154 lines
17 KiB
XML
154 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3848157" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2dbd1492-da1f-4175-9353-71d642668466" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164159861" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3848157" approvalRequired="75" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="2" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="68" approvalRequired_for_treatments="4" checkinTime="1589544004277" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Erwin, Terry L." docDate="1965" docId="03DB3D1BFFB24343FCD4FA515552DC2E" docLanguage="en" docName="coleopterist_bulletin.19.1.1-19.3999299.pdf.imf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin 19 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Brachinus Weber 1801" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FFE24563FFB04340FFE1FFDA533CD439" masterDocTitle="A Revision Of Brachinus Of North America: Part I. The California Species (Coleoptera: Carabidae)" masterLastPageNumber="19" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1643596040078" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A Revision Of Brachinus Of North America: Part I. The California Species (Coleoptera: Carabidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Erwin, Terry L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>San Jose State College, San Jose, California</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>1965</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>1965-03-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>19</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>19</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828883</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">2dbd1492-da1f-4175-9353-71d642668466</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3828883</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">CA22A5CE-B3C9-43F2-B5D6-6FA7DACEC956</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3848157" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164159861" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3848157" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DB3D1BFFB24343FCD4FA515552DC2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB3D1BFFB24343FCD4FA515552DC2E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection box="[821,1128,1419,1450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[806,1128,1409,1450]" box="[821,1128,1419,1450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName authority="Weber" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1801" box="[821,1128,1419,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachinus Weber</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[292,1652,1484,2508]" box="[306,785,1494,1524]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName authority="Weber, 1801: 22" authorityName="Weber" authorityPageNumber="22" authorityYear="1801" box="[306,779,1494,1524]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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Brachinus
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<bibRefCitation author="WEBER, F." bookContentInfo="116 pp." box="[500,779,1494,1524]" journalOrPublisher="Impensis Bibliopolii Academici Novi Kiliae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10162" refString="WEBER, F. 1801. Observationes entomologicae, etc. Impensis Bibliopolii Academici Novi Kiliae. 116 pp." title="Observationes entomologicae, etc" type="book" year="1801">Weber, 1801:22</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[292,1652,1484,2508]" box="[312,1088,1544,1575]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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(
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<taxonomicName authority="Linne, Fabricius" authorityName="Linne, Fabricius" box="[323,767,1544,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Carabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carabus Linne, Fabricius</taxonomicName>
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; Brachynus auct.)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[292,1652,1484,2508]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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TYPE OF GENUS:
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<taxonomicName authority="Linne" authorityName="Linne" box="[686,1143,1615,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Carabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crepitans">Carabus crepitans Linne</taxonomicName>
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, here designated. This was the second species listed by Weber, because
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<taxonomicName authorityName="W. J. MacLeay" authorityYear="1864" box="[1150,1371,1656,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chlaenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">bimaculatus</taxonomicName>
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(which Weber listed first) is now included in
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<taxonomicName authority="Solier 1833" authorityName="Solier" authorityYear="1833" box="[855,1295,1698,1730]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheropsophus Solier 1833</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[292,1652,1484,2508]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description: Small to medium sized beetles with blue or brown elytra and ferrugineus head and thorax. The following characters are representative of this genus: second antennal segment short and all segments with at least some pubescence; eyes prominent and with a "bead"2 at dorsal edge; labrum short and broad; mandibles each with a single tooth; galae palpiform and two-segmented, with apical segment obconical; maxillary palpi four-segmented, with second and third segments obconical; labial palpi three-segmented, with first and second segments obconical; anterior tibiae with an "antennal comb" (formed of a fringe of stiff setae) in middle of posterior edge, and with an apical tibial spine; elytra costate to a variable degree, and truncate to dehiscent at apex; epipleura elevated above margin of elytra from humeri to outer apical corner; venter of thorax and abdomen mostly pubescent; middle coxal cavities disjunct; abdomen with seven visible sterna; parameres of male genitalia glabrous, reduced, the right one being very much smaller than the left.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[292,1652,1484,2508]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">These beetles, when alarmed, forcibly eject a liquid (composed in part of nitrogen and P-benzoquinone) from the pygidial glands that are located in the caudal half of the abdomen under the reproductive organs. This liquid volatizes instantly upon contact with the air, generating a small puff of "smoke" accompanied by an audible popping or crackling sound. If this liquid touches human skin, the skin will burn for an instant and then turn dark brown which lasts for several days, eventually fading to normal color.</paragraph>
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<footnote box="[347,1650,2565,2593]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[297,1650,2541,2593]" box="[347,1650,2565,2593]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2 "Bead" in the sense used here refers to a raised ridge similar to a welding bead.</paragraph>
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</footnote>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Enemies of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1801" box="[518,688,491,522]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachinus</taxonomicName>
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(birds, insects, skunks, etc.) no doubt will be affected in much the same manner and will not "forget" the lesson. The popping will act to scare any enemy capable of hearing, and the puff of "smoke" would serve to startle an enemy. This ability to crepitate has resulted in both the common name of these beetles ("bombardier beetles") and in many of the species names such as
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<taxonomicName authority="Duft." authorityName="Duft." box="[945,1416,702,733]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="explodens">Brachinus explodens Duft.</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="(Linne)" baseAuthorityName="Linne" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Carabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crepitans">B. crepitans (Linne)</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="(Fab.)" baseAuthorityName="Fab." box="[478,796,744,775]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumans">B. fumans (Fab.)</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authority="Dejean." authorityName="Dejean." box="[901,1248,744,775]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="librator">B. librator Dejean.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1801" box="[358,527,796,827]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachinus</taxonomicName>
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beetles are usually not far from water, in streamside, lakeside, or marshy habitats. Most members of this genus are capable of flying and do so when the food supply is scarce or the environmental conditions become unsuitable.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="key">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" box="[667,1296,989,1019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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KEY TO
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1801" box="[804,1001,989,1019]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">BRACHINUS</taxonomicName>
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OF CALIFORNIA3
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1. Mentum flat or slightly convex, with scattered setae; elytra with at least the 8th interval4 densely pubescent2----------------------------____________ 2</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Mentum concave, surrounded by a ring of setae; elytra without dense pubescence in any interval--------------------------------------
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<taxonomicName authority="Motschulsky" authorityName="Motschulsky" authorityYear="1859" box="[1240,1647,1155,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costipennis">COSTIPENNIS Motschulsky</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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2. Elytra with dense pubescence restricted to 8th interval, but scattered hairs may occur on the apical third of elytra------------------------
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<taxonomicName box="[1298,1468,1230,1254]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">GEBHARDIS</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1480,1646,1230,1254]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" box="[431,1645,1264,1287]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Elytral pubescence not restricted to 8th interval--------------------------- 3</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3. Elytra with pubescence restricted to 6th, 7th, and 8th intervals at middle (but also covering most of the apical third of the elytra)------------------------ 4</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" box="[430,1648,1372,1395]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Elytra with entire dorsal surface pubescent -------------------------------- 6</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" box="[330,1647,1413,1436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4. Elytra blue, with blue epipleurae--------------------------------------- 5</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" box="[429,1650,1447,1470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Elytra brown, with testaceous epipleurae------------------------
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<taxonomicName authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1831" box="[1381,1650,1447,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">LATERALIS Dejean</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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5. Antennal segments 3-5 usually black, at least in part (rarely ferrugineus), outer segments dusky; mesepisterna and sides of abdomen black; last 3 abdominal terga darkened, usually black ---------------- - ---------------------
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<taxonomicName authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" box="[1402,1647,1557,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fidelis">FIDELIS LeConte</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Antennae pale ferrugineus; abdomen, mesepisterna and last 3 terga pale ferrugineus (browner in some populations) ------------------------------
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Erwin" authorityYear="1965" box="[1325,1467,1623,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">PALLIDUS</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1478,1645,1623,1648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" box="[330,1646,1666,1690]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">6. Pronotum smooth or shallowly rugose -------------------------- - ----- 7</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" box="[428,1653,1699,1723]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Pronotum with deep punctations forming a strongly rugose surface-
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Erwin" authorityYear="1965" box="[1342,1495,1699,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="favicollis">FAVICOLLIS</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1505,1653,1699,1723]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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7. Pronotum strongly cordiform, with sides more or less explanate before the middle; abdomen and mesepisterna black; antennal segments 3-11 entirely black -------------------------------------------------
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<taxonomicName box="[1204,1646,1807,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TSCHERNIKHI Mannerheim</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" box="[428,1546,1841,1864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pronotum narrow, distinctly longer than wide and with sides not explanate; venter</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" box="[462,1648,1875,1898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">pale; antennal segments 3-11 dusky------------------------------------ 8</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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8. Elytra feebly costate, feebly pubescent; pronotal disc glabrous, with only a few scattered hairs around margins; head with frontal furrows deep and rugose -----------------------------------------------
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<taxonomicName box="[1187,1443,1983,2006]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">IMPERIALENSIS</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1456,1646,1983,2006]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[297,1653,481,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Elytra not costate, densely pubescent; pronotal disc with dense pubescence; head with shallow frontal furrows ---------------------------
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<taxonomicName box="[1293,1464,2050,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">VELUTINUS</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1476,1646,2050,2071]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |