treatments-xml/data/F2/4B/59/F24B5946B8F646EE99846154BB5C93DB.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.1.660" ID-PMC="PMC3174427" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-1-33" ID-Pensoft-UUID="5E54ED024A01FFB9FFC1FF8B56454744" ID-PubMed="22171168" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576060" ModsDocID="1314-2003-1-33" checkinTime="1451252138990" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Stern, Stephen &amp; Bohs, Lynn" docDate="2010" docId="F24B5946B8F646EE99846154BB5C93DB" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 1: 53-65" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 1" docPubDate="2010-11-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.1.660" docTitle="Solanum rubicaule S. Stern 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="5E54ED024A01FFB9FFC1FF8B56454744" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="5E54ED024A01FFB9FFC1FF8B56454744" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone of southern Ecuador and northern Peru" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1668139891724" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Two new species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone of southern Ecuador and northern Peru</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Stern, Stephen</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">stern@biology.utah.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bohs, Lynn</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2010-11-01</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>33</mods:start>
<mods:end>65</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.1.660</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.1.660</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-1-33</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">5E54ED024A01FFB9FFC1FF8B56454744</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576060</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159359389" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F24B5946B8F646EE99846154BB5C93DB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F24B5946B8F646EE99846154BB5C93DB" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName LSID="F24B5946-B8F6-46EE-9984-6154BB5C93DB" authority="S. Stern" authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum rubicaule" order="Solanales" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule" status="sp. nov.">Solanum rubicaule S. Stern</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="34">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Isotype of Solanum rubicaule S. Stern [Stern et al. 181 (UT)]." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9847" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Photos of type collection of Solanum rubicaule S. Stern. A Collecting party in front of type collection, indicated by arrow, at trailside habitat in San Ignacio, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru (from left to right: Segundo Leiva, Stephen Stern, Mario Zapata, and Eric Tepe). B Fruiting inflorescence; note recurved pediels. C Hermaphroditic flower. D Functionally male flower; note the absence of exserted style. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9848" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="34" type="latin">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Latin</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
Solano subinermi 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Jacq. et</emphasis>
S. asperolanato 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Ruiz &amp; Pav. similis sed a</emphasis>
S. subinermi 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">pedicellis fructiferis curvatis, a</emphasis>
S. asperolanato 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">habitu scandenti differt.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="34" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Peru:</emphasis>
Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, road from San Ignacio to El Chaupe, 2-3 km hike in from trailhead to El Chaupe, 5°11'56&quot;S, 79°03'51&quot;W, 1775 m, 17 December 2007 (fl, fr), S. Stern et al. 181 (holotype: USM!; isotypes: BM001016784!, HAO [destroyed], NY00986627!, NY00986637!, UT!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
Scandent shrub, often festooning over other plants, 1-3 m tall. Stems armed with recurved, tan to orange roselike prickles to 3 mm in length, the base 2-3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-1 mm, moderately to densely pubescent with tan to rusty, porrect-stellate hairs, the stalks 0.5-1 mm, multiseriate, the rays 5-10, 0.1-0.2 mm, unicellular to multicellular, the midpoints nearly absent, the lateral rays often partially proximally fused (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Roe, KE" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" pagination="501 - 508" refId="B8" refString="Roe, KE, 1971. Terminology of hairs in the genus Solanum. Taxon 20: 501 - 508" title="Terminology of hairs in the genus Solanum." volume="20" year="1971">Roe 1971</bibRefCitation>
for hair terminology). Flowering portions of stem consisting of difoliate sympodial units, the leaves usually geminate, those of a pair often slightly unequal. Leaves simple, the blades 10-13 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5-8 cm, elliptic to ovate, chartaceous to coriaceous, discolorous, adaxially reddish brown, abaxially whitish green, the adaxial surface densely pubescent with multicellular, uniseriate glandular hairs 0.3-0.6 mm long, and stellate hairs like those of the stem but with the stalks ca. 0.2-0.6 mm, the rays 3-8, ca. 0.2-0.4 mm long, the abaxial surface densely stellate-pubescent with hairs like those of the stem but with the stalks 0.1-0.3 mm, the rays 8-12, ca. 0.2-0.4 mm long; venation pinnate, the secondary veins 5-7 on both sides of the midvein, the midrib abaxially occasionally with a few recurved spines like those of the stem; base obtuse, often asymmetrical; margin entire; apex acute; leaves subsessile to shortly petiolate (to 2 cm), the petiole moderately to densely pubescent with hairs like those of the stem, occasionally sparsely armed with recurved spines like those of the stem. Inflorescences to 12 cm, extra-axillary or subopposite the leaves, unbranched to twice branched, with 2-8 flowers, the plants andromonoecious, with male flowers on young plants and hermaphroditic flowers on older plants, the axes moderately to densely pubescent with hairs like those of the stem, unarmed; peduncle 0.5-3 cm; rachis 2-8 mm; pedicels 7-11 mm in flower, 10-20 mm in fruit, distally swollen, spaced 2-4 mm apart, articulated at the base. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx 1.2-2 cm long, the tube 2-3 mm, the lobes 12-18 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-6 mm, triangular, densely pubescent abaxially with hairs like those of the stem; fruiting calyx slightly accrescent, incompletely covering the fruit. Corolla 3-4 cm in diameter, chartaceous, white, stellate with moderate interpetalar tissue, lobed nearly to the base, the lobes 12-16 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4-8 mm, narrowly triangular-ovate, slightly reflexed at anthesis, 
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="35" start="start">densely</pageBreakToken>
pubescent abaxially on midvein with hairs like those of the abaxial leaf surface, adaxially glabrous. Stamens 8-12 mm; filaments 1-2 mm long, glabrous; anthers 7-10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-2 mm, attenuate, connivent, yellow, linear-lanceolate, tapering, the base cordate, the apex acute, with pores directed slightly introrsely, not opening into longitudinal slits. Ovary moderately stellate-pubescent with white hairs like those of the stem; style in functionally male flowers 4-7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-1.5 mm, not exserted beyond stamens, cylindrical, glabrous; style in hermaphroditic flowers 10-14 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-1.5 mm, exserted beyond stamens, cylindrical, glabrous; stigma to 1.5 mm wide, capitate. Fruit a berry, 1-2 cm in diameter, globose with a small acute protrusion at the apex, green, hard at maturity, glabrous, the pedicels recurved down in fruit positioning the fruits horizontal to the rachis. Seeds 25-50 per fruit, reniform, brown, rugose, ca. 3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5 mm, flattened, with a small notch where connected to placenta.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9847" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Isotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
S. Stern [Stern et al. 181 (UT)].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9848" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Photos of type collection of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
S. Stern. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
Collecting party in front of type collection, indicated by arrow, at trailside habitat in San Ignacio, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru (from left to right: Segundo Leiva, Stephen Stern, Mario Zapata, and Eric Tepe). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
Fruiting inflorescence; note recurved pediels. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
Hermaphroditic flower. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
Functionally male flower; note the absence of exserted style. Scale bars = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Known only from northern Peru in Dept. Cajamarca and southern Ecuador in Prov. Zamora-Chinchipe in open places in disturbed montane tropical forest, 1650-2200 m in elevation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">The flowering specimen was collected in December. Fruiting specimens were collected in December-January and March-April.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
The name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
is derived from the festooning growth form, reminiscent of the genus 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rubus</taxonomicName>
L. and the Latin &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">caulis</emphasis>
&quot; for stem.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
According to the IUCN Red List Categories (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee," journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" publicationUrl="http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B3" refString="IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, , 2010. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 8.0. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in March 2010., http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 8.0. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in March 2010" url="http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2010">IUCN 2010</bibRefCitation>
) 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
is classified as VU-B1a+B2a+B2biii; D2 (Vulnerable). The extent of occupancy is estimated to be approximately 10,000 km2 and less than five collected locations. This area of the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone has been underexplored, but collections have increased in recent years, largely due to efforts by MO in southern Ecuador and HAO in northern Peru. As this collecting continues and more specimens are determined in herbaria the number of locations should rise. Additionally, although there is continuing decline in forest habitat in this region due to deforestation for the establishment of settlements and farming, the effects of this on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
are difficult to assess because it occurs in disturbed edges of forest and roadsides.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="specimens examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Ecuador:</emphasis>
Zamora-Chinchipe: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cantón">Canton</normalizedToken>
Chinchipe, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Parroquía">Parroquia</normalizedToken>
Zumba, trail from Guaramizal to cabin of Sandy 
<normalizedToken originalValue="León">Leon</normalizedToken>
, W of Escuela Byron 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jiménez">Jimenez</normalizedToken>
, just S of Las Pircas, 4°46'60&quot;S, 79°12'18&quot;W, 2100 m, 28 March 2005 (fr), L.Bohs et al. 3336 (QCNE, UT); same locality, same date (fr) L.Bohs et al. 3338 (QCNE, LOJA, UT); same locality, 4°46'50&quot;S, 79°12'33&quot;W, 2000 m, 29 March 2005 (fr), L.Bohs et al. 3357 (QCNE, UT); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fundación">Fundacion</normalizedToken>
Arco Iris, between Loja and Zamora, trail from field station to 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
San Francisco, 3°59'20&quot;S, 79°05'35&quot;W, 2200 m, 5 April 2005 (fr), L.Bohs et al. 3425 (LOJA, QCNE, UT). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Peru:</emphasis>
Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, above San Francisco (ca. a El Chaupe), 1650 m, 5 January 1995 (fr), S.Leiva et al. 1621 (HAO [destroyed], NY).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
has a festooning growth form, meaning that it is often arched and draping over other vegetation. This growth form is similar to 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="36" start="start">members</pageBreakToken>
of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
sect. 
<taxonomicName class="Trebouxiophyceae" family="Oocystaceae" genus="Micracantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Chlorellales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">Micracantha</taxonomicName>
Dunal, a group of vining species from the New World tropics that climb using recurved prickles. This superficial similarity explains why specimens of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
are often annotated as &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
sect. 
<taxonomicName authority="." class="Trebouxiophyceae" family="Oocystaceae" genus="Micracantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Chlorellales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">Micracantha.</taxonomicName>
&quot; However, other morphological and molecular characters place 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
sect. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1834" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Torva" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Torva</taxonomicName>
, including flowers with triangular corolla lobes with abundant interpetalar tissue and typically branched inflorescences. Parsimony analyses of sequence data from three molecular markers (nuclear ITS and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">waxy</emphasis>
or GBSSI and chloroplast 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">trnT-F</emphasis>
) also place 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
in sect. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1834" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Torva" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Torva</taxonomicName>
; however, the relationships within the section are not well-resolved and require further study (S. Stern and L. Bohs, unpub. data).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
Following the definition of 
<bibRefCitation author="Walker, BA" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" pagination="41 - 46" refId="B10" refString="Walker, BA, Whelan, RJ, 1991. Can andromonoecy explain low fruit:flower ratios in the Proteaceae? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 44: 41 - 46" title="Can andromonoecy explain low fruit: flower ratios in the Proteaceae?" volume="44" year="1991">Walker and Whelan (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, the breeding system of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
is andromonoecious, meaning that there are staminate and hermaphroditic flowers on the same plant. However, a more specific description of the breeding system might be &quot;temporally andromonoecious&quot; since the first-formed inflorescences on a plant appear to be composed entirely of male flowers. Inflorescences on older plants are composed of hermaphroditic flowers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
Within sect. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1834" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Torva" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Torva</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subinerme">Solanum subinerme</taxonomicName>
Jacq., a species found throughout northern South America from the Guianas to central Peru, both of which have a scandent growth form and few-branched inflorescences. However, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
has a distinctive infructescence with fruits held horizontal to the rachis due to pedicels that curve downward (see 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Photos of type collection of Solanum rubicaule S. Stern. A Collecting party in front of type collection, indicated by arrow, at trailside habitat in San Ignacio, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru (from left to right: Segundo Leiva, Stephen Stern, Mario Zapata, and Eric Tepe). B Fruiting inflorescence; note recurved pediels. C Hermaphroditic flower. D Functionally male flower; note the absence of exserted style. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/9848" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
) while 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subinerme">Solanum subinerme</taxonomicName>
has fruits held upright on erect pedicels. The adaxial leaf surface of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
is unarmed, while the adaxial leaf surface of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subinerme">Solanum subinerme</taxonomicName>
often has straight prickles to 1.5 cm long. Both species have multiseriate stalked hairs on the adaxial leaf surface but those 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subinerme">Solanum subinerme</taxonomicName>
are nearly sessile to short stalked (to ca. 0.4 mm) and very thin (ca. 0.1 mm in diameter) while those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
reach 0.6 mm with greatly thickened stalks (to 0.3 mm in diameter). Herbarium specimens of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ruiz &amp; Pav" authorityYear="1799" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="asperolanatum">Solanum asperolanatum</taxonomicName>
Ruiz &amp; Pav. are very similarwith regard to pubescence and flower appearance, but the latter species has upright inflorescences that are more than twice branched, typically has&gt;12 flowers, is a large shrub or small tree and does not have the festooning growth form of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Stern" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicaule">Solanum rubicaule</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>