treatments-xml/data/52/08/4A/52084A62FF97FF9CFF23692C9FAEFA7C.xml
2024-06-21 12:36:31 +02:00

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<document id="00F982C1B3146C46077C8CA2ED4A249F" ID-CLB-Dataset="5865" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3776.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fffc3d5c-425a-47ab-9bb5-c4e1e130ce3c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5047863" ID-ZooBank="20BC10E3-3C51-4EBB-A5BD-5E214595D3A7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623116601643" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="MAŠÁN, PETER &amp; HALLIDAY, BRUCE" docDate="2014" docId="52084A62FF97FF9CFF23692C9FAEFA7C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03776p066.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3776 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3776.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Elaphrolaelaps Berlese 1910" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="AE31321AFFB2FFB9FFB46A229C14FF97" masterDocTitle="Review of the mite family Pachylaelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata)" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1699003767918" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="85B3961C65F4CF193BC5ECC8A3E83BFD">Review of the mite family Pachylaelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="52084A62FF97FF9CFF23692C9FAEFA7C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5056182" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183319527" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5056182" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:52084A62FF97FF9CFF23692C9FAEFA7C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/52084A62FF97FF9CFF23692C9FAEFA7C" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="92BBA8FFFF97FF9CFF23692C9E46FCBF" box="[151,594,782,808]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DA1EFB74FF97FF9CFF23692C9E46FCBF" blockId="37.[151,594,782,808]" box="[151,594,782,808]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFF23692C9E46FCBF" bold="true" box="[151,594,782,808]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFF5A692C9E46FCBF" ID-CoL="8XL5V" authority="Berlese, 1910" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1910" box="[238,594,782,808]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Elaphrolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFF5A692C9DB2FCBF" bold="true" box="[238,422,782,808]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elaphrolaelaps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFE19692C9E46FCBF" author="Berlese, A." box="[429,594,782,808]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="242 - 271" refId="ref38994" refString="Berlese, A. (1910 a) Lista di nuove specie e nuovi generi di Acari. Redia, 6, 242 - 271." type="journal article" year="1910">Berlese, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="92BBA8FFFF97FF9CFF2369779EBDFCFC" box="[151,681,853,875]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="DA1EFB74FF97FF9CFF2369779EBDFCFC" blockId="37.[151,1117,853,906]" box="[151,681,853,875]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="FAB1DC5AFF97FF9CFF2369779EBDFCFC" box="[151,681,853,875]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitation id="5B00DD65FF97FF9CFF2369779EB0FCFC" author="Berlese, A." box="[151,676,853,875]" page="257" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1910">
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFF2369779EB0FCFC" authority="Berlese, 1910 a: 257" authorityName="Berlese" authorityPageNumber="257" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,676,853,875]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Pachylaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Elaphrolaelaps">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFF2369779D34FCFC" box="[151,288,853,875]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Pachylaelaps</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFE9A69779DDDFCFC" box="[302,457,853,875]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elaphrolaelaps</emphasis>
)
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFE6C69779EB0FCFC" author="Berlese" box="[472,676,853,875]" firstAuthor="Berlese" page="257" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="242 - 271" refId="ref38994" refString="Berlese, A. (1910 a) Lista di nuove specie e nuovi generi di Acari. Redia, 6, 242 - 271." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="a">Berlese, 1910a: 257</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="92BBA8FFFF97FF9CFF2369569849FC1D" box="[151,1117,884,906]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="DA1EFB74FF97FF9CFF2369569849FC1D" blockId="37.[151,1117,853,906]" box="[151,1117,884,906]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="051A45D6FF97FF9CFF2369569CDDFC1E" box="[151,201,884,905]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFEAB69569F76FC1D" authority="Berlese, 1910" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1910" box="[287,866,884,906]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Pachylaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fenestratus" subGenus="Elaphrolaelaps">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFEAB69569DBCFC1D" box="[287,424,884,906]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Pachylaelaps</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFE0269569E45FC1D" box="[438,593,884,906]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elaphrolaelaps</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFDD469569EDBFC1D" box="[608,719,884,906]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">fenestratus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFD6169569F76FC1D" author="Berlese, A." box="[725,866,884,906]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="242 - 271" refId="ref38994" refString="Berlese, A. (1910 a) Lista di nuove specie e nuovi generi di Acari. Redia, 6, 242 - 271." type="journal article" year="1910">Berlese, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="92BBA8FFFF97FF9CFF236994992AFA84" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="DA1EFB74FF97FF9CFF2369949ED6FBC8" blockId="37.[151,1436,950,1515]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFF2369949DE1FC58" authority="" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,501,950,975]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Pachylaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Elaphrolaelaps">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFF2369949D3AFC58" box="[151,302,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Pachylaelaps</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFEF569949DF9FC58" box="[321,493,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elaphrolaelaps</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
was briefly and inadequately described by
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFC5B699498B2FC58" author="Berlese" box="[1007,1190,950,975]" firstAuthor="Berlese" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="242 - 271" refId="ref38994" refString="Berlese, A. (1910 a) Lista di nuove specie e nuovi generi di Acari. Redia, 6, 242 - 271." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="a">Berlese (1910a)</bibRefCitation>
, to accommodate the
<typeStatus id="051A45D6FF97FF9CFF2369F99CD3FC64" box="[151,199,987,1011]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFE9B69F89E75FC64" ID-CoL="8XZYM" baseAuthorityName="Berlese" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[303,609,986,1011]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Elaphrolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fenestratus">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFE9B69F89E75FC64" box="[303,609,986,1011]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elaphrolaelaps fenestratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was found in association with scarabaeid beetles of the genus
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFF2369DD9CF7FB81" box="[151,227,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Copris</emphasis>
in
<collectingRegion id="18653596FF97FF9CFEBF69DD9D2BFB81" box="[267,319,1023,1046]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Java</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="A2B6BBE4FF97FF9CFEF969DC9DAAFB80" box="[333,446,1022,1047]" name="Indonesia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
. The genus now includes eight species, all described from association with scarabaeid beetles, and all from Africa except for the
<typeStatus id="051A45D6FF97FF9CFD326E019EA2FBAC" box="[646,694,1059,1083]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
species.
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFC966E009994FBAC" ID-CoL="8XZYW" authority="Samsinak &amp; Daniel, 1978" authorityName="Samsinak &amp; Daniel" authorityYear="1978" box="[802,1408,1058,1083]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Elaphrolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFC966E009859FBAC" box="[802,1101,1058,1083]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elaphrolaelaps nepalensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFBE36E009994FBAC" author="Samsinak &amp; Daniel" box="[1111,1408,1058,1083]" firstAuthor="Samsinak" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="91 - 100" refId="ref44682" refString="Samsinak, K. &amp; Daniel, M. (1978) Five new species of mesostigmatic mites from Geotrupes beetles collected in the Himalayan Region of Nepal (Acari: Mesostigmata). International Journal of Acarology, 4, 91 - 100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647957808684029" type="journal article" year="1978">Samšiňák &amp; Daniel, 1978</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is incorrectly placed in this genus (see details later).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA1EFB74FF97FF9CFF7D6E48992AFA84" blockId="37.[151,1436,950,1515]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFF7D6E489D40FB14" author="Ryke" box="[201,340,1130,1155]" firstAuthor="Ryke" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref44581" refString="Ryke, P. A. J. (1959) Some parasitoid mites (Acarina: Mesostigmata: Parasitoidea) symbiotic on a carpenter bee and a scarabaeid beetle from Mozambique. Memorias e Estudos do Museu Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra, 258, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1959">Ryke (1959)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that the genus
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFDC66E489F0AFB14" ID-CoL="8XL5V" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1910" box="[626,798,1130,1155]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Elaphrolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFDC66E489F0AFB14" box="[626,798,1130,1155]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elaphrolaelaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be synonymous with
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFBEE6E48998CFB14" ID-CoL="8XNLM" authority="Tragardh, 1908" authorityName="Tragardh" authorityYear="1908" box="[1114,1432,1130,1155]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Paralaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFBEE6E4898F7FB14" box="[1114,1251,1130,1155]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Paralaelaps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFB5E6E48998CFB14" author="Tragardh" box="[1258,1432,1130,1155]" firstAuthor="Tragardh" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="31 - 57" refId="ref45338" refString="Tragardh, I. (1908) Acari. Sjostedt's Kilimandjaro - Meru Expedition, 20 (3), 31 - 57 + Plates 2 - 3." type="journal article" year="1908">Trägårdh, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Both genera have a genitiventral shield that is free, relatively small, not markedly enlarged behind ventral setae Jv1, and well separated from the anal shield. However,
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFCB66E909FF9FB5C" author="Spies &amp; Ryke" box="[770,1005,1202,1227]" firstAuthor="Spies" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="207 - 220" refId="ref45146" refString="Spies, A. &amp; Ryke, P. A. J. (1965) Species of the genera Elaphrolaelaps Berlese and Paralaelaps Tragardh (Acari: Pachylaelaptidae) associated with South African beetles. Memorias do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica de Mocambique, Serie A, 7, 207 - 220." type="journal article" year="1965">Spies &amp; Ryke (1965)</bibRefCitation>
showed that these two genera differed in the chaetotaxy of the dorsal shield and soft integument of the idiosoma. We follow these authors in considering
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFF236ED89D34FA84" ID-CoL="8XNLM" authorityName="Tragardh" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,288,1274,1299]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Paralaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFF236ED89D34FA84" box="[151,288,1274,1299]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Paralaelaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFEE26ED89E16FA84" ID-CoL="8XL5V" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1910" box="[342,514,1274,1299]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Elaphrolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFEE26ED89E16FA84" box="[342,514,1274,1299]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elaphrolaelaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as separate genera, using the differential characters presented in the keys.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="92BBA8FFFF97FF9CFF7D6F3C9FAEFA7C" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="DA1EFB74FF97FF9CFF7D6F3C9FAEFA7C" blockId="37.[151,1436,950,1515]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
The
<typeStatus id="051A45D6FF97FF9CFF486F3D9D38FAA0" box="[252,300,1311,1335]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFE386F3D9E33FAA0" baseAuthorityName="Berlese" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[396,551,1310,1335]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Elaphrolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fenestratus">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFE386F3D9D89FAA1" box="[396,413,1311,1334]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFE186F3C9E33FAA0" box="[428,551,1310,1335]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">fenestratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has never been described or re-described in detail. As a result, it is difficult to construct a reliable diagnosis for the genus. The most valuable information on the genus was presented by
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFAE86F609CCFFAE8" author="Costa" firstAuthor="Costa" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="481 - 497" refId="ref39897" refString="Costa, M. (1974) A note on mites associated with Heliocopris japetus Klug from Kenya. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 4 (86), 481 - 497." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="18653596FF97FF9CFAE86F609988FACC" box="[1372,1436,1346,1371]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Costa</collectingRegion>
(1974
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFF5F6F449D30FAE8" author="Costa" box="[235,292,1382,1407]" firstAuthor="Costa" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="119 - 136" refId="ref39933" refString="Costa, M. (1975) Further notes on mites associated with Heliocopris japetus Klug from Kenya. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 72, 119 - 136." type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFED86F449E12FAE8" author="Elsen" box="[364,518,1382,1407]" firstAuthor="Elsen" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="470 - 476" refId="ref40072" refString="Elsen, P. (1974 a) Incisosternum nov. subgen., un nouveau sous-genre pour Elaphrolaelaps sternalis Ryke, 1959 et description d'une espece nouvelle de ce sous-genre (Acarina - Pachylaelapidae). Revue Zoologique Africaine, 88, 470 - 476." type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Elsen (1974a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFDA26F449E75FAE8" author="Elsen" box="[534,609,1382,1407]" firstAuthor="Elsen" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="721 - 723" refId="ref40119" refString="Elsen, P. (1974 b) Description de la larve de Elaphrolaelaps (Incisosternum) tibialis Elsen, 1974 (Acari: Mesostigmata: Pachylaelapidae). Revue Zoologique Africaine, 88, 721 - 723." type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="b">1974b</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="BE308685FF97FF9CFDCC6F449F0DFAE8" author="Elsen" box="[632,793,1382,1407]" firstAuthor="Elsen" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="470 - 476" refId="ref40072" refString="Elsen, P. (1974 a) Incisosternum nov. subgen., un nouveau sous-genre pour Elaphrolaelaps sternalis Ryke, 1959 et description d'une espece nouvelle de ce sous-genre (Acarina - Pachylaelapidae). Revue Zoologique Africaine, 88, 470 - 476." type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Elsen (1974a)</bibRefCitation>
divided the genus into two subgenera,
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFB446F449D5CFA34" authority="" authorityName="Elsen" authorityYear="1974" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Elaphrolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Incisosternum">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFB446F449988FAE8" box="[1264,1436,1382,1407]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elaphrolaelaps</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFF146FA99D2BFA35" box="[160,319,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Incisosternum</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1DA180F7FF97FF9CFE3D6FA89E21FA34" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1910" box="[393,565,1418,1443]" class="Arachnida" family="Pachylaelapidae" genus="Elaphrolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="E8D52766FF97FF9CFE3D6FA89E21FA34" box="[393,565,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elaphrolaelaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F3E69A1DFF97FF9CFDF56FA99E95FA35" box="[577,641,1419,1442]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
His new subgenus was based primarily on the presence of a deep incision on the posterior margin of the sternal shield, the reduced number of setae in the soft integument, and the greatly elongated setae inserted around the margins of the dorsal shield.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>