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<mods:title id="27C6820EF017D465403EA39316A388DE">Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four Frontonia species from Turkey (Protista, Ciliophora)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFFEFFB7FF5D85F4C6A7FF65" authority="angusta Foissner, Berger &amp; Agatha, 2002" authorityName="angusta Foissner, Berger &amp; Agatha" authorityYear="2002" box="[151,896,153,180]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="subSpecies" species="angusta" subSpecies="angusta">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FF5D85F4C6A7FF65" bold="true" box="[151,896,153,180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FF5D85F4C4C5FF62" bold="true" box="[151,482,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">Frontonia angusta angusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B15FFFEFFB7FE2385F4C6A7FF65" author="Foissner, W. &amp; Agatha, S. &amp; Berger, H." box="[489,896,153,180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" pagination="1 - 1459" refId="ref5953" refString="Foissner, W., Agatha, S. &amp; Berger, H. (2002) Soil Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Namibia (Southwest Africa), with emphasis on two contrasting environments, the Etosha region and the Namib Desert. Denisia, 5, 1 - 1459." type="journal article" year="2002">Foissner, Berger &amp; Agatha, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFFEFFB7FF5D85B3C7F5FF20" authority="(Ehrenberg, 1833) Butschli, 1889" authorityName="Butschli" authorityYear="1889" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[151,722,221,246]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FF5D85B3C45FFF20" bold="true" box="[151,376,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">Frontonia acuminata</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg, 1833) Bütschli, 1889
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFFEFFB7FF5D846FC752FECC" authority="Kahl, 1931" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,629,257,282]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="variety" species="acuminata" variety="angusta">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FF5D846FC4D9FECF" bold="true" box="[151,510,258,282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">Frontonia acuminata var. angusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B15FFFEFFB7FDCF846CC752FECC" author="Kahl, A." box="[517,629,257,282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" pagination="181 - 398" refId="ref6391" refString="Kahl, A. (1931) Urtiere Oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere Order Ciliata (Infusoria). 2. Holotricha Auβer den im 1. Teil Behandelten Prostomata. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 21, 181 - 398." type="journal article" year="1931">Kahl, 1931</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFFEFFB7FF5D844BC4F3FEE8" authority="Kahl, 1931" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,468,293,318]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="angusta">
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Frontonia angusta 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B15FFFEFFB7FEA88448C4BCFEE8" author="Kahl, A." box="[354,411,293,318]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" pagination="181 - 398" refId="ref6391" refString="Kahl, A. (1931) Urtiere Oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere Order Ciliata (Infusoria). 2. Holotricha Auβer den im 1. Teil Behandelten Prostomata. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 21, 181 - 398." type="journal article" year="1931">Kahl,</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1931
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<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FE1E844BC4CAFEEB" bold="true" box="[468,493,294,317]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">—</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B15FFFEFFB7FE278448C670FEE8" author="Foissner, W. &amp; Blatterer, H. &amp; Berger, H. &amp; Kohmann, F." box="[493,855,293,318]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" pagination="540" refId="ref6060" refString="Foissner, W., Blatterer, H., Berger, H. &amp; Kohmann, F. (1994) Taxonomische und okologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems. Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamtes fur Wasserwirrtschaft, Heft 1 / 94, 540." type="journal article" year="1994">Foissner, Berger &amp; Kohmann, 1994</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFFEFFB7FF5D8429C62EFE8A" authority="angusta Foissner, Berger &amp; Agatha, 2002" authorityName="angusta Foissner, Berger &amp; Agatha" authorityYear="2002" box="[151,777,324,349]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="subSpecies" species="angusta" subSpecies="angusta">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FF5D8429C492FE8A" bold="true" box="[151,437,324,348]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">Frontonia angusta angusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B15FFFEFFB7FE718429C62EFE8A" author="Foissner, W. &amp; Agatha, S. &amp; Berger, H." box="[443,777,324,349]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" pagination="1 - 1459" refId="ref5953" refString="Foissner, W., Agatha, S. &amp; Berger, H. (2002) Soil Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Namibia (Southwest Africa), with emphasis on two contrasting environments, the Etosha region and the Namib Desert. Denisia, 5, 1 - 1459." type="journal article" year="2002">Foissner, Berger &amp; Agatha, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BD736E4FFFEFFB7FF5D8329C47EF92B" blockId="7.[151,1437,1604,1789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FF5D8329C434F98B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1604,1629]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFFEFFB7FED1832BC4FCF98B" authority="angusta" authorityName="angusta Foissner, Berger &amp; Agatha" authorityYear="2002" box="[283,475,1606,1629]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="subSpecies" species="angusta" subSpecies="angusta">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FED1832BC4FCF98B" box="[283,475,1606,1629]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">F. angusta angusta</emphasis>
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from live material 
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and after silver staining 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FC258329C104F98B" bold="true" box="[1007,1059,1604,1629]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">(d–f)</emphasis>
. Ventral-lateral view 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FACA8329C012F98B" bold="true" box="[1280,1333,1604,1629]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">(a–c)</emphasis>
. Infraciliatures of the ventral 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FEA68309C4ACF9AB" bold="true" box="[364,395,1636,1661]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">(d)</emphasis>
, dorsal 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FE148309C4DDF9AB" bold="true" box="[478,506,1636,1661]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">(e)</emphasis>
and buccal 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FDBD8309C7B7F9AB" bold="true" box="[631,656,1636,1661]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">(f)</emphasis>
areas. Part of a pellicle, to show extrusomes 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FBAF8309C1A4F9AB" bold="true" box="[1125,1155,1636,1661]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">(g)</emphasis>
. Abbreviations: AL: argentophilic line; C: Cilia; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PK: postoral kineties (arrowheads in f); PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; Cyp: cytopyge; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Arrowheads mark postoral kineties. Scale bar = 70 µm.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFFEFFB7FF5D822AC743F8B4" bold="true" box="[151,612,1863,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">Description of the Turkish population:</emphasis>
Size about 130–220 × 
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, but usually about 170 × 
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in size. Body outline is elongated oval with a slightly narrowed posterior half, dorso-ventrally compressed about 3:1 (
<tableCitation id="C6EA035FFFFEFFB7FA968206C581F87F" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,154,178]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric characterizations of Frontonia leucas (Line 1 = Pop1; Line 2 = Pop2), F. acuminata (Line 3), F. angusta (Line 4), and F. anatolica (Line 5 = Pop1; Line 6 = Pop2). All measurements are in μm. Abbreviations: CV, coef- ficient of variation in %; Max, maximum; Min, minimum; N, number of specimens measured; SD, standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF17666CFFF8FFB1FF5D85F7C0A0FF2C" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" tableUuid="DF17666CFFF8FFB1FF5D85F7C0A0FF2C">Table 1</tableCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFFEFFB7FF7982E2C5D9F87C" box="[179,254,1935,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1604,1629]" captionTargetBox="[201,1342,395,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[191,1350,395,1550]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–c, g) and after silver staining (d–f). Ventral-lateral view (a–c). Infraciliatures of the ventral (d), dorsal (e) and buccal (f) areas. Part of a pellicle, to show extrusomes (g). Abbreviations: AL: argentophilic line; C: Cilia; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PK: postoral kineties (arrowheads in f); PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; Cyp: cytopyge; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Arrowheads mark postoral kineties. Scale bar = 70 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228072/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
a–e; 6a–e). Single oval macronucleus, 20–50 × 
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in size and located mid body. Micronucleus 
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in diameter, mostly globular rarely oval in shape, and located in an indentation of the macronucleus (
<tableCitation id="C6EA035FFFFEFFB7FAF582DEC0B2F81B" box="[1343,1429,1971,1997]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,154,178]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric characterizations of Frontonia leucas (Line 1 = Pop1; Line 2 = Pop2), F. acuminata (Line 3), F. angusta (Line 4), and F. anatolica (Line 5 = Pop1; Line 6 = Pop2). All measurements are in μm. Abbreviations: CV, coef- ficient of variation in %; Max, maximum; Min, minimum; N, number of specimens measured; SD, standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF17666CFFF8FFB1FF5D85F7C0A0FF2C" pageId="7" pageNumber="555" tableUuid="DF17666CFFF8FFB1FF5D85F7C0A0FF2C">Table 1</tableCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFFEFFB7FF5D82BAC5D4F824" box="[151,243,2007,2034]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1604,1629]" captionTargetBox="[201,1342,395,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[191,1350,395,1550]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–c, g) and after silver staining (d–f). Ventral-lateral view (a–c). Infraciliatures of the ventral (d), dorsal (e) and buccal (f) areas. Part of a pellicle, to show extrusomes (g). Abbreviations: AL: argentophilic line; C: Cilia; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PK: postoral kineties (arrowheads in f); PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; Cyp: cytopyge; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Arrowheads mark postoral kineties. Scale bar = 70 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228072/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">Figs. 5a</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFFEFFB7FF3582BAC412F824" box="[255,309,2007,2034]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1575,1600]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,437,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[195,1391,437,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–d) and after silver staining (e–i). Ventral views (e). Silver nitrate staining (f). Silver carbonate staining. Dorsal view (g). Silver nitrate staining of the somatic ciliature and oral ciliature (h). View of an argyrome part (i). Abbreviations: CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; FA: filamentous algae; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Scale bar = 60 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228074/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="555">6a, f</figureCitation>
). Single contractile vacuole without a collecting channel located mid body, single excretory pore lo- cated on the right dorso-lateral of the cell (
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFF1FFB8FDA785F4C7F1FF65" box="[621,726,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1604,1629]" captionTargetBox="[201,1342,395,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[191,1350,395,1550]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–c, g) and after silver staining (d–f). Ventral-lateral view (a–c). Infraciliatures of the ventral (d), dorsal (e) and buccal (f) areas. Part of a pellicle, to show extrusomes (g). Abbreviations: AL: argentophilic line; C: Cilia; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PK: postoral kineties (arrowheads in f); PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; Cyp: cytopyge; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Arrowheads mark postoral kineties. Scale bar = 70 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228072/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">Figs. 5–c</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFF1FFB8FD2B85F4C669FF65" box="[737,846,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1575,1600]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,437,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[195,1391,437,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–d) and after silver staining (e–i). Ventral views (e). Silver nitrate staining (f). Silver carbonate staining. Dorsal view (g). Silver nitrate staining of the somatic ciliature and oral ciliature (h). View of an argyrome part (i). Abbreviations: CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; FA: filamentous algae; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Scale bar = 60 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228074/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">6a, c, d, g</figureCitation>
). The shape, size, and arrangement of the extrusomes are similar to the previous species. Cytoplasm colorless, food vacuoles contain diatoms, algae, and bacteria (
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFF1FFB8FAAE85D0C592FF2D" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1604,1629]" captionTargetBox="[201,1342,395,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[191,1350,395,1550]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–c, g) and after silver staining (d–f). Ventral-lateral view (a–c). Infraciliatures of the ventral (d), dorsal (e) and buccal (f) areas. Part of a pellicle, to show extrusomes (g). Abbreviations: AL: argentophilic line; C: Cilia; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PK: postoral kineties (arrowheads in f); PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; Cyp: cytopyge; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Arrowheads mark postoral kineties. Scale bar = 70 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228072/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">Figs. 5a</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFF1FFB8FF0B858CC433FF2A" box="[193,276,225,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1575,1600]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,437,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[195,1391,437,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–d) and after silver staining (e–i). Ventral views (e). Silver nitrate staining (f). Silver carbonate staining. Dorsal view (g). Silver nitrate staining of the somatic ciliature and oral ciliature (h). View of an argyrome part (i). Abbreviations: CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; FA: filamentous algae; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Scale bar = 60 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228074/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">6a, b, f</figureCitation>
). Somatic cilia 
<quantity id="4C909B01FFF1FFB8FE0E858CC73CFF2D" box="[452,539,225,251]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="8.0">8–9 µm</quantity>
long and arranged in 80–130 meridional rows of kinetosomes, form a suture in the ventral midline of the cell (
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFF1FFB8FE368468C777FEC9" box="[508,592,260,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1604,1629]" captionTargetBox="[201,1342,395,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[191,1350,395,1550]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–c, g) and after silver staining (d–f). Ventral-lateral view (a–c). Infraciliatures of the ventral (d), dorsal (e) and buccal (f) areas. Part of a pellicle, to show extrusomes (g). Abbreviations: AL: argentophilic line; C: Cilia; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PK: postoral kineties (arrowheads in f); PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; Cyp: cytopyge; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Arrowheads mark postoral kineties. Scale bar = 70 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228072/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">
Fig. 
<quantity id="4C909B01FFF1FFB8FDF88469C777FEC9" box="[562,592,260,287]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" unit="g" value="5.0">5g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
). Postoral kineties counted as 4–6 (
<tableCitation id="C6EA035FFFF1FFB8FC2D8468C11BFEC9" box="[999,1084,261,287]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,154,178]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric characterizations of Frontonia leucas (Line 1 = Pop1; Line 2 = Pop2), F. acuminata (Line 3), F. angusta (Line 4), and F. anatolica (Line 5 = Pop1; Line 6 = Pop2). All measurements are in μm. Abbreviations: CV, coef- ficient of variation in %; Max, maximum; Min, minimum; N, number of specimens measured; SD, standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF17666CFFF8FFB1FF5D85F7C0A0FF2C" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" tableUuid="DF17666CFFF8FFB1FF5D85F7C0A0FF2C">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Oral apparatus typical of the genus, about 1/5–1/6 of the body length, located in the anterior 1/3 of the cell. Three vestibular kineties, 3 peniculus, each consisting of 4–5 rows of kinetosomes. Paroral membrane is in a single row and surrounds the right side of the buccal cavity (
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFF1FFB8FEF1841CC497FE5D" box="[315,432,368,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1604,1629]" captionTargetBox="[201,1342,395,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[191,1350,395,1550]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–c, g) and after silver staining (d–f). Ventral-lateral view (a–c). Infraciliatures of the ventral (d), dorsal (e) and buccal (f) areas. Part of a pellicle, to show extrusomes (g). Abbreviations: AL: argentophilic line; C: Cilia; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PK: postoral kineties (arrowheads in f); PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; Cyp: cytopyge; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Arrowheads mark postoral kineties. Scale bar = 70 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228072/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">Figs. 5d, f</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFF1FFB8FE76841CC4D1FE5A" box="[444,502,369,396]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1575,1600]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,437,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[195,1391,437,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–d) and after silver staining (e–i). Ventral views (e). Silver nitrate staining (f). Silver carbonate staining. Dorsal view (g). Silver nitrate staining of the somatic ciliature and oral ciliature (h). View of an argyrome part (i). Abbreviations: CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; FA: filamentous algae; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Scale bar = 60 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228074/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">6e, h</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF17666CFFF1FFB8FF5D834AC6DAF917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228074/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" startId="8.[151,250,1575,1600]" targetBox="[195,1391,437,1563]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BD736E4FFF1FFB8FF5D834AC6DAF917" blockId="8.[151,1437,1575,1729]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FF5D834AC434F996" bold="true" box="[151,275,1575,1600]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF1FFB8FED38344C4FFF996" authority="angusta" authorityName="angusta Foissner, Berger &amp; Agatha" authorityYear="2002" box="[281,472,1577,1600]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="subSpecies" species="angusta" subSpecies="angusta">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FED38344C4FFF996" box="[281,472,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">F. angusta angusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from live material 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FD51834AC7F4F996" bold="true" box="[667,723,1575,1600]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">(a–d)</emphasis>
and after silver staining 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FC04834AC6DAF996" bold="true" box="[974,1021,1575,1600]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">(e–i)</emphasis>
. Ventral views 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FB50834AC191F996" bold="true" box="[1178,1206,1575,1600]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">(e)</emphasis>
. Silver nitrate staining 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FF5D832AC597F9B6" bold="true" box="[151,176,1607,1632]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">(f)</emphasis>
. Silver carbonate staining. Dorsal view 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FD86832AC74EF9B6" bold="true" box="[588,617,1607,1632]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">(g)</emphasis>
. Silver nitrate staining of the somatic ciliature and oral ciliature 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FACA832AC038F9B6" bold="true" box="[1280,1311,1607,1632]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">(h)</emphasis>
. View of an argyrome part 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FEE1830AC464F956" bold="true" box="[299,323,1639,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">(i)</emphasis>
. Abbreviations: CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; FA: filamentous algae; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Scale bar = 60 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD736E4FFF1FFB8FF5D8265C78EF8F4" blockId="8.[151,681,1798,1827]" box="[151,681,1798,1827]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF1FFB8FF5D8265C78EF8F4" authority="Yildiz &amp; Senler, 2013" authorityName="Yildiz &amp; Senler" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,681,1798,1827]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="anatolica">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FF5D8265C4ADF8F5" bold="true" box="[151,394,1800,1827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">Frontonia anatolica</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FE58826AC78EF8F4" bold="true" box="[402,681,1798,1827]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">Yıldız &amp; Şenler, 2013</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736E4FFF1FFB8FF5D8222C0BBF82C" blockId="8.[151,1436,1871,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF1FFB8FF5D8222C74AF8BC" bold="true" box="[151,621,1871,1898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="556">Description of the Turkish population:</emphasis>
Body size 100–135 × 
<quantity id="4C909B01FFF1FFB8FCB28222C6D7F8BC" box="[888,1008,1871,1898]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="60.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="50.0">50–70 µm</quantity>
, usually about 120 × 
<quantity id="4C909B01FFF1FFB8FB24823DC01DF8BC" box="[1262,1338,1872,1898]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 µm</quantity>
in vivo, ratio of length to width about 1:2, elliptical outline when viewed from the ventral or dorsal side, dorso-ventrally compressed about 2:1 (
<tableCitation id="C6EA035FFFF1FFB8FE5282F5C4CAF864" box="[408,493,1944,1970]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,154,178]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric characterizations of Frontonia leucas (Line 1 = Pop1; Line 2 = Pop2), F. acuminata (Line 3), F. angusta (Line 4), and F. anatolica (Line 5 = Pop1; Line 6 = Pop2). All measurements are in μm. Abbreviations: CV, coef- ficient of variation in %; Max, maximum; Min, minimum; N, number of specimens measured; SD, standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF17666CFFF8FFB1FF5D85F7C0A0FF2C" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" tableUuid="DF17666CFFF8FFB1FF5D85F7C0A0FF2C">Table 1</tableCitation>
; Figs. 7a–e, 8a–e). Single macronucleus is usually oval, rarely globular, or elliptical, about 30 × 
<quantity id="4C909B01FFF1FFB8FED182D1C441F800" box="[283,358,1980,2006]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 µm</quantity>
in size. Micronucleus is ellipsoidal to globular, located in an indentation of the macronucleus, about 6 × 
<quantity id="4C909B01FFF1FFB8FEC282B2C465F82C" box="[264,322,2015,2042]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 µm</quantity>
in size (
<tableCitation id="C6EA035FFFF1FFB8FE55828DC4D2F82C" box="[415,501,2016,2042]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,154,178]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric characterizations of Frontonia leucas (Line 1 = Pop1; Line 2 = Pop2), F. acuminata (Line 3), F. angusta (Line 4), and F. anatolica (Line 5 = Pop1; Line 6 = Pop2). All measurements are in μm. Abbreviations: CV, coef- ficient of variation in %; Max, maximum; Min, minimum; N, number of specimens measured; SD, standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF17666CFFF8FFB1FF5D85F7C0A0FF2C" pageId="8" pageNumber="556" tableUuid="DF17666CFFF8FFB1FF5D85F7C0A0FF2C">Table 1</tableCitation>
; Figs. 7a; 8a, b, d, g, h). Two contractile vacuoles, each with long collecting canals,
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF17666CFFF3FFBAFF5D83F0C4BAF880" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228076/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="558" startId="10.[151,250,1693,1718]" targetBox="[151,1435,170,1682]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BD736E4FFF3FFBAFF5D83F0C4BAF880" blockId="10.[151,1437,1693,1878]" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF3FFBAFF5D83F0C432F960" bold="true" box="[151,277,1693,1718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF3FFBAFED483F2C4BEF960" authorityName="Yildiz &amp; Senler" authorityYear="2013" box="[286,409,1694,1718]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="558" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="anatolica">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF3FFBAFED483F2C4BEF960" box="[286,409,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">F. anatolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from live material 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF3FFBAFDAC83F0C7BEF960" bold="true" box="[614,665,1693,1718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">(a–f)</emphasis>
and after silver staining 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF3FFBAFC5583F0C6F0F960" bold="true" box="[927,983,1693,1718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">(g–k)</emphasis>
. Ventral views of typical individuals 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF3FFBAFAAA83F0C0B1F960" bold="true" box="[1376,1430,1693,1718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">(a–e)</emphasis>
. Cytoplasm with diatom and ingested algae 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF3FFBAFD8183D0C759F900" bold="true" box="[587,638,1725,1750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">(c–e)</emphasis>
. Part of a pellicle, to show extrusomes 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF3FFBAFBC183D0C103F900" bold="true" box="[1035,1060,1725,1750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">(f)</emphasis>
. Ventral, lateral, and dorsal views 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF3FFBAFA4B83D0C5E5F920" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">(g, h, i)</emphasis>
of the somatic ciliature and oral ciliature views 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF3FFBAFD6783B0C7E0F920" bold="true" box="[685,711,1757,1782]" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">(j)</emphasis>
. View of an argyrome part 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF3FFBAFC1483B0C6D9F920" bold="true" box="[990,1022,1757,1782]" pageId="10" pageNumber="558">(k)</emphasis>
. Abbreviations: CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; FV: food vacuole; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Scale bar = 40 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF17666CFFF2FFBBFF5D8206C7EDF832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228078/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="559" startId="11.[151,250,1899,1924]" targetBox="[167,1421,170,1884]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BD736E4FFF2FFBBFF5D8206C7EDF832" blockId="11.[151,1436,1899,2020]" pageId="11" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF2FFBBFF5D8206C433F852" bold="true" box="[151,276,1899,1924]" pageId="11" pageNumber="559">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
BI and ML analyses based on SSU rDNA gene sequences. The sequences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF2FFBBFBF28200C1B9F852" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1838" box="[1080,1182,1901,1924]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="559" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF2FFBBFBF28200C1B9F852" box="[1080,1182,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="559">Frontonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations in study are indicated in bold. Numbers at the nodes indicate the BI posterior probability and the ML bootstrap values (BI/ML). Nodes that were fully supported (100% ML, 1.00 BI) are represented by solid circles. A dash indicates a value less than 0.50 (BI) or 50% (ML). Bar, 8 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD736E4FFF5FFBCFF0D85F4C658FD51" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">
The topologies of the ML and BI trees were similar; therefore, the topology of the ML tree was shown with support values from both algorithms on the branches (
<figureCitation id="13532A61FFF5FFBCFD0085D0C629FF01" box="[714,782,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[167,1421,170,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1421,170,1888]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. BI and ML analyses based on SSU rDNA gene sequences. The sequences of Frontonia populations in study are indicated in bold. Numbers at the nodes indicate the BI posterior probability and the ML bootstrap values (BI/ML). Nodes that were fully supported (100% ML, 1.00 BI) are represented by solid circles. A dash indicates a value less than 0.50 (BI) or 50% (ML). Bar, 8 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3228078/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). Peniculia formed a fully supported clade in the class Oligohymenophorea (BI/ML, 1.00, 100%). Within the Peniculia clade, the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFBC6858CC19DFF2D" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1979" box="[1036,1210,225,251]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Lembadionidae" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peniculida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="family">Lembadionidae</taxonomicName>
(clade C) was basal to the other peniculines included in the analyses (BI/ML, 1.00, 100%) (clades A and B). Clades A and B included 4 families: 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFECB8444C4A2FE95" authorityName="Roque" authorityYear="1961" box="[257,389,297,323]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Stokesiidae" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peniculida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="family">Stokesiidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFE5B8444C704FE95" authorityName="A. Kahl" authorityYear="1926" box="[401,547,297,323]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="family">Frontoniidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFDE58444C792FE95" box="[559,693,297,323]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Maritujidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Peniculida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="family">Maritujidae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFD3B8444C6ABFE95" authorityName="F. Dujardin" authorityYear="1840" box="[753,908,297,323]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Parameciidae" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peniculida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="family">Parameciidae</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFC5D8447C12FFE95" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1838" box="[919,1032,298,323]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFC5D8447C12FFE95" box="[919,1032,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Frontonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species were located in both clades A and B. Clade A was formed by group A1 (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFD4F8420C664FEB1" authorityName="Wenrich" authorityYear="1929" baseAuthorityName="Wang" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[645,835,333,359]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Stokesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vernalis">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFD4F8420C664FEB1" box="[645,835,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Stokesia vernalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFC9B8423C16EFEB1" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1931" box="[849,1097,334,359]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Disematostoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFC9B8423C16EFEB1" box="[849,1097,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Disematostoma minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFB9C8423C023FEB1" authorityName="Lauterborn" authorityYear="1894" box="[1110,1284,334,359]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Disematostoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFB9C8423C023FEB1" box="[1110,1284,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Disematostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFAF38423C0BAFEB1" authorityName="Gajevskaia" authorityYear="1928" box="[1337,1437,334,359]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontonidae" genus="Marituja" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFAF38423C0BAFEB1" box="[1337,1437,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Marituja</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFF74841CC430FE5D" box="[190,279,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">caudate</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFEED841FC4ACFE5D" authorityName="Gajevskaia" authorityYear="1928" box="[295,395,370,395]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontonidae" genus="Marituja" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFEED841FC4ACFE5D" box="[295,395,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Marituja</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.) and group A2 (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFDB3841FC672FE5D" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1987" box="[633,853,369,395]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="terricola">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFDB3841FC672FE5D" box="[633,853,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Frontonia terricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFC5B841FC101FE5D" authorityName="Butschli" authorityYear="1889" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[913,1062,370,395]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFC5B841FC101FE5D" box="[913,1062,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. acuminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (BI/ML, 1.00, 100%). Clade B was separated into 2 subclades and consisted of 5 groups. The first subclade was formed by groups B1 and B2 and contained only 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFE8F84D7C491FE05" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1838" box="[325,438,442,467]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFE8F84D7C491FE05" box="[325,438,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Frontonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. The second subclade consisted of group B3 (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFBDF84D7C1BCFE05" authorityName="Yildiz &amp; Senler" authorityYear="2013" box="[1045,1179,441,467]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="anatolica">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFBDF84D7C1BCFE05" box="[1045,1179,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. anatolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFB6384D7C037FE05" authorityName="Long, Song, AL-Rasheid, Wang, Yi, Al-Quraishy, Lin &amp; AL-Farraj" authorityYear="2008" box="[1193,1296,441,467]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="didieri">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFB6384D7C037FE05" box="[1193,1296,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. didieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFAD484D7C0B2FE05" box="[1310,1429,441,467]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ocularis">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFAD484D7C0B2FE05" box="[1310,1429,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. ocularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFF5D84B3C42FFE21" box="[151,264,477,503]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFF5D84B3C42FFE21" box="[151,264,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFEDC84B3C45AFE21" box="[278,381,477,503]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="pusilla">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFEDC84B3C45AFE21" box="[278,381,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. pusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), group B4 (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFDC784B0C7D4FE21" box="[525,755,477,503]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Apofrontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="dohrni">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFDC784B0C7D4FE21" box="[525,755,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Apofrontonia dohrni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and group B5 (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFC7884B3C166FE21" box="[946,1089,478,503]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Parameciidae" genus="Paramecium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peniculida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFC7884B3C166FE21" box="[946,1089,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Paramecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.). In the phylogenetic tree, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFF5D876FC40DFDCD" authorityName="Butschli" authorityYear="1889" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[151,298,514,539]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFF5D876FC40DFDCD" box="[151,298,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. acuminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFEA9876FC4C5FDCD" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1987" box="[355,482,513,539]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="terricola">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFEA9876FC4C5FDCD" box="[355,482,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. terricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were included in group A2, and were more closely related the members of the genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFF088748C438FDE9" box="[194,287,549,575]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Stokesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFF088748C438FDE9" box="[194,287,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Stokesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFEE4874BC4FBFDE9" authorityName="Lauterborn" authorityYear="1894" box="[302,476,550,575]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Disematostoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFEE4874BC4FBFDE9" box="[302,476,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Disematostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFDD7874BC7A6FDE9" authorityName="Gajevskaia" authorityYear="1928" box="[541,641,550,575]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontonidae" genus="Marituja" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFDD7874BC7A6FDE9" box="[541,641,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Marituja</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than the other 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFCE7874BC6B9FDE9" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1838" box="[813,926,550,575]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFCE7874BC6B9FDE9" box="[813,926,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Frontonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Similarly, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFBB6874BC024FDE9" authorityName="Yildiz &amp; Senler" authorityYear="2013" box="[1148,1283,549,575]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="anatolica">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFBB6874BC024FDE9" box="[1148,1283,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. anatolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber id="943BAB07FFF5FFBCFAD88749C0BFFDE9" box="[1298,1432,548,575]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MG456578" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">MG456578</accessionNumber>
, 
<accessionNumber id="943BAB07FFF5FFBCFF5D8725C43BFDB5" box="[151,284,584,611]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MG456581" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">MG456581</accessionNumber>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFEFB8727C4BEFDB5" authorityName="Long, Song, AL-Rasheid, Wang, Yi, Al-Quraishy, Lin &amp; AL-Farraj" authorityYear="2008" box="[305,409,585,611]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="didieri">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFEFB8727C4BEFDB5" box="[305,409,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. didieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFE628727C706FDB5" box="[424,545,585,611]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ocularis">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFE628727C706FDB5" box="[424,545,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. ocularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFDFB8727C783FDB5" box="[561,676,585,611]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFDFB8727C783FDB5" box="[561,676,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFD2E8727C66AFDB5" box="[740,845,585,611]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="pusilla">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFD2E8727C66AFDB5" box="[740,845,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">F. pusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were more closely related the species of the genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFF5D8700C40CFD51" authorityName="Foissner &amp; Song" authorityYear="2002" box="[151,299,621,647]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Apofrontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFF5D8700C40CFD51" box="[151,299,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Apofrontonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFEA88703C4D6FD51" box="[354,497,622,647]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Parameciidae" genus="Paramecium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peniculida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFEA88703C4D6FD51" box="[354,497,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Paramecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than the other 
<taxonomicName id="4C684D67FFF5FFBCFD538703C62DFD51" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1838" box="[665,778,622,647]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="560" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAF6FFF5FFBCFD538703C62DFD51" box="[665,778,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="560">Frontonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
members.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>