246 lines
34 KiB
XML
246 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="6200B2E6D3EDA40B06A4D42D44B4F94C" ID-CLB-Dataset="26217" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4638.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fb8c670e-e341-4236-9b05-402c7f92b8f1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3335260" ID-ZooBank="E5A26EB4-1F98-4310-A8D7-A0F933E75D95" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1563173981185" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sim-Smith, Carina & Kelly, Michelle" docDate="2019" docId="03CB87E6FF94F94BFF7BFD9AFF74FCC1" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4638.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4638 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Penares schulzei" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFF2FF9EFF9CF941FFECFFD0FF94FFFA" masterDocTitle="Review of the sponge genus Penares (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Astrophorina) in the New Zealand EEZ, with descriptions of new species" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698741243220" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="347207DF8C758DF44A97A0ECB6EBA37F">Review of the sponge genus Penares (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Astrophorina) in the New Zealand EEZ, with descriptions of new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1E3D5D2166FF0FACE37279FBC891646C">Sim-Smith, Carina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E655E35358D1175EE942572F7316B406">Kelly, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B4C0113E2D08F2754F0A56DE0BE0C62E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A20EFB6BF9083C9B47D72E92A3B8B65E">
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<mods:date id="C1D64CEAC42246FD388721FD57DBB600">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="513630BF79F2E3BDABCAA6D57BB273C4">2019-07-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="620A1ED7656C8699B6E63D16AF5C6952">4638</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="31D7B5DE742CB975B26048F67D85D764" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4638.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CB87E6FF94F94BFF7BFD9AFF74FCC1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159398278" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB87E6FF94F94BFF7BFD9AFF74FCC1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87E6FF94F94BFF7BFD9AFF74FCC1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection id="C378657BFF94F949FF7BFD9AFD84FD99" box="[151,528,585,612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF94F949FF7BFD9AFD84FD99" blockId="8.[151,528,585,648]" box="[151,528,585,612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<heading id="D095819CFF94F949FF7BFD9AFD84FD99" bold="true" box="[151,528,585,612]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF94F949FF7BFD9AFD84FD99" authority="(Dendy 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[151,528,585,612]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF94F949FF7BFD9AFD84FD99" bold="true" box="[151,528,585,612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF94F949FF7BFD9AFEF6FD9E" bold="true" box="[151,354,585,612]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Penares schulzei</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF94F949FE9DFD99FD9CFD99" author="Dendy, A." box="[369,520,585,611]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="57 - 246" refId="ref26582" refString="Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 3, 57 - 246., pls. I-XVI." type="journal article" year="1905">Dendy 1905</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C378657BFF94F949FF7BFDBEFEF9FD72" box="[151,365,621,648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF94F949FF7BFDBEFEF9FD72" blockId="8.[151,528,585,648]" box="[151,365,621,648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13592A75FF94F949FF73FDBEFE91FD7D" box="[159,261,621,648]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1937,1962]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionStartId-2="11.[151,250,946,971]" captionTargetBox-0="[171,1415,790,1925]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetBox-2="[477,1112,179,926]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[171,1415,790,1925]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[470,1116,174,934]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Specimen preserved in ethanol. Note the gastropod shells in- corporated into the interior of the sponge; B. Thin section of the cortex showing the dense layer of tangential microxeas at the surface; C. Thin section of the cortex and choanosome showing the location of the triaenes underneath the crust of microxeas." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Oxea; B. Dichotriaene; C & D. Triaenes with varying numbers of clads; E. Microxeas; F. Oxyaster." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Distribution of P. schulzei (Dendy 1905), around New Zealand. The white outline shows New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3407689/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3407691/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3335266/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4–6</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6E0034BFF94F949FEFCFDBEFEF0FD72" box="[272,356,622,648]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,239,874,898]" captionTargetBox="[166,1338,1055,1648]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Penares schulzei (Dendy, 1905). Dimensions are given as the mean (minimummaximum) length × mean (minimum–maximum) width (number of spicules measured). OX = oxea; D = dichotriaene rhabdome, DP = dichotriaene protoclad; DD = dichotriaene deutroclad; DC = dichotriaene cladome; MOX = microxea; O = oxyaster. Dimensions for the holotype are from Dendy (1905) and dimensions of NHL DCL 2795 are from Lévi & Lévi (1983)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 2</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C378657BFF94F949FF7BFD63FDF7FD30" box="[151,611,687,714]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF94F949FF7BFD63FDF7FD30" blockId="8.[151,878,687,776]" box="[151,611,687,714]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF94F949FF7BFD63FE0FFD30" box="[151,411,688,714]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Plakinastrella schulzei,</emphasis>
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Dendy, 1905: 69.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF94F949FF7BFD00FCFAFD13" blockId="8.[151,878,687,776]" box="[151,878,718,745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF94F949FF7BFD00FECEFD13" box="[151,346,719,745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Penares schulzei,</emphasis>
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Lévi & Lévi, 1983: 150;
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<figureCitation id="13592A75FF94F949FD95FD1FFD5EFD13" box="[633,714,719,745]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1768,1793]" captionTargetBox="[151,1419,174,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1419,174,1756]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 28. Penares okokewae sp. nov., holotype NIWA 101248: A. Oxea; B. Dichotriaenes; C. Microxeas; D. Microrhabds; E. Oxyasters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335294/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
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, Pl. 12,
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<figureCitation id="13592A75FF94F949FCCAFD1FFCFEFD13" box="[806,874,719,745]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,946,971]" captionTargetBox="[477,1112,179,926]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[470,1116,174,934]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution of P. schulzei (Dendy 1905), around New Zealand. The white outline shows New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335266/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF94F949FF7BFD3EFDF4FCF2" blockId="8.[151,878,687,776]" box="[151,608,749,776]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF94F949FF7BFD3EFEF2FCF2" box="[151,358,750,776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Penares tylotaster,</emphasis>
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Bergquist, 1961: 198.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF1D6678FF94F949FF7BF841FA01F808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407689/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[151,250,1937,1962]" targetBox="[171,1415,790,1925]" targetPageId="8">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF94F949FF7BF841FA01F808" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF94F949FF7BF841FE81F850" bold="true" box="[151,277,1937,1962]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF94F949FEF1F842FE5DF850" box="[285,457,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Penares schulzei</emphasis>
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(Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616:
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF94F949FCEAF841FC8AF850" bold="true" box="[774,798,1937,1962]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A.</emphasis>
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Specimen preserved in ethanol. Note the gastropod shells in- corporated into the interior of the sponge;
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF94F949FDABF866FDCAF834" bold="true" box="[583,606,1974,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B.</emphasis>
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Thin section of the cortex showing the dense layer of tangential microxeas at the surface;
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF94F949FF02F809FE92F808" bold="true" box="[238,262,2009,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C.</emphasis>
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Thin section of the cortex and choanosome showing the location of the triaenes underneath the crust of microxeas.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C378657BFF95F948FF7BFF48FE76FF00" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF95F948FF7BFF48FE76FF00" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FF7BFF48FE14FF49" bold="true" box="[151,384,152,179]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Material examined.</emphasis>
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NIWA 75616, NIWA Stn TAN1108/253, East Cape, 37.469° S, 178.863° E, 106–117 m, 1 Jun 2011. Microscope slide from Bergquist (1961), Stn 6, Chatham Rise, 43.667° S, 179.467° E, 396 m, 24 Jan 1954.
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FF2BFF31FEF2FF01" bold="true" box="[199,358,224,251]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type locality.</emphasis>
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Sri Lanka.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C378657BFF95F948FF2BFED4FA01FEE5" box="[199,1429,260,287]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF95F948FF2BFED4FA01FEE5" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,755]" box="[199,1429,260,287]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FF2BFED4FEF5FEE5" bold="true" box="[199,353,260,287]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Sri Lanka; New Caledonia; East Cape and Chatham Rise, New Zealand; 106–430 m (
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<figureCitation id="13592A75FF95F948FAC9FED4FA13FEE5" box="[1317,1415,260,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Oxea; B. Dichotriaene; C & D. Triaenes with varying numbers of clads; E. Microxeas; F. Oxyaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407691/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 5</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C378657BFF95F94BFF2BFEF8FA8FFF01" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF95F948FF2BFEF8FC8BFE0D" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FF2BFEF8FECDFEB9" bold="true" box="[199,345,296,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description.</emphasis>
