1692]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref58722" refString="Cairns, S. D., Calder, D. R., Brickmann-Voss, A., Castro, C. B., Pugh, P. R., Cutress, C. E., Jaap, W. C., Fautin, D. G., Larson, R. J., Harbison, G. R., Arai, M. N. & Opresko, D. M. (1991) Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, 78 pp." type="book" year="1991">
|
||
Cairns
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAF2512FECCF91BFE3742D4" box="[336,384,1669,1692]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1991: 12
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(list), 66 (index).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FD32F91BFCF542D4" author="Arai, M. N." box="[686,834,1669,1692]" page="51" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1997">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FD32F91BFCF542D4" author="Arai, M. N." box="[686,834,1669,1692]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref56831" refString="Arai, M. N. (1997) A functional biology of Scyphozoa. Chapman & Hall, London, 316 pp." type="book" year="1997">Arai 1997: 51</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(lack radial muscle), 198 (aggregation), 225 (classification).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FE94F93BFE4642F4" author="Brodeur, R. D." box="[264,497,1701,1724]" page="13" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1998">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE94F93BFE4642F4" author="Brodeur, R. D." box="[264,497,1701,1724]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="11 - 20" refId="ref58073" refString="Brodeur, R. D. (1998) In situ observations of the association between juvenile fishes and scyphomedusae in the Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 163, 11 - 20." type="journal article" year="1998">Brodeur 1998: 13–16</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 18 (association with fishes) [Bering Sea].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FC5BF93BFB6B42F4" author="Wrobel, D. & Mills, C. E." box="[967,1244,1701,1724]" page="53" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1998">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FC5BF93BFB6B42F4" author="Wrobel, D. & Mills, C. E." box="[967,1244,1701,1724]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref72738" refString="Wrobel, D. & Mills, C. E. (1998) Pacific coast pelagic invertebrates. A guide to the common gelatinous animals. Sea Challengers & Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, 108 pp." type="book" year="1998">Wrobel & Mills 1998: 53</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(description), 93, 99, 102, 103 (mention).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FE56F95BFBE74294" author="Brodeur, R. D. & Mills, C. E. & Overland, J. E. & Walters, G. E. & Schumacher, J. D." box="[458,1104,1733,1756]" page="298" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE56F95BFBE74294" author="Brodeur, R. D. & Mills, C. E. & Overland, J. E. & Walters, G. E. & Schumacher, J. D." box="[458,1104,1733,1756]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="296 - 306" refId="ref58109" refString="Brodeur, R. D., Mills, C. E., Overland, J. E., Walters, G. E. & Schumacher, J. D. (1999) Evidence for a substantial increase in gelatinous zooplankton in the Bering Sea, with possible links to climate change. Fisheries Oceanography, 8, 296 - 306." type="journal article" year="1999">Brodeur, Mills, Overland, Walters & Schumacher 1999: 298</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 303 (mention, bloom) [Bering Sea].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FE9AF97BFE2A42B4" author="Arai, M. N." box="[262,413,1765,1788]" page="74" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2001">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE9AF97BFE2A42B4" author="Arai, M. N." box="[262,413,1765,1788]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="69 - 87" refId="ref56855" refString="Arai, M. N. (2001) Pelagic coelenterates and eutrophication: a review. Hydrobiologia, 451, 69 - 87." type="journal article" year="2001">Arai 2001: 74</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FDBCF97BFD7442B4" author="Mills, C. E." box="[544,707,1765,1788]" page="56" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2001">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FDBCF97BFD7442B4" author="Mills, C. E." box="[544,707,1765,1788]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref67081" refString="Mills, C. E. (2001) Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions? Hydrobiologia, 451, 55 - 68." type="journal article" year="2001">Mills 2001: 56</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 64, 65 (mention, blooms).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FC69F97BFB4842B4" author="Purcell, J. E. & Arai, M. N." box="[1013,1279,1765,1788]" page="34" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2001">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FC69F97BFB4842B4" author="Purcell, J. E. & Arai, M. N." box="[1013,1279,1765,1788]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="27 - 44" refId="ref68758" refString="Purcell, J. E. & Arai, M. N. (2001) Interactions of pelagic cnidarians and ctenophores with fish: a review. Hydrobiologia, 451, 27 - 44." type="journal article" year="2001">Purcell & Arai 2001: 34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention), 35 (tab. 4).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FEB8F89BFD6A4354" author="Brodeur, R. D. & Sugisaki, H. & Hunt Jr., G. L." box="[292,733,1797,1820]" page="90" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2002">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FEB8F89BFD6A4354" author="Brodeur, R. D. & Sugisaki, H. & Hunt Jr., G. L." box="[292,733,1797,1820]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="89 - 103" refId="ref58175" refString="Brodeur, R. D., Sugisaki, H. & Hunt Jr., G. L. (2002) Increases in jellyfish biomass in the Bering Sea: implications for the ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 233, 89 - 103." type="journal article" year="2002">Brodeur, Sugisaki & Hunt 2002: 90–101</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(biomass increase) [Bering Sea].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FBD1F89BFA2B4354" author="Gershwin, L. & Collins, A. G." box="[1101,1436,1797,1820]" page="128" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2002">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FBD1F89BFA2B4354" author="Gershwin, L. & Collins, A. G." box="[1101,1436,1797,1820]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="127 - 148" refId="ref61704" refString="Gershwin, L. & Collins, A. G. (2002) A preliminary phylogeny of Pelagiidae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa), with new observations of Chrysaora colorata comb. nov. Journal of Natural History, 36, 127 - 148." type="journal article" year="2002">Gershwin & Collins 2002: 128</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention), 129 (tab. 1), 130 (mention), 131 (absence of quadralinga), 143 (key), fig. 2 (phylogeny).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FB76F8BBFA2C4374" author="Kubota, S." box="[1258,1435,1829,1852]" page="34" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2003">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FB76F8BBFA2C4374" author="Kubota, S." box="[1258,1435,1829,1852]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="30 - 35" refId="ref64584" refString="Kubota, S. (2003) A checklist of the Medusozoa and Ctenophora recorded in Tanabe Bay and its vicinities, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan - connection of polyp and medusa, if present, in the life history. Annual Report of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 16, 30 - 35." type="journal article" year="2003">Kubota 2003: 34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FEDEF8DBFDBE4314" author="Purcell, J. E." box="[322,521,1861,1884]" page="137" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2003">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FEDEF8DBFDBE4314" author="Purcell, J. E." box="[322,521,1861,1884]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="137 - 152" refId="ref68608" refString="Purcell, J. E. (2003) Predation on zooplankton by large jellyfish, Aurelia labiata, Cyanea capillata and Aequorea aequore a, in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 246, 137 - 152." type="journal article" year="2003">Purcell 2003: 137</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention). Purcell 2005: 466 (mention, climate effects on blooms) [Bering Sea].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FF5BF8FBFDD04334" author="Raskoff, K. A. & Purcell, J. E. & Hopcroft, R. R." box="[199,615,1893,1916]" page="211" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2005">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FF5BF8FBFDD04334" author="Raskoff, K. A. & Purcell, J. E. & Hopcroft, R. R." box="[199,615,1893,1916]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="207 - 217" refId="ref69609" refString="Raskoff, K. A., Purcell, J. E. & Hopcroft, R. R. (2005) Gelatinous zooplankton of the Arctic Ocean: in situ observations under the ice. Polar Biology, 28, 207 - 217." type="journal article" year="2005">Raskoff, Purcell & Hopcroft 2005: 211</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention) [Arctic Ocean].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FC16F8FBFB744334" author="Purcell, J. E. & Uye, S. & Lo, W. - T." box="[906,1219,1893,1916]" page="154" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2007">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FC16F8FBFB744334" author="Purcell, J. E. & Uye, S. & Lo, W. - T." box="[906,1219,1893,1916]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="153 - 174" refId="ref69261" refString="Purcell, J. E., Uye, S. & Lo, W. - T. (2007) Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 350, 153 - 174." type="journal article" year="2007">Purcell, Uye & Lo 2007: 154</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 156–157, 159–160, 166–167 (mention, blooms). Brodeur, Decker, Ciannelli, Purcell, Bond, Stabeno, Acuna & Hunt Jr. 2008b: 103–111 (population variation) [Bering Sea].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FDCDF83BFB9B43F4" author="Coyle, K. O. & Pinchuk, A. I. & Eisner, L. B. & Napp, J. M." box="[593,1068,1957,1980]" page="1780" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2008">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FDCDF83BFB9B43F4" author="Coyle, K. O. & Pinchuk, A. I. & Eisner, L. B. & Napp, J. M." box="[593,1068,1957,1980]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1775 - 1791" refId="ref60224" refString="Coyle, K. O., Pinchuk, A. I., Eisner, L. B. & Napp, J. M. (2008) Zooplankton species composition, abundance and biomass on the eastern Bering Sea shelf during summer: The potential role of water-column stability and nutrients in structuring the zooplankton community. Deep-Sea Research II, 55, 1775 - 1791." type="journal article" year="2008">Coyle, Pinchuk, Eisner & Napp 2008: 1780</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 1785 (mention, abundance variation) [Bering Sea].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2512FE04F85BFC274394" author="Zavolokin, A. V. & Glebov, I. I. & Kosenok, N. S." box="[408,912,1989,2012]" page="462" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2008">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2512FE04F85BFC274394" author="Zavolokin, A. V. & Glebov, I. I. & Kosenok, N. S." box="[408,912,1989,2012]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="461 - 467" refId="ref72814" refString="Zavolokin, A. V., Glebov, I. I. & Kosenok, N. S. (2008) Distribution, quantitative composition, and feeding of jellyfish in the Western Bering Sea in summer and fall. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 34 (7), 461 - 467." type="journal article" year="2008">Zavolokin, Glebov & Kosenok 2008: 462–466</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(occurrence, distribution) [Bering Sea].
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAF2513FADBF85BFE8344E7" author="Masuda, R." lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" page="270" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2009">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAF2513FADBF85BFE8344E7" author="Masuda, R." lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="269 - 277" refId="ref66468" refString="Masuda, R. (2009) Ontogenetic changes in the ecological function of the association behavior between jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus and jellyfish. Hydrobiologia, 616, 269 - 277." type="journal article" year="2009">Masuda 2009: 270</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAE2513FE28FF06FD4744E7" author="Palomares, M. L. D. & Pauly, D." box="[436,752,152,175]" page="13" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="2009">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAE2513FE28FF06FD4744E7" author="Palomares, M. L. D. & Pauly, D." box="[436,752,152,175]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="11 - 21" refId="ref68201" refString="Palomares, M. L. D. & Pauly, D. (2009) The growth of jellyfishes. Hydrobiologia, 616, 11 - 21." type="journal article" year="2009">Palomares & Pauly 2009: 13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, tab.1 (stock), 15, tab. 2 (growth parameters) [SE Bering Sea]. Purcell 2009: 25, 27, 42 (mention, trophic ecology).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAE2513FF0BFF46FE494547" blockId="37.[151,1436,152,367]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4711E2FFAE2513FF0BFF46FE494547" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAE2513FF0BFF46FC8D44A7" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[151,826,216,239]" page="387" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1838">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAE2513FF0BFF46FC8D44A7" ID-CoL="5YKPW" authority=": Brandt 1838: 385 - 387" authorityName=": Brandt" authorityPageNumber="385 - 387" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,826,216,239]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster" subGenus="Polybostricha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FF0BFF46FEBE44A7" box="[151,265,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Chrysaora</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FE86FF46FE1844A7" box="[282,431,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Polybostricha</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FE5DFF46FD8044A7" box="[449,567,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAE2513FDDBFF46FC8D44A7" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[583,826,216,239]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="237 - 411" refId="ref57679" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1838) Ausfuhrliche Beschreibung der von C. H. Mertens auf seiner Weltumsegelung beobachteten Schirmquallen, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen uber die Schirmquallen uberhaupt. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg, 6 Serie, Sciences Naturelles, 2, 237 - 411." type="journal article" year="1838">Brandt 1838: 385–387</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(description), Pl. XVI (medusa), Pl. XVII (medusa oral view) [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4993F82EFFAE2513FE8CFF66FE3B4547" box="[272,396,248,271]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFAE2513FE3BFF66FE434547" box="[423,500,248,271]" name="Russia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAE2513FF0BFE86FEEC4507" blockId="37.[151,1436,152,367]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4711E2FFAE2513FF0BFE86FEEC4507" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAE2513FF0BFE86FD4F4567" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[151,760,280,303]" page="583" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1910">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAE2513FF0BFE86FD4F4567" authority="Mayer 1910: 582 - 583" authorityName="Mayer" authorityPageNumber="582 - 583" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,760,280,303]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="melanaster" variety="gilberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FF0BFE86FE324567" box="[151,389,280,303]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Chrysaora melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FE25FE86FDB04567" box="[441,519,280,303]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAE2513FD91FE86FD4F4567" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[525,760,280,303]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="499 - 735" refId="ref66623" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) The medusae of the world. Volume III. The Scyphomedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, III, 499 - 735." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910: 582–583</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(description), fig. 368 (medusa) [non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAE2513FB10FE86FEE74507" authority="Kishinouye, 1902" authorityName="Kishinouye" authorityYear="1902" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gilberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FB10FE86FAE44567" box="[1164,1363,280,303]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Chrysaora gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAE2513FAC5FE86FEE74507" author="Kishinouye, K." pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref63842" refString="Kishinouye, K. (1902) Some new scyphomedusae of Japan. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University, 17 (7), 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1902">Kishinouye, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAE2513FF0BFEC6FAF64527" blockId="37.[151,1436,152,367]" box="[151,1345,344,367]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4711E2FFAE2513FF0BFEC6FAF64527" box="[151,1345,344,367]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFAE2513FF0BFEC6FD884527" author="Calder, D. R." box="[151,575,344,367]" page="41" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1972">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAE2513FF0BFEC6FD884527" ID-CoL="84N49" authority=": Calder 1972: 41" authorityName="Calder" authorityPageNumber="41" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,575,344,367]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Dactylometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FF0BFEC6FE314527" box="[151,390,344,367]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Dactylometra pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAE2513FE08FEC6FD884527" author="Calder, D. R." box="[404,575,344,367]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="40 - 44" refId="ref58872" refString="Calder, D. R. (1972) Development of the sea nettle Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae). Chesapeake Science, 13, 40 - 44." type="journal article" year="1972">Calder 1972: 41</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(mention =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAE2513FD5FFEC6FCEF4527" ID-CoL="5YKPW" authorityName=": Brandt" authorityYear="1838" box="[707,856,344,367]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FD5FFEC6FCEF4527" box="[707,856,344,367]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) [non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAE2513FC3CFEC6FA814527" ID-CoL="84N49" authority="(Goette, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Goette" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[928,1334,344,367]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Dactylometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FC3CFEC6FB384527" box="[928,1167,344,367]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Dactylometra pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAE2513FB01FEC6FA994527" author="Goette, A." box="[1181,1326,344,367]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="831 - 837" refId="ref61787" refString="Goette, A. (1886) Verzeichnis der Medusen, welche von Dr. Sander, Stabsarzt auf S. M. S. " Prinz Adalbert " gesammelt wurden. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 39, 831 - 837." type="journal article" year="1886">Goette, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFAE2513FF0BFE03FDEB46AA" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAE2513FF0BFE03FD8045FF" blockId="37.[151,1437,413,1895]" box="[151,567,413,439]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FF0BFE03FE3C45FF" bold="true" box="[151,395,413,439]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC886EFFAE2513FF0BFE03FEBE45FF" box="[151,265,413,439]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Not available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAE2513FF5AFE5CFD0746F4" blockId="37.[151,1437,413,1895]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FF5AFE5CFE7F4594" bold="true" box="[198,456,450,476]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Examined material.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3F3C91FFAE2513FE45FE5CFD0746F4" collectingDate="1906-06-07" collectingDateMax="1987-08-16" collectingDateMin="1906-06-07" collectionCode="USNM" country="United States of America" county="Bodega Bay" elevation="27" latitude="54.525333" location="Bering Sea" longLatPrecision="10" longitude="-160.49783" municipality="Bering Sea" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="CASIZ 26232, USNM 29762, USNM 53224, USNM 53864, USNM 54328" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oregon" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FE45FE5CFD394594" bold="true" box="[473,654,450,476]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF19EB7FFAE2513FE45FE5CFD394594" box="[473,654,450,476]" collectionCode="CASIZ" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">CASIZ 26232</specimenCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(~
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FD24FE5CFD4A4594" box="[696,765,450,476]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter,
|
||
<date id="FFE9100CFFAE2513FC29FE5CFB844594" box="[949,1075,450,476]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1977-04-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFADE9E4FFAE2513FC29FE5CFB844594" box="[949,1075,450,476]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1977-04-02">02.iv.1977</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 4% formaldehyde solution,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63500BFFAE2513FF0BFE76FEB8464A" box="[151,271,488,514]" degrees="57" direction="north" minutes="46.6" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="92" value="57.776665">57º46.6’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63500BFFAE2513FE8BFE76FE12464A" box="[279,421,488,514]" degrees="162" direction="west" minutes="51.4" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="92" value="-162.85667">162º51.4’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E886017FFAE2513FE2EFE76FD8F464A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87DAFFAF2511FF0BFB66FCDF46F4:8E886017FFAE2513FE2EFE76FD8F464A" box="[434,568,488,514]" country="United States of America" county="Bodega Bay" latitude="54.525333" longLatPrecision="10" longitude="-160.49783" municipality="Bering Sea" name="Bering Sea" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" stateProvince="Oregon">Bering Sea</location>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FDD1FE79FD424649" bold="true" box="[589,757,487,513]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF19EB7FFAE2513FDD1FE79FD424649" box="[589,757,487,513]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">USNM 29762</specimenCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(~
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FC8AFE76FCE8464A" box="[790,863,488,514]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="17.0">17 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter,
|
||
<date id="FFE9100CFFAE2513FC67FE76FBCC464A" box="[1019,1147,488,514]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1906-06-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFADE9E4FFAE2513FC67FE76FBCC464A" box="[1019,1147,488,514]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1906-06-07">07.vi.1906</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 4% formaldehyde solution,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63500BFFAE2513FF4FFD93FEEE466F" box="[211,345,525,551]" degrees="52" direction="north" minutes="14.30" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="9" value="52.238335">52º14.30’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63500BFFAE2513FEFDFD93FE6C466F" box="[353,475,525,551]" degrees="174" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="925" value="-174.21666">174º13’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FE6CFD93FD21466F" bold="true" box="[496,662,525,551]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF19EB7FFAE2513FE6CFD93FD21466F" box="[496,662,525,551]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">USNM 53224</specimenCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(~
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FD2BFD93FD47466F" box="[695,752,525,551]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter,
|
||
<date id="FFE9100CFFAE2513FC14FD93FBA7466F" box="[904,1040,525,551]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1969-07-21">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFADE9E4FFAE2513FC14FD93FBA7466F" box="[904,1040,525,551]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1969-07-21">21.vii.1969</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 4% formaldehyde solution,
|
||
<location id="8E886017FFAE2513FAC3FD93FF704604" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87DAFFAF2511FF0BFB66FCDF46F4:8E886017FFAE2513FAC3FD93FF704604" country="United States of America" county="Bodega Bay" latitude="54.525333" longLatPrecision="10" longitude="-160.49783" municipality="Bering Sea" name="Coos Bay" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" stateProvince="Oregon">Coos Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4993F82EFFAE2513FF4AFDACFE994604" box="[214,302,562,588]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFAE2513FECDFDACFE274604" box="[337,400,562,588]" name="United States of America" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FE3BFDACFDE64604" bold="true" box="[423,593,562,588]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF19EB7FFAE2513FE3BFDACFDE64604" box="[423,593,562,588]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">USNM 53864</specimenCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(specimens ~4 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FCCDFDACFC394604" box="[849,910,562,588]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter,
|
||
<date id="FFE9100CFFAE2513FBADFDACFB0F4604" box="[1073,1208,562,588]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1941-07-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFADE9E4FFAE2513FBADFDACFB0F4604" box="[1073,1208,562,588]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1941-07-17">17.vii.1941</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 4% formaldehyde solution, 57ºN 164ºW,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8CACB6FFAE2513FE3AFDC6FD9B463A" box="[422,556,600,626]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Bering Sea</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FDDEFDC9FD5D4639" bold="true" box="[578,746,599,625]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF19EB7FFAE2513FDDEFDC9FD5D4639" box="[578,746,599,625]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">USNM 54328</specimenCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(~
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FC96FDC6FCE1463A" box="[778,854,600,626]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter,
|
||
<date id="FFE9100CFFAE2513FC6EFDC6FBCD463A" box="[1010,1146,600,626]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1973-07-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFADE9E4FFAE2513FC6EFDC6FBCD463A" box="[1010,1146,600,626]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1973-07-18">18.vii.1973</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 4% formaldehyde solution,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62894E40FFAE2513FF4BFDE3FEDC46DF" box="[215,363,637,663]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Bodega Bay</collectingCounty>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFAE2513FE0CFDE3FE7846DF" box="[400,463,637,663]" name="United States of America" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FE7BFDE3FD4C46DF" bold="true" box="[487,763,637,663]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED46AE09FFAE2513FE7BFDE3FD8A46DF" box="[487,573,637,663]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
not-numbered
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(~
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FC83FDE3FCDA46DF" box="[799,877,637,663]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter,
|
||
<date id="FFE9100CFFAE2513FB8EFDE3FB1546DF" box="[1042,1186,637,663]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1987-08-16">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFADE9E4FFAE2513FB8EFDE3FB1546DF" box="[1042,1186,637,663]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1987-08-16">16.viii.1987</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 70% ethanol,
|
||
<elevation id="007AD1FFFFAE2513FAC0FDE3FF6C46F4" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="27.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FAC0FDE3FA2B46DF" box="[1372,1436,637,663]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="27.0">27 m</quantity>
|
||
depth
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63500BFFAE2513FF7AFD3CFEDA46F4" box="[230,365,674,700]" degrees="54" direction="north" minutes="31.52" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="9" value="54.525333">54º31.52’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE63500BFFAE2513FEE9FD3CFDA546F4" box="[373,530,674,700]" degrees="160" direction="west" minutes="29.87" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="9" value="-160.49783">160º29.87’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Bering Sea).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAE2513FF5AFD59FDEB46AA" blockId="37.[151,1437,413,1895]" box="[198,604,711,738]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FF5AFD59FEDB46A9" bold="true" box="[198,364,711,737]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type locality.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4993F82EFFAE2513FEEFFD56FE4C46AA" box="[371,507,712,738]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFAE2513FD9BFD56FDEE46AA" box="[519,601,712,738]" name="Russia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFAE2513FF5AFD73FE2E4764" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAE2513FF5AFD73FE2E4764" blockId="37.[151,1437,413,1895]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FF5AFD73FED0474F" bold="true" box="[198,359,749,775]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Northern Pacific Ocean (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4993F82EFFAE2513FD04FD73FCA8474F" box="[664,799,749,775]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFAE2513FCDCFD73FC26474F" box="[832,913,749,775]" name="Russia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4993F82EFFAE2513FA98FD73FAEF474F" box="[1284,1368,749,775]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4993F82EFFAE2513FAFAFD73FF744764" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFAE2513FF7CFC8CFEAB4764" box="[224,284,786,812]" name="United States of America" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2A49FFAE2513FEA8FC8CFE3B4764" box="[308,396,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURE 79" captionStartId="59.[151,255,1042,1066]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,397,1018]" captionTargetId="figure-212@59.[151,1436,375,1018]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 79. Distributional map of Chrysaora melanaster. The darker area indicates the distributional area of the species (based on literature records); the white stars indicate the areas from which preserved specimens were observed." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 79</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFAE2513FF5AFCA9FCBE478A" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAE2513FF5AFCA9FCBE478A" blockId="37.[151,1437,413,1895]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FF5AFCA9FEF14719" bold="true" box="[198,326,823,849]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Live and preserved medusae with up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FCB8FCA6FCDA471A" box="[804,877,824,850]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter; marginal lappets (adults) rounded, 4 per octant, with canals; tentacles 24 (3 per octant, 2-1-2); quadralinga absent; colouration (adults) exumbrella with whitish background, some specimens with pale radial pattern of brownish lines arising from apical ring; presence of 16 dark radial lines on subumbrella.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFAE2513FF5AFC53FB2747AF" box="[198,1168,973,999]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAE2513FF5AFC53FB2747AF" blockId="37.[151,1437,413,1895]" box="[198,1168,973,999]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FF5AFC53FDFA47AF" bold="true" box="[198,589,973,999]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC886EFFAE2513FF5AFC53FE8F47AF" box="[198,312,973,999]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen description.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
No
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC886EFFAE2513FD1CFC53FD5147AF" box="[640,742,973,999]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
located, and no
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EC886EFFAE2513FC3BFC53FBB347AF" box="[935,1028,973,999]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFAE2511FF5AFC6CFAEA4604" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAE2513FF5AFC6CFAE5432F" blockId="37.[151,1437,413,1895]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FF5AFC6CFCEB4044" bold="true" box="[198,860,1010,1036]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Description of other specimens and additional data.</emphasis>
|
||
Medusa: specimens
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FBC7FC6CFB744044" box="[1115,1219,1010,1036]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="16.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="3.0">3–30 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2A49FFAE2513FAF4FC6CFF02407A" captionStart="FIGURES 44" captionStartId="38.[151,269,1830,1854]" captionTargetBox="[274,1328,192,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-115@38.[265,1336,173,1819]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 44 to 49. Chrysaora melanaster. Fig. 44. Side view of medusa (reproduced from the original description by Brandt, 1835); Fig. 45. Live specimen swimming, Bering Sea, Alaska (picture: Kevin Raskoff), ~20 cm diameter; Fig. 46. Subumbrellar view of specimen USNM not-numbered, ~30 cm in diameter, note pale coloration; Fig. 47. Stranded medusae on Alaska beach (picture: Ron Niebrugge); Fig. 48. Subumbrellar view of adult, note dark lines (picture: Richard Brodeur); Fig. 49. Subumbrellar view of young specimen USNM 53224 (~3 cm in diameter), note arrangement of septa and tentacles." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs 44</figureCitation>
|
||
–47) (literature reports up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FD99FB86FDE6407A" box="[517,593,1048,1074]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
|
||
); umbrella hemispherical (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2A49FFAE2513FC14FB86FC55407A" box="[904,994,1048,1074]" captionStart="FIGURES 44" captionStartId="38.[151,269,1830,1854]" captionTargetBox="[274,1328,192,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-115@38.[265,1336,173,1819]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 44 to 49. Chrysaora melanaster. Fig. 44. Side view of medusa (reproduced from the original description by Brandt, 1835); Fig. 45. Live specimen swimming, Bering Sea, Alaska (picture: Kevin Raskoff), ~20 cm diameter; Fig. 46. Subumbrellar view of specimen USNM not-numbered, ~30 cm in diameter, note pale coloration; Fig. 47. Stranded medusae on Alaska beach (picture: Ron Niebrugge); Fig. 48. Subumbrellar view of adult, note dark lines (picture: Richard Brodeur); Fig. 49. Subumbrellar view of young specimen USNM 53224 (~3 cm in diameter), note arrangement of septa and tentacles." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs 44</figureCitation>
|
||
–45, 47), flatter in younger specimens (
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFAE2513FF03FBA3FF4C401F" box="[159,251,1085,1111]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 cm</quantity>
|
||
). Exumbrella smooth (note: only preserved specimens studied, not in ideal condition). Colouration of exumbrella usually whitish, with 16 reddish-brown radial lines arising from an apical ring (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2A49FFAE2513FB4BFBFDFA844035" box="[1239,1331,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 44" captionStartId="38.[151,269,1830,1854]" captionTargetBox="[274,1328,192,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-115@38.[265,1336,173,1819]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 44 to 49. Chrysaora melanaster. Fig. 44. Side view of medusa (reproduced from the original description by Brandt, 1835); Fig. 45. Live specimen swimming, Bering Sea, Alaska (picture: Kevin Raskoff), ~20 cm diameter; Fig. 46. Subumbrellar view of specimen USNM not-numbered, ~30 cm in diameter, note pale coloration; Fig. 47. Stranded medusae on Alaska beach (picture: Ron Niebrugge); Fig. 48. Subumbrellar view of adult, note dark lines (picture: Richard Brodeur); Fig. 49. Subumbrellar view of young specimen USNM 53224 (~3 cm in diameter), note arrangement of septa and tentacles." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs 44</figureCitation>
|
||
–45, 47). Subumbrella with 16 dark radial lines between stomach pouches (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAE2513FC3BFB16FBF040EA" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[935,1095,1160,1186]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="201 - 275" refId="ref57622" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodomus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatorum. Fasc. I. Polypos, Acalephas Discophoras et Siphonophoras, nec non Echinodermata continens. Recueil des Actes de la Seance Publique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 1834, 201 - 275." type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAE2513FBC8FB16FAD740EA" author="Wrobel, D. & Mills, C. E." box="[1108,1376,1160,1186]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref72738" refString="Wrobel, D. & Mills, C. E. (1998) Pacific coast pelagic invertebrates. A guide to the common gelatinous animals. Sea Challengers & Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, 108 pp." type="book" year="1998">Wrobel & Mills, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig. 48). Mesoglea flexible, thicker centrally. Marginal lappets rounded, 4 per octant, with canals of gastrovascular system; lappets of similar size; margin of rhopalar lappets not overlapping (“open rhopalia” condition). Rhopalia 8, without ocelli, in deep clefts; exumbrellar sensory pit deep. Tentacle clefts of same octant aligned. Tentacles 24 (adults), 3 per octant (primary tentacle central, secondary tentacles laterally); 2–3 times longer than umbrellar diameter. Radial and circular musculature not distinguishable. Brachial disc circular. Pillars evident. Quadralinga absent. Subgenital ostia rounded to triangular, 1/4–1/6 of umbrellar diameter. Oral arms up to 6 times longer than umbrellar diameter, V-shaped, with frilled free edges, slightly spirally coiled at distal part. Central stomach circular; margin limited by insertion of radial septa. Stomach pouches 16, width uniform at basal part; tentacular pouches enlarged at 1/5 at distal part. Radial septa thin; rounded at base; straight up to ¼ of margin, then making an “S” (first thinning tentacular pouch, then enlarging it); ending near tentacular base at rhopalar lappet (Fig. 49). Gastric filaments in 4 interradial fields. Gonads encircling gastric filaments, forming a semi-circular ring, heavily folded. Cnidome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2A49FFAE2513FCB2F9D6FC30422A" box="[814,903,1608,1634]" captionStart="FIGURE 91" captionStartId="70.[151,255,964,988]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,943]" captionTargetId="figure-97@70.[151,1436,194,943]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 91. Cnidome of the tentacles of Chrysaora melanaster. A – undischarged holotrichous O-isorhiza; B – discharged holotrichous a-isorhiza; C – undischarged holotrichous A-isorhiza; D – undischarged heterotrichous microbasic rhopaloid. Scale bar = 15 µm." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 91</figureCitation>
|
||
): Specimen
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FB87F9D9FB744229" bold="true" box="[1051,1219,1607,1633]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USNM 53864</emphasis>
|
||
, medusa tentacles with holotrichous O-isorhizas [n=10; 13.7–17.6 x 11.7–14.7 µm (mean = 16.17 x 14.11 µm)]; holotrichous aisorhizas [n=10; 5.8–6.8 x 2.9–3.9 µm (mean = 6.07 x 3.03 µm)]; holotrichous A-isorhizas [n=10; 19.6–23.5 x 6.8–8.8 µm (mean = 21.07 x 8.23 µm)]; heterotrichous microbasic rhopaloids [n=10; 14.7–16.6 x 6.8–8.8 µm (mean = 15.56 x 7.45 µm)]; Specimen
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAE2513FDFEF943FCBE42BF" bold="true" box="[610,777,1757,1783]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USNM 54328</emphasis>
|
||
, medusa tentacles with holotrichous O-isorhizas [n=10; 14.7–15.6 x 11.7–13.7 µm (mean = 14.9 x 12.54 µm)]; holotrichous a-isorhizas [n=10; 5.8–6.8 x 2.9–3.9 µm (mean = 5.97 x 3.13 µm)]; holotrichous A-isorhizas [n=10; 19.6–23.5 x 6.8–8.8 µm (mean = 21.56 x 8.03 µm)]; heterotrichous microbasic rhopaloids [n=10; 11.7–13.7 x 4.9–6.8 µm (mean = 12.84 x 6.47 µm)].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF286644FFAD2510FF0BF8B8FED143A4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[151,269,1830,1854]" targetBox="[274,1328,192,1800]" targetPageId="38">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAD2510FF0BF8B8FED143A4" blockId="38.[151,1436,1830,2028]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAD2510FF0BF8B8FED94376" bold="true" box="[151,366,1830,1854]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURES 44 to 49</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAD2510FEE0F8B8FDDA4375" authorityName=": Brandt" authorityYear="1838" box="[380,621,1830,1853]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAD2510FEE0F8B8FDDA4375" box="[380,621,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Chrysaora melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAD2510FDE6F8B8FD7F4376" bold="true" box="[634,712,1830,1854]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 44</emphasis>
|
||
. Side view of medusa (reproduced from the original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAD2510FF0BF8D7FE904328" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[151,295,1865,1888]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="201 - 275" refId="ref57622" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodomus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatorum. Fasc. I. Polypos, Acalephas Discophoras et Siphonophoras, nec non Echinodermata continens. Recueil des Actes de la Seance Publique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 1834, 201 - 275." type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAD2510FEA7F8D6FE3D4328" bold="true" box="[315,394,1864,1888]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 45</emphasis>
|
||
. Live specimen swimming, Bering Sea, Alaska (picture: Kevin Raskoff), ~20 cm diameter;
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAD2510FAECF8D6FF0543CB" bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 46</emphasis>
|
||
. Subumbrellar view of specimen USNM not-numbered, ~30 cm in diameter, note pale coloration;
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAD2510FB7CF8F5FA9943CB" bold="true" box="[1248,1326,1899,1923]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 47</emphasis>
|
||
. Stranded medusae on Alaska beach (picture: Ron Niebrugge);
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAD2510FD52F810FCAC43EE" bold="true" box="[718,795,1934,1958]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 48</emphasis>
|
||
. Subumbrellar view of adult, note dark lines (picture: Richard Brodeur);
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAD2510FEADF82EFE374380" bold="true" box="[305,384,1968,1992]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 49</emphasis>
|
||
. Subumbrellar view of young specimen USNM 53224 (~3 cm in diameter), note arrangement of septa and tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAC2511FF5AFF09FEA9466F" blockId="39.[151,1436,151,700]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FF5AFF09FE7144F9" bold="true" box="[198,454,151,177]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Systematic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Larson (1990) commented on the confusion in identification of North Pacific species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAC2511FF6CFF23FEDA449E" authorityName="Lesueur Peron & Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[240,365,189,214]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FF6CFF23FEDA449E" box="[240,365,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Chrysaora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Many problems derived from misidentifications, probably because of the great variation within the same species and the similarities in colour patterns between different species. Apparently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAC2511FAB5FF7CFF654569" authorityName=": Brandt" authorityYear="1838" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FAB5FF7CFF654569" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C. melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to cold waters of the North Pacific. The species characteristically has 16 dark radial lines on subumbrella, and a dark radiating pattern over a whitish background on the exumbrella (which fades away in preserved specimens); this pattern is different from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAC2511FCD7FECCFC5F4523" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[843,1000,338,363]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fuscescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FCD7FECCFC5F4523" box="[843,1000,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C. fuscescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, colouration unfortunately disappears in preserved specimens. Notably, however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAC2511FCB8FEE6FC7D45D9" authorityName=": Brandt" authorityYear="1838" box="[804,970,376,401]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FCB8FEE6FC7D45D9" box="[804,970,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C. melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has some gastrovascular canals on the marginal lappets which do not occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAC2511FDE0FE03FCA945FE" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[636,798,413,438]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fuscescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FDE0FE03FCA945FE" box="[636,798,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C. fuscescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The species has many times been confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAC2511FA1DFE03FF424593" baseAuthorityName="Goette" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Dactylometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FA1DFE03FF424593" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they can be distinguished by differences in tentacle and lappet numbers. Medusae under this species name appear in several aquaria around the world, but we believe that they are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAC2511FB12FE76FAA54649" baseAuthorityName="Goette" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[1166,1298,488,513]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Dactylometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FB12FE76FAA54649" box="[1166,1298,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAC2511FA1DFE76FEAF466E" authorityName=": Brandt" authorityYear="1838" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FA1DFE76FEAF466E" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C. melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAC2511FF5AFDACFAEA4604" blockId="39.[151,1436,151,700]" box="[198,1373,562,588]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FF5AFDACFE3F4604" bold="true" box="[198,392,562,588]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Biological data.</emphasis>
|
||
Blooms of the species were recorded for Arctic waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAC2511FB80FDACFAB24604" author="Brodeur, R. D. & Mills, C. E. & Overland, J. E. & Walters, G. E. & Schumacher, J. D." box="[1052,1285,562,588]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="296 - 306" refId="ref58109" refString="Brodeur, R. D., Mills, C. E., Overland, J. E., Walters, G. E. & Schumacher, J. D. (1999) Evidence for a substantial increase in gelatinous zooplankton in the Bering Sea, with possible links to climate change. Fisheries Oceanography, 8, 296 - 306." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Brodeur
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FB19FDADFB774604" box="[1157,1216,563,588]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAC2511FA8DFDACFAE74604" author="Brodeur, R. D. & Sugisaki, H. & Hunt Jr., G. L." box="[1297,1360,562,588]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="89 - 103" refId="ref58175" refString="Brodeur, R. D., Sugisaki, H. & Hunt Jr., G. L. (2002) Increases in jellyfish biomass in the Bering Sea: implications for the ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 233, 89 - 103." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFAC2511FF5AFDC9FCDF46F4" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFAC2511FF5AFDC9FCDF46F4" blockId="39.[151,1436,151,700]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FF5AFDC9FEE44639" bold="true" box="[198,339,599,625]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFAC2511FEC3FDC6FE574639" authorityName=": Brandt" authorityYear="1838" box="[351,480,600,625]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="melanaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FEC3FDC6FE574639" box="[351,480,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">melanaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in reference to colouration, derived from the Greek
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FBEBFDC6FB6F4639" box="[1143,1240,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">melanus</emphasis>
|
||
(= dark, black) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAC2511FF03FDE3FE8F46DF" author="Brown, R. W." box="[159,312,637,663]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref58421" refString="Brown, R. W. (1956) Composition of Scientific Words. Smithosonian Books, Washington, 882 pp." type="book" year="1956">Brown 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Derived from the Greek
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FDEEFDE3FD0146DE" box="[626,694,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">melas</emphasis>
|
||
(= black) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFAC2511FCFBFDE3FC1646DE" box="[871,929,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">aster</emphasis>
|
||
(= star) referring to the dark pigmentation pattern over a lighter background (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFAC2511FDB0FD3CFCEC46F4" author="Wrobel, D. & Mills, C. E." box="[556,859,674,700]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref72738" refString="Wrobel, D. & Mills, C. E. (1998) Pacific coast pelagic invertebrates. A guide to the common gelatinous animals. Sea Challengers & Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, 108 pp." type="book" year="1998">Wrobel & Mills 1998: 93</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |