174 lines
17 KiB
XML
174 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="8C8A454F3C664564979C13406230EA70" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4098.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8770e7d9-65f4-4cee-a935-a5f365a95f32" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="258895" ID-ZooBank="00F1BDB5-AB25-47A0-B789-2E05D2E683DE" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460009663303" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Beaver, Roger A., Ghahari, Hassan & Sanguansub, Sunisa" docDate="2016" docId="6B5C9A7C475CFFDAC797E4C8FCF3FA4F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4098.3.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4098 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pityogenes chalcographus Linnaeus 1761" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="414" masterDocId="9765E2044751FFD7C700E71CFFD5FFD3" masterDocTitle="An annotated checklist of Platypodinae and Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Iran" masterLastPageNumber="441" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="414" updateTime="1698233404894" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="85AE909246E1CE566E73181024E0C639">
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<mods:title id="9A443EC8C4787E340737A56A8AA471DB">An annotated checklist of Platypodinae and Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Iran</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="7696025C56B5C48101F628EFFD032847" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0975AA82D03FEC70298780A19EABFA3D">Beaver, Roger A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="7FEDD1A92663E6C7502F352B5B31D6F1" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="CF13C8344883FF1478B617FF5E22D5A2">Ghahari, Hassan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9590499BE62514883EF8BDE401AF339B">Sanguansub, Sunisa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E5C23C085EEEA5A5E64F40085FB9C35B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D23C5090B97A04D4B99B5E5BFF0F95A6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5B25F4D1EA7CF367E4B6D4319A08598D">
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<mods:date id="52353CFE0488D5F2227E8750DF8AE3C3">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FD5DAE1630F8B40178C05D50905AE5B0">4098</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="959E8AC0352F5755CE69AD01BCACF4E9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4098.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6B5C9A7C475CFFDAC797E4C8FCF3FA4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5669442" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119381135" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5669442" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6B5C9A7C475CFFDAC797E4C8FCF3FA4F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B5C9A7C475CFFDAC797E4C8FCF3FA4F" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
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<subSubSection id="ABEF78E1475CFFDAC797E4C8FD46FC3E" box="[151,659,980,1005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E34A2B6A475CFFDAC797E4C8FD46FC3E" blockId="13.[151,659,980,1005]" box="[151,659,980,1005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
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<heading id="B8029C06475CFFDAC797E4C8FD46FC3E" bold="true" box="[151,659,980,1005]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475CFFDAC797E4C8FD46FC3E" ID-CoL="4JCKY" authority="Linnaeus, 1761" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1761" box="[151,659,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pityogenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcographus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC797E4C8FD46FC3E" bold="true" box="[151,659,980,1005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC797E4C8FE10FC3E" bold="true" box="[151,453,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Pityogenes chalcographus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1761)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ABEF78E1475CFFDAC797E300FBE9FB84" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="E34A2B6A475CFFDAC797E300FC81FBE7" blockId="13.[151,1436,1052,1437]" box="[151,852,1052,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC797E300FE5FFBE6" bold="true" box="[151,394,1052,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
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Distribution in
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475CFFDAC64EE300FE50FBE6" box="[334,389,1052,1077]" name="Iran" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Guilan, Mazandaran (
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475CFFDAC584E300FC9DFBE7" author="Omid" box="[644,840,1052,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Omid, R., Azizkhani, E., Yarmand, H., Neinavai, F. & Lindelow, A. (2011) Report of two bark beetles species of the family Scolytidae in imported wood from Russia. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research, 9, 80 - 81." type="journal article" year="2011">
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Omid
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC5CDE301FD2BFBE6" box="[717,766,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">et al</emphasis>
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. 2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E34A2B6A475CFFDAC7C7E323FBE9FB84" blockId="13.[151,1436,1052,1437]" box="[199,1084,1087,1112]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC7C7E323FE16FB8B" bold="true" box="[199,451,1087,1112]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">General distribution.</emphasis>
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Europe,
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475CFFDAC529E323FDAFFB8B" box="[553,634,1087,1112]" name="Turkey" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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, through
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475CFFDAC5E3E323FCFBFB8B" box="[739,814,1087,1112]" name="Russia" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Russia</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475CFFDAC451E323FC42FB8B" box="[849,919,1087,1112]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475CFFDAC4A2E35CFC3CFB84" box="[930,1001,1088,1111]" name="South Korea" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Korea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475CFFDAC4F5E35CFBEDFB84" box="[1013,1080,1088,1111]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Japan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ABEF78E1475CFFDAC7C7E378FCF3FA4F" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="E34A2B6A475CFFDAC7C7E378FCF3FA4F" blockId="13.[151,1436,1052,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC7C7E378FEF2FBAE" bold="true" box="[199,295,1124,1149]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Biology.</emphasis>
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It usually attacks species of
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475CFFDAC584E379FD11FBAF" box="[644,708,1125,1148]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC584E379FD11FBAF" box="[644,708,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Picea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, less often
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475CFFDAC451E379FC44FBAF" box="[849,913,1125,1148]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC451E379FC44FBAF" box="[849,913,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Pinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, occasionally
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475CFFDAC33CE378FBAEFBAE" box="[1084,1147,1124,1149]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC33CE378FBAEFBAE" box="[1084,1147,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Abies</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475CFFDAC3BAE379FAA9FBAE" box="[1210,1404,1124,1149]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Larix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC3BAE379FB22FBAF" box="[1210,1271,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Larix</emphasis>
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(Pinaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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. It attacks both species native to Europe, and species imported from North
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475CFFDAC4C8E39BFAF8FB73" authority="Bertheau et al. 2012" authorityName="Bertheau et al." authorityYear="2012" box="[968,1325,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475CFFDAC4C8E39BFBFCFB73" box="[968,1065,1159,1184]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">America</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475CFFDAC338E39BFAF0FB73" author="Bertheau" box="[1080,1317,1159,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Bertheau, C., Bankhead-Dronnet, S., Martin, C., Lieutier, F. & Roux-Morabito, G. (2012) Lack of genetic differentiation after host range extension argues for the generalist nature of Pityogenes chalcographus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Annals of Forest Science, 69, 313 - 323. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13595 - 011 - 0161 - 4" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Bertheau
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC3A7E395FB0CFB73" box="[1191,1241,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">et al</emphasis>
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. 2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. No hosts have been recorded in
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<collectingCountry id="9BE26BFA475CFFDAC698E3B1FE1CFB17" box="[408,457,1197,1220]" name="Iran" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Iran</collectingCountry>
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. The biology and ecology are described by
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475CFFDAC4B8E3B0FBA5FB16" author="Chararas" box="[952,1136,1196,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Chararas, C. (1962) Etude biologique des scolytides des coniferes. Encyclopedie Entomologique, Series A, 38. Lechevalier, Paris, 556 pp." type="book" year="1962">Chararas (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475CFFDAC37CE3B0FABEFB16" box="[1148,1387,1196,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Harding, S., Lapis, E. B. & Bejer, B. (1986) Observations on the activity and development of Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) in stands of Norway spruce in Denmark. Journal of Applied Entomology, 102, 237 - 244. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1986. tb 00917. x" type="journal article">
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Harding
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC3E0E3B1FAC7FB16" box="[1248,1298,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">et al</emphasis>
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. (1986)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475CFFDAC797E3D3FE5BFB3B" box="[151,398,1231,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Hedgren, P. O. (2003) Risk of attack by the bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) on living trees close to colonized felled spruce trees. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 18, 39 - 44. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02827581.2003.10383136" type="journal article">
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Hedgren
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC600E3CDFEE7FB3B" box="[256,306,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">et al</emphasis>
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. (2003)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and others. Primary attraction to the host tree has been shown (
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475CFFDAC36DE3CCFA94FB3B" author="Tunset" box="[1133,1345,1231,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Tunset, K., Nilssen, A. C. & Andersen, J. (1993) Primary attraction in host recognition of coniferous bark beetles and bark weevils (Col., Scolytidae and Curculionidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 115, 155 - 169. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1993. tb 00375. x" type="journal article" year="1993">
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Tunset
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC3C3E3CDFB20FB3B" box="[1219,1269,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">et al</emphasis>
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. 1993
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</bibRefCitation>
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), but as with
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475CFFDAC7D0E3E9FEB5FADE" box="[208,352,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pityogenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC7D0E3E9FEB5FADE" box="[208,352,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">P. bidentatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, there is a male-produced aggregation pheromone which attracts both sexes (
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475CFFDAC3C9E3E8FA45FADF" author="Byers" box="[1225,1424,1268,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Byers, J. A., Birgersson, G., Lofqvist, J. & Bergstrom, G. (1988) Synergistic pheromones and monoterpenes enable aggregation and host recognition by a bark beetle. Naturwissenschaften, 75, 153 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00405312" type="journal article" year="1988">
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Byers
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC213E3E9FA90FADE" box="[1299,1349,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">et al</emphasis>
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. 1988
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</bibRefCitation>
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). It normally attacks stressed or weakened trees, but can occasionally cause high tree mortality of young spruce trees (
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475CFFDAC79EE220FE53FA87" author="Hedgren" box="[158,390,1340,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Hedgren, P. O. (2003) Risk of attack by the bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) on living trees close to colonized felled spruce trees. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 18, 39 - 44. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02827581.2003.10383136" type="journal article" year="2003">
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Hedgren
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC608E221FEEFFA86" box="[264,314,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">et al</emphasis>
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. 2003
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The tree-killing ability of the species when attacking alone is low (
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475CFFDAC38CE220FAE6FA87" author="Hedgren" box="[1164,1331,1340,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Hedgren, P. O. (2004) The bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Scolytidae) in living trees: reproductive success, tree mortality and interaction with Ips typographus. Journal of Applied Entomology, 128, 161 - 166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0418.2003.00809. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Hedgren 2004</bibRefCitation>
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), but it is usually associated with
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<taxonomicName id="24F550E9475CFFDAC6A2E27DFD8DFAAB" box="[418,600,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typographus">
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<emphasis id="D181F778475CFFDAC6A2E27DFD8DFAAB" box="[418,600,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Ips typographus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(L.), a species which is associated with aggressive wood-living fungi, and is primarily responsible for tree mortality (
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<bibRefCitation id="8764569B475CFFDAC574E298FCCFFA4F" author="Hedgren" box="[628,794,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Hedgren, P. O. (2004) The bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Scolytidae) in living trees: reproductive success, tree mortality and interaction with Ips typographus. Journal of Applied Entomology, 128, 161 - 166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0418.2003.00809. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Hedgren 2004</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |