433 lines
36 KiB
XML
433 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.885.34638" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e1087680-4772-45f7-a826-41fa79a2bb50" ID-PMC="PMC6848235" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-885-89" ID-Pensoft-UUID="17617B6DD6CD540EA5260C1C89FB48BC" ID-PubMed="31736619" ID-ZooBank="775C13707D014054B7FC592E22AFFD3C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-885-89" checkinTime="1572912877094" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wang, Zhengyang, Zhuang, Hailing, Wang, Min & Pierce, Naomi E." docDate="2019" docId="FF2E126C37A056E8851231A1FEA7C6DE" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 885: 89-113" docOrigin="ZooKeys 885" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.885.34638" docTitle="Thitarodes shambalaensis Wang, Zhuang, Wang & Pierce, 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="DADDC567-C706-4857-800A-B736C4719774" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="17617B6DD6CD540EA5260C1C89FB48BC" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="17617B6DD6CD540EA5260C1C89FB48BC" masterDocTitle="Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae): a new host of the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis supported by genome-wide SNP data" masterLastPageNumber="113" masterPageNumber="89" pageNumber="89" updateTime="1668168012335" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae): a new host of the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis supported by genome-wide SNP data</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wang, Zhengyang</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhuang, Hailing</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wang, Min</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pierce, Naomi E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>885</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>89</mods:start>
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<mods:end>113</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.885.34638</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.885.34638</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-885-89</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">775C13707D014054B7FC592E22AFFD3C</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">17617B6DD6CD540EA5260C1C89FB48BC</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="160134093" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DADDC567-C706-4857-800A-B736C4719774" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF2E126C37A056E8851231A1FEA7C6DE" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<taxonomicName LSID="FF2E126C-37A0-56E8-8512-31A1FEA7C6DE" class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes shambalaensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">Thitarodes shambalaensis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="89">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. A holotype, male, dorsal view B paratype, female, dorsal view C holotype, male, ventral view D paratype, female, dorsal view E resting position in habitat (photograph credit Hua Zhang). Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352691" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure1">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A Natural habitat of Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. at Yanzigou glacier entrance point, Mt. Gongga, Sichuan, China (photograph credit Meng Li, May 2018) B disturbed habitat of Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. due to excavation of T. shambalaensis pupae, at Haizidang, Yanzigou glacier (photograph credit Wenbin Ju, May 2019)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352692" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure2">2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. A forewing (up) and hindwing (bottom) venation from dorsal view B antenna, front view C labial palp, caudal view, covered under setae. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352693" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure3">3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. A male genitalia from holotype, ventral view B valva, caudal view C pseudotegumen, lateral view D female genitalia from paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352694" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure4">4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. Foreleg (left), midleg (middle), hindleg (right) with each aerolium enlarged in black rectangles. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352695" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure5">5</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Holotype</emphasis>
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: CHINA • ♂; Mt. Gongga, Luding county, at the head of Yanzigou valley (燕子沟), Yangliuping habitat (杨柳坪);
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<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="2.54" value="29.684038">29°41'2.54"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="32.24" value="101.89229">101°53'32.24"E</geoCoordinate>
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; alt. 3892 m; 25-30 Jun. 2016; H. Zuo leg.; MK226958; Sichuan Plant Quarantine Station.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Paratypes</emphasis>
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: CHINA • 2 ♂; same collection data as for holotype • 2 ♂; Mt. Gongga, Luding county, at the head of Yanzigou valley (燕子沟), Haizidang habitat (海子凼);
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<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="17.18" value="29.671438">29°40'17.18"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="48.25" value="101.896736">101°53'48.25"E</geoCoordinate>
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; alt. 3977 m; 25-30 Jun. 2016; H. Zuo leg. • 2 ♀; same collection data as for holotype.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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From the Sanskrit word
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<normalizedToken originalValue="शम">शम</normalizedToken>
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्भल (Shambala). In Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist tradition, the term refers to a mythical kingdom hidden in the snow mountains. The name refers to the magnificence of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
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alpine habitat under Mt. Gongga.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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(based on Holotype).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">General</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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In resting position, forewings fold perpendicular above the sagittal plane of the body and abdomen, completely covering the hindwings. The apex and termen of the two forewings contact each other, while the costa of each forewing extends from the tegula, forming an isosceles. Setae above the thorax form a triangular patch. Wingspan: 44.0 mm (mean = 41.2 mm, SD = 3.5,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">N</emphasis>
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= 6). Forewing length: 19.6 mm (mean = 19.2 mm, SD = 1.6,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">N</emphasis>
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= 6), width: 9.9 mm (mean = 9.9 mm, SD = 0.6,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">N</emphasis>
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= 6). Hindwing length: 16.9 mm (mean = 16.5 mm, SD = 0.8,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">N</emphasis>
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= 6), width: 12.25 mm (mean = 11.7 mm, SD = 0.9,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">N</emphasis>
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= 6). Body length: 15.3 mm (mean = 14.7 mm, SD = 1.1,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">N</emphasis>
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= 6). Thorax width: 3.7 mm (mean = 3.6 mm, SD = 0.2,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">N</emphasis>
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= 6).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352691" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes shambalaensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes shambalaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
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holotype, male, dorsal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
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paratype, female, dorsal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">C</emphasis>
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holotype, male, ventral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">D</emphasis>
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paratype, female, dorsal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E</emphasis>
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resting position in habitat (photograph credit Hua Zhang). Scale bar: 1 cm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352692" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
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Natural habitat of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes shambalaensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes shambalaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. at Yanzigou glacier entrance point, Mt. Gongga, Sichuan, China (photograph credit Meng Li, May 2018)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
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disturbed habitat of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes shambalaensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes shambalaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. due to excavation of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. shambalaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. shambalaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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pupae, at Haizidang, Yanzigou glacier (photograph credit Wenbin Ju, May 2019).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Head</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Antenna (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. A forewing (up) and hindwing (bottom) venation from dorsal view B antenna, front view C labial palp, caudal view, covered under setae. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352693" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure3">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
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) with 24 annular segments, rust brown, filiform, apical segment acute, surrounded by ocherous setae at base. Black compound eyes. Labial palps (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. A forewing (up) and hindwing (bottom) venation from dorsal view B antenna, front view C labial palp, caudal view, covered under setae. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352693" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure3">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
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) short and hidden under dense setae, two-segmented and fused at the base. Other mouthparts absent.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352693" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes shambalaensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes shambalaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
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forewing (up) and hindwing (bottom) venation from dorsal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
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antenna, front view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">C</emphasis>
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labial palp, caudal view, covered under setae. Scale bar: 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Body</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Red-brown. Dense ocherous and yellow setae on thorax. Red and black setae on lateral, ventral and caudal side of the abdomen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Legs</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. Foreleg (left), midleg (middle), hindleg (right) with each aerolium enlarged in black rectangles. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352695" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure5">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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. All legs setose. Aerolium present on all legs. Foreleg with tibial epiphysis. Hindleg tibia broad and covered with scent-scales.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Wings</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. A forewing (up) and hindwing (bottom) venation from dorsal view B antenna, front view C labial palp, caudal view, covered under setae. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352693" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure3">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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. Jugum present. Forewing grey, with scattered dark brown spots and pale ocherous border. Alternating dark spots on forewing terminal margin. Costa straight. Sc unbranched. R almost parallel to Rs1 + 2. Apex of curvature occurs between Rs1 and Rs2. Rs1 and Rs2 stalked. Rs3 and Rs4 stalked. First half of Rs3 runs parallel to Rs1 + Rs2. R-M weak but visible, concave towards outer margin, reaching Rs4 distal to the bifurcation of Rs3 and Rs4. On forewing two crossveins between CuP and A with basal crossvein almost opposite CuP-CuA2 crossvein, distal crossvein near terminus of CuP. Single crossvein between CuP and CuA2. Vein A reaches dorsum margin. Hindwing grey to transparent; ocherous color on fringe. Venation similar to forewing except both A and CuP reach dorsum margin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Male genitalia</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. A male genitalia from holotype, ventral view B valva, caudal view C pseudotegumen, lateral view D female genitalia from paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352694" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure4">
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Fig. 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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. From ventral view, a pair of pseudotegumina form an equilateral triangle, with the apex of the triangle pointing ventrally. Dorsal margins of the pseudotegumina flat. Pseudotegumenal arm is strongly sclerotized, distally forming a fan-shaped sclerotized apex, with minute teeth on the lateral margin. Valvae setose, distally lobate, with a shallow longitudinal groove. Base of valve with prominent hook, heavily sclerotized, projecting disto-medially. Saccus forms a median lobe projecting ventrally.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Female genitalia</emphasis>
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(based on paratype).
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. A male genitalia from holotype, ventral view B valva, caudal view C pseudotegumen, lateral view D female genitalia from paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352694" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure4">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
. Dorsal plate (tergum IX) dorsally convex to either side of median, setose. Lateral margins dorsally concave with inner edge, with a triangular projection near base of anal sclerites. Anal sclerites subrectangular with rounded margins. Antevaginalis broad with central lobe subdivided into two dorsally rounded knobs, central lobe setose.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352694" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes shambalaensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
|
||
male genitalia from holotype, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
|
||
valva, caudal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">C</emphasis>
|
||
pseudotegumen, lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">D</emphasis>
|
||
female genitalia from paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352695" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes shambalaensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. Foreleg (left), midleg (middle), hindleg (right) with each aerolium enlarged in black rectangles. Scale bar: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
|
||
This species has no distinct external sexual dimorphism. Male pseudotegumen triangular with heavily sclerotized pseudotegumenal arms. Pseudotegumenal arms fan-shaped. Valva densely haired with sclerotized, hook-like apex. Venation of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. shambalaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. namnai" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="namnai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. namnai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Maczey, 2010 in Nepal, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. shambalaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both A and CuP reach dorsum margin on the hindwing.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes markamensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="markamensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes markamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Liang, Li & Shen, 1992) has also reached the degree of heavy sclerotization on the pseudotegumenal arms, but the two species can be distinguished by differences in venation (where MR furcation in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. shambalaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distal to the furcation Rs3 and Rs4) and an inflation on the posterior margin of the saccus. Sclerotization at the ventral base of the valvae with a spinal projection is also present in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. jiachaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="jiachaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. jiachaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Zou, 2011 and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. sejilaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="sejilaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. sejilaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Zou, 2011, but the spinal projection is less curved and the setose lobe of the dorsal side of the valvae is more elongated in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. shambalaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352696" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagnostic character of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes shambalaensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in forewing venation in comparison to other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bar: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
|
||
With the exception of those by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ueda, K" journalOrPublisher="Tinea" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" pagination="70 - 93" refId="B36" refString="Ueda, K, 2000. Hepialidae of Nepal (Moths of Nepal volume 6). Tinea 16: 70 - 93" title="Hepialidae of Nepal (Moths of Nepal volume 6)." volume="16" year="2000">Ueda (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species rarely include an illustration of the labial palp. Mouthparts are often difficult to observe and sometimes reduced (or absent) in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, yet when illustrated, have always shown notable differences between species (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Diagnostic characters of Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. in comparison to other species of Thitarodes A labial palp B valva C pseudotegumen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352697" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure7">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
). We encourage in future description of species in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to include an illustration of the labial palps, as it might serve as a trait useful in resolving clade relationships within the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352697" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagnostic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes shambalaensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in comparison to other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hepialidae" genus="Thitarodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thitarodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Thitarodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
|
||
labial palp
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
|
||
valva
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">C</emphasis>
|
||
pseudotegumen. Scale bar: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="phenology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Phenology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Late instar larvae, sometimes already infected by
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. sinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">O. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, can be found as early as mid-May, about 30 cm under soil. Pupae can be found starting early June in soil. Adults appear in a week in late June.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
|
||
The species is found in several high elevation (3400-3800 m) alpine grassland along the glaciers of eastern Mt. Gongga (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A Natural habitat of Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. at Yanzigou glacier entrance point, Mt. Gongga, Sichuan, China (photograph credit Meng Li, May 2018) B disturbed habitat of Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. due to excavation of T. shambalaensis pupae, at Haizidang, Yanzigou glacier (photograph credit Wenbin Ju, May 2019)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352692" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure2">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Larvae are ground-boring generalist plant root eaters. Common flowering plants in in the grassland include
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Saxifraga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Saxifraga" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Saxifraga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Rhodiola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhodiola" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Rhodiola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Polygonum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polygonum" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Polygonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Papaveraceae" genus="Corydalis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Corydalis" order="Ranunculales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Corydalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Primula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Primula" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Primula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Potentilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Potentilla" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Potentilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Anemone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Anemone" order="Ranunculales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Anemone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Rhododendron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bushes are also present. Adults are not attracted by light and no mating flight has been observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="conservation threat">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Conservation threat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
|
||
The species is the host of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. sinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">O. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Caterpillar fungus collection has for decades provided income for local people in eastern Mt. Gongga. The traditional method of collection has not had a discernible impact on populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. shambalaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but since 2016, medical pharmaceutical companies have begun buying
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. shambalaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupae from local people for a commercial caterpillar fungus farming project. Many
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. shambalaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="shambalaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">T. shambalaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupae have been excavated from their habitat each year, sold and transferred to commercial breeding stations. Local people have expressed concern at such habitat exploitation. When we visited the Haizidang habitat in 2019, this alpine grassland had been completely uprooted due to pupae excavation (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A Natural habitat of Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. at Yanzigou glacier entrance point, Mt. Gongga, Sichuan, China (photograph credit Meng Li, May 2018) B disturbed habitat of Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. due to excavation of T. shambalaensis pupae, at Haizidang, Yanzigou glacier (photograph credit Wenbin Ju, May 2019)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/352692" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.figure2">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |