499 lines
64 KiB
XML
499 lines
64 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="174478" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e87313" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b821d2fb-5198-4d3e-a730-36f94ef5d465" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-72-971" ID-Pensoft-UUID="B165AD28CA8E5D19B441BF64C9983771" ID-ZooBank="8BD9076002304339A2E906E99D0D6DEB" ModsDocID="2625-8498-72-971" checkinTime="1666993728024" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Angarita-Sierra, Teddy, Cubides-Cubillos, Sergio Daniel & Hurtado-Gomez, Juan Pablo" docDate="2022" docId="D9A9BE21B0FA5DA985308F227DC08F75" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 72: 971-996" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 72" docPubDate="2022-10-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e87313" docTitle="Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="B165AD28CA8E5D19B441BF64C9983771" lastPageNumber="971" masterDocId="B165AD28CA8E5D19B441BF64C9983771" masterDocTitle="Hidden in the highs: Two new species of the enigmatic toadheaded pitvipers of the genus Bothrocophias" masterLastPageNumber="996" masterPageNumber="971" pageNumber="971" updateTime="1720145240121" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D60DAD173D0C88614B7DC4D1AC7976B1">
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<mods:title id="2577B9A18AFB16A552DB9D21AFCE7633">Hidden in the highs: Two new species of the enigmatic toadheaded pitvipers of the genus Bothrocophias</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="14D735C60982B5ECF0963FACEB06BE28" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E20FAA8B55693F44991E37FB2243F151">Angarita-Sierra, Teddy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6F67761B75905EB7F06A44BD22A27070" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5978-9312</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="02ADBD15503D3D3F43966DF28B102620">Grupo de Investigacion en Animales Ponzonosos y sus Venenos, Direccion de Produccion, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Avenida calle 26 # 51 - 20, Bogota, 111321, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DEE9840461D31B575BCA3E2D973A669D" type="email">tgangaritas@unal.edu.co</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="5F57D62B942F8134DF2446D74F10DB8E">Cubides-Cubillos, Sergio Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8DDC558097837C810349F264B4CA1E54" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-2498</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="8C77AE1AD950722F2B2726DA577F182D">Laboratorio de Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="96AE43DABF8B047F94B575763C908A9E" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B192901B713C0266453D55B39D7E90A1">Hurtado-Gomez, Juan Pablo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="00F7327447C77439E625AA5F657777F7" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4351-2834</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="D4AF7F8EFE56D41E9DFF392775A9B401">Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, A. B. Meyer Building, 01109 Dresden</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6F87EF282A43308E1A9EE3C494AA0D4A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="41BBCE4FDD2A51978806BD42235095CD">
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<mods:title id="4D727C2C76D98CB5E4AB09C9B3CB2912">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="095159773E191C57D7830065EDF49894">
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<mods:date id="6256D9024A35AD475965A3861E8224C9">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="800CB5F3C791BE599EA0AD1F841AC380">2022-10-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F88EF1269B728934B2672B8CB154D2EA">72</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="0298C97E2BAB01310617554498DD3147">996</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="CC89F294A4918A35677E48E267E86096">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6E106DAE31717BF70FD49020193BBAC1" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e87313</mods:identifier>
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<subSection id="9DE2998EE3D0D3E082042D23B4903BCD" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="results">
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<treatment id="D9A9BE21B0FA5DA985308F227DC08F75" ID-GBIF-Taxon="203708383" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E2AF3B54-1954-43CA-A56E-B525B1C3169D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D9A9BE21B0FA5DA985308F227DC08F75" lastPageNumber="971" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
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<subSubSection id="BF3443AE898B5D38155FF5F8F8DB1BDE" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3CCDAC012614ECA0FD2A3156E59A19D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
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<taxonomicName id="B9425B301BF6A296E0620BBFE699FF42" ID-CoL="C6JXF" LSID="http://zoobank.org/E2AF3B54-1954-43CA-A56E-B525B1C3169D" authority="sp. nov." authorityName="sp. nov." class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="95125414782587BD1183D7D768E37AD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1286AED4BB5758CE382C7AE660A3BC0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
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<figureCitation id="D8B64FBC127EEFAD35624619E48E517D" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Maximum likelihood tree obtained in IQ-tree based on the concatenated alignment of the two mitochondrial fragments (1616 bp), depicting the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Bothrocophias. Outgroups were removed for clarity. Values above branches indicate Ultrafast Bootstrap support of the ML tree; values below branches indicate posterior probabilities of the Bayesian tree." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763279" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="AB32E792CA5A28A5F1329BB7FB108D10" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of the head pholidosis among the holotypes of Bothrocophias microphthalmus, Bothrocophias tulitoi sp. nov. and Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov. A, B, C Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of B. microphthalmus ANSP 11515. D, E, F Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of B. tulitoi sp. nov. INSZ 073. G, H, I Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of B. myrringae sp. nov. Scales: dark green = second / third supralabial scale. yellow = lacunolabial / prelacunal. Blue = internasal scales. Fuchsia = scale separating internasal scales." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763284" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">, 6G-I</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="4A78CB5E7A85C19ECB0BAB6078764C20" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Holotype of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov. in life (INSZ 0268. male). A Dorsal view of the body. B Ventral view of the body. C Dorsal view of the head. D - E Lateral views (right / left) of the head. F Ventral view of the head. Black bar length = 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763285" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">, 7</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="A66F9B51A0A8934EDB1143932C6D5FEA" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Color in life of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov., and sexual dimorphism. A, B Lateral and dorsal view of the holotype INSZ 0268. C Male exhibiting melanic coloration on dorsal body and head surfaces, as well as conspicuous tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales (paratype INSV-SR 009). D Female exhibiting creamish-yellow to tan coloration on the dorsal body and head surfaces, without tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales. Both C and D specimens are from vereda de Coasavista, municipality of Fomeque, Cundinamarca, coordinates N 4.495001, W - 73.852056. Pictures by Ronald A. Diaz-Flores." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763286" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">, 8A-C</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="09C0D8365839DD4A6F99EDA864D7C151" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="chresonymy">
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<paragraph id="3283043FC4EDD14B29CC3006ABDCD1CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Chresonymy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="351115632C40309100325915213E11EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
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<taxonomicName id="3556278F35D1A9A0F160756CC77C14CD" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias microphthalmus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">
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<emphasis id="BB9CCD7F8FF8649710E93FBD3CFED03E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias microphthalmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="F34AFB4D82B77855F9B24B84619088E3" author="Campbell, JA" journalOrPublisher="Campbell JA, Lamar WW (Eds). Comstock Pub. Associates" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" refId="B17" refString="Campbell, JA, Lamar, WW, 1989. The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Campbell JA, Lamar WW (Eds). Comstock Pub. Associates" title="The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America." year="1989">Campbell and Lamar (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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: page 255, figure 229;
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<bibRefCitation id="0280CD96951127A61AECCEF54140981D" author="Campbell, JA" journalOrPublisher="Comstock Publishing, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" refId="B18" refString="Campbell, JA, Lamar, WW, 2004. The venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere (Vol. 1). Comstock Publishing, New York" title="The venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere (Vol. 1)." year="2004">Campbell and Lamar (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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: Volume 1, Plate 474.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F795798EB4FA5CF49C076B4328E70BEC" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="97F640093F1FF2EA9D5E43A413B54265" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3D5E00E0ECC6E200A0CE65C5F764F0CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
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[
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<emphasis id="15155236973968B00A11AFCB9FE72CDF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
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Figs
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<figureCitation id="6B5369D7FAC38C0121697A6F483A97BA" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Maximum likelihood tree obtained in IQ-tree based on the concatenated alignment of the two mitochondrial fragments (1616 bp), depicting the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Bothrocophias. Outgroups were removed for clarity. Values above branches indicate Ultrafast Bootstrap support of the ML tree; values below branches indicate posterior probabilities of the Bayesian tree." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763279" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="9035B0A8A3DBA369691933E0E30C5324" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of the head pholidosis among the holotypes of Bothrocophias microphthalmus, Bothrocophias tulitoi sp. nov. and Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov. A, B, C Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of B. microphthalmus ANSP 11515. D, E, F Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of B. tulitoi sp. nov. INSZ 073. G, H, I Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of B. myrringae sp. nov. Scales: dark green = second / third supralabial scale. yellow = lacunolabial / prelacunal. Blue = internasal scales. Fuchsia = scale separating internasal scales." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763284" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">6G-I</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="7BBE2B3F236F483EF24F5F16DC4722EA" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Holotype of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov. in life (INSZ 0268. male). A Dorsal view of the body. B Ventral view of the body. C Dorsal view of the head. D - E Lateral views (right / left) of the head. F Ventral view of the head. Black bar length = 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763285" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">7</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B6CB5E1BA15E0E2B82795AB77AB9BD78" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Color in life of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov., and sexual dimorphism. A, B Lateral and dorsal view of the holotype INSZ 0268. C Male exhibiting melanic coloration on dorsal body and head surfaces, as well as conspicuous tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales (paratype INSV-SR 009). D Female exhibiting creamish-yellow to tan coloration on the dorsal body and head surfaces, without tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales. Both C and D specimens are from vereda de Coasavista, municipality of Fomeque, Cundinamarca, coordinates N 4.495001, W - 73.852056. Pictures by Ronald A. Diaz-Flores." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763286" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">8A-C</figureCitation>
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</emphasis>
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] INSZ 0268, an adult male from vereda Mundo Nuevo, municipality of La Calera, department of Cundinamarca, Colombia, coordinates:
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<geoCoordinate id="142F0F9D8685F7B597C6160C07624C48" degrees="4.660602778" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="4.6606026">N 4.660602778</geoCoordinate>
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, W -73.88491667; elevation 2,761 m. a.s.l. The specimen was collected by local people and brought to Francisco Javier Ruiz, staff of the INS, on 29th August 2020.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CBE051500241B4C28371B7C58E22EC44" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph id="7426DABBC07EA664B7E6F8CCA1D20D3B" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="714A806141C90058D6D3D611CC036573" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
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COLOMBIA [
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<emphasis id="392C865E266C19FDE32D8DBFE6E61DC4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">n</emphasis>
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=5; Fig.
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<figureCitation id="74AD9E81EA0D2DB3F9590CDEEE278092" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Color in life of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov., and sexual dimorphism. A, B Lateral and dorsal view of the holotype INSZ 0268. C Male exhibiting melanic coloration on dorsal body and head surfaces, as well as conspicuous tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales (paratype INSV-SR 009). D Female exhibiting creamish-yellow to tan coloration on the dorsal body and head surfaces, without tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales. Both C and D specimens are from vereda de Coasavista, municipality of Fomeque, Cundinamarca, coordinates N 4.495001, W - 73.852056. Pictures by Ronald A. Diaz-Flores." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763286" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">8C-D</figureCitation>
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]:
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<emphasis id="12F8A2593E6D52EBF6DA510A89AF24F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Cundinamarca</emphasis>
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: Municipality of Guayabetal. Locality: unknown, IAvH-R 6877, coordinates
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<geoCoordinate id="885C8C5388DC3AB3060E6677A0E981C7" degrees="4.17508" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="4.17508">N 4.17508</geoCoordinate>
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, W -73.88117 (approximate to the town). Municipality of
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<normalizedToken id="FF9261C424CE4F53B75EF2DB4DDF89B8" originalValue="Choachí">Choachi</normalizedToken>
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. Locality: Palo Alto, IAvH-R6840, coordinates
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<geoCoordinate id="92760585DA43B2A79514A1A59A596FA1" degrees="4.61578" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="4.61578">N 4.61578</geoCoordinate>
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, W -73.8904. Municipality of
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<normalizedToken id="B37F862394F28D02CAB89D2F103DE673" originalValue="Fómeque">Fomeque</normalizedToken>
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. Locality: vereda de
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<normalizedToken id="3C5D88B1F69CEE7943CEEAA21FA7C29A" originalValue="Coasavistá">Coasavista</normalizedToken>
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, INSV-SR-00365, coordinates
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<geoCoordinate id="45D92AE90E52CAD02F88FCF8D7BF90D3" degrees="4.495001" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="4.495001">N 4.495001</geoCoordinate>
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, W -73.852056. -
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<emphasis id="7F10643F4D7CCAED2EF81BC9CAD52F8A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Meta</emphasis>
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: Municipality of El Calvario. Locality: unknown, INSVSR-0099, coordinates
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<geoCoordinate id="6A0AB93819224AAE5E10CE6528EFDFC0" degrees="4.358925" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="4.358925">N 4.358925</geoCoordinate>
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, W -73.71358889. Municipality of San Juanito. Locality: unknown, IAvH-R7045, coordinates
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<geoCoordinate id="C89FEF4D213A5AE201B1BB43A9525D9A" degrees="4.457913889" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="4.457914">N 4.457913889</geoCoordinate>
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, W -73.67618889 (approximate to the town).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="47C0F129597E7C0268D6965D408CDFFC" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="7E96EB1961DAC29CFA8028E19FD1A0E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="54ABE7D12EF1E51BD4D03F602EADF985" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
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<taxonomicName id="775947C779F578344D8F8CC68D1E964F" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
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<emphasis id="CD01EAD1834D8D24B70CAF0C1FEFF1CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="FB68FE95E083E4F55369028705D8FEC7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
can be distinguished from all its congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) 157-161 ventral scales in females, 152-155 ventral scales in males; (2) internasal scales in contact or separated by a single small scale (3) absence of canthorostral scales; (4) lacunolabial scale usually present; (5) hemipenial lobes slim and cylindrical, moderately capitate distally, weakly ornamented toward the apex with large and scarce calyces with weakly spinulate edges; (8) bifurcation point of the hemipenial lobes about 2-4 sudcaudal scales; (9) hemipenial body ornamented by numerous mesial spines that increase in size from the center to periphery of the hemipenial body and arranged in oblique lines; (10) in sulcate view, lateral and mesial spines of the hemipenial body variable in size; (11)
|
|
<emphasis id="FAE4008E083A5F195E874CFBDE09B6F3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sulcus spermaticus</emphasis>
|
|
walls weakly defined; (12) usually more than 28 dark-brown bands and/or opposite or juxtaposed trapezoid-shaped blotches with paler centers dorsally; and (13) ventral surfaces of the tail with bright reddish or orange-reddish speckles with black spots without a regular pattern and heavily marked with dark pigment towards the base (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="00E5008722A65B2C9FDD141AD5E736CC" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Holotype of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov. in life (INSZ 0268. male). A Dorsal view of the body. B Ventral view of the body. C Dorsal view of the head. D - E Lateral views (right / left) of the head. F Ventral view of the head. Black bar length = 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763285" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">7</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="5E612180D3B5216561D9EDEC4F7695EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="comparisons">
|
|
<paragraph id="A78EB58BC53B98435F0DEDDCA85FB8A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="426A2A2225B2F124691BB931855C846F" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0609C4BF2C4BC684B2169C1A830AD492" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="25D6E9DAA844D23F200D09A63C491FF5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="2324EB7690D0795767449775DC97C83B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
can be distinguished from all its congeners by its creamy yellow ventral surfaces and ventral scales mottled with dark brown pigment, becoming creamy white toward the edges in contact with the paraventral scales, forming a white-cream paraventral stripe which proximally fuses with the final edges of the postocular stripe, and distally is interrupted by dark spots without a regular pattern; mesial ventral surfaces become heavily mottled with dark brown pigment toward the tail (versus homogeneously dark brown to black in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="78BBCC48BEB6B870BE54229D877CCA93" lsidName="B. campbelli" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" rank="species" species="campbelli">
|
|
<emphasis id="C86441D0C768A01B1C17E4B85A7002CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. campbelli</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; heavily mottled with dark brown pigment, with the pale interspaces between the ventrolateral blotches encroaching on the lateral edges of the ventral scales in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5A4E7709F81832A19AFEF0A8EDB33C53" lsidName="B. colombianus" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" rank="species" species="colombianus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D12BBF2076DAD725ADC1A4EAB66849E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. colombianus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; greyish brown medially, becoming paler laterally, with or without alternating dark brown spots in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E85C09BEEA801FE9E4DEA7DF0C50E684" lsidName="B. hyoprora" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" rank="species" species="hyoprora">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3B05580EB1588F9E3C10EF83549C07B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. hyoprora</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; yellow mottled with pale to dark brown, darker posteriorly in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9454E9595E78629F98E89CD9BA955F16" lsidName="B. lojanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" rank="species" species="lojanus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8EE677D6929CF0031CBEA29B668524D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. lojanus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; pale pink to almost white in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F648FA3ADDF7EA1FD26F404287E6121D" lsidName="B. myersi" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" rank="species" species="myersi">
|
|
<emphasis id="C27B77C2D25B71828D891248E727CC30" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. myersi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
); ventral tail surface bright reddish or orange-reddish speckles with black spots in an irregular pattern, and the base of tail heavily marked with dark pigment (versus base of tail dark brown and distally yellow or yellow-green in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A3418D17D00202C57497B064AF8E5762" lsidName="B. andianus" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" rank="species" species="andianus">
|
|
<emphasis id="14E4A7481711103D36539576E7594733" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. andianus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; bright yellow to tan with diffuse grayish or brown pigment in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="949208E80D522AEA74CBD7B315835D08" lsidName="B. campbelli" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" rank="species" species="campbelli">
|
|
<emphasis id="6A72977C3FABC43F58DC27EC98E63B34" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. campbelli</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; cream or pale yellow with a sparse peppering of brown in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A024D1D16DF2ECDC462A9857CC1F671A" lsidName="B. colombianus" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" rank="species" species="colombianus">
|
|
<emphasis id="2D65F42BE0AB3793EFA6360806B6F097" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. colombianus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; whitish with a moderate suffusion of grey in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="81D0ED0DCFE33DD5E5FD84B2A2EDE42F" lsidName="B. myersi" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" rank="species" species="myersi">
|
|
<emphasis id="06FB7C85E08867FCA625360DD557162D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. myersi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Comparisons of meristic and hemipenial characters with all its congeners of toadheaded pitvipers are summarized in Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="898498C9ED0FADAED1F6AE686C7E3989" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Comparisons of meristic and hemipenial characters between B. myrringae sp. nov., B. tulitoi sp. nov. and all its congeners of toadheaded pitvipers." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F7FF0F5117D0326916209BBAF0303130" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" tableUuid="F7FF0F5117D0326916209BBAF0303130">4</tableCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="F5A9E1D316BEE1FA0926A4EF3E63D700" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="621FE4C56BD07FA8B8E6D120418CD023" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="0CE0723F834B8E0F8A007CD88A3F728B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="335022D3776D99C464D7BE8F55426B54" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
can be distinguished from Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian populations of toadheaded pitvipers currently classified as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F37448417751895B10E093743AEFCECA" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. microphthalmus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">
|
|
<emphasis id="50982549AC8AD5648866E557E8DB788B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. microphthalmus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by ventral surface of tail with uniformly bright reddish or orange-reddish speckles with black spots without a regular pattern (versus heavily marked proximally with black or dark brown pigment, medially mottled with pale to dark brown, and distally with pale diffuse or pale mottling with interspaces in Bolivian and Peruvian populations). Comparisons of meristic and hemipenial characters with the Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian populations of toadheaded pitvipers the complex are summarized in Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="9624F4155B916C9A16371C48692B510F" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="T5" captionText="Table 5. Meristic variation in Bothrocophias tulitoi sp. nov. and B. myrringae sp. nov. Bold numbers represent mode or mean. Numbers within parenthesis represent minimum and maximum values observed. * = meristic characters undifferenced by sex." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FB72B71146185B457EDFAA8C76B5AE4B" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" tableUuid="FB72B71146185B457EDFAA8C76B5AE4B">5</tableCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="B573D22C33CE5686F2AF8C7944EDD6D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="1F7CDED9B4F24A0AAFE2159A823830A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A9E59994F11EBFABD045B1BC747A20A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="E767E243231C281DFF2A30A6103C1CAC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
(Figs
|
|
<figureCitation id="C0BD53C3543C77CDE09E1E10EEDAEC98" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Hemipenial architecture. A, B, C Sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views of the hemipenis of the holotype of Bothrocophias tulitoi sp. nov. (INSZ 073) from vereda Cienaga La Valvanera, municipality of Garagoa, department of Boyaca, Colombia. Coordinates: N 5.106535941, W - 73.25888414; elevation 1894 m. asl. D, E, F Sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views of the hemipenis of the holotype of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov. (INSZ 0268) from vereda Mundo Nuevo, municipality of La Calera, department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Coordinates: N 4.660602778, W - 73.88491667; elevation 2,761 m asl." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763283" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">5</figureCitation>
|
|
-
|
|
<figureCitation id="8AF1C2044E6CD1AEB7DF64747710B04D" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Holotype of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov. in life (INSZ 0268. male). A Dorsal view of the body. B Ventral view of the body. C Dorsal view of the head. D - E Lateral views (right / left) of the head. F Ventral view of the head. Black bar length = 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763285" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">7</figureCitation>
|
|
, Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="1E647199EB40F24F0AB7770C6309C3D4" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Species delimitation for Bothrocophias microphthalmus populations hypothesized as candidate species using the integrative taxonomic approach of Sites Jr et al. (2021). Bp = posterior probability values from Bayesian inference tree, UFB, UltraFast Bootstrap support obtained in the ML tree. * = Moderate diagnosable means that there was some overlap in the scutellation characters. Values for genetic distinctiveness correspond to the genetic distance to the closest clade (see Table 2)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/A6470B4A62615E431F4B5D7829B430A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" tableUuid="A6470B4A62615E431F4B5D7829B430A2">3</tableCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Male, small (SVL = 542 mm, TL = 95 mm, ratio 17.5%), head and body strongly differentiated by nuchal constriction; head longer than wide (HW/HL 53.3%); snout prognathous and not upturned; absence of nasorostral and canthorostral scales; two internasal scales in contact; rostral visible from dorsal view and in narrow contact with internasal scales; two canthal scales in broad contact with internasals, the first preocular, and loreal scales in lateral view; three intercanthal scales; two supraocular scales wider than long (SW/SL= 66.4%); seven intersupraocular scales; 26 interrictal scales; two nasal scales: anterior nasal scale in broad contact with rostral, internasal, and first supralabial scale, and posterior nasal scale in contact with loreal, two prefoveal, and subnasal scales; a single subnasal scale; two prefoveal scales on both sides of the head; a single lacunolabial scale in broad contact with the first and second supralabial scales as well as with prefoveal and loreal scales, and in narrow contact with supralacunal scale; a single supralacunal scale in broad contact with first preocular scale and in narrow contact with second preocular and loreal scales; a single sublacunal in broad contact with second supralabial, and in narrow contact with third preocular, lacunolabial, and single posfoveal scale; a single subocular scale; a single posfoveal scale; five interoculolabial scales; two postocular scales; six supralabial scales, second supralabial slightly higher and wider than fourth to seventh supralabial scales, and notably higher and wider than first supralabial scale; eight infralabial scales, first infralabial scales separated by mental scale and in broad contact with first pair of gular scales, second and third infralabial scales in contact with first pair of gular scales; three pairs of gular scales; four preventral scales; dorsal scale rows 21-23-19; 155 ventral scales; anal scale single; 54 subcaudal scales; slender tail not prehensile.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="CA14B1EC82B361700489D4B773047196" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="color of the holotype in life">
|
|
<paragraph id="1F07BE7BF6D93D883FF264DC39C4C3C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Color of the holotype in life.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="77D72ED49BD6AA08CA3F868B965A0F54" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="D0C1C82105C08642A813A9729CFB03FB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
(Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="FCBE368D9851183CDF0EEF5D66F22650" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Color in life of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov., and sexual dimorphism. A, B Lateral and dorsal view of the holotype INSZ 0268. C Male exhibiting melanic coloration on dorsal body and head surfaces, as well as conspicuous tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales (paratype INSV-SR 009). D Female exhibiting creamish-yellow to tan coloration on the dorsal body and head surfaces, without tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales. Both C and D specimens are from vereda de Coasavista, municipality of Fomeque, Cundinamarca, coordinates N 4.495001, W - 73.852056. Pictures by Ronald A. Diaz-Flores." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763286" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">8A-B</figureCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
The dorsal surface of the head has a dark to reddish-brown ground color with diffuse dark brown marks without a distinctive pattern. The lateral surface of the head is scattered pale yellow from the snout to anterior edge of the eye; a conspicuous dark-brown postocular stripe with white edges running obliquely from the posterior edge of the eye to the angle formed by the quadrate and jaw bone joint encompasses the temporal scales, the last two supralabial scales, the last infralabial scale, and the mesial scales located between the preventral and infralabial scales; conspicuous tricolored ocelli present on fourth to sixth infralabial scales with white or white-cream centers, followed by dark-brown or black edge, and an external broader edge yellow or reddish-yellow. Ventral surfaces of the head are tan with a peppering of brown and dark yellow without ocelli. Ground color of the dorsal body surfaces is pale yellow, tan to brown mottled with dark brown-reddish pigment and weak orange speckles; 34 dark-brown dorsal bands and/or opposite or juxtaposed trapezoid-shaped blotches with pale centre ornamented with or without brown spots. Ventral scales are creamish yellow with ventral scales heavily marked, with brown-reddish and dark yellow pigment towards the edges in contact with the paraventral scales and spotted without a regular pattern on the mesial surface with a conspicuous white-cream paraventral stripe which proximally fuses with the final edges of the postocular stripe, and distally is interrupted by dark spots without a regular pattern. Dorsal surfaces of the tail covered by two broad dark brown bands separated by three narrow pale bands that fuse toward the distal end of the tail; ventral tail surface bright reddish or orange-reddish, darkening heavily towards the base, speckled with black spots in an irregular.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="84830FD48E89C3DA0C44A4677FE899E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="color of the holotype in ethanol">
|
|
<paragraph id="847183B2129FBC33DBDB53076D0A0AE1" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Color of the holotype in ethanol.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="AEC54A20E8E5D9E64A1DD89918C75787" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="2FADB277228466CD72D02625C43053CB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
(Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="90F531FE4733BC73D7AF48707D36A1C1" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of the head pholidosis among the holotypes of Bothrocophias microphthalmus, Bothrocophias tulitoi sp. nov. and Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov. A, B, C Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of B. microphthalmus ANSP 11515. D, E, F Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of B. tulitoi sp. nov. INSZ 073. G, H, I Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of B. myrringae sp. nov. Scales: dark green = second / third supralabial scale. yellow = lacunolabial / prelacunal. Blue = internasal scales. Fuchsia = scale separating internasal scales." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763284" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">6</figureCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
After six months in ethanol, dark brown and brown coloration was maintained, and surfaces with brown-reddish, reddish-yellow, and yellow coloration became pale grey or creamy white.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="64B2B46F918E63E0A195BDE35237FBAD" doi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763284" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
|
<paragraph id="E37D736D673E080A7346E99AFF4F2375" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="8EAD31343B93BB8BE439344C70E46C79" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
|
Comparison of the head pholidosis among the holotypes of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FE8ACE2554D03020DE3CE00F2858AE7E" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias microphthalmus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">
|
|
<emphasis id="01C1798A43279D41CC05532EC0D623A8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias microphthalmus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9440732DDBE8ABC0817FCD10312BCFB" authorityName="Angarita-Sierra & Cubides-Cubillos & Hurtado-Gómez" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias tulitoi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tulitoi">
|
|
<emphasis id="54FE400D317BB4302CFDB8A307A4D2E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias tulitoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="5D8A1BD0BD739FE2DB6C26DEFFB9D802" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BE7EAEE510B383370B7A51BD4377CC33" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="65CCF810855A37D0713CFE75DBEE570E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="3A04604B0286BBF5C795F0482B9F8C9A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov. A</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="56F7B3EEA2C61270EC40185DD34DD30A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="CC667D5B6F43A2D85EA3BCF08D681F35" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">C</emphasis>
|
|
Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="95E6A264EB52A0679FF98BD21ADFDADC" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. microphthalmus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">
|
|
<emphasis id="914834A4D3819B05CFA624F9E63C0195" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. microphthalmus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
ANSP 11515.
|
|
<emphasis id="6CB358B469663FD49358B3E7848904B5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">D</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="CAD33DBDD9A097FAD0A827680F2F6704" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">E</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="2592E899A88F4AB8D811851F396AD288" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">F</emphasis>
|
|
Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1D001A5782539897ADB7D54999E022BD" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. tulitoi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tulitoi">
|
|
<emphasis id="9EE28C4B8099E01E06947AE30FD00864" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. tulitoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="C0932A17D920B89FDA3B61F5A6234D39" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
INSZ 073.
|
|
<emphasis id="BCF6F93FE821B966E4027CD95A1328E7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">G</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="2F4914A96C2EDCBE607E3A2A587A482F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">H</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="C65088777EC517306761EE94C14D3C8C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">I</emphasis>
|
|
Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the head of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F98DE0CDCA1F246AC0C2FB1C1C3D70CE" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="CFD9F6F5AA51C1A495B0160915A48DCC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="BF198724E9D7F1FFD3C2036049F77AD1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
Scales: dark green = second/third supralabial scale. yellow = lacunolabial/prelacunal. Blue = internasal scales. Fuchsia = scale separating internasal scales.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="3D01AABA1B78059A1DF6C0AEFD3DDDCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="color pattern variation">
|
|
<paragraph id="F3BCBD870CB0992150C636550EF59690" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Color pattern variation.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="7A28EE8CD30F745A65021AC1A3478E08" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="456E1B3EF769266698041D505C538885" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
(Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="CAE33EBFCA8FD374B0468E8BEB408F53" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Color in life of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov., and sexual dimorphism. A, B Lateral and dorsal view of the holotype INSZ 0268. C Male exhibiting melanic coloration on dorsal body and head surfaces, as well as conspicuous tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales (paratype INSV-SR 009). D Female exhibiting creamish-yellow to tan coloration on the dorsal body and head surfaces, without tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales. Both C and D specimens are from vereda de Coasavista, municipality of Fomeque, Cundinamarca, coordinates N 4.495001, W - 73.852056. Pictures by Ronald A. Diaz-Flores." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763286" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">8C-D</figureCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Adults of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="015FD48E20597E6E7B236DA8D15D4A15" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="FA3BDCD632BDAD65B26AF035498D5896" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="B785616FDB3CFC2ED5F520BF1F14A65F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
exhibit sexual dimorphism. The dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces of the head and body of males are melanized with conspicuous tricolored ocelli on the third to seventh infralabial scales, and the lateral and ventral surfaces of the head in females exhibit a homogenous creamish yellow to pale yellow coloration without ocelli in the labials and gular scales (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="5CDB86A1E1B3DF4972D16168C6303095" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Color in life of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov., and sexual dimorphism. A, B Lateral and dorsal view of the holotype INSZ 0268. C Male exhibiting melanic coloration on dorsal body and head surfaces, as well as conspicuous tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales (paratype INSV-SR 009). D Female exhibiting creamish-yellow to tan coloration on the dorsal body and head surfaces, without tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales. Both C and D specimens are from vereda de Coasavista, municipality of Fomeque, Cundinamarca, coordinates N 4.495001, W - 73.852056. Pictures by Ronald A. Diaz-Flores." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763286" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">8C-D</figureCitation>
|
|
). In addition, eye color in males is usually homogeneously mottled with dark brown pigment and weak orange speckles around the pupil; in females, it is orange-gold with a peppering of brown. One female (IAvH-R7045: San Juanito, Meta) has 25 dorsal bands, which was an unusual count among our samples.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="524FB2F61EFD0B12D65EF5B4E16C8B55" doi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763285" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
|
<paragraph id="B95204F3DB8A73602DEDF903C25AB23A" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="47CDEE7B70830AE613DCC2DBF7BB89A1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
|
Holotype of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2D19AF58BFED5003B71A1C3CB998604D" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="C2E3AF5A5EF144B3D5E72D82A18BEE4D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="0731628181DC0CE88FFA553C4FA865B6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
in life (INSZ 0268. male).
|
|
<emphasis id="63076B0F8747F2C71A627C0E9F86B866" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">A</emphasis>
|
|
Dorsal view of the body.
|
|
<emphasis id="20B6E9917AB50846D6017DFD561D1692" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B</emphasis>
|
|
Ventral view of the body.
|
|
<emphasis id="6245CE6AD0C5EAD760C0247A3324A2D2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">C</emphasis>
|
|
Dorsal view of the head.
|
|
<emphasis id="A387EF3C0E0D1DD0AE0A32671D347FD6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">D</emphasis>
|
|
-
|
|
<emphasis id="862677C3CB82F0E5BA636DD55B0C07F6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">E</emphasis>
|
|
Lateral views (right/left) of the head.
|
|
<emphasis id="19DFDC8C42453FF87AAA9B82EA360841" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">F</emphasis>
|
|
Ventral view of the head. Black bar length = 1cm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="713C0F3A71D7E137DF33AD2D74527219" doi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763286" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
|
<paragraph id="F6F8213D605CAEE16C336E756887D36A" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="E220ECF87C5E7352112AB53C5D308F93" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
|
Color in life of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C75371351C36CB6DF4CF2D079CD0FCFE" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="88D36141853726F6714315547DC302C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="C870BC075345F5C0F691EB2A6E28B003" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
, and sexual dimorphism.
|
|
<emphasis id="BC93F9978163C6C1DC40B9FB3DFA5B1B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">A</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="1493AA5FE352A68AACFD6D9E881A08D2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B</emphasis>
|
|
Lateral and dorsal view of the holotype INSZ 0268.
|
|
<emphasis id="687E8FBD61F52772452200774E8206A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">C</emphasis>
|
|
Male exhibiting melanic coloration on dorsal body and head surfaces, as well as conspicuous tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales (paratype INSV-SR009).
|
|
<emphasis id="D17C508AF674692E9F93436C0A23FCD9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">D</emphasis>
|
|
Female exhibiting creamish-yellow to tan coloration on the dorsal body and head surfaces, without tricolored ocelli on the infralabial scales. Both C and D specimens are from vereda de
|
|
<normalizedToken id="DDA508B259E99BFD697D36F9975E272D" originalValue="Coasavistá">Coasavista</normalizedToken>
|
|
, municipality of
|
|
<normalizedToken id="425C8743C0F0B57CAA4DD9DD2122C33E" originalValue="Fómeque">Fomeque</normalizedToken>
|
|
, Cundinamarca, coordinates
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="75FC95C6471606B54CF2867EB6805886" degrees="4.495001" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="4.495001">N 4.495001</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, W -73.852056. Pictures by Ronald A.
|
|
<normalizedToken id="EBB3B43F4EB8BD4890B1A017401C1CD9" originalValue="Díaz-Flores">Diaz-Flores</normalizedToken>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="AF056C06D927F394E6AA376B8F5F70CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="meristic variation">
|
|
<paragraph id="A3D67758E594290426274898459CFCDF" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Meristic variation.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4FB4C6714B7770286DB4F07CCE4DA85D" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="89E4E0636DDC7445DBB286B275D03FA3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
(Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="4E993744479F84CCB5E951AB4E71F6A1" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Comparisons of meristic and hemipenial characters between B. myrringae sp. nov., B. tulitoi sp. nov. and all its congeners of toadheaded pitvipers." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F7FF0F5117D0326916209BBAF0303130" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" tableUuid="F7FF0F5117D0326916209BBAF0303130">4</tableCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Female and male adults of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A7DFCB05F3103E60E3FC63010A9B8841" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="24957B5C18DFC496367B5808C8B099FC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="6FEFFDCB4AC502EE52926AA40F33C7CC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
exhibit sexual dimorphism in ventral scale counts (Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="6EDEEFE3DC71440D9D45893070E4022F" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Comparisons of meristic and hemipenial characters between B. myrringae sp. nov., B. tulitoi sp. nov. and all its congeners of toadheaded pitvipers." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F7FF0F5117D0326916209BBAF0303130" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" tableUuid="F7FF0F5117D0326916209BBAF0303130">4</tableCitation>
|
|
). One female (IAvH-R6877: Guayabetal, Cundinamarca) has a single canthorostral scale on the right side of the head. One male (INSVSR-00099: El Calvario, Meta) lacks a lacunolabial scale on both sides of the head, and this is the only specimen showing this condition.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="67063881C9A46C1B4A94FF7D3134EAC0" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="hemipenial morphology">
|
|
<paragraph id="02B634425BF138BCACD074678A8E0D2D" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Hemipenial morphology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="EBA8F7FB0FD8E26AC0FAE5D77B4186E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="D1C1269DA8A08AA3E3691B170C5F3A1F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="638850AE653D45F2C4418AD30F361E03" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">n</emphasis>
|
|
=2, Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="F5A3255330EF64CC9C3A5151F42944AC" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Hemipenial architecture. A, B, C Sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views of the hemipenis of the holotype of Bothrocophias tulitoi sp. nov. (INSZ 073) from vereda Cienaga La Valvanera, municipality of Garagoa, department of Boyaca, Colombia. Coordinates: N 5.106535941, W - 73.25888414; elevation 1894 m. asl. D, E, F Sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views of the hemipenis of the holotype of Bothrocophias myrringae sp. nov. (INSZ 0268) from vereda Mundo Nuevo, municipality of La Calera, department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Coordinates: N 4.660602778, W - 73.88491667; elevation 2,761 m asl." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763283" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">5D-F</figureCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Hemipenes
|
|
<emphasis id="2EE810069C6E437A7E521AA333E1E8B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">in situ</emphasis>
|
|
extend to the level of the 8th or 12th subcaudal scale, bilobation point ranges between the 2rd and 4th subcaudal scale. Everted and inflated, the organ is deeply bilobed, bicalyculate and moderately capitate distally; hemipenial lobes slim and cylindrical; in sulcate view, lobe crotch ornamented with scattered spinules;
|
|
<emphasis id="6ED6596B66D8F68FC774D3E5222575B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sulcus spermaticus</emphasis>
|
|
cetrolineal, bifurcate and with walls weakly defined, bifurcation occurs below bilobation point and proximal to the midpoint of the hemipenial body;
|
|
<emphasis id="CC9184E95FB09E9F19348DCEE7D00772" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sulcus spermaticus</emphasis>
|
|
branch runs to lobe tips; intrasulcar area barely covered with spines that increase in size distally; second half of each hemipenal lobe scarcely ornamented by large calyces with weakly defined edges;
|
|
<emphasis id="7C9D6FF3759D0B2E011B3A1DCFB04E49" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sulcus spermaticus</emphasis>
|
|
walls weakly defined. In sulcate view, hemipenial body barely covered with small spines proximally; hemipenial body ornamented medially by few large and strongly calcified mesial spines arranged in oblique rows, with lateral and mesial spines of the hemipenial body variable in size; the spines in each lobe are replaced distally by large calyces with weakly spinulate edges. In lateral view, hemipenial body barely covered with small spines proximally; lobes ornamented medially by scattered, large, and strongly calcified lateral spines that increase in size distally; and the large spines replaced distally by large, weakly defined calyces. In asulcate view, the hemipenial body is barely covered with small spines proximally; hemipenial body ornamented medially by scattered, large, and strongly calcified lateral spines arranged in oblique rows which increase in size distally; and the spines in each lobe replaced by large and poorly developed calyces through an oblique cut.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="240AAB2DD7C69A186A39D4AC08471EAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph id="1FBFA0D029ECEDF23ADC18377AB63490" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0F165F01EDA92B020CB816165D56DBA6" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
The specific epithet
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7B737D48A824E448D54236441C171E39" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="010547FD6D6CE7F0C1DFE788B6B83F5E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the Latin translation of the Spanish nickname
|
|
<normalizedToken id="3EAFBCEF49F8A0B89E35076AB4E175DE" originalValue="“Mirringa,”">"Mirringa,"</normalizedToken>
|
|
which means
|
|
<normalizedToken id="BDBB3DEDE9CAB728558F4B08F0C98AF4" originalValue="“pinch”">"pinch"</normalizedToken>
|
|
or something very small. The word
|
|
<normalizedToken id="03237CE0C4A9E51507C345FB55213BEB" originalValue="“Mirringa”">"Mirringa"</normalizedToken>
|
|
was popularized by Rafael Pombo (1833-1912), a Colombian poet and writer who wrote a popular fable titled "Mirringa Mirronga." Given the popularity of the fable, as well as the homophonic similarity of
|
|
<normalizedToken id="EFB9393DF66443F2209BB2FB60091CA8" originalValue="“Mirringa”">"Mirringa"</normalizedToken>
|
|
and the name
|
|
<normalizedToken id="57ED517FF75F7496852B3F4D9F0CB7A9" originalValue="“Myriam,”">"Myriam,"</normalizedToken>
|
|
the nickname
|
|
<normalizedToken id="E5A63E16B2FBA3E740C3963016D42B95" originalValue="“Myrringa”">"Myrringa"</normalizedToken>
|
|
began to be used as a term of endearment. The name of the new species is in honor of the educator Myriam Sierra Guerrero (mother of the first author). She was the philosophical and conceptual advisor of professor Tulio Manuel Angarita Serrano and contributed to the development of the modern Colombian education model that all schools within Colombia currently employ. Professor Sierra Guerrero also helped develop the theoretical framework for the implementation of institutional educational projects in Colombian public and private schools (see Angarita-Serrano 1990; Angarita-Serrano 1994; Angarita-Serrano and Chaves 1995; Angarita-Serran 1996; Angarita-Serrano 2000).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="92881E770E5B084BE4FE798E915B572F" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="EF5E152FF7F96588EFE5616FDCA459F9" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9F9043EF8B2F4B6E95B605B23F42E1EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
The known localities of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3BB0CFBF64D15DDA5CB51E2C16404BC3" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="6DD008C3D4E7040CE18D7C9287E51851" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="2348F686036E3B081DBB9115C74C5B52" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
are from 1754 to 2761 m a.s.l. in both the central mountains and eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia in the municipalities of La Calera,
|
|
<normalizedToken id="F20D1F044046E8A1EA31DC8FEE81E4D9" originalValue="Choachí">Choachi</normalizedToken>
|
|
,
|
|
<normalizedToken id="80AD1027E8586EC6F5AC2C512EA6A5ED" originalValue="Fómeque">Fomeque</normalizedToken>
|
|
, and Guayabetal (Cundinamarca), and El Calvario and San Juanito (Meta, Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="07782EB0908576D493B7E53373990BC2" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Geographic distribution of Bothrocophias microphtalmus sensu lato, B. tulitoi sp. nov., and B. myrringae sp. nov., including type localities. The background map was obtained from the Esri open database through the following sources: DeLorme. USDS. NPS; USGS. NOAA." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763287" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">9</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0E430C5F3E56909D03F5C6E2A238F003" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="94D94E2A026D3E9D15FF2C654847ABF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="3C80199EF2F4D63D16643624DBCBC12D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
appears to be associated with cloud montane, high Andean Forest, and subparamos but is also tolerant of disturbed or transformed habitats such as livestock pastures and agricultural fields. The new species was found in sympatry with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6468197710CFF94635D49CFB5A37CC04" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrops" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrops atrox" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
|
<emphasis id="DDC57181587B45637985F202C6A8671D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrops atrox</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in localities from
|
|
<normalizedToken id="E613DFD573A32FAEFF9B5A821F9409D8" originalValue="Fómeque">Fomeque</normalizedToken>
|
|
. No natural history data are available.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="EBEEF9EA3B0F0C3147BF33667DA2F4CA" doi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763287" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
|
<paragraph id="8A7D4DD9AF3FBCAC9071F0666AA38B5E" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="7FFCA21AEC5C3A7794DB2D84C6B666F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
|
Geographic distribution of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BB3E609EF94F48D0726CBCBA6CA8805C" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias microphtalmus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphtalmus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D99AB2AA78E94177C552F87F6FD6457B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias microphtalmus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="8462B4C78CD5FCBA08AF9660E5E5793D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D4163C6C6EC84E3F3869346B2325C66F" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. tulitoi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tulitoi">
|
|
<emphasis id="86BD58A71FFC27AB172181663EA7DA81" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. tulitoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="36A20F10F5A43651E66093D8608D9464" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2D7DEE1C91D26565FC64AC0FB34746A4" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="F1F44860C02EBAF02F4F3B79C35290C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="35726B18F36DC8AB7090F485EA41014C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
, including type localities. The background map was obtained from the Esri open database through the following sources: DeLorme. USDS. NPS; USGS. NOAA.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="38FCEB64C85A6C95850AC427C4E25431" doi="10.3897/vz.72.e87313.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/763288" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
|
<paragraph id="43DFFD68EF46ADB0582F2851E5026FAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
<emphasis id="126D19D839D2ECE428B72DA5179443C8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
|
Elevational segregation in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AB0018FD9A9E3E7976AD4F4E43737FD0" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrocophias microphthalmus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">
|
|
<emphasis id="7615D876FF391485253C3E1B29423D96" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Bothrocophias microphthalmus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex across its entire distribution.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="CFB6D491BDB88F729B96A642C9EBDBC0" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" type="envenomation">
|
|
<paragraph id="017BA59EF209E2B39EF4DCA1D3155FA0" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">Envenomation.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2DBDC30DB52FE8FBB109A64B79461F59" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">
|
|
A total of three snakebite events in the last decade might have potentially been caused by
|
|
<taxonomicName id="39D7CDA4311F4342C183F90C7ADBBD1B" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrocophias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="B. myrringae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="971" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myrringae">
|
|
<emphasis id="5A916FAA86FDCE900D8732132EAFD530" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">B. myrringae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="BD85AEE0A403609DF3E008FD752A418A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="971">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
, all of which were from the municipality of El Calvario (Meta). Each case was categorized as mild, moderate, and severe, respectively, and one fatality was reported. Local symptoms reported included oedema (100%), pain (100%), erythema (66%), and phlyctens (33%); systemic symptoms included respiratory failure (33%) and muscular weakness (33%). Symptoms such as paresthesia ecchymosis, bruising, sickness, vomit, vertigo, gingivorrhagia, hematuria, and altered vision were not reported.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</subSection>
|
|
</document> |