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Morphology is irregularly massive. The sponge contains a lot of foreign material and boring gas- tropods. Dimensions of the holotype are 50 mm × 30 mm × 18 mm thick. NIWA 75616 comprises three small frag- ments that are each approximately 20 mm × 20 mm × 15 mm thick. Texture is firm, slightly compressible. Surface is slightly scratchy to the touch. Oscules (<3 mm) and pores are irregularly scattered over the holotype. No oscules are visible on NIWA 75616. Colour of the holotype is purplish grey externally and yellowish internally. Colour of NIWA 75616 in ethanol is purple throughout (
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<figureCitation id="13592A75FF95F948FD77FE0CFC87FE0D" box="[667,787,476,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1937,1962]" captionTargetBox="[171,1415,790,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[171,1415,790,1925]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Specimen preserved in ethanol. Note the gastropod shells in- corporated into the interior of the sponge; B. Thin section of the cortex showing the dense layer of tangential microxeas at the surface; C. Thin section of the cortex and choanosome showing the location of the triaenes underneath the crust of microxeas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407689/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 4A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF95F948FF2BFDD0FBA2FD98" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FF2BFDD0FEA1FDE1" bold="true" box="[199,309,512,539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Skeleton.</emphasis>
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Cortical skeleton has a dense layer of tangential microxeas at the surface (
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<figureCitation id="13592A75FF95F948FB94FDD0FB7AFDE1" box="[1144,1262,512,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1937,1962]" captionTargetBox="[171,1415,790,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[171,1415,790,1925]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Specimen preserved in ethanol. Note the gastropod shells in- corporated into the interior of the sponge; B. Thin section of the cortex showing the dense layer of tangential microxeas at the surface; C. Thin section of the cortex and choanosome showing the location of the triaenes underneath the crust of microxeas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407689/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 4B</figureCitation>
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). Choanosomal skeleton is an irregular reticulation of oxeas. Triaenes are situated with their cladome just under the crust of micro- xeas (
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<figureCitation id="13592A75FF95F948FF3BFD98FEDAFD99" box="[215,334,584,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1937,1962]" captionTargetBox="[171,1415,790,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[171,1415,790,1925]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Specimen preserved in ethanol. Note the gastropod shells in- corporated into the interior of the sponge; B. Thin section of the cortex showing the dense layer of tangential microxeas at the surface; C. Thin section of the cortex and choanosome showing the location of the triaenes underneath the crust of microxeas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407689/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 4C</figureCitation>
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). Oxyasters are more abundant in the deeper parts of the holotype.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF95F94BFF2BFDBCFA8FFF01" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,755]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,827]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FF2BFDBCFEBDFD7D" bold="true" box="[199,297,620,647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Spicules</emphasis>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF95F948FED4FDBCFE0EFD7D" box="[312,410,620,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Oxea; B. Dichotriaene; C & D. Triaenes with varying numbers of clads; E. Microxeas; F. Oxyaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407691/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E0034BFF95F948FE4AFDBCFE68FD7D" box="[422,508,620,647]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,239,874,898]" captionTargetBox="[166,1338,1055,1648]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Penares schulzei (Dendy, 1905). Dimensions are given as the mean (minimummaximum) length × mean (minimum–maximum) width (number of spicules measured). OX = oxea; D = dichotriaene rhabdome, DP = dichotriaene protoclad; DD = dichotriaene deutroclad; DC = dichotriaene cladome; MOX = microxea; O = oxyaster. Dimensions for the holotype are from Dendy (1905) and dimensions of NHL DCL 2795 are from Lévi & Lévi (1983)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FDFDFDBCFD09FD7C" box="[529,669,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megascleres</emphasis>
|
||
—oxeas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF95F948FCE4FDBCFCE9FD7D" box="[776,893,620,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Oxea; B. Dichotriaene; C & D. Triaenes with varying numbers of clads; E. Microxeas; F. Oxyaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407691/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
) are relatively stout and curved to angulate; 882 (574–1171) × 26 (9–45) µm (n = 31). Dichotriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF95F948FD03FD40FCDAFD51" box="[751,846,656,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Oxea; B. Dichotriaene; C & D. Triaenes with varying numbers of clads; E. Microxeas; F. Oxyaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407691/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B–D) are very short and variable in form, they often possess a mixture of single, bifurcate and trifurcate clads; 189 (127–403) µm long (n = 26) × 590 (381–829) µm wide (n = 32).
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF96F94BFF2BFF49FEC3FF49" box="[199,343,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Microscleres</emphasis>
|
||
—microxeas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF96F94BFE1AFF49FDFEFF49" box="[502,618,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Oxea; B. Dichotriaene; C & D. Triaenes with varying numbers of clads; E. Microxeas; F. Oxyaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407691/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
) are short, curved and frequently centrotylote with sharply pointed tips; 1667 (41–477) × 9 (2–19) µm (n = 50). Oxyasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF96F94BFD0EFF6DFCC7FF2D" box="[738,851,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Oxea; B. Dichotriaene; C & D. Triaenes with varying numbers of clads; E. Microxeas; F. Oxyaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407691/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
) are small to moderately sized with numerous long slender rays that are lightly acanthose and spined towards the tips; 15 (9–29) µm in diameter (n = 420).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF1D6678FF95F948FF7BF8ABFD91F84D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407691/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1436,769,1902]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF95F948FF7BF8ABFD91F84D" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FF7BF8ABFE87F869" bold="true" box="[151,275,1915,1940]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FEF6F8ACFE51F869" box="[282,453,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Penares schulzei</emphasis>
|
||
(Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616:
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FD17F8ABFC80F86E" bold="true" box="[763,788,1915,1940]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Oxea;
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FCB2F8ABFCE1F869" bold="true" box="[862,885,1915,1939]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Dichotriaene;
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FBE0F8ABFBCEF869" bold="true" box="[1036,1114,1915,1940]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C & D.</emphasis>
|
||
Triaenes with varying numbers of clads;
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FF18F84FFE9FF84D" bold="true" box="[244,267,1951,1975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Microxeas;
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF95F948FE66F84FFE09F84D" bold="true" box="[394,413,1951,1975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">F.</emphasis>
|
||
Oxyaster.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C378657BFF96F94BFF2BFED5FF74FCC1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF96F94BFF2BFED5FEA4FDC5" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF96F94BFF2BFED5FEAFFEE5" bold="true" box="[199,315,261,287]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF96F94BFE99FED5FE43FEE5" box="[373,471,261,287]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of this specimen was collected in waters
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF96F94BFC41FED5FC60FEE5" box="[941,1012,261,287]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8199999999999998" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="182.0">182 m</quantity>
|
||
deep,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF96F94BFBD3FED5FB34FEE5" box="[1087,1184,261,287]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9312128" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mi" value="12.0">12 miles</quantity>
|
||
off the coast of Galle,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF96F94BFF7BFEF9FE92FEB9" box="[151,262,297,323]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF96F94BFEFAFEF9FE33FEB9" author="Dendy, A." box="[278,423,296,323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="57 - 246" refId="ref26582" refString="Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 3, 57 - 246., pls. I-XVI." type="journal article" year="1905">Dendy 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF96F94BFE50FEF9FD3BFEB9" author="Levi, C. & Levi, P." box="[444,687,297,323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="101 - 168" refId="ref27660" refString="Levi, C. & Levi, P. (1983) Eponges Tetractinellides et Lithistides bathyales de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Series 4, 5, 101 - 168." type="journal article" year="1983">Lévi and Lévi (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described three deep-water specimens from Havannah Pass,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF96F94BFA8BFEF9FE9DFE9D" name="New Caledonia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF96F94BFEF4FE9CFE0EFE9D" box="[280,410,332,359]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.275" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="4.25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="427.5" valueMax="430.0" valueMin="425.0">425–430 m</quantity>
|
||
) as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF96F94BFE24FE9EFDA9FE9D" baseAuthorityName="Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[456,573,333,359]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF96F94BFE24FE9EFDA9FE9D" box="[456,573,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. schulzei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, noting that the only difference between the New Caledonian specimens and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF96F94BFF2CFEA1FEB6FE71" box="[192,290,369,395]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was that the New Caledonian specimens had a clear size separation between the oxeas and microxeas, whereas, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF96F94BFEC5FE45FE1FFE55" box="[297,395,405,431]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
had a graduation of sizes—Dendy (1905) stated that, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF96F94BFC1CFE46FE7CFE0D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Between the large and small oxea thus described we find so many intermediate in shape and size that it is impossible to distinguish them as megascleres and microscleres respectively</emphasis>
|
||
.” We found that NIWA 75616 had a clear size separation between the oxeas and microxeas, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF96F94BFEA9FDD1FD83FDE6" author="Bergquist, P. R." box="[325,535,513,540]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="169 - 206" refId="ref25983" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1961) Demospongiae (Porifera) of the Chatham Islands and Chatham Rise, collected by the Chatham Islands 1954 expedition. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 13, 169 - 206." type="journal article" year="1961">Bergquist’s (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Chatham Rise specimen had a continuous graduation between the smallest and largest oxeas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF96F94BFF2BFD99FF74FCC1" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The spicule dimensions and morphology of NIWA 75616 and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF96F94BFC64FD99FBCDFD9E" author="Bergquist, P. R." box="[904,1113,585,612]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="169 - 206" refId="ref25983" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1961) Demospongiae (Porifera) of the Chatham Islands and Chatham Rise, collected by the Chatham Islands 1954 expedition. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 13, 169 - 206." type="journal article" year="1961">Bergquist’s (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Chatham Rise specimen are very similar to that of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF96F94BFE51FDBDFD8BFD7D" box="[445,543,621,647]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF96F94BFDAAFDBEFD28FD7D" baseAuthorityName="Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[582,700,621,647]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF96F94BFDAAFDBEFD28FD7D" box="[582,700,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. schulzei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and of NHL DCL 2795 from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF96F94BFBE3FDBDFB29FD7D" box="[1039,1213,621,647]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E0034BFF96F94BFB20FDBDFAB0FD7D" box="[1228,1316,621,647]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,239,874,898]" captionTargetBox="[166,1338,1055,1648]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Penares schulzei (Dendy, 1905). Dimensions are given as the mean (minimummaximum) length × mean (minimum–maximum) width (number of spicules measured). OX = oxea; D = dichotriaene rhabdome, DP = dichotriaene protoclad; DD = dichotriaene deutroclad; DC = dichotriaene cladome; MOX = microxea; O = oxyaster. Dimensions for the holotype are from Dendy (1905) and dimensions of NHL DCL 2795 are from Lévi & Lévi (1983)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF96F94BFAD5FDBDFEA4FD51" author="Levi, C. & Levi, P." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="101 - 168" refId="ref27660" refString="Levi, C. & Levi, P. (1983) Eponges Tetractinellides et Lithistides bathyales de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Series 4, 5, 101 - 168." type="journal article" year="1983">Lévi and Lévi’s (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustration of the spicules is remarkably consistent with those in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF96F94BFBCEFD41FB10FD51" box="[1058,1156,656,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1902]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Penares schulzei (Dendy 1905), NIWA 75616: A. Oxea; B. Dichotriaene; C & D. Triaenes with varying numbers of clads; E. Microxeas; F. Oxyaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3407691/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
. This record extends the latitudinal range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF96F94BFE9DFD66FE72FD35" baseAuthorityName="Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[369,486,693,719]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF96F94BFE9DFD66FE72FD35" box="[369,486,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. schulzei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
further into the South Pacific. The presence of Southeast Asian species is not unprecedented in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF96F94BFEFDFD09FE33FD09" box="[273,423,729,755]" name="New Zealand" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
waters (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF96F94BFDDEFD09FD65FD09" author="Kelly, M. & Amirapu, S. & Mills, S. & Page, M. & Reiswig, H. M." box="[562,753,728,755]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="295 - 307" refId="ref26994" refString="Kelly, M., Amirapu, S., Mills, S., Page, M. & Reiswig, H. M. (2015) Kermadec Islands sponge biodiversity: a review and description of a new species, Suberea meandrina sp. nov. (Demospongiae, Verongida, Aplysinellidae). In: Trnski, T. & Schlumpf, H. (Eds.), Kermadec Biodiscovery Expedition 2011. Bulletin of the Auckland Museum 20. Auckland War Memorial Museum, Auckland, pp. 295 - 307." type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kelly
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF96F94BFD9AFD0AFD3AFD09" box="[630,686,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), especially amongst deep-water taxa such as the Hexactinellida (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF96F94BFF3CFD2DFE46FCED" author="Reiswig, H. M. & Kelly, M." box="[208,466,765,791]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27745" refString="Reiswig, H. M. & Kelly, M. (2011) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Hexasterophoran Glass Sponges of New Zealand (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hexasterophora): Orders Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida and Lychniscosida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 124. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, 176 pp." type="book" year="2011">Reiswig & Kelly 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF96F94BFE32FD2DFD8EFCED" author="Reiswig, H. M. & Kelly, M." box="[478,538,765,791]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27805" refString="Reiswig, H. M. & Kelly, M. (2018) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Euplectellid Glass Sponges (Hexactinellida, Lyssacinosida, Euplectellidae). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 130. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, 170 pp." type="book" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), lithistid sponges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF96F94BFD18FD2DFCE1FCED" author="Kelly, M." box="[756,885,765,791]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref26953" refString="Kelly, M. (2007) The marine fauna of New Zealand. Porifera: Lithistid Demospongiae (rock sponges). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 121. National Institute of Water and Atomospheric Research, Wellington, 100 pp." type="book" year="2007">Kelly 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and some cladorhizid sponges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF96F94BFB09FD2DFF40FCC1" author="Vacelet, J. & Kelly, M." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="386 - 396" refId="ref28673" refString="Vacelet, J. & Kelly, M. (2014) A new species of Abyssocladia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Cladorhizidae) and other carnivorous sponges from the far eastern Solomon Islands. Zootaxa, 3815 (3), 386 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3815.3.4" type="journal article" year="2014">Vacelet & Kelly 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |