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<mods:title id="80863B2ECF29C648CB4804B93A43CC93">Taxonomy of Afrotropical and West Palaearctic ants of the ponerine genus Hypoponera Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).</mods:title>
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<treatment id="D70D181B48B59F9DAE7457F3EE10611A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6191112" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100115029" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6191112" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D70D181B48B59F9DAE7457F3EE10611A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D70D181B48B59F9DAE7457F3EE10611A" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<subSubSection id="D4C10FF3F82F73D2EC39541258D9DF88" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3A6E597A31E941AB82A0364A043843A3" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="8BE44E142431F25B68144AAAECEA5022" ID-CoL="6N379" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29538" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ragusai (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">Hypoponera ragusai (Emery)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7C30C57BF03BC63C1338E9B788E3660A" lastPageId="94" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="2D9E3093723FC9F03ED889400B770971" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="5ADAA5CD8639E401605C95C0CD3F3046" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">Ponera ragusai Emery</taxonomicName>
, 1894: 28. Syntype worker, ITALY: Sicily (E. Ragusa) (MSNG) [examined]. [Species also described as new by Emery, 1895: 65. Combination in
<taxonomicName id="3BAFFF65113647608E4057F35D84A494" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
: Baroni Urbani, 1971: 18.] (See note 1.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0576A56EFBD1DB2D00DD31DA481CBFBF" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="6B826431AFB80B6FD63A22EFF44EC3B8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138822" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera gleadowi Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">Ponera gleadowi Forel</taxonomicName>
, in Emery, 1895: 60 (footnote; also in key). Syntype workers and worker-queen intercastes, INDIA: Poona, XVII/1 and XI/3 (R.C. Wroughton) (MHNG) and INDIA: 91
<normalizedToken id="C54CE083DB5CD7F397832D380C0AD012" originalValue="–" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">-</normalizedToken>
76 (R.C. Wroughton) (BMNH) [examined]
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5E1C9A9FFBB6EA7E85FA2075804D05E1" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
[
<taxonomicName id="DF7BB11BC5BD447BB4CCABD412C01E73" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138822" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera gleadowi Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">Ponera gleadowi Emery</taxonomicName>
, 1893: 242; nomen nudum, attributed to Forel. Combination in
<taxonomicName id="B425BB28579CAF80970BE951F24BE9C8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
: Taylor, 1967: 12.] (See note 2.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="340D5C580085A93E90E9894160473C84" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="536DAAA49517E359971B15A6429B4551" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:277257" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera gleadowi decipiens Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gleadowii" subSpecies="decipiens">Ponera gleadowii r. decipiens Forel</taxonomicName>
, 1899: 118. Holotype worker, HAWAIIAN IS: Kauai I., on coast (R.C.L. Perkins) (MHNG) [not seen].
<taxonomicNameLabel id="124D91478CB712CE39B71E264B10AB03" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
[Previously junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="84843C9F5E68F7A997D442784F7859C8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
: Onoyama, 1989: 5.] (See note 3.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="829212CDD401A720846E90CCEA37DB4C" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="E7F45153F123DAF16AC4C3F638372E52" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:178460" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera gleadowi aethiopica Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gleadowi" subSpecies="aethiopica">Ponera gleadowi subsp. aethiopica Forel</taxonomicName>
, 1907b: 132. Syntype alate queen, ETHIOPIA: Tchafianani, 1905 (M de Rothschild) (MHNG) [examined]
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5FA1B200AF8FD5B0C1E307DD91546D65" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
[Unresolved junior primary homonym of
<taxonomicName id="13F15919D551C45D8D002EDEE97865FA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144669" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera aethiopica Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopica">Ponera aethiopica Smith</taxonomicName>
, F. 1858: 91 (now in Streblognathus). Raised to species: Bernard, 1953: 199 (in key). Combination in
<taxonomicName id="CD4D0FC443CC94F350D5CDFDCF8C2C6E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
: Bolton, 1995: 213.] (See note 4.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2190DF2C4400FFA4AE889A3EB5EC2494" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="61C5C764026D4D579EAD11718C50ABC5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138899" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai var. santschii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="ragusai" variety="santschii">Ponera ragusai var. santschii Emery</taxonomicName>
, 1909: 371, fig. 9. Syntype workers, worker-queen intercastes, queens and ergatoid male, TUNISIA: Kairouan, 2.x.1906 (F. Santschi); syntype worker, ALGERIA: Biskra (Noualhier); syntype worker, ISRAEL: Haifa (
<normalizedToken id="ABD1B18F9EF16BD770A51135E797328A" originalValue="“" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">&quot;</normalizedToken>
Syrien, Kaifa,
<normalizedToken id="68DB7D9FCDA6543C5CA4901F2E055426" originalValue="”" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">&quot;</normalizedToken>
on data label) (Reitter) (MSNG, NHMB, BMNH) [NHMB and BMNH examined].
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0EE06810F9FAC96D6D4DEC79475D39E2" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
[Combination in
<taxonomicName id="BF240997D035CC78FCD41791AD392CF5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
: Bolton, 1995: 216.] (See note 5.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8DD80FB5EB8ADDA3D597B3C00A37311D" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="99FC14E830CE1D873317CA2999ED6AD4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138821" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera japonica r. formosae Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="japonica" subSpecies="formosae">Ponera japonica r. formosae Forel</taxonomicName>
, 1913b: 186. Syntype workers, TAIWAN: Anping (H. Sauter) (MHNG) [not seen].
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A52E5C1C051DD9DAC7CAA6B3B5DA7762" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
[Previously junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="3A1CAB4D0C31E58CF56B3C704ED2F6AD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
: Taylor, 1967: 76.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BB0401C9020C6CB93EFA50AA761ED247" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="2B84EE97C807E2AEEC0E9B1E354C4682" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera lesnei Bondroit" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesnei">Ponera lesnei Bondroit</taxonomicName>
, 1916: 212, fig. Holotype worker, FRANCE: Dept. de la Seine,
<normalizedToken id="B4D07A064D9D6CB3621843C50677D254" originalValue="Bécon-sur-Bruyères" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Becon-sur-Bruyeres</normalizedToken>
(Lesne) (MNHN) [examined]. [Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="25D750DA352B1387EA636F39DB2FA06A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
: Bernard, 1967: 88.] (See note 6.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34A98A71675ABB80E1EEE80217B6C876" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="1D4959BA8EB47EE280994AC98E955DA5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera parva Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Ponera parva Bondroit</taxonomicName>
, 1918: 85. Holotype worker, FRANCE: Marseille (A. Grouvelle) (not in MNHN, presumed lost). [Junior primary homonym of
<taxonomicName id="5D4599EC4C7278358D348D9538C58FD7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera parva Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Ponera parva Forel</taxonomicName>
, 1909: 244. Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="9D6B69FB7D64E35EFE25CCD7A748EF01" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
: Bernard, 1967: 88.] (See note 7.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="272BC922ED8EE857529481CC7950906E" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="004A05567A156B2AE86D034B2D759656" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138902" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera massiliensis Bondroit" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="massiliensis">Ponera massiliensis Bondroit</taxonomicName>
, 1920: 158. [Replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="5387AD7DB64F6E5D7D869909FE83BB7B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera parva Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Ponera parva Bondroit</taxonomicName>
, 1918: 85. Junior synonym of ragusai: Bernard, 1967: 88.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="812F7DCF21D641A0B6176C1A661A90C1" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="6B538D38EF72F2A8DE6D245340701465" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:139330" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera gyptis Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gyptis">Ponera gyptis Santschi</taxonomicName>
, 1921c: 435. [Unnecessary (second) replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="BF34958154CDD836789BC2E4B2FC3C9C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera parva Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">parva Bondroit</taxonomicName>
, 1918: 85. Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4EDA929261C8667E0D01EA46A43D1E2F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
: Bernard, 1967: 88.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C7F7B926A0AA82891D5F869AAC6EA7A0" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName id="C06CD2BA7FFCDDB5B0B6FAD3FC035D91" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138825" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera oblongiceps Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblongiceps">
<pageBreakToken id="A1CAAC80976666AA2B7ED75A3ADBA1AA" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" start="start">Ponera</pageBreakToken>
oblongiceps Smith
</taxonomicName>
, M.R., 1939: 76, figs. 1
<normalizedToken id="922B4E1DFC1BD84D1C95CAD01079610B" originalValue="–" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">-</normalizedToken>
3. Syntype workers, queens and ergatoid males, U.S.A.: Maryland, Priest Bridge (A.B. Gurney) (USNM) [not seen].
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EA8FC8F31E3AD53F47346AB0062556A1" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
[Previously junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="78BCAF39A6409488E53F03735CBCF4D8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
: Taylor, 1968: 65.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66EE4A3EAF55965A5DE6F1DDC59958FE" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="AB4F10A940B6B2DD7603804E0D6AC944" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">NOTES.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC0D122611ED9CBDAAF527704F1844F3" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
1 Emery (1894) mentions two worker syntypes of
<taxonomicName id="6473293E036C0FEB6EC2E9EE3F542F0A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
but only one remains in MSNG and unfortunately the specimen lacks its head. A detached
<taxonomicName id="578BE70D806D2060ACF782BEC96D9C2A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
head, found by Dr Fabio Penati (MSNG) in the same box as the
<taxonomicName id="51F9125DB224864B3321887D6166BBE0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
syntype, together with some other
<taxonomicName id="522360ED1F0A3004F665A4BC9F1D3A10" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24837" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
species, is not associated with the
<taxonomicName id="3BD478A48376FD9EE654C06B6B314B82" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
body. It is certain that the detached head does not belong to
<taxonomicName id="E3CC8933E1B9A5DB60DD25E81F416C09" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
because, compared to the illustrations of
<taxonomicName id="0C40891EE17069AD9479D3A04492F777" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
in Emery (1909), the scapes are very long (SI 110), and about 10% of the scape length projects beyond the midpoint of the posterior margin of the head in full-face view. Also, the eye consists of 4 ommatidia and is located more posteriorly than is seen in any member of the
<taxonomicName id="D68BE9FB09EC43263E807487D6138978" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
group. Measurements of the headless
<taxonomicName id="70BECDD0AC6CF0F1716A4B68AF37E0A7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
syntype are: PrW 0.34, WL 0.74, PeNL 0.18, PeH 0.30, PeNW 0.22, PeS 0.233, PeNI 65, LPeI 60, DPeI 122.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79625E9E297F6FAB7EE1D0448222C072" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
2 Forel, in Emery (1895) mentioned three Indian localities and three collectors for the syntype series of gleadowi: Poona (Wroughton), Orissa (Ta y l o r) and Thana (Gleadow). Only the first series appears to be extant, in MHNG and BMNH; the locations of the other two series are not known and they do not appear to have survived. The syntypes in MHNG consist of two pins. The first pin bears a complete worker on an upper mount and its card has a star drawn on it; the lower mount has an almost destroyed worker specimen of which only a few leg fragments and apex of gaster remain. The second pin has a broken worker on the upper mount, which has the petiole and gaster missing, the mesosoma is at the apex of the mount and the head is detached and glued down closer to the pin. The lower mount carries a complete worker-queen intercaste. The BMNH syntypes consist of 10 workers and a worker-queen intercaste glued in a row on a single card. The data label reads,
<normalizedToken id="01D86C6886B4F1BA8F401EFCBD933722" originalValue="“" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">&quot;</normalizedToken>
India. R.C. Wroughton 91
<normalizedToken id="BA4C361A2F83C80F0EB21E2B725D77C3" originalValue="–76”" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">-76&quot;</normalizedToken>
, below which is a folded handwritten label
<normalizedToken id="1A654A00455F99329B13C76158162A0F" originalValue="“" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">&quot;</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="28E3A23214BF56DB4522AF86BD19EF25" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138822" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera gleadowi Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">Ponera gleadowi</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="D10B9FC85917FAE74381ECA207C98FD6" originalValue="”" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">&quot;</normalizedToken>
. The BMNH Accessions Register for 1891, no. 76 records that these specimens arrived at the museum in alcohol and were
<normalizedToken id="F29950BA78B1A3836BB95AB877E6EC81" originalValue="“" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">&quot;</normalizedToken>
collected by the donor and determined by M. Forel.
<normalizedToken id="75032EC9F9AF033F0D01B7D9D56D0D17" originalValue="”" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">&quot;</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F82957F6DF683EBA7D08D1D5EDF6F1A" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
An alate queen and a male described by Forel (1900b: 327) as the sexuals of
<taxonomicName id="98FE155AA200D3B672894C662B615C40" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
were examined in this study (MHNG). These specimens were not collected with workers, and
<normalizedToken id="4BCC8B0A9B561F374B5C9A3031982269" originalValue="Forel’s" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Forel's</normalizedToken>
assumption that they were conspecific with the
<taxonomicName id="A8407CA593DDC10CD879400DE81DCAFB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
worker syntypes now appears incorrect. Emery (1909) remarked that he could not satisfactorily separate workers of
<taxonomicName id="E8999D4EEF359156757701E0FD6BACCA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138899" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai var. santschii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ragusai" subSpecies="santschii">ragusai santschii</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4EA2098DC841BC6355E6437EA7261BA9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
, but that the queens of the two indicated that they were separate species. The conclusion reached here is that
<taxonomicName id="42795534F6729D68759FD3DDA4995ABD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138899" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai var. santschii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ragusai" subSpecies="santschii">ragusai santschii</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44C9ECFB4B9E2A69DB657F559B48209A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
, based on their type-material, represent a single species (the first available name for which is
<taxonomicName id="1CF0958C429C8B99BDFF4BF1F9993E0E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
), but that the Indian queen and male assumed by Forel (1900b) to be
<taxonomicName id="214B0B56C6419BCF63F8AB071A65CA6C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
and accepted as such by Emery (1909), are something different and should be excluded from further consideration of this species. The possibility that workers of
<taxonomicName id="6AA57C25F1C29AEBAEFE790BAA693E5F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="03D0D37BEB789B5483EDE4B2909F263F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
represented a single species was first raised by Forel (1899), and a direct comparison of their syntypes made in this study confirms that his speculation was correct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C3E2ED1C82FEFF6D92918E531978346B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
3 The synonymic history of
<taxonomicName id="665612B13B0773668073964CDA7754EB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:277257" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera gleadowi decipiens Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decipiens">decipiens</taxonomicName>
is complex. The name was first synonymised with
<taxonomicName id="D55A2DD53BEF3BF5AF63B06D6CF9C026" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
by Wilson (1958: 328). It was later transferred to the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="679626568D7BA4CA2CA482D37BC56F7B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
by Wilson &amp; Taylor (1967: 29, in text). Finally, the holotype was examined by Onoyama (1989: 5), who re-established
<taxonomicName id="D1815C6AA117A824E9CA089606FB269D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:230125" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera decipiens (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decipiens">decipiens</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="40945041C8086643044C8A94E107B456" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
. These references were inadvertently omitted from the catalogue of Bolton (1995).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="840D08587E16C83F194EA3F2B762C097" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
4 From the original description of
<taxonomicName id="D8BA4BF2618731F45E65FF29FD500EF5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144669" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera aethiopica Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopica">aethiopica</taxonomicName>
more than one specimen would be expected, as two measurements are provided. However, only a single syntype specimen remains in MHNG, and that is lacking its head. Comparison of this
<taxonomicName id="A4DBAF370A49171B6B97002708C9A738" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144669" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera aethiopica Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopica">aethiopica</taxonomicName>
syntype with queens included in the type-series of
<taxonomicName id="0B95D5E4EE5C644D61CD70108D6C9ACB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:252698" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusae var. santschii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santschii">santschii</taxonomicName>
indicates that treatment as a single species is the most parsimonious conclusion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8830E2A765222D793E39DA3E074B3015" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
5 The Tunisian material collected by Santschi forms almost the entire type-series of
<taxonomicName id="1912D2289E7500674029279B2191AF3C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138899" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai var. santschii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ragusai" subSpecies="santschii">ragusai santschii</taxonomicName>
, added to which is a single worker from Algeria that had previously been referred to as
<taxonomicName id="2F04738D099B95235C714474642F3E79" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
by Emery (1895), and some unspecified material from Syria. The Tunisian series had earlier been described by Santschi (1907) as
<taxonomicName id="EBC353C17C3BD7C06820F248C6FE7DD4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
and was later made type-material of
<taxonomicName id="5996E21FC597789F1E1CC7116780C885" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:252698" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusae var. santschii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santschii">santschii</taxonomicName>
by Emery (1909). Material from the Syrian locality is not referred to in the text and no information about it is given. However, a single worker in BMNH bears the data,
<normalizedToken id="9CAFCC9509F85F02F7FC974D2D02BE65" originalValue="“" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">&quot;</normalizedToken>
Syrien, Kaifa (Reitter). Ragusai det. Emery. Collection G. Mayr.
<normalizedToken id="C61FB8C50C483DFBD9FC4D7909620585" originalValue="”" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">&quot;</normalizedToken>
This appears to belong to the
<normalizedToken id="307B8DDCE3A61120D65BA7EECAB9656C" originalValue="“Syria”" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">&quot;Syria&quot;</normalizedToken>
material mentioned by Emery (1909) and has been labelled as such. The modern geography would be Haifa, in Israel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A39EB45B7E3EFB43B6A69EA9C5BF73C" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
Many years ago, R.W. Taylor recognised the equivalence of
<taxonomicName id="B717A6FDE4A682F00A120BA377ECD6B9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138899" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai var. santschii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ragusai" subSpecies="santschii">ragusai santschii</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="69C037C1DD4D35591A728986F8F80A18" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
, as in 1964 he placed a determination label
<normalizedToken id="230E510DA87F52A4503FDEF0511061A1" originalValue="“gleadowi”" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
&quot;
<taxonomicName id="EB9C94B697019CA8EE12B70BC59538DE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
&quot;
</normalizedToken>
upon a pin of
<taxonomicName id="C51AE9A7E5CC79860E755AAA317DA06C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:252698" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusae var. santschii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santschii">santschii</taxonomicName>
syntypes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1DCAD0F2C99884C188846C4836143323" lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
6 The holotype of
<taxonomicName id="E405EA3C1EB63A2D87B2FEA0BBB5E862" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera lesnei Bondroit" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesnei">lesnei</taxonomicName>
has a slightly broader head than in other material measured, with HW 0.50, CI 82, as opposed to HW 0.43
<normalizedToken id="15D5F0E7ABA424135A78F4CB93B1476A" originalValue="–" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">-</normalizedToken>
0.47, CI 74
<normalizedToken id="39001D2B25A7F82F9347B0B966F0D9D9" originalValue="–" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">-</normalizedToken>
79 in the others. However,
<taxonomicName id="E0A3431ED89211298F07CDD995E75F3E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera lesnei Bondroit" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesnei">lesnei</taxonomicName>
is extremely close to the range maxima given
<pageBreakToken id="3569F637BFD80706D50D0127083A7CAB" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" start="start">by</pageBreakToken>
Onoyama (1989) for Japanese worker specimens, HW 0.45
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0.49, CI 75
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81, and is near his dimensions for an intercaste (HW 0.51, CI 81). The holotype of
<taxonomicName id="1205CDA376F17D49006AD34BC4A3DC43" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera lesnei Bondroit" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesnei">lesnei</taxonomicName>
is treated as a worker here, but it may represent some form of intercaste. The critical petiolar measurements and indices of
<taxonomicName id="53A0868B5AC023D7DE9DBC753496FC7D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera lesnei Bondroit" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesnei">lesnei</taxonomicName>
(LPeI 60, DPeI 133) are all within the normal range of
<taxonomicName id="29D229EF06700C1F76C6E1659C529B98" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
workers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3822A115CC2451D40DAA0ACCC19B5924" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
7 Dr Claire Villemant (MNHN) informs us that the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="42C94F4F3D7C80BC74943C10FA836AAB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera parva Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">parva</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="56CBDA0FE62DF24DFFA52F075B6D5D33" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138902" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera massiliensis Bondroit" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="massiliensis">massiliensis</taxonomicName>
, =
<taxonomicName id="CC4937F89D23D553248AFF354E83F447" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:139330" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera gyptis Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gyptis">gyptis</taxonomicName>
) is not present in the collection. We can find no reason to doubt
<normalizedToken id="B56E8AB5967A2A081A6AD8B0E6270696" originalValue="Bernard’s" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Bernard's</normalizedToken>
synonymy and so we allow it to stand here. WORKER. Measurements: HL 0.56
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0.62, HW 0.42
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0.50, HS 0.490
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0.555, SL 0.36
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0.43, PrW 0.32
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0.38, WL 0.68
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0.78, HFL 0.34
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0.42, PeNL 0.16
<normalizedToken id="B26A27F058177C1F18FDAB851F010C96" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
0.18, PeH 0.26
<normalizedToken id="4EC033CD81748B20A4B3FBB8A37D8CBB" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
0.30, PeNW 0.20
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0.24, PeS 0.203
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0.247 (17 measured). Indices: CI 74
<normalizedToken id="1F0EAD65F14D8CAA2DC7B7E17C1BDA03" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
82, SI 81
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87, PeNI 62
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68, LPeI 55
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61, DPeI 120
<normalizedToken id="3529E4E1850CA76AC0D94DFBEEEABB44" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
140.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2DBB1957DCEC83AF37AEFEF88FF32087" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
Answering the general description of
<taxonomicName id="D21E7C747D41E508D47B7EE438E80B58" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
and superficially very similar to the smallest workers of that species, but the shape and relative dimensions of the petiole node are consistently different.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00DC3D90C19E4D97A1405A3F9F9C570C" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
1 In profile the petiole node of
<taxonomicName id="C0EF119EFCFE14426CA6C30A85D28F74" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
is more blocky, lower and relatively longer, with PeH 0.26
<normalizedToken id="CEA330EE40D1ECDFEA12C8BDC06DF57D" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
0.30 and LPeI 55
<normalizedToken id="40A2B3548FC4811A5ACE0F99A43D93C5" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
61. (In
<taxonomicName id="D4ACF803021CB553F625FBCFF5D0CA08" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
, PeH 0.30
<normalizedToken id="2F954814F065D840E60185297B105EEF" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
0.39 and LPeI 43
<normalizedToken id="B88A7BF402E1725B5666112CF954CCC2" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
53.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="12F5F5D45D114A18453C3E8B281C38B8" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
2 In dorsal view the petiole node of
<taxonomicName id="8F3DCE388CC1A1F28F9AC9638DF9282E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
is longer and relatively narrower, DPeI 120
<normalizedToken id="CF1011B614CDA8838CA714C47551DB5C" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
140. (In punctatissima, DPeI 140
<normalizedToken id="21E575A55BEA6ABCB8CE35A3C0D2CDBC" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
165.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4162FFA3EFED8F287172F38DC98F5AF7" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
In addition to these differences in the shape of the petiole node,
<taxonomicName id="554819299AF06C2AB16AA610E7F3A776" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
workers are always yellow to light brownish yellow, fall at the bottom end of the known size range of
<taxonomicName id="1628862F256FE1423DA43E92E3F0513A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
(e.g. HW 0.42
<normalizedToken id="BF648097A8F05F6907F08113F7495A70" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
0.50, versus 0.46
<normalizedToken id="F2B62B439B57156F5F23A7E569831D61" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
0.60 in
<taxonomicName id="0FFA1FEC570A67B88C81D1B4FD7C6D74" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
) and have heads that average relatively slightly narrower and scapes that are relatively slightly longer than in
<taxonomicName id="00DBAEEB5F3C0134E691F034C4405617" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
; compare CI and SI above with CI 79
<normalizedToken id="12CA13039F2739F5FCBA54440FD45DC9" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
87 and SI 75
<normalizedToken id="3C10F0FE3DC902CB18BEDA6D2BCE794B" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
84 in
<taxonomicName id="5640BF00813BF9871D8C35E2399913EC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
. Finally, the queen of
<taxonomicName id="2B78026D406C8BA734BFD50C14232DF4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
is considerably darker in colour than her workers, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="28510BD2CB3505B44A230D2A2A1B544C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
the two castes have the same colour.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="570605D6A3C0AFF6C6B0020EE477EB65" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
Under the name
<taxonomicName id="9DBA669FBB7E91D2A2BFA8DDF7479454" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29538" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.bestMatchDistance="6606" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ragusai (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">H. ragusai</taxonomicName>
this species is recorded by scattered small collections, usually of only one or two workers, and at first glance is distributed over an enormous geographical range. In a recent paper, Tinaut (2001) newly recorded the species from Spain (but see below) and summarised the known distribution of
<taxonomicName id="1760DFA2D1F223206FD0C6D6D618DDFB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
as Italy (Sicily), southern France, Algeria, Tunisia, Syria, central Sahara and eastern Africa. In addition, Dorow (1995) has recorded it from the Seychelles and Collingwood &amp; Agosti (1996) have noted it in Saudi Arabia. Tinaut, quoting Mei (1992), said that,
<normalizedToken id="2DF664AB8AE43E73DDAEC54B027E8530" originalValue="“" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">&quot;</normalizedToken>
it is doubtful that all these records refer to the same species
<normalizedToken id="C52BB2C1B635BACF5287FFF2D826F6C5" originalValue="”" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">&quot;</normalizedToken>
, a comment with which we fully agree because the entire group is plagued with misidentifications. The records from
<normalizedToken id="CBA7598A0B6FF3750F0B9D08967E63E2" originalValue="“" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">&quot;</normalizedToken>
eastern Africa
<normalizedToken id="17739B93E91D38A3D34B7D06C67BAC8D" originalValue="”" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">&quot;</normalizedToken>
probably refer only to the catalogued names
<taxonomicName id="4162AD0A80B36CEA902DC6EE68DB666C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:178980" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai bulawayensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ragusai" subSpecies="bulawayensis">ragusai bulawayensis</taxonomicName>
from Zimbabwe, and
<taxonomicName id="70DD29927B10BC9FF590C941A58FABC9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138900" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai var. sordida Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ragusai" subSpecies="sordida">ragusai sordida</taxonomicName>
from Kenya, but it is now known that neither of these is correctly associated with
<taxonomicName id="E29DA12B96A12FF3A80CC380D3D4E846" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="982A0B26C432A6FAD080FBE094793568" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:149906" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.bestMatchDistance="67470" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ragusai bulawayensis (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulawayensis">H. bulawayensis</taxonomicName>
is a valid species in an entirely different species group (
<taxonomicName id="3826A0414E669A508F6C98FB5BF08C80" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138763" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera abeillei André" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abeillei">abeillei</taxonomicName>
group) and
<taxonomicName id="4899CD24D57C0128349F19ED70385FC9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138900" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai var. sordida Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ragusai" subSpecies="sordida">ragusai sordida</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="35547FBEFEDEBB89E599941325E4A3D8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
. The same problem of confused identity appears also to affect
<normalizedToken id="313C61CA778FBFD95B7C5469C69C1ECC" originalValue="Tinaut’s" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Tinaut's</normalizedToken>
(2001) paper itself, because his fig. 1, supposedly of the petiole of
<taxonomicName id="923A8311E3BFDE6DC6C8CB09E29E83B3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
, has an LPeI ca 46, which is within the range of
<taxonomicName id="18034C1613462B29C37F7E88A2E75164" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
but considerably below that of
<taxonomicName id="328EA2D7F810E59E6CBF8640052DF90F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
(LPI 55
<normalizedToken id="FB9F15F728BE4F190908D2BA66AF6591" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
61). He also notes the presence of two castes of ergatoid male, eyed and eyeless, which are known for
<taxonomicName id="0C57074FE91BDE7355A3DDFB88CCA487" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
but not elsewhere. It is most probable that his
<taxonomicName id="A8144B0C8710BA4D9E6B3AFFC1E7B870" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
material consists of misidentified specimens of
<taxonomicName id="D978189446FABF139F2F03BB832D93DF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
. Thus, the only genuine earlier records for the circum-Mediterranean area include the original descriptions and those summarised in Baroni Urbani (1971) for Italy (Sicily), Bernard (1967) for France, and Emery (1909) for Tunisia, Algeria and Syria. The later records from Seychelles and Saudi Arabia await confirmation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0ABFC54E7D0D721C26696821FC11AA9C" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
On a world-wide scale,
<taxonomicName id="2E1261934B54B02CE335C2AE3E82BB7F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
is better known by its junior synonym,
<taxonomicName id="175AECC7EC8782CDE5ED6D9C1D86593B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
, which was generally considered to be primarily Oriental, but obviously with well-developed tramping ability. Imai, et al. (2003) gave the known distribution of
<taxonomicName id="E6DA7CB091C4F341428B1A01930A396D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
as India, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Taiwan, Hawaii and the continental U.S.A. More recently, Evenhuis (2007) listed it from Fiji, but this identity remains unconfirmed.
<taxonomicName id="E9206D4F165714F6A3E2CC003E8C85BD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29538" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.bestMatchDistance="7980" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ragusai (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">H. ragusai</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4F0ABD185F01B1181D5DAB4A79820465" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
) is not recorded from Polynesia by Wilson &amp; Taylor (1967), but in view of the fact that Onoyama (1989) has shown that
<taxonomicName id="5AB1C873F8925C5FF6625F8DCB586BD4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:277257" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera gleadowi decipiens Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decipiens">decipiens</taxonomicName>
, from Hawaii and treated by Wilson &amp; Taylor as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="79D01902EDC5C2F4F0A629CB768987FF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
, belongs to this species, it is likely to be present but misidentified among their
<taxonomicName id="05D11963285DFD8AA2ED9735AE74061B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
material. Indeed, Wilson &amp; Taylor (1967: 29) hint at this possibility. In all places and under both names the species appears to be rare, or perhaps collectors have mostly missed its favoured habitat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F184A86F300F674CAEF5BFAFFBC6373" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
The worker-queen intercaste in the syntype series of
<taxonomicName id="962A983D0645590380E87E07FAF6E8B0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
has eyes with 12
<normalizedToken id="144456A14A4173C939E8EB88522D53D1" originalValue="–" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">-</normalizedToken>
15 ommatidia. The ergatoid male resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="978C584E01300EDC89546AD334126F61" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
as it has a very worker-like head and mandibles, but it has 13 antennal segments as opposed to 12 in
<taxonomicName id="3D29013EAE91268FEEB24318FE81C43E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29534" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="C619C718E326CC2B776082B96E913A84" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">H. gleadowi</taxonomicName>
workers from Japan were redescribed by Onoyama (1989)
<pageBreakToken id="B6B7218FDB59A6714BEB65D6B97D0F83" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
an intercaste was also mentioned by him. A reasonable photograph of
<taxonomicName id="09337733B3FD8F2F341F54FA935F1331" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:138903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ponera ragusai Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ragusai">ragusai</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="F43B0237EB159423B3BA6B24E84ECE6A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
) is provided by Imai, et al. (2003: 194) and the approximate LPeI from this photograph is 59, the same as the
<taxonomicName id="F64589188D7854F88B59EFE4F2E8AB47" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29483" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera gleadowi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">gleadowi</taxonomicName>
worker syntype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CA00FCA4D5CE4BD0D3242F5AA9102FE" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="EEF42F5BA159F5813012B6751477439A" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Material examined. Italy: Sicily (E. Ragusa). France: Dept. de la Seine,
<normalizedToken id="E7BAA54F324076346743823BF206DCBA" originalValue="Bécon-sur-Bruyères" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Becon-sur-Bruyeres</normalizedToken>
(P. L e s n e). Tu n i s i a: Kairouan (F. Santschi). Egypt: Cairo, Pyramids (W. Wittmer); Sinai, Wadi Feran (W. Wittmer). Ethiopia: Tchafianani (M de Rothschild). Kenya: Western Prov., Kakamega Forest, Kisere For. (F. Hita Garcia). India: Poona (Wroughton).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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