235 lines
28 KiB
XML
235 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="32FE5E4FDC2EF84BE67851BD69108B1F" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F50713993DFF87064AF6A5FE7DF485" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ovis karelini Severtzov 1873" docType="treatment" docVersion="18" lastPageNumber="690" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="689" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DD79E668C3A8622DEE492C009275A9E5">
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<mods:title id="690ACF58A22842E3F1DF2148F317453B">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="32F2E78576673099B72BE0D8E33F620B">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="197C528F09C81B3155A3C0B7C66B361C">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="AAE4C4E124034012D2876084A084EADF">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="5CB927E6D598BFA09399B49703D15798" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="6F3E996773EC65DFF7F40B2B4B054372">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="FB5D17709998BE0C880B7A732D58FB1C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="DBE0946022C0326FD811A64A5B8CE596">
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<mods:title id="119EECFEF8F513E35C69AE073E7C124E">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="BFFD781DD07116BC6138302A0F2ABD04" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F50713993DFF87064AF6A5FE7DF485" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773071" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659261" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773071" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F50713993DFF87064AF6A5FE7DF485" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F50713993DFF87064AF6A5FE7DF485" lastPageId="119" lastPageNumber="690" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86064AF6A5FA46F6D4" box="[1372,1451,2343,2389]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86064AF6A5FA46F6D4" blockId="118.[1367,2300,2343,2430]" box="[1372,1451,2343,2389]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993DFF86064AF6A5FA46F6D4" box="[1372,1451,2343,2389]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA80993DFF86064AF6A5FA46F6D4" box="[1372,1451,2343,2389]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="118.[97,127,3389,3410]" captionTargetBox="[13,2761,12,3632]" captionTargetPageId="117" captionText="On following pages: 199. Kazakhstan Argali (Ovis collium); 200. Marco Polo Argali (Ovis poli); 201. Tibetan Argali (Ovis hodgsoni); 202. Altai Argali (Ovis ammon); 203. Gobi Argali (Ovis darwini); 204. Shansi Argali (Ovis jubata); 205. Snow Sheep (Owvis nivicola); 206. Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis); 207. Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512959/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">198.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF8606ADF6A5F8EAF6D4" box="[1467,1799,2343,2389]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF8606ADF6A5F8EAF6D4" blockId="118.[1367,2300,2343,2430]" box="[1467,1799,2343,2389]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993DFF8606ADF6A5F8EAF6D4" box="[1467,1799,2343,2389]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993DFF8606ADF6A5F8EAF6D4" box="[1467,1799,2343,2389]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Tianshan Argali</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86045AF6A5F7C1F6D4" box="[1868,2092,2343,2389]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86045AF6A5F7C1F6D4" blockId="118.[1367,2300,2343,2430]" box="[1868,2092,2343,2389]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993DFF86045AF6A5F7C1F6D4" box="[1868,2092,2343,2389]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF86045AF6A5F7C1F6D4" authority="Severtzov, 1873" authorityName="Severtzov" authorityYear="1873" box="[1868,2092,2343,2389]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karelini">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86045AF6A5F7C1F6D4" box="[1868,2092,2343,2389]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Ovis karelini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86064FF6E5F716F6FD" box="[1369,2299,2407,2428]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86064FF6E5F716F6FD" blockId="118.[1367,2300,2343,2430]" box="[1369,2299,2407,2428]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993DFF86064FF6E5F716F6FD" box="[1369,2299,2407,2428]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86064FF6E5FA4BF6FD" bold="true" box="[1369,1446,2407,2428]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993DFF8606B9F6E5F965F6FD" box="[1455,1672,2407,2428]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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Mouflon du Tien
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7993DFF86054FF6E5F965F6FD" box="[1625,1672,2407,2428]" country="Myanmar" name="Shan" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Shan</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86058BF6E5F914F6FD" bold="true" box="[1693,1785,2407,2428]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993DFF860417F6E5F822F6FD" box="[1793,1999,2407,2428]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Tienschan-Wildschaf</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF8604F5F6E5F7D3F6FD" bold="true" box="[2019,2110,2407,2428]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993DFF860B50F6E5F716F6FD" box="[2118,2299,2407,2428]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Argali de Tianshan</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF8604A8F62FF5EBF64B" box="[1982,2566,2477,2506]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF8604A8F62FF5EBF64B" blockId="118.[1981,2568,2477,2899]" box="[1982,2566,2477,2506]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF8604A8F62FF7B4F64B" bold="true" box="[1982,2137,2477,2506]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860B78F62FF5ECF64B" authority="Severtzov, 1873" box="[2158,2561,2477,2506]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karelini">Ouis karelini Severtzov, 1873</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF8604ABF658F683F596" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF8604ABF658F683F596" blockId="118.[1981,2568,2477,2899]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC58993DFF8604ABF658F683F596" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198424" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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Alatau of Semirechye, between Ili River and Issyk-Kul Lake,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993DFF860BC2F674F687F596" box="[2260,2410,2550,2583]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF8604A8F59DF6E5F4AD" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF8604A8F59DF6E5F4AD" blockId="118.[1981,2568,2477,2899]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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The Tianshan Argali is usually classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860BCFF5C5F688F5E9" box="[2265,2405,2631,2664]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
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. It is most closely related and most similar anatomically to Marco Polo Argali (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860A2AF517F64FF537" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1841" box="[2364,2466,2709,2742]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polii">O. polii</taxonomicName>
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). Some specimens of Tianshan Argali are difficult to anatomically differentiate from Marco Polo Argali. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF8604A8F4B0F611F399" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D993DFF8604A8F4B0F611F399" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512751" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512751/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" targetBox="[1365,1958,2480,2896]" targetPageId="118">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF8604A8F4B0F611F399" blockId="118.[1981,2568,2477,2899]" lastBlockId="118.[1362,2568,2914,3292]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF8604A8F4B0F780F4D2" bold="true" box="[1982,2157,2866,2899]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Distribution.</emphasis>
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NE
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993DFF860BCCF4B0F69BF4D2" box="[2266,2422,2866,2899]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993DFF860AC4F4B0FA50F4FA" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
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, SE
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993DFF8606EBF4E0F970F4FA" box="[1533,1693,2914,2939]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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, and NW
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993DFF86043BF4E0F86EF4FA" box="[1837,1923,2914,2939]" name="China" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">China</collectingCountry>
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. Occurs in the W of Tianshan Mt System (except W Karatau), just E of the cities ofJambul and Shimkent in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993DFF860BE7F403F663F423" box="[2289,2446,2945,2978]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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and the city of Tashkent in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993DFF860549F42AF911F448" box="[1631,1788,2984,3017]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
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, and extends E through Tianshan Mts (excluding inner Tianshan) surrounding Issyk-Kul Lake and Jungarian Alatau, and in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993DFF860A04F44DF68BF471" box="[2322,2406,3023,3056]" name="China" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">China</collectingCountry>
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at the edge of the distribution of the Gobi Argali (O. darwini) on the Chinese-Mongolian border.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF87064EF3A0FD59FD9A" lastPageId="119" lastPageNumber="690" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF87064EF3A0FD59FD9A" blockId="118.[1362,2568,2914,3292]" lastBlockId="119.[206,1413,278,2826]" lastPageId="119" lastPageNumber="690" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86064EF3A0F9A3F3BE" bold="true" box="[1368,1614,3106,3135]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 158-190 cm (males), tail mean
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993DFF860BAEF3A0F6EAF3BE" box="[2232,2311,3106,3135]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
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(males), shoulder height 103-112 cm (subadult males), ear 11-12 cm (males); weight 97-152 kg (males) and 47-66 kg (females). Horn length 114-165 cm (males) and 26-34 cm (females). Exceptionally long horns can have a double curl. Animals in central Tianshan and Jungarian Alatau are larger than those from semi-desert areas and western Tianshan. The muzzle and lowerlip are white; the top of the head,sides, and front of the face are dark gray. A prominent white ruff with hair longer than body hair surrounds the neck. The chest and brisket also are white. A distinct flank stripe separates the dark body hair from the paler belly hair of both males and females, but is more conspicuous in females. In general, body coloris similar in pelage coloration to the Marco Polo Argali, but darker, and the Marco Polo Argali lacks a dark flank stripe. Diploid chromosome numberis 56, as in all other argali.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF23E68D993DFF860377F2BFFB56F2FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512959" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512959" captionStart="47" captionText="196. Severtzov’s Argali (Ouis severtzout), 197. Karatau Argali (Ouvis nigrimontana), 198. Tianshan Argali (Ouvus karelini), 199. Kazakhstan Argali (Ouvis collium), 200. Marco Polo Argali (Ovis polit), 201. Tibetan Argali (Owvis hodgsoni), 202. Altai Argali (Ovis ammon), 203. Gobi Argali (Ouvis darwin), 204. Shansi Argali (Owvis jubata), 205. Snow Sheep (Ouis nivicola), 206. Bighorn Sheep (Ouis canadensis), 207. Dall’s Sheep (Ouis dalli)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512959/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" startId="118.[97,127,3389,3410]" targetBox="[13,2761,12,3632]" targetPageId="117">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF860377F2BFFB56F2FB" blockId="118.[96,2558,3387,3452]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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On following pages: 199.
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993DFF86026BF2BFFE18F2D3" box="[381,501,3389,3410]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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Argali (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF86015DF2BFFD96F2D3" box="[587,635,3389,3410]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ovis</taxonomicName>
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collium); 200. Marco Polo Argali (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF8600FBF2BFFBBCF2D3" box="[1005,1105,3389,3410]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="734" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poli">Ovis poli</taxonomicName>
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); 201. Tibetan Argali (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860656F2BFFA9DF2D3" box="[1344,1392,3389,3410]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ovis</taxonomicName>
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hodgsoni); 202.
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7993DFF86053EF2BFF9BBF2D3" box="[1576,1622,3389,3410]" country="Russia" name="Altay" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Altai</collectingRegion>
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Argali (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF8605BAF2BFF8DAF2D3" box="[1708,1847,3389,3410]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">Ovis ammon</taxonomicName>
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); 203. Gobi Argali (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860B1CF2BFF7D7F2D3" box="[2058,2106,3389,3410]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ovis</taxonomicName>
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darwini); 204. Shansi Argali (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860A6CF2BFF61EF2D3" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1876" box="[2426,2547,3389,3410]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="757" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jubata">Ovis jubata</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 205. Snow Sheep (Owvis
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF86027AF2E7FE51F2FB" box="[364,444,3429,3450]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Ouis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nivicola">nivicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 206. Bighorn Sheep (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF8601AFF2E7FC87F2FB" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" box="[697,874,3429,3450]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="738" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">Ovis canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 207. Dall's Sheep (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860758F2E7FB93F2FB" box="[1102,1150,3429,3450]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ovis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860791F2E7FB5CF2FB" box="[1159,1201,3429,3450]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Ouis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dalli">dalli</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C6FDA3FC62FBC0" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C6FDA3FC62FBC0" blockId="119.[206,1413,278,2826]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C6FDA3FED2FDC3" bold="true" box="[208,319,545,578]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The Tianshan Argali occurs in diverse habitats, ranging from lowland semideserts in Kalkan Mountains to typical highland montane steppes, subalpine meadows, and other subalpine areas in western and central Tianshan. In Kalkan Mountains, females occur in more precipitous broken terrain in summer, and males occur on plateaus and rolling hills. Formerly, animals migrated seasonally from higher mountain habitats in summer to wintering sites in lowlands and foothills with lower snowfall accumulation, but because lowland areas have been deleteriously affected by livestock intrusions and human settlements, Tianshan Argali remain at higher elevations yearround. In Jungarian Alatau, about 30% of mortality was due to wild predators. Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) are the principal predators. In western Tianshan, argali remains occurred in 7-3% of wolf droppings; in the lower Kalkan Mountains, argali remains occurred in 35% of wolf droppings; in Jungarian Alatau in the 1960s, there were argali remains in 63% of wolf droppings. Snow Leopards (Panthera uncia) also prey on argali, especially if they are the most numerous ungulate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C6FBC9FE68FA87" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C6FBC9FE68FA87" blockId="119.[206,1413,278,2826]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C6FBC9FE3CFBE9" bold="true" box="[208,465,1099,1128]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Tianshan Argali are primarily grazers. In semi-desert Kalkan Mountains, stomach contents consisted of up to 90% grass (Festuca) in winter, 70% in summer, and 50% in autumn. The other 50% in summer consisted of Ephedra. In general, grasses and sedges dominate winter diets, but spring and summer diets have higher forb content.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C6FA8EFC32F9C1" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C6FA8EFC32F9C1" blockId="119.[206,1413,278,2826]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C6FA8EFEB8FAAC" bold="true" box="[208,341,1292,1325]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The gestation period is 155-165 days. Rut usually lasts one month, from mid-October to mid-November. Lambing occurs in late March and early April. Females usually give birth to one offspring, but up to 13% twin. Up to 34% of females did not conceive after a drought the previous summer. The ratio of lambs per female varies from 0-22 in the high-elevation Terskey Alatau to 0-75 in the semi-desert Kalkan Mountains. Lamb survival can be highly variable; in one instance, mortality during the first year oflife was 57%. During especially cold winters and drought, lamb mortality can exceed 90%. Males rarely live longer than ten years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703D8F9C4FD70F937" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703D8F9C4FD70F937" blockId="119.[206,1413,278,2826]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703D8F9C4FE55F9E6" bold="true" box="[206,440,1606,1639]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Activity patterns of the Tianshan Argali are similar to other argali. In Kalkan Mountains, where winter is characterized by fierce winds, the animals usually avoid feeding during high winds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C6F943FB02F7C1" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C6F943FB02F7C1" blockId="119.[206,1413,278,2826]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C6F943FC65F95F" bold="true" box="[208,904,1729,1758]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Seasonal migrations of up to
|
||
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|
||
were characteristic in the past, when Tianshan Argali crossed broad valleys,rivers, and even railway tracks. Usually these migrations were to avoid deep snow at higher elevations, but severe drought and extreme high temperatures could also initiate movements, as in the semi-desert Kalkan Mountains. Seasonal movements also may be caused by anthropogenic factors, such as the presence of livestock and related human disturbance. Herds of Tianshan Argali are usually small. In the Aksu-Djabagly Nature Reserve, the two largest herds consisted of 37 animals in spring and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF87076BF852FB52F870" box="[1149,1215,2000,2033]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3208" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="in" value="52.0">52 in</quantity>
|
||
summer. The annual average group size was 15-5 for female groups and 7-5 for males. Usual group size in Jungarian Alatau, Terskey Alatau, and Trans-Ili Alatau is 2-6 animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C6F7C4FCF7F599" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C6F7C4FCF7F599" blockId="119.[206,1413,278,2826]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C6F7C4FDDEF7E6" bold="true" box="[208,563,2118,2151]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF8700CCF7C4FB84F7E6" box="[986,1129,2118,2151]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF87002DF7EFFC27F70F" box="[827,970,2157,2190]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="757" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Populations of the Tianshan Argali have been declining and in many areas have been extirpated. However, there was an increase in numbers in the 1980s. Estimates of the status of populations vary. A conservative estimate is
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF87015DF766FD59F684" box="[587,692,2276,2309]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="in" value="2000.0">2000 in</quantity>
|
||
the former USSR and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF870711F766FB9DF684" box="[1031,1136,2276,2309]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="in" value="6000.0">6000 in</quantity>
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870768F766FB39F684" box="[1150,1236,2276,2309]" name="China" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There may have been as many as
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF870119F689FD9BF6AD" box="[527,630,2315,2348]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="in" value="6000.0">6000 in</quantity>
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870192F689FCCDF6AD" box="[644,800,2315,2348]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870078F689FBECF6AD" box="[878,1025,2315,2348]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the early 1980s, and up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF8703E0F6B0FEB1F6D2" box="[246,348,2354,2387]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="in" value="8000.0">8000 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF87027FF6B0FE52F6D2" box="[361,447,2354,2387]" name="China" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. A captive breeding population should be established as a source of animals for reestablishing extirpated populations. There is a critical need to monitor populations and strictly enforce wildlife laws in protected areas. A major challenge is the large number of domestic livestock throughout their range, which has displaced argali populations; multispecies grazing programs should be established to coordinate grazing of wild and domestic populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C4F5A4FE7DF485" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C4F5A4FE7DF485" blockId="119.[206,1413,278,2826]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C4F5A4FE86F5BE" bold="true" box="[210,363,2598,2623]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Antipin (1947), Baskin & Danell (2003), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Fedosenko (2000), Fedosenko & Blank (2005), Fedosenko & Kapitonov (1983), Fedosenko & Sludskiy (1981), Fedosenko & Zhiriakov (1987), Geist (1991a), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Harris &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E7993CFF8700EBF5F7FBBFF50F" box="[1021,1106,2677,2702]" country="United Kingdom" name="Reading" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Reading</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2008), Heptner & Sludskiy (1972), Heptner et al. (1988), Kapitanova et al. (2004), Klich & Magomedov (2010), Kovshar & Yanushko (1965), Magomedov et al. (2003), Sapozhnikov (1976), Sokolov (1939), Valdez (1982), Wang Sung et al. (1997), Weinberg et al. (1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |