227 lines
29 KiB
XML
227 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="304F2B6FF560DE4F40D62C4E7D9EC890" ID-CLB-Dataset="5071" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3857.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b8178736-7493-4f74-bc85-0188fc50473d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930056" ID-ZooBank="76021E0C-7542-455B-82F4-C670A3DC8806" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623441838049" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Mooi, Rich, Kroh, Andreas & Srivastava, Dinesh K." docDate="2014" docId="0398C0247217D509FF686A0047CFFD4F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03857p526.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3857 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Leniechinus Kier 1968" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="524" masterDocId="FFA1B85C7201D51EFFFF6C3A425CFFA0" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic re-evaluation of fossil and extant micro-echinoids with revision of Tridium, Cyamidia, and Lenicyamidia (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)" masterLastPageNumber="526" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="523" updateTime="1699012996579" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="D91825029D6117D48A52C87664BDE5DC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5267A482D4AA2CE2E34E38B8674C1E86">
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<mods:title id="53A363854EC74049C1A60F066F4D6D99">Phylogenetic re-evaluation of fossil and extant micro-echinoids with revision of Tridium, Cyamidia, and Lenicyamidia (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="C2A32EEA10E420B360BAAE62FF3771D8" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="34C480FED7EF37BAAA7445FB77934260">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C95038E9D40F3BD940A60F377EEE83BF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="AEBACE30723F94759F322A8B76AFA6F8">Mooi, Rich</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F16B184B38E25CBCD86471423555FA6A">Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118, USA. E-mail: rmooi @ calacademy. org</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="8233009CBD6CFA837028749C13C680D1" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="EFAF1DFF48609EC86CB1AB317BEF758F">Kroh, Andreas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8EC9BDD7FA148E3D15AC2D0101B0F976">Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria. E-mail: andreas. kroh @ nhm-wien. ac. at</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="64CCD468C082F74C48E0F67753596A5F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="908036A6C4FA2F77E2CC0C1E96237DBF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="EAA1FD20F5F8A103A2CAD9BA76A66903">Srivastava, Dinesh K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="368503D3B1CF13D1E2C372B38951D742">Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India. E-mail: deardrdk @ gmail. com Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A1BA28D913BC8B302FFD92A6D37E3C57">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DF70A7BC03ED76F32ADF1CBEE70E8EC4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="64C7C71F9EAD3FB781FCE44DD3048BB4">
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<mods:date id="4D06300F506E5D22232AE24D8DC56E1B">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1C960F2DA9C686268BFF70482634EE8E">2014-09-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="55F3B397D744966B35D01E26DC8944C4">3857</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="7C08DC468A736E46D8560C631F25E0AE" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="CBF994B42C4606E177C2CE5F6DD2954E">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="64F1E520BC66921B4160B7F34207CEDA">501</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="6E16C2262FF35D2B36BDDB5157A2B869">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="839AAE9CDF857E551A3719023538F0DA" type="CLB-Dataset">5071</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2F61715BF5CE55485C0DC3A78DD23C8F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3857.4.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0398C0247217D509FF686A0047CFFD4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5169791" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183925363" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5169791" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0398C0247217D509FF686A0047CFFD4F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398C0247217D509FF686A0047CFFD4F" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="524" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
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<subSubSection id="C32B22B97217D508FF686A0043A2F9F3" box="[151,510,1594,1619]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8E71327217D508FF686A0043A2F9F3" blockId="22.[151,510,1594,1619]" box="[151,510,1594,1619]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
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<heading id="D0C6C65E7217D508FF686A0043A2F9F3" bold="true" box="[151,510,1594,1619]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FF686A0043A2F9F3" bold="true" box="[151,510,1594,1619]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FF686A00437AF9F3" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,294,1594,1619]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FF686A00437AF9F3" bold="true" box="[151,294,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Leniechinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FE9E6A0043A2F9F3" bold="true" box="[353,510,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Lenicyamidia</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32B22B97217D509FF686AB947CFFD4F" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="524" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B8E71327217D508FF686AB94764F87E" blockId="22.[151,1437,1666,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
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In the genus-level analysis based on the
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37217D508FD916AB84134F93B" author="Kroh, A. & Smith, A. B." box="[622,872,1666,1691]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" pagination="147 - 212" refId="ref12598" refString="Kroh, A. & Smith, A. B. (2010) The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8, 147 - 212. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772011003603556" type="journal article" year="2010">Kroh & Smith (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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dataset, branching order within the fibulariids is poorly resolved. When
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FE5A6A9C4062F91F" authorityName="Brunnschweiler" authorityYear="1962" box="[421,574,1702,1727]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Lenicyamidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FE5A6A9C4062F91F" box="[421,574,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Lenicyamidia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was excluded,
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FD0C6A9C4126F91F" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[755,890,1702,1727]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FD0C6A9C4126F91F" box="[755,890,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Leniechinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was recovered as a sister group to
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FAE86A9C47DFF91F" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[1303,1411,1702,1727]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FAE86A9C47DFF91F" box="[1303,1411,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fibularia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FF686AF042ACF943" authorityName="Tandon & Srivastava" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,240,1738,1763]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Tridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FF686AF042ACF943" box="[151,240,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Tridium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in an unresolved trichotomy with
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FD856AF040BBF943" authorityName="Lambert & Thiery" authorityYear="1914" box="[634,743,1738,1763]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Cyamidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FD856AF040BBF943" box="[634,743,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Cyamidia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130A6DB77217D508FD086AF04160F943" box="[759,828,1738,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[351,1244,667,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-271@3.[340,1248,662,1866]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships among clypeasteroid genera and relevant outgroups showing positions of Tridium (=Fibularia), Cyamidia, Lenicyamidia, and Leniechinus when these taxa are added to and coded for the matrix of Kroh & Smith (2010). Strict consensus tree of two MPTs. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values above 50%, those below indicate Bremer indices above 1 (all other nodes collapse one step away from the shortest tree)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930062/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). However, in the species-level analysis,
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FAEB6AF047C7F943" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[1300,1435,1738,1763]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FAEB6AF047C7F943" box="[1300,1435,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Leniechinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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falls to the base of the fibulariid clade, below the nodes joining
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FC4F6AD4460FF8A7" authorityName="van Phelsum" authorityYear="1774" box="[944,1107,1774,1799]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinocyamidae" genus="Echinocyamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FC4F6AD4460FF8A7" box="[944,1107,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Echinocyamus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FB686AD5475DF8A6" box="[1175,1281,1775,1798]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinocyamidae" genus="Mortonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FB686AD5475DF8A6" box="[1175,1281,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Mortonia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to the more crownward fibulariids (
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<figureCitation id="130A6DB77217D508FE626B2843BDF88B" box="[413,481,1810,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[471,1141,1130,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-303@9.[465,1146,1124,1784]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic relationships among fibulariid species and relevant laganiforms showing positions of Tridium (= Fibularia), Cyamidia, Lenicyamidia, and Leniechinus. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values above 50%, those below indicate Bremer indices above 1 (all other nodes collapse one step away from the shortest tree)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930066/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). The reason for this discrepancy is based on the observation that more features could be scored for the extant taxon
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FDFE6B0C40F8F8EF" authorityName="van Phelsum" authorityYear="1774" box="[513,676,1846,1871]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinocyamidae" genus="Echinocyamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FDFE6B0C40F8F8EF" box="[513,676,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Echinocyamus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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than for the incompletely known fossil taxon
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FB386B0C4712F8EF" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[1223,1358,1846,1871]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FB386B0C4712F8EF" box="[1223,1358,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Leniechinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the genus-level analysis. Moreover, in the species-level analysis several features that turn out to be relatively plesiomorphic within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FE3D6B444015F837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1855" box="[450,585,1918,1943]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Fibulariidae</taxonomicName>
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overall push
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FD116B444129F837" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[750,885,1918,1943]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FD116B444129F837" box="[750,885,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Leniechinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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more basally. For example, the relatively high number of pore pairs in the petaloids, along with the width of the interporiferous zones, tend to exclude
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FF686BFC4342F87F" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,286,1990,2015]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FF686BFC4342F87F" box="[151,286,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Leniechinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the more crownward fibulariids, making it plesiomorphically more similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17217D508FB386BFD476DF87E" box="[1223,1329,1991,2014]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinocyamidae" genus="Mortonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207217D508FB386BFD476DF87E" box="[1223,1329,1991,2014]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Mortonia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8E71327216D509FF386CAD407CFDC0" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37216D509FF386CAD4317FF10" author="Kier, P. M." box="[199,331,151,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref12492" refString="Kier, P. M. (1968) Echinoids from the Middle Eocene Lake City Formation of Georgia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 153, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1968">Kier (1968)</bibRefCitation>
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stated that
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FE306CAD400AFF10" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[463,598,151,176]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FE306CAD400AFF10" box="[463,598,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Leniechinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was likely more closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FC196CA24671FF0F" authorityName="Desor" authorityYear="1847" box="[998,1069,152,175]" class="Echinoidea" family="Scutellinidae" genus="Lenita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FC196CA24671FF0F" box="[998,1069,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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than to other fibulariids such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FF686C864373FF75" authorityName="Brunnschweiler" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,303,188,213]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Lenicyamidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FF686C864373FF75" box="[151,303,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenicyamidia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
|
, based at least in part on the presence of internal buttresses (which are lacking in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FB0C6C8647D7FF75" authorityName="Brunnschweiler" authorityYear="1962" box="[1267,1419,188,213]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Lenicyamidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FB0C6C8647D7FF75" box="[1267,1419,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenicyamidia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Internal buttresses can be greatly reduced in paedomorphic scutellines so that they resemble those of fibulariids.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37216D509FF686D3E4373FEBD" author="Mooi, R." box="[151,303,260,285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" pagination="25 - 48" refId="ref13064" refString="Mooi, R. (1990) Paedomorphosis, Aristotle's lantern, and the origin of the sand dollars (Echinodermata: Clypeasteroida). Paleobiology, 16, 25 - 48." type="journal article" year="1990">Mooi (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
excluded
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FE496D3F43A2FEBC" authorityName="Desor" authorityYear="1847" box="[438,510,261,284]" class="Echinoidea" family="Scutellinidae" genus="Lenita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FE496D3F43A2FEBC" box="[438,510,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenita</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from his concept of the laganines. Nearly all the characters he listed as synapomorphies for the scutellines cannot be determined in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FCC76D1241DCFE9F" authorityName="Desor" authorityYear="1847" box="[824,896,296,319]" class="Echinoidea" family="Scutellinidae" genus="Lenita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FCC76D1241DCFE9F" box="[824,896,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenita</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Nevertheless,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FBD36D12462FFE9F" authorityName="Desor" authorityYear="1847" box="[1068,1139,296,319]" class="Echinoidea" family="Scutellinidae" genus="Lenita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FBD36D12462FFE9F" box="[1068,1139,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenita</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is neither a laganine nor a clypeasterine, as it clearly lacks laganiform synapomorphies. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FC236D77467FFEC4" authorityName="Desor" authorityYear="1847" box="[988,1059,333,356]" class="Echinoidea" family="Scutellinidae" genus="Lenita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FC236D77467FFEC4" box="[988,1059,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenita</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the interambulacral columns plesiomorphically remain paired all the way to the apical system, the hydropores are numerous and scattered across the madreporite (seen in laganiforms only in taxa such as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FCE46DAE41D4FE0D" box="[795,904,404,429]" class="Echinoidea" family="Laganidae" genus="Peronella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FCE46DAE41D4FE0D" box="[795,904,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Peronella</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), and the periproct is strongly aboral, separated from the peristome by at least three pairs of post-basicoronal plates.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FC3E6D824655FE6F" authorityName="Desor" authorityYear="1847" box="[961,1033,440,463]" class="Echinoidea" family="Scutellinidae" genus="Lenita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FC3E6D824655FE6F" box="[961,1033,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenita</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
also expresses key features in the symmetry of the oral surface plating that are also very unlike those of laganiforms. In contrast, the present analysis firmly places
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FEC86DC543E2FDB8" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[311,446,511,536]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FEC86DC543E2FDB8" box="[311,446,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Leniechinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
among the laganiforms. For these reasons,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FC426DC54618FDB8" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[957,1092,511,536]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FC426DC54618FDB8" box="[957,1092,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Leniechinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
cannot be considered closely related to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FEEF6E1F430BFD9C" authorityName="Desor" authorityYear="1847" box="[272,343,549,572]" class="Echinoidea" family="Scutellinidae" genus="Lenita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FEEF6E1F430BFD9C" box="[272,343,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenita</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Similarities in oral tuberculation between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FCA96E1F41C2FD9C" authorityName="Desor" authorityYear="1847" box="[854,926,549,572]" class="Echinoidea" family="Scutellinidae" genus="Lenita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FCA96E1F41C2FD9C" box="[854,926,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenita</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FC226E1E4638FD9D" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[989,1124,548,573]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FC226E1E4638FD9D" box="[989,1124,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Leniechinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(the supposed locomotory tubercles) appear to be convergent.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8E71327216D509FF386E5647CFFD4F" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FF386E5643E0FD24" authorityName="Brunnschweiler" authorityYear="1962" box="[199,444,620,645]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Lenicyamidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="compta">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FF386E5643E0FD24" box="[199,444,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Lenicyamidia compta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, on the other hand, does have affinities with fibulariids. It possesses key features that place it crownward in the fibulariid clade, even above the nodes that join
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FBAD6EB54685FD08" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[1106,1241,655,680]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FBAD6EB54685FD08" box="[1106,1241,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Leniechinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FB0E6EAA4707FD07" box="[1265,1371,656,679]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinocyamidae" genus="Mortonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FB0E6EAA4707FD07" box="[1265,1371,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Mortonia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FF686E8E4366FD6D" authorityName="van Phelsum" authorityYear="1774" box="[151,314,692,717]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinocyamidae" genus="Echinocyamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FF686E8E4366FD6D" box="[151,314,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Echinocyamus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
to the family (
|
|
<figureCitation id="130A6DB77216D509FE1C6E8E4074FD6D" box="[483,552,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[471,1141,1130,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-303@9.[465,1146,1124,1784]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic relationships among fibulariid species and relevant laganiforms showing positions of Tridium (= Fibularia), Cyamidia, Lenicyamidia, and Leniechinus. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values above 50%, those below indicate Bremer indices above 1 (all other nodes collapse one step away from the shortest tree)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930066/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
|
). It has reduced petaloids, narrow interporiferous zones, and completely lacks internal buttresses. Among all the fibulariids, the elongate periproct and test plate pattern places it with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17216D509FAE06EED47D0FD50" authorityName="Lambert & Thiery" authorityYear="1914" box="[1311,1420,727,752]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Cyamidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B945AD207216D509FAE06EED47D0FD50" box="[1311,1420,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Cyamidia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |