756 lines
75 KiB
XML
756 lines
75 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="67475" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0805bf6a-620d-4bfa-982e-58a84841c6f4" ID-PMC="PMC9848833" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1104-29" ID-Pensoft-UUID="54DC71D6C265583EB57158D75FBEA2BA" ID-PubMed="36761932" ID-ZooBank="68CE42A13B99441BB15D8E163C06A40B" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1104-29" checkinTime="1654687239662" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Zurita-Garcia, Martin L., Dominguez-Leon, Daniel Edwin, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Gonzalez-Ramirez, Mireya, Gutierrez-Carranza, Ishwari Giovanni, Rodriguez-Miron, Geovanni M., Lopez-Perez, Sara, Cifuentes-Ruiz, Paulina, Aquino-Romero, Miriam & Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago" docDate="2022" docId="73B0A7FE746C5424B3CBE35C150B1C7D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1104: 29-54" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1104" docPubDate="2022-06-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624" docTitle="Photinus extensus Gorham 1881" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="54DC71D6C265583EB57158D75FBEA2BA" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="54DC71D6C265583EB57158D75FBEA2BA" masterDocTitle="Life cycle and description of the immature stages of a terrestrial firefly endemic to Mexico: Photinus extensus Gorham (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="29" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1732940302347" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="458EE0B8791E60CB15BCEF6ECE9838E7">Life cycle and description of the immature stages of a terrestrial firefly endemic to Mexico: Photinus extensus Gorham (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="84F152D6F7CE1E5CC46F03AD0F8446C9">Zurita-Garcia, Martin L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C8DE755C4007CB62102BAABDBA7B5F5F">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 153, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DE2EE4F134CF931B860A65F389255B82">Dominguez-Leon, Daniel Edwin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="161E41B709BDCCD98DA182F350E7A232">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 153, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3DA269F9530B88CB50EE32A5A59E62A4" type="email">biologiaunamedwin@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="061855B7ABC1BAB358EDD28B210FD9A8">Vega-Badillo, Viridiana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="068FCA5D6F41210FF8DA9550162EC9CC">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 153, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8099F981E3985AC1DE3566E9FF12D3B2">Gonzalez-Ramirez, Mireya</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="55C985529F00CA225E8FD1419BA8F04C">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 153, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="12B4F9D29588E2BA3C057E07FF2CD668">Gutierrez-Carranza, Ishwari Giovanni</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3B9F584C04656F2D0F13A4D8DEF001D6">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 153, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="80EB60E7BFBA0045B4531268AA754D38">Rodriguez-Miron, Geovanni M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8032D90845CFD6A03C763EAE33BE09DD">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 153, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BDA8E75713275570AC1CDC56E1BFA141">Lopez-Perez, Sara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="326723277FD8C5E648877024A29C4307">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 153, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="03D10E626CD385B1F39039A08025B1A2">Cifuentes-Ruiz, Paulina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6511D857405FC20EE9D5AEA97BE63719">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 153, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="747F23A63B2C87E363CC1F5674573CCF">Aquino-Romero, Miriam</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9797142F7E90850CBA3E3C6A570957A7">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 153, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7E11644134AB71E8FAAF533DB4C6D037">Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D6907311C55B878441C6F36D76704412">Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 153, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="821F13C5A5F35AD5803F6CEE282C7FB5">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="781971A88ED62F449B89784FA5D7E5A0">
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<mods:date id="0F9FBF7171C332866459A903CA69894B">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="18177E455A3580B875ACF9819F27B1A5">2022-06-07</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="A711A195071240DC6CA988E35916BAAD" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="76EA38EA206C4ACEA5F30C1DCDEBE6B6">1104</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="B5BEF5F322E47CCE6B95AC10C2C5150B">29</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="A7B683C77FE7E7C34A6C1DDF62201C63">54</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="815FE58878AF184D38E129E5906E10D0">
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<mods:url id="D66D60A410DB82B94A9ACEFFA56FCE7B">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="6DDFDE299102331E81C1A2BB47F106D8">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F6B5AAFBC3FEB35E5155AF89582C40E8" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3EEBDB9D14183EC4D4E6C7DAD2EA7EA6" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1104-29</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="47B412E24339496C7F4E7F9EC0309CD0" type="ZooBank">68CE42A13B99441BB15D8E163C06A40B</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="73B0A7FE746C5424B3CBE35C150B1C7D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195808699" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:73B0A7FE746C5424B3CBE35C150B1C7D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/73B0A7FE746C5424B3CBE35C150B1C7D" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" scope_family="Lampyridae" scope_order="Coleoptera">
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<subSubSection id="4C038F86AFED69110E3961D888639068" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A686BF11498373C7CB2883A76B29939A" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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||
<taxonomicName id="36A2CA5E42F4AFBB89156D9DD6841854" ID-CoL="4GSTK" LSID="73B0A7FE-746C-5424-B3CB-E35C150B1C7D" authority="Gorham, 1881" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">Photinus extensus Gorham, 1881</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="64035483B0B9FFA42FC4800A65703A66" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<paragraph id="34D757F2E7184E5D50A358DE4902F864" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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||
<figureCitation id="1BC57C079CF14A49372BC04799DFF0D3" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Photinus extensus Gorham A general habitus of the adult male in dorsal view B ventral view; Aedeagus: C dorsal view D lateral view E ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693187" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figs 3A-E</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="54A050A781FF60BCBC4F54EF07CF6CEA" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Photinus extensus Gorham A general habitus of the adult female in dorsal view B ventral view C internal genitalia D ovipositor dorsal view E internal anatomy of the reproductive tract: spermatophore digesting (SDG) and spermateca (SPT)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693188" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">, 4A-E [Adults]</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0FEBBCF6CCBC263D64106F6797EEA522" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="redescription">
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||
<paragraph id="0BE990E9836A9D3F02449C01602B7735" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Redescription. Adult male</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="733C739C2060AD48F4A8038AA0DCD583" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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||
<emphasis id="1717D72FAF184D3955F5C7B55B3AB09D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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||
(Fig.
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||
<figureCitation id="115F3C5A2C59E3FE4016B13E84A94D0A" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Photinus extensus Gorham A general habitus of the adult male in dorsal view B ventral view; Aedeagus: C dorsal view D lateral view E ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693187" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">3A, B</figureCitation>
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) (n = 70).
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</emphasis>
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Length of body 16.1-20.3 mm; width 3.7-4.2 mm. Body brownish, except the pronotal disk with a central black spot and two red spots at the sides; protrochanters, coxae, seventh and eighth ventrites yellowish; light organ in sternites 5-6 and 7th sternite with diminished light spots.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="594157BCB99A2FE5956CAECD1D67D7B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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||
<emphasis id="E9F137086ADF0B23F2A2B3EBDC913587" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="989158895596F23D7B945FA1B6B33D5B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Head</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Interocular space flat, almost parallel, shagreen-like integument, brilliant and pilose; frons vertical, interantennal distance (0.17-0.22 mm; 0.2
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<normalizedToken id="5AE39F81D9EBDA8750CF263802C5317D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.01 mm) slightly wider than the antennal fossae (0.23-0.32 mm; 0.28
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<normalizedToken id="F0AD1B874BBFB7A2671847D187C4F7F6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.04 mm); eyes finely faceted, semispherical, prominent, longer (1.1-1.18 mm; 1.17
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<normalizedToken id="95BACB136B52D160DCBE47BB14406066" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.03 mm) than wide (0.62-0.98 mm; 0.9
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<normalizedToken id="E50E24BAA2A7A2BA85949640DC0512BA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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||
0.08 mm); antennae filiform, long (5.7-7.11 mm; 7.0
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<normalizedToken id="9497F29229E311EAD3699380B801A8B6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.11 mm), one-and-a half times longer than pronotum, extending beyond the posterior coxae, scape claviform reaching a length of (0.69-0.98 mm; 0.79
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<normalizedToken id="7C02F1797AEE2E59B61912F029CA3F02" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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||
0.10 mm), as long as the next two antennomeres together, the second short (0.19-0.79 mm; 0.28
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<normalizedToken id="1A12EE92D485CF62BC1610608DFD9D39" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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||
0.05 mm), the third to the tenth (0.54-0.71 mm; 0.66
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<normalizedToken id="26B00DA6666B0AD86B48FA58A9F61A25" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.07 mm), the eleventh reaches (0.51-0.73 mm; 0.77
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<normalizedToken id="8D3FC7636FE698A52B57DDE62475237C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.03 mm); frontoclypeal suture membranous, almost straight; clypeus trapezoidal, anterior margin concave, with setae along the margin; mandibles falcate, robust, with setae on the external base; maxillar palpomere ogival and robust, labial palpomere securiform.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="121B95A0F227EC234F3C849AC8832CD5" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693187" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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||
<paragraph id="9B6DC3B20E4A476B2F2A72913F3AC4F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="932220D370A8F05A32E89A5431646046" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="6F445417D5869747B89227C4D80954A2" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">
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||
<emphasis id="E13AB37908ECC5388ADF330382669196" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Photinus extensus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
Gorham
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<emphasis id="228045E56A733C890B2F603828C8666F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
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||
general habitus of the adult male in dorsal view
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<emphasis id="94E83DD9F6A740A75DB7BA26D6AEC1F1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
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ventral view; Aedeagus:
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<emphasis id="1B6ECB2FDB74C30FCD35E8B78383DA01" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">C</emphasis>
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||
dorsal view
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||
<emphasis id="82D819AEFC7AEC04DC7CDBAD952D6E73" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">D</emphasis>
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lateral view
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<emphasis id="5F50A9866D3428785F59A3798D0056D3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">E</emphasis>
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ventral view.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="10B601732AEE8E36ED4045FE5391FA40" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="EB0D23BB44795CD086C1372F0C91DDF1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B6B1E82EEB0995DCE31C48F118A22B33" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Thorax</emphasis>
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.
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||
</emphasis>
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Pronotum wider (3.95-4.4 mm; 4.04
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<normalizedToken id="5FD85AA7F0ABDEFC63BF702004221AD1" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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||
0.08 mm) than long (2.8-3.4 mm; 3.01
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<normalizedToken id="F174E0488BE890DCA13F69FE02210B8D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.27 mm), semicircular, with a longitudinal groove indistinct in the basal half, anterior margin rounded, posterior sinuate, posterior angles straight, sides narrowly explanate, with irregular glandular pores at the front and ordered on the posterior and lateral margins, surface brilliant, abundant pilosity, decumbent; scutellum spatulate, with the posterior margin rounded, surface brilliant, punctate and decumbent pilosity; long elytra, parallel, four and a half times longer (12-13.5 mm; 12.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4A44ED0DE41A7EE7AF90EB4E5A16981E" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.57 mm) than wide (2.4-2.8 mm; 2.58
|
||
<normalizedToken id="969DB1C405C878D99561A1DFC4455EAB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.19 mm), surface rugose, opaque, with two types of pilosity, one relatively long and erect, the other small and procumbent; mesothoracic respiratory spiracles not tubular; long legs, pro, meso and metalegs similar to each other, femurs fusiform, tibiae channeled, a little dilated at the apex, external margin crenulate, two symmetric tibial spurs present in pro, meso and meta legs, tarsomeres laterally compressed, first metatarsomere longer (0.6-0.76 mm; 0.73
|
||
<normalizedToken id="064AD5B76E68E4154A13423171C0000B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03 mm) than the next two metatarsomeres together (0.51-0.68 mm; 0.63
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CF29DBDADBF6FA0ECDAD773935C0E5C6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08 mm), fourth bifid, covering the fifth, claws simple.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B94DB19E46B2B53D6C8D3DAFFE53BFA3" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDD59177F05128766B2A499E2E9E14CC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="5EF0D07EA1F542523F72B69AFCA50E95" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Sternites 5-6 longer than the preceding, with stigmatiform pores, posterior margin of sternite six cleaved, the seventh concave, the eighth ojival; posterior margin of pygidium convex; aedeagus short, robust, with symmetrical basal piece (0.67-0.7 mm; 0.68
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AB5EBF7C591377900505CF15829DDE55" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05 mm), as long as lateral lobes (0.66-0.7 mm; 0.67
|
||
<normalizedToken id="388A995CE8A0E42A5D1952AF840CA8F7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.45 mm), with posterior margin concave, lateral lobes apically acute and convergent, median lobe cylindrical, with dorsal part membranous and ventral part with sclerosed base and apical half membranous, dorso-basal excrescences as long, oblique lobes, median orifice apical, lateral lobes narrowing towards the apex, apex blunt and wide (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CA0FFD006040E61D6E38F06AB898A1B" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Photinus extensus Gorham A general habitus of the adult male in dorsal view B ventral view; Aedeagus: C dorsal view D lateral view E ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693187" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">3C, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E30C29A78CB095FFB62DAC43288B58D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="adult female">
|
||
<paragraph id="ADB57589D684DF000DE3C578E2E72E19" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Adult female</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DF8A97E3920C2A274FC523DE3606E7A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="9D98B127A1F1BE01A3F171C405F78361" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="374DD5050003D8DA6EA7B1F081640781" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Photinus extensus Gorham A general habitus of the adult female in dorsal view B ventral view C internal genitalia D ovipositor dorsal view E internal anatomy of the reproductive tract: spermatophore digesting (SDG) and spermateca (SPT)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693188" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) (n = 14).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Length: 11.1-20.3 mm; width: 3.2-6.5 mm. Body brownish, except the pronotal disk with a central black spot and two red spots at the sides; procoxae, protrochanters, meso-coxae, meta-coxae, seventh and eighth sternites yellowish; light organ in fifth sternite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EC894E4A19023ACBD066CD2B77539C4C" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEF6D8744C321732AB904C01527E1885" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="8169741ED104230943DFC318970E4C73" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Head</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Interocular space flat, more or less parallel, shagreen integument, brilliant and pilose, frons vertical, interantennal distance (0.16-0.37 mm; 0.25
|
||
<normalizedToken id="12C28A59CB367F3BC20566BB6B8F94C0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.10 mm) wider than antennal fossae (0.16-0.37 mm; 0.44
|
||
<normalizedToken id="634ADD3997F44E5EE7284C89F73668CD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.16 mm); eyes small, finely faceted, semispherical, longer (0.65-0.94 mm; 0.67
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E03E4D23497ABF48375719915631E5B3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.25 mm) than wide (0.45-0.76 mm; 0.54
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E7B1A2D4EF11CD41053644B7D1C4528A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.15 mm), antennae filiform, short (4.16-5.52 mm; 5.23
|
||
<normalizedToken id="75F566B9E94CA0D2BD09F8B20C9AB248" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.96 mm), as long as the length of pronotum, without extending beyond the posterior margin of metasternum; scape reaching a length of (0.57-0.64 mm; 0.58
|
||
<normalizedToken id="34033A5778B52E5AEAA9330C3D957037" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.34 mm), longer than the two next antennomeres together, the second short (0.2-0.39 mm; 0.37
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C04987C3EC3D6E94DF6257A886908CB7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06 mm), from the third to the tenth (0.35-0.58 mm; 0.44
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A14B9A10EC936A4EA4E948C86AB095A9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07 mm), the eleventh reaches (0.54-0.69 mm; 0.68
|
||
<normalizedToken id="06D7DDEC389478CFB3AD43F5733A0025" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05 mm); frontoclypeal suture membranous, almost straight; clypeus trapezoidal, anterior margin concave, with setae along the margin; mandibles falcate, robust with setae on the external base; maxillar palpomere ogival and robust, labial palpomere securiform.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8ABE3A4B061A5967195009980C45FC94" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693188" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph id="F5352FBA8455E3DAFD503099B2F36933" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="E7B3DA161F7A9A2E925DFE767C4A1BD4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="218A7016C4F11B07793D5415831597DB" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EABD6D6BA0A701615F598D9BD11F81D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Photinus extensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gorham
|
||
<emphasis id="48109501E4059B53C4B4F022D2D7EA13" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
|
||
general habitus of the adult female in dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="8CE9496A068EAF5C991F8E06B7D2A709" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="580AC0BD7CA25EFB70AB51DAD5B6AA8B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">C</emphasis>
|
||
internal genitalia
|
||
<emphasis id="745CBCECB482D2138EC371303374D988" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">D</emphasis>
|
||
ovipositor dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="69ABFD800B96734A338E2A53ED6C517D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">E</emphasis>
|
||
internal anatomy of the reproductive tract: spermatophore digesting (SDG) and spermateca (SPT).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7F03EFBAA61A16D3981BE2A878CD5A0C" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="D872E88BD6221B796C7D5A5B5B69EC2C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="31B9A555F10D792DB71B4F62DDB07451" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum wider (3.27-4.97 mm; 4.21
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9BC7FDD4A669BEB59434BC5A450DCB60" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.86 mm) than long (2.21-2.6 mm; 2.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2F84C9A4642031492C4E2B59C439AEDD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.2 mm), semicircular, with a longitudinal groove indistinct on the basal half, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin straight, posterior angles straight, sides narrowly explanate, with glandular pores irregular at the front and ordered on the posterior and lateral margins, surface brilliant, pilosity abundant, decumbent, scutellum spatulate, with the posterior margin rounded, surface brilliant, punctate and pilosity decumbent; elytra short, without covering the abdomen, two-and-a-half times longer (4.62-6.5 mm; 5.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EBD65D5D41C0208BFA3F587466497853" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.62 mm) than wide (1.91-2.71 mm; 2.22
|
||
<normalizedToken id="209DC76746309079E937E9E37F3FA7E5" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.42 mm), surface rugose, opaque, pilosity decumbent; divergent in the median margin, epipleura reduced, mesothoracic respiratory spiracles not tubular; legs similar to each other; tibiae and femurs flat, fusiform, tibiae channeled, a little dilated at the apex, external margin crenulate, tarsomeres laterally compressed, first metatarsomere (0.41-0.64 mm; 0.62
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6C8D82B5EF67784FBBB227562858CB94" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.22 mm) slightly longer than the next two together (0.46-0.58 mm; 0.53
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2F0F758445C854CF41A4B8C65B1694FF" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06 mm), the fourth bifid, covering part of the fifth, claws simple.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AC9EBCA889A41695FD655A3087C1FF32" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="86D8DC6EC481AD5F8FA206A5ADAB930E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="50D12F38E36EFB5AAAAC2C14EA5B1189" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Sternites 5-6 longer than the preceding, without stigmatiform pores, posterior margin of sternite six almost straight, the seventh cleaved, the eighth with a notched; posterior margin of pygidium convex. Internal genitalia with a short and rounded spermatophore-digesting gland, longer than spermatheca, bursa copulatrix with an elongated and weakly sclerotized plate. Ovipositor with valvifers free, two-and-a-half times longer (2.41-3.10 mm; 2.75
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BCD1C9A2599D58BEB174D363FE2426E6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.48 mm) than coxites (1-1.12 mm; 1.06
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C5B0DF6FD908ED29843AB6EBED18A205" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08 mm); coxites divergent posteriorly; styli minute, sclerotized; proctigerplate short with rounded posterior margin, well-sclerotized (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="6BBE069933E5FC9BE3AA4F652BD2A093" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Photinus extensus Gorham A general habitus of the adult female in dorsal view B ventral view C internal genitalia D ovipositor dorsal view E internal anatomy of the reproductive tract: spermatophore digesting (SDG) and spermateca (SPT)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693188" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">4C, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2ABBF4CC43DA7128FB2F6AB1DE9542EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEDD4069F77FEF2C653CDE5D97EFB3D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Description of pre-imaginal stages.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="03E5D63B6184D71F5596EC3AE6598EB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="egg (fig. 5a, b)">
|
||
<paragraph id="B2B99C378F81E3E1E2C0D29E26FABED8" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Egg (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="6F8C7F4391CA2A6157F8B35221AB9BEE" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. A Egg of Photinus extensus Gorham B surface with concavities that differ in size and shape (4 - 10 µm), evenly distributed, some present in aggregations." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693189" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C8AACC917473A8173C96B62F32E63E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Semispherical shape, whitish, with a diameter of approximately 290-300
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B80BD1132BF3213426CB95FF77228B2B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9A876FA85B6F3C72A6DA26B3FFA73C0D" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. A Egg of Photinus extensus Gorham B surface with concavities that differ in size and shape (4 - 10 µm), evenly distributed, some present in aggregations." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693189" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Surface with concavities that differ in size and shape (4-10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B29D778CEAC41F63AA6B044E6C253EB4" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
), evenly distributed, some present in aggregations (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="30B8072E14AF6A61C97F4FCE7F33F5BE" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. A Egg of Photinus extensus Gorham B surface with concavities that differ in size and shape (4 - 10 µm), evenly distributed, some present in aggregations." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693189" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). As time elapsed, the surface of the eggs became more transparent, allowing the observation of the larvae before hatching.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="04F2567BE1974E00798201F7BAE4609E" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693189" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph id="3251B7DC487C8AC5B07AC8A46DF5F8D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="501D6A232C5248662173E7230BAD52AE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="2B4126304BE09FE59732BC610F5E9896" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
|
||
Egg of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B9CA30AE9342B6890AE06370C749A5E" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCE94A52F26AC807B5FDE124BA9082" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Photinus extensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gorham
|
||
<emphasis id="6822DAA057B7AA8A108D17801FC7D40D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
|
||
surface with concavities that differ in size and shape (4-10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C374A79593E1BCB86150CDA292DE47BF" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
), evenly distributed, some present in aggregations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D67150465ADEB6BC6D0FF139AEC75BAA" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="sixth instar larva (figs 6a, b, 7a–h, 8a–g, 9a–f)">
|
||
<paragraph id="D0817A47774432277CEC549EEA2DDCFC" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Sixth instar larva (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="82C1C7D19AF99F0DBE8C21AF5BB805C1" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Photinus extensus Gorham A instar 6 in dorsal view B instar 6 in ventral view C instar 3 in dorsal view D instar 3 in ventral view E instar 1 in dorsal view F instar 1 in ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693190" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="F401FDB8EB65B29B4C62AEC14294F98F" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sixth instar of Photinus extensus Gorham A SEM image of the head retracted and anterior part of prothorax in lateroanterior view B antennae C prementum, maxillary palpus and galea (lateroventral) D distal part of galea E, F maxillary palpi in ventrolateral view G right metathoracic leg in ventrolateral view H pretarsus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693191" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">7A-H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="9D00D28EDF11DD0254D2C46F2044D5B0" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Photinus extensus Gorham, head structures of sixth instar larva A head capsule ventral view B right antenna, dorsal view C maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view D maxillary palpus, ventral view E mandible dorsal view F mandible ventral view and G leg dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693192" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">8A-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4544F585806BC1850374A751552063D5" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sixth instar of Photinus extensus Gorham A, B SEM image of pygopodium in general view and detailed C-F detail of the surface of pygopodium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693193" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">9A-F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="09A8641B538890C44DC320809D108FF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="C66EBEADD0327DBE7EA9C644E86DA00B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Elongate, tapering body, dorso-ventrally flattened, length 12.27-18.18 mm; integument of granular appearance; tergites from protergum to abdominal segment IX divided by sagittal line in dorsal view. Tergites with two lateral pale stripes that run throughout the body to the VIII segment, more sclerotized than the sternites, with clearly visible setae on the posterior margin of tergites VII to X; the last tergum completely dark except the lateral margins paler; anterior margin of the first head segment with two fossae (sensorial or glandular) paler and bigger than the rest of the punctations of the segment. Membranous pleura except for a dark sclerotized area around the spiracles, without apparent setae. The ventral surface is flexible due to the intersegmental membranes. Mesothoracic and abdominal pleural areas of segments I-VIII with bilabiate spiracles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="68D85BDF9DD08E2B85CF146E6013E212" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693190" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph id="DBBE608280CC544EAD69DE76E03B9E68" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="A76D1F296CFF21A5E8C2E4885381222C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FC3CBFBBC15E84BFFD63A0E8B54EE7BD" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="05D9744AC27AABA8F5890F9BAFA20C56" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Photinus extensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gorham
|
||
<emphasis id="C941717D52471CC6277161D721AB7EF5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
|
||
instar 6 in dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="0263527559331A84E348672C70DEEFA8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
|
||
instar 6 in ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="8C83D196076CC5683E156ECFD04FA235" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">C</emphasis>
|
||
instar 3 in dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="F57C5A0406D0B6ADE6E04E30EE0BE584" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">D</emphasis>
|
||
instar 3 in ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="F531B7C549DB96FB25B6E121B85422FD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">E</emphasis>
|
||
instar 1 in dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="4EADE6472595C0D981744E4CAF6F2954" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">F</emphasis>
|
||
instar 1 in ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B42DC6D39B0B6538CE90888617BB3A41" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="A68A26E97E7548516CECC216508CD388" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="1DB7CAAC213DF36564285747BFE715F9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Head capsule</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Prognathous; slightly visible when retracted into prothorax due to the transparency of the protergum; extensible neck membrane covered in extremely short spines forms a two-layer envelope around the head; partially retractable within the prothorax; completely sclerotized, small, wider (0.88-1.54 mm; 1.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C7AB688B1B54BC11FC38A91E4DFF1BD0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.27 mm) than long (0.68-1.09 mm; 0.92
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3CEC3BCC4F0C6E9E4FBD944449736DAF" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.17 mm), flat, sides almost parallel; stemmata on each side, with an almost transparent spot located posteriorly to the stemmata; clypeus and labrum fused forming the clypeo-labrum covering base of the mandibles in dorsal view; maxillae and labium connate forming maxillolabial complex covering most of the ventral cephalic area; epicranial suture dark, U-shaped, with a very short epicranial stem, frontal arms V-shaped (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="055FC3D1C37F8610DEEF4DC5161A9F43" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sixth instar of Photinus extensus Gorham A SEM image of the head retracted and anterior part of prothorax in lateroanterior view B antennae C prementum, maxillary palpus and galea (lateroventral) D distal part of galea E, F maxillary palpi in ventrolateral view G right metathoracic leg in ventrolateral view H pretarsus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693191" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC339CD58CD28443F2EE6B227C1A5BE" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Photinus extensus Gorham, head structures of sixth instar larva A head capsule ventral view B right antenna, dorsal view C maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view D maxillary palpus, ventral view E mandible dorsal view F mandible ventral view and G leg dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693192" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">8A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Epipharynx formed by two oval plates, without setae, that project centrally beyond the anterior margin of the head. Hypopharynx with short setation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="ED622430FEBE551E55B33D4F965708C9" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693191" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE6EEC281B2E7C1DA64DE9673FC7278F" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="9AC47F715764688EBD4521588CEF0E6B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Sixth instar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C09ED9912D233D302D96A60499424EC8" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5641F8BBE96EA0FD66B1CFDC6AE9BE5C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Photinus extensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gorham
|
||
<emphasis id="4CF6FCD8E528A6D1AD384C02227FB955" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
|
||
SEM image of the head retracted and anterior part of prothorax in lateroanterior view
|
||
<emphasis id="D046859A24049F224C089CB0277DE46E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
|
||
antennae
|
||
<emphasis id="A9B38515AB29AE5B97CDB9A785E28664" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">C</emphasis>
|
||
prementum, maxillary palpus and galea (lateroventral)
|
||
<emphasis id="0F48884681F19C64DD7E3B19E3BEFA65" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">D</emphasis>
|
||
distal part of galea
|
||
<emphasis id="B704215224B9D372AD5A18A67E44F6CF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">E, F</emphasis>
|
||
maxillary palpi in ventrolateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="490FD09337520183E3EBD96144DC4B63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">G</emphasis>
|
||
right metathoracic leg in ventrolateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="40B936D1E912C8CFF114B24101A45990" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">H</emphasis>
|
||
pretarsus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="D7D53B405F70C9126A430DE2D1122A39" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693192" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B225D2882EDCDFD31C77485C67C7FA8" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CCD48D9FBA61C5F8FEA048F3B92C0DC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7A9607DF191B16650A6FF32B1EBD544C" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4497D3C5E731DAF71B14C9751AEA2E18" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Photinus extensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gorham, head structures of sixth instar larva
|
||
<emphasis id="07FC7BF8826DEA37D036A6F2F264EDC9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
|
||
head capsule ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="B87034E5EA190284546B8E7526AE9399" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
|
||
right antenna, dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="08B9BC03CB97E735898FCCEF5DB34278" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">C</emphasis>
|
||
maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="A0D04121B60BC02F57E40DC5F748CE6F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">D</emphasis>
|
||
maxillary palpus, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="46F03595DA3B4B79EE97600BD6696812" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">E</emphasis>
|
||
mandible dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="01DD95A182B7BA63535381FC7AF3DB17" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">F</emphasis>
|
||
mandible ventral view and
|
||
<emphasis id="795BD40B88D0F4FF0A13878B5CBE7823" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">G</emphasis>
|
||
leg dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B53DD7D8DC6FA23643461936B4E96A25" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="30D1C85E2C1F18F3E7A0584C0D1E21E8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="75A5F80F59C3AD2FAA3A0E5C401074B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Trimerous, located on the distal margin of the epicranial plate; partially retractable into the antennal socket; three-segmented, basal antennomere and second antennomere (0.42-0.55 mm; 0.48
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BAEF273E1195F0596141C19B442604B5" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05 mm) elongated, and a third segment (the flagellum) short (0.24-0.31 mm; 0.26
|
||
<normalizedToken id="986E19ED1C445DDBBC81EEF66E05C7DD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03 mm); adjacent sensorial cone present; basal antennomere with two long setae in the anterior mid, almost entirely covered by moderately dense, second antennomere with long setae close to apex and entirely covered by dense smaller finer setae, third antennomere with long setae from base to apex, with short setae on the anterior margin (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="15D61AD1AFD1A1DA02D12D7B11930532" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sixth instar of Photinus extensus Gorham A SEM image of the head retracted and anterior part of prothorax in lateroanterior view B antennae C prementum, maxillary palpus and galea (lateroventral) D distal part of galea E, F maxillary palpi in ventrolateral view G right metathoracic leg in ventrolateral view H pretarsus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693191" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">7B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="EB6318ABBA1466E29343CF9727F98FD8" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Photinus extensus Gorham, head structures of sixth instar larva A head capsule ventral view B right antenna, dorsal view C maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view D maxillary palpus, ventral view E mandible dorsal view F mandible ventral view and G leg dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693192" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">8B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F74B3A1C3C3BB0E404A6D307FB9FBEA3" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="18661F7DFFD16637D98CEB0844D539E7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="172AF11F1A5153630C597ADE8B8AC656" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Consisting of five parts, attached to lateral margins labium forming a maxillo-labial complex. Cardo elongate, irregular shape, with four setae in ventral surface, on long setae in posterior margin. Stipes elongated, ventrally covered with erect setae, with three long stout setae placed radially on the ventral apical region. Galea present, with two segments, the first longer and stouter than the apical, which is triangular (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="30F07A1CDB6E174791B2DAC4BF6262BB" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sixth instar of Photinus extensus Gorham A SEM image of the head retracted and anterior part of prothorax in lateroanterior view B antennae C prementum, maxillary palpus and galea (lateroventral) D distal part of galea E, F maxillary palpi in ventrolateral view G right metathoracic leg in ventrolateral view H pretarsus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693191" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">7C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Lacinia covered with brush of long setae on outer lateral margin. Maxillae with three-segmented palpi, basal segment long (0.57-0.71 mm; 0.66
|
||
<normalizedToken id="74536DF7512306F85C31A7C15D217645" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06 mm) covered by setae in mid-region, segment II wider (0.30-0.40 mm; 0.35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F90EBF3BA433CFF6A13B6FD5501B58FD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04 mm) than long (0.12-0.16 mm; 0.14
|
||
<normalizedToken id="354C0A6B4ABDA95FED7513B24F3F143F" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01 mm); apical segment cylindrical (0.10-0.14 mm; 0.12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="52990C902EC5449C77F5632EC103A082" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01 mm) with numerous setae from base to mid region; (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="62556C14CAD9BD5D007BB5E92A2981E6" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sixth instar of Photinus extensus Gorham A SEM image of the head retracted and anterior part of prothorax in lateroanterior view B antennae C prementum, maxillary palpus and galea (lateroventral) D distal part of galea E, F maxillary palpi in ventrolateral view G right metathoracic leg in ventrolateral view H pretarsus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693191" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">7E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="2DCBDE35FC090AF1B1E40917A1C5AFC9" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Photinus extensus Gorham, head structures of sixth instar larva A head capsule ventral view B right antenna, dorsal view C maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view D maxillary palpus, ventral view E mandible dorsal view F mandible ventral view and G leg dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693192" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">8C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="807F365085CF9A4BA56AE9D39A132ADB" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="A51D0EEA1AC97CFF55E9A6079A5C3D1E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="E926597796F444FA7613FC8CA54A6A7C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Labium</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Closely attached to maxilla, formed by prementum, mentum and postmentum. Prementum heart-shaped, surface covered with numerous short setae and two long setae close apex; labial palpi with two segments, basal palp subquadrate with few setae in mid-region, distal palp conical without setae; mentum with one pair of setae on anterior third and one pair of setae on posterior third; postmentum elongate, slightly sclerotized at the medial base, laterally united by membranes to the cardines; with a setae on each side near the base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B6CBF032D5ED01FD3BE9271D5583DC45" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="6A9D07464CA2F78F7C0F2E93CC5ECC05" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="196D713BB0908DAE57158A6F134F120B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Mandible</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Symmetrical, falcate, strongly sclerotized, with an internal channel opening subapically on outer edge. Penicillus well-developed. Retinaculum short and rounded, present only as a blunt protuberance on basal third of the mandible. Densely covered by fine setae on the external margins basely, basal half on inner margin of mandible covered with a brush of stout setae, being longest on the retinaculous protuberance (8E, F); mesal margin serrate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D03276D36DC144AEA4135D083C00663E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="94DF16D2CC2343249523B5F55E3A542E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="9464DE5A6C006AC34BB1247B8E085D78" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Protergum wider (2.43-3.81 mm; 3.14
|
||
<normalizedToken id="479327159BE9F200DA496BE231CA5DF7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.57 mm) than long (1.54-2.59 mm; 2.11
|
||
<normalizedToken id="60B9A0E1BA39E2DBA744E0F462192765" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.43 mm), subsemicircular, wider posteriorly, rounded at posterolateral corners, covering the retracted head. Meso- and metatergum subrectangular three times wider than long, delimited by a pleural suture elongate barely evident from the laterotergites. Lateral areas of meso and metathorax scarcely sclerotized, composed of two laterotergites, the anterior with a well-developed spiracle on the mesothorax. Episterna extending from the anterior part to the lateral part of the coxae; epimeron forming a little sclerotized stripe, parallel to the coxae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="775E2ED13099BF8233958C1A07C447E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="CC27B287C739527B05729D851AEF1EF1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="D23EF589B845D05B41DE8E99D0080267" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Pentamerous, the first pair of forelegs slightly shorter than the second and third. Coxae short (0.76-1.16 mm; 0.98
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2000F923B2C4E0BA1521BE0B29AC4373" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.18 mm), cylindric, widely separated at the base, decumbent; coxal-trochanteric membrane reaching about 1/3 of the coxal length. Trochanters pentagonal, joining the femur obliquely (0.51-0.82 mm; 0.71
|
||
<normalizedToken id="00BA24CB48F6E90166315B74610A15D6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.13 mm). Femur narrow and cylindrical in lateral view. Tibiotarsus narrowing distally with stout setae. All legs with a double row of long setae in the inner margin, numerous short setae in the outer margin: pretarsus claw-like with two setae at base (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="B849944D570B494ED03BAC23E0C17696" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sixth instar of Photinus extensus Gorham A SEM image of the head retracted and anterior part of prothorax in lateroanterior view B antennae C prementum, maxillary palpus and galea (lateroventral) D distal part of galea E, F maxillary palpi in ventrolateral view G right metathoracic leg in ventrolateral view H pretarsus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693191" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">7G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B2D363BF46FC6B92D5328925D488C1E" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Photinus extensus Gorham, head structures of sixth instar larva A head capsule ventral view B right antenna, dorsal view C maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view D maxillary palpus, ventral view E mandible dorsal view F mandible ventral view and G leg dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693192" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">8G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A9E196356FA7C93D3F121AD14481E02D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F152F8F9FA1D7C673F9F8F268672804" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="26D1C23C16D6DEAC4E2CFA6F32FBB4E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tergites III-IX of similar length (0.86-1.36 mm; 1.09
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2274FBDF4B060267445819E4CE8E7BEE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.17 mm), width almost constant; segments I-VIII (or I-VII) wider than long, bearing a pair of long stout setae posterolaterally, with laterotergites at each side, with sclerotized plates containing the spiracles; ventral area of segments I-VIII with sternal areas almost squared, slightly pigmented, sternites with two long setae in mid-region; sternal medial area margined by laterosternites - sometimes pigmented, elongate, narrow, and paired, delimited by laterotergites dorsally, and ventrally by a medial sternal plate; ventral area of segment IX with a simple plate, without area differentiation; light organ present and segment VIII indistinct; abdomen ending with a series of eversible filaments (pygopodia) bifurcate at the apex, at least 30 pygopodia arise from 12 basal stalks which may branch more than once (the dorso and ventrolateral stalks branch into three); densely packed recurved hooks occur on the ventrolateral surface of each exerted pygopod and completely covering at apex, with toothed scales on the dorsolateral surface only on anterior half. (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B388C50B729B3C1EDB1FB614435D1FB4" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sixth instar of Photinus extensus Gorham A, B SEM image of pygopodium in general view and detailed C-F detail of the surface of pygopodium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693193" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">9A-G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="13C44697710BFEBAC6CB83AA1E9A156B" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693193" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B660931BE2CFD65E257FFE966151638" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="26040493377455B62FB5D89FD38EB761" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Sixth instar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E433F8D84DFABF84C6AE948A2BE5F2" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F64D570102EEAC8F8F07D3E9B2601CF7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Photinus extensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gorham
|
||
<emphasis id="FA4216438FCB917CF1B56BB8A7713619" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
SEM image of pygopodium in general view and detailed
|
||
<emphasis id="4CA6049F827D4B34AC99D8F227885DAB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">C-F</emphasis>
|
||
detail of the surface of pygopodium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CF7AEA01CAAA758DE5385C8E2FDA3B9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="third instar larva (fig. 6c, d)">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A1D014D83A3676EC46466EF9E315FF3" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Third instar larva (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="65D04C8BB474B26C52C5C3D29D646CD4" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Photinus extensus Gorham A instar 6 in dorsal view B instar 6 in ventral view C instar 3 in dorsal view D instar 3 in ventral view E instar 1 in dorsal view F instar 1 in ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693190" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">6C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A510D442FDA34689125ECC0C0D64BF0E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="0A403464E2304518F7642E3584060201" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to sixth instar. Length 11.45-13.78 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="0808AD89E1A9E5D8B44BFE066EFC0012" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="22BC555DC84F6F7C2E21228BC2A3430C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Head capsule</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Wider (0.82-0.96 mm; 0.92
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BADBD01F7B04101DB4FD844B0709D2CF" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05 mm) than long (0.57-0.85 mm; 0.71
|
||
<normalizedToken id="73D222A679435C91A443469D4D65BEBA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.12 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="9F97AD7D71AC6B24B78E6B67AC946202" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="3BD0DC33B900E88962188DD4F4152CAC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Basal antennomere and second antennomere (0.28-0.35 mm; 0.32
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8837B27DC845142547B1A0A3BFF9EE89" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02 mm), and a third segment (the flagellum) (0.15-0.21 mm; 0.18
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8717AA593951EE49C18A0C188D743F8C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="5AA1FEC37A7EDEEA4E810A140DEA3E47" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="06DF9135573474E4665B82876C1FE46F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Maxillae with three-segmented palpi, basal segment long (0.34-0.54 mm; 0.43
|
||
<normalizedToken id="224187E4F05BD1C37F8CA5B67E8AD8DB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07 mm) covered by setae in mid region, segment II wider (0.30-0.43 mm; 0.36
|
||
<normalizedToken id="527C7359B4F15726C8DB88F4DCC80F26" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06 mm) than long (0.12-0.17 mm; 0.14
|
||
<normalizedToken id="68D322517547AABDD03CB692A2492474" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02 mm); apical segment cylindrical (0.10-0.13 mm; 0.11
|
||
<normalizedToken id="59B20D03B7A2756268F64E4AE91E416B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="79C2B3D9650A3FCC52295D993DB2B087" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="95E72AEA13555945D0ACA427A5607C9F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Protergum wider (1.36-1.53 mm; 1.4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ABD2B15F35B4220E2DF2DC1FC4A95804" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06 mm) than long (1.18-1.68 mm; 1.3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FA2CDBB504AB0C1F84003A400A46F9D3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.20 mm), trapezoidal.
|
||
<emphasis id="EABF511553C28014CD32EE3B69DB26E5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E6D9BC86B35774B406D8114533C919" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Coxae short (0.77-0.97 mm; 0.86
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E56770E87C01E0966143106E11F88E3D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08 mm), femur obliquely (0.43-0.60 mm; 0.52
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A686024E845CC2CF2D394A5322F5BF43" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="AD182C3EC1493E6C8D4EE9D5444ABB9D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8CD55AAC2A826EC5805149A1A8345FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tergites III-IX (0.68-0.85 mm; 0.77
|
||
<normalizedToken id="31C887B216F793785DE4F648134E65C2" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.045 mm) ventral area of segments I-VIII with sternal areas almost squared, slightly pigmented, sternites with two long setae in mid-region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AC9E0A93554B4AADF7D8E768E90F790E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="first instar larva (fig. 6e, f)">
|
||
<paragraph id="F006F6F8E8649A1ECA116767BC955138" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
First instar larva (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BF27A669E49047D89ED80683EF01E922" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Photinus extensus Gorham A instar 6 in dorsal view B instar 6 in ventral view C instar 3 in dorsal view D instar 3 in ventral view E instar 1 in dorsal view F instar 1 in ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693190" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">6E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B893A2EA9E7EE15E65718C14AEC5381D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B256053DD137FC325353E36127DA9118" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to sixth instar. Length 3.72-8.80 mm; after hatching, the first instar body does not appear sclerotized to the degree found in later instars.
|
||
<emphasis id="B1B9957E392A9C70AF20AC112E3AD9A8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="9673C75840322086B1F418D0D4C03AB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Head capsule</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Wider (0.48-0.72 mm; 0.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FDF7F83B7D7C0EC1AFFBDE6A9D0BB84C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.10 mm) than long (0.24-0.51 mm; 0.38
|
||
<normalizedToken id="119C1F1251345517F936D6050E7001F6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.12 mm), s (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="774A512CAA2EABBA228220D00E87DECD" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Photinus extensus Gorham A instar 6 in dorsal view B instar 6 in ventral view C instar 3 in dorsal view D instar 3 in ventral view E instar 1 in dorsal view F instar 1 in ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693190" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="B35AD9EED8EEBF88670448DC54462BEA" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sixth instar of Photinus extensus Gorham A SEM image of the head retracted and anterior part of prothorax in lateroanterior view B antennae C prementum, maxillary palpus and galea (lateroventral) D distal part of galea E, F maxillary palpi in ventrolateral view G right metathoracic leg in ventrolateral view H pretarsus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693191" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="28783DA78D83F21ACBE8512F4A46C99C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="D47934C20433765BA6BDE53E8EDEADA7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Basal antennomere and second antennomere (0.12-0.28 mm; 0.19
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ECDCF5064FF6D7D19D1225AE4652B0C9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06 mm) elongated, and a third segment (the flagellum) short (0.08-0.17 mm; 0.12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="43EAFCA4DC4D91B79DA6B8A160A31DAB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="6441BEAAE7AE7862CDE6032A2CA75C51" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="D8EC8C53DF34274096E9308DA6C28360" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Maxillae with three-segmented palpi; basal segment long 0.24-0.47 mm; 0.31
|
||
<normalizedToken id="43569A6565ABE93A1B65AE2412A809E9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08 mm) and well-defined, segment II wider (0.12-0.17 mm; 0.15
|
||
<normalizedToken id="44A626FA04A398C6D7E2BA1C797570C0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01 mm) than long (0.05-0.07 mm; 0.06
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6EFD85CF4E877F91F8F8500A08A7F592" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.007 mm); apical segment (0.03-0.047 mm; 0.037
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BCC75E53C2E84BC1DAE4EC185A7DE996" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.007 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="7873CBBD6ACEA3712E85BACE38EF193B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4A1218657D6EF66A6D93138B04C33B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Labium</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Postmentum elongate, slightly sclerotized at the medial base, laterally united by membranes to the cardines; with a setae on each side near the base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903A520C575A6DFC893FFF7434EFDC97" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F9B17D9272B70D912B28F3B77C943AF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="EF4DE9334D98D6EE82D8A03BFB6DD143" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Protergum wider (0.73-1.47 mm; 0.94
|
||
<normalizedToken id="44A2B2983CC184DD393CEDFBDDBC9E35" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.21 mm) than long (0.51-0.75 mm; 0.53
|
||
<normalizedToken id="70FC725B80609BC957CA61C0C10A7B71" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="F03FFB1A9F22C1A30F0C95A399BAC522" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="86A6A41AA4C0F5751C0350C8FB804159" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Coxae short (0.44-0.65 mm; 0.53
|
||
<normalizedToken id="072DD58E564F4BDC1DB7C2D806AD1BF7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08 mm), femur obliquely (0.21-0.34 mm; 0.27
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7BEEBDE6A2CDC6CC468D3DEF5ECA82BC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1DBD5DA0806590FF59E2D0CD728ED9C2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FD506D01CE163B13FE1374F89E203AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tergites III-IX (0.31-1.2 mm; 0.74
|
||
<normalizedToken id="18881B189096DB65E5FF366B41A0584D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.28 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2788B8054D7153BF2DDA0271AAC90B60" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="pupa, male (fig. 10a, b)">
|
||
<paragraph id="1BE16A6A006AF1032B5144D769368737" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Pupa, male (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEE5F36DCFE588CFD4E1646564A59AA2" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Photinus extensus Gorham A pupa in dorsal view B pupa in ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693194" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">10A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="42C257E80A6FCD048A1670C92E41BD4E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Length 17-23 mm; width 6-7 mm. Body elongate, curved, ventrally concave, pale yellowish (sternites I-VIII slightly pigmented at the ends).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E06AA318A6A59C2366CD30BF651863DF" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693194" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F8D4749C4F966DA571A7333502A251E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="0462539EE6338419031EB9682AAE43D4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A539A0D9C3514945CC9554AA6ED50314" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CC684E89600D26DE4ABEC5999C3F7076" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Photinus extensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gorham
|
||
<emphasis id="A77918B0B9DE6360FC4D153746345898" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
|
||
pupa in dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="A545F70BDB039249FB9C1B5AAC26DDEB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
|
||
pupa in ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6A9BB0E2A68C9E15905D8D7DC29958" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="94149A3F620A3E6B11AC6C1B4745C102" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4B99E782DA1895CABBC14F26F0D56E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Head</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Totally covered by the pronotum in dorsal view. Large eyes, located at the sides of the head; antennae in front of the eyes, nearer the frontal center, mouthparts visible in ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="893689097A10E6E68FA78B1A1311451E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="7499D99E5EFD257C165F77286A1CA7F7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7CFE9DFBE7738E328D1BDA08A437BEB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum wider than long, semicircular, totally covering the head. Meso and metanotum shorter, subrectangular, bearing the elytra sidewards. All pairs of legs free, visible in ventral view. Spiracles present in the pleural areas of mesothorax.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2FBA814FDF0053D8AEE3D0447932C7F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9559642FD7D4798D9EA2FA9964746DB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="26F8A456BBA173FC6B225AA4C19B8442" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal segments subrectangular, wider than long, spiracles present on abdominal pleural areas of segments I-VIII. Light organ on sternites V-VI.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="56E4DD269691693CD00EC95D1E675CC6" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="life cycle (fig. 11)">
|
||
<paragraph id="98999C2780D5BA898FD5BA21F270D266" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Life cycle (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="23ACF2E051DA67130DF1863FEF6230E8" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Life cycle of Photinus extensus Gorham." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693195" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C01ED6EFFC91AD2F17D7ED8526489025" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
In their natural habitat, adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C2B284A74379E35BAD37CF4DDCE4AE78" lsidName="P. extensus" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="extensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2568779565F211A30C65472D007FDC48" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">P. extensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are active from early July, when the first males can be observed. Bioluminescent activity begins at dusk, at approximately 20:00 h, and diminishes considerably an hour later. Male flight does not exceed 2 m in height. Females are brachypterous and perch in the undergrowth approximately 50 cm from the ground. Males flash every 4.5 seconds, flying in an arc when illuminated. When males detect a female, they wait for an intense flash as a response, which is brief. The flash intervals are of 10 to 20 seconds. Males react by flying lower and towards the female. Groups of 3 to 5 males commonly compete with each other to get the female first, to mate with her. Two types of competition were observed among males: 1) a mating ball: four or more males cover the copulating pair and try to dislodge the copulating male to gain access to the female, and 2) males using their pronotum as a lever to pry a copulating male from the female. In the laboratory, copulation was observed to last from between 2 to more than 4 hours.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B8608D5FB008FCF30F9C49ABB4E566BC" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693195" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph id="9906B5ECE8F2D1844777229D295E2AEF" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="48B4B42D8BA96FF7ABD4C620B230E73F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Life cycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C7A65250DAE42CB909F8F01458B2065" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C7053878A682A55C1BF20289E871C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Photinus extensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gorham.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6BD9F5456B7B7DC363363D9C31CC7F13" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">During oviposition, females bend their abdomen and place the apical part of it on the substrate. Eggs are laid superficially or buried, randomly distributed, individually, or in groups (up to aggregates of 50). The number of eggs deposited by each female varied from three to 198. Eggs emit a faint bioluminescence since they are oviposited, which is only perceptible to the human eye in complete darkness. In total, 956 eggs from 13 females were obtained.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E8085A5E32146028730B8C8389E783DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Under lab condition
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F99B4864A869BBD1E71CC8DB5A61692" lsidName="P. extensus" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="extensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AC2B8E63060066A58A7FB218D0858448" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">P. extensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
completed its development in approximately 12 months, from oviposition to imago. The egg stage under laboratory conditions had a duration of 11 to 70 days, with mortality of n = 144 eggs (15%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3973FE17691FAC2D6BF1816FFB2C7DCE" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="575BD2D83F4E6D193A54B34F64976B6A" authorityName="Gorham" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Photinus extensus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extensus">
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<emphasis id="06F236D27C1C731242B272E3196FD60A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Photinus extensus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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undergoes six similar larval instars that differ in both size and color (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="320DEB8154CA40CF2EEDBF5D94F10732" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Photinus extensus Gorham A general habitus of the adult female in dorsal view B ventral view C internal genitalia D ovipositor dorsal view E internal anatomy of the reproductive tract: spermatophore digesting (SDG) and spermateca (SPT)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693188" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">4</figureCitation>
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). Cannibalism among larvae during rearing was not observed. The only food larvae consumed was the earthworms provided. There was no synchronization among larvae during the progression of larval instars, which started at the end of August until the beginning of July. In captive conditions, the process of ecdysis from one stage to the other varied among individuals. The first larval instar had a duration of 14 to 153 days, where mortality was 60% (n = 491) among the eggs that hatched. The second larval instar had a duration of 14 to 172 days, with mortality of 61% (n = 199). The third larval instar had a duration of 15 to 140 days; mortality was 71% (n = 87). The fourth larval instar had a duration of 17 to 140 days, with a mortality of 52% (n = 20). The fifth larval instar had a duration of 24 to 192 days (n = 18) and the last larval instar had a duration of 53 days (n = 8). Pupation had a duration of 7 days in July, and according to the observations in the field, pupae were found under pyroclastic rocks.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |