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<mods:title id="0ED04316E229CC9956321B700AD83A8D">Revision of the Lacinipoliavicina (Grote) complex (Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Eriopygini)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="13DC1572C70B79E2DB9E2E1DB60CD696" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152062707" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:13DC1572C70B79E2DB9E2E1DB60CD696" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/13DC1572C70B79E2DB9E2E1DB60CD696" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
<subSubSection id="2538E4D3A159C198D0A44C96CDD0630C" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="68433F2EF748A1A8881F6DC4855C9DAD" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Noctuidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4444B77CAD818ADFF17663789059C28D" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="12C16CCA73604BCF35C78840736DE581" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="02ED13EF8ED1ED52A380E2E4AA65BE5B" ID-CoL="943Z7" authority="Smith, 1906" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta (Smith, 1906)</taxonomicName>
Figs 7-15, 59, 67, 73
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F5BB199FFD5162C3068EAE2580EA4888" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E72EA2FEDA300AC98817EF1BD7558712" pageId="9" pageNumber="112">
<taxonomicName id="FD10D3FB7A1B69B0E6DB016FA8EFE0D1" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mamestra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mamestra sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">
<pageBreakToken id="06F75DEC4E2F795D0B67C51FC7CF0DDA" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" start="start">Mamestra</pageBreakToken>
sareta
</taxonomicName>
Smith, 1906: 229.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BC04B203A7C9F33287A77B199FF7B366" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" type="type material">
<paragraph id="F2F24C79E519193F92E3DC2481FCAD9D" pageId="9" pageNumber="112">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA93436458A5B02AE034FEF11DD17153" pageId="9" pageNumber="112">
lectotype male (AMNH, examined), designated by
<bibRefCitation id="1D8AD567F8FEE45290AC7EEF1049D7D2" author="Todd, EL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin" pageId="16" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 228" title="The noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera)." volume="1645" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
; type locality: Minnehaha, Yavapai Co., Arizona.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F116AA1E0AE2D8D36456A3847FF5C0D7" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="FCDB76685B35558F54B8D69E7B762D7C" pageId="9" pageNumber="112">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="255C848532F64246148D2596DC4D36BC" pageId="9" pageNumber="112">
<taxonomicName id="EE2FBD056A225BC229A9096FB316EC90" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
is the most common and widespread species in the
<taxonomicName id="BA05E82580815B79B3974949B9E202FA" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia pensilis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensilis">Lacinipolia pensilis</taxonomicName>
group, and most of the identification difficulties are in separating it from
<taxonomicName id="03131914D807EAA55A73583B0135B387" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia pensilis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensilis">Lacinipolia pensilis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F8D1508E3C2D4A9EC3FF8EF507CD9779" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia acutipennis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutipennis">Lacinipolia acutipennis</taxonomicName>
in the West. This is most reliably done based on genitalia, where males lack the ventrally projecting, paired spinose crests above the juxta that are found in
<taxonomicName id="BB9744AC81D641C8155D6FA53B2969DA" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia acutipennis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutipennis">Lacinipolia acutipennis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="01115BD3B90A21E7D80EA72424B779F2" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia pensilis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensilis">Lacinipolia pensilis</taxonomicName>
; females of
<taxonomicName id="94417F56DF91ED67190DA852DE5CA72D" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
have a simple ostium with a strongly convex prevaginal margin, compared to those of
<taxonomicName id="982584C96B5C4A9B88F180B0054C7572" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia pensilis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensilis">Lacinipolia pensilis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B3DC2D0D43C533EAA433C51FA23508FA" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia acutipennis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutipennis">Lacinipolia acutipennis</taxonomicName>
which have an asymmetrical, conch-shaped ostium with a straight prevaginal margin.
<taxonomicName id="8F74F80B00A393F52A7BB5E3BDC21887" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
flies earlier in the year (mostly
<normalizedToken id="6392F1BEDAC48C704585DB48EBCD233B" originalValue="June–July">June-July</normalizedToken>
) than
<taxonomicName id="483A4C28862F3CAF6C09F8CE986F2523" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia pensilis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensilis">Lacinipolia pensilis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C3AAB06A54BFE86B342B88A3BCB3864A" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia acutipennis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutipennis">Lacinipolia acutipennis</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="34E96F940261AE0AE511EE7EDDE9ADE1" originalValue="August–September">August-September</normalizedToken>
), although the southernmost
<taxonomicName id="07EF184F235533DA57CEB8B3627C1981" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
populations in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas fly again in late
<normalizedToken id="4075B82785C42E5F717D155B14994BDC" originalValue="September–October">September-October</normalizedToken>
after an initial May flight.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00F5805C9C05C0022F206BA1DAFFA472" pageId="9" pageNumber="112">
The remaining species (
<taxonomicName id="53F56FE2C7795B85A22B6BB91BAE0923" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia vicina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicina">Lacinipolia vicina</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="556C6D636853350B8B59E2936BA29F65" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia teligera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teligera">Lacinipolia teligera</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="13AA4E062788CBE4AD486230A1878FB9" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia dimocki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimocki">Lacinipolia dimocki</taxonomicName>
) can, for the most part, be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="EE64716B00F65A36FD5A71FAE56F6E6A" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
by geographic distribution; in Washington, Oregon and California, where the range of
<taxonomicName id="0C32E16BDBAE3912D2674A41ED09B700" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
overlaps that of
<taxonomicName id="F5621A64B8152A2A2C1AEEC851328E0E" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia dimocki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimocki">Lacinipolia dimocki</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1264F337E6DB887B3C692B83B2D6D47E" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
is smaller and has a duller white hindwing, in addition to the genitalic characters given under
<taxonomicName id="F4C064039FC80EE4FA22128EE6301B47" lsidName="dimocki" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" rank="species" species="dimocki">dimocki</taxonomicName>
. From eastern Colorado and New Mexico through western Oklahoma and northern Texas
<taxonomicName id="14FE6C8202E2FD6E5B75817563262598" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
overlaps with
<taxonomicName id="E2063E7E25CE80483AFBC9F99A853D7C" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia teligera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teligera">Lacinipolia teligera</taxonomicName>
; characters given in the keys and the
<taxonomicName id="543ABCACCE020E9708C9023487652481" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia teligera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teligera">Lacinipolia teligera</taxonomicName>
diagnosis will separate the two. The range of
<taxonomicName id="D259E36EE29663961BE68103F9CCA711" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
might overlap with that of
<taxonomicName id="AEEA79A954EB16A2D649ABFAE66B05E9" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia vicina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicina">Lacinipolia vicina</taxonomicName>
in the East (from the Great Lakes region eastward through New York and New England), where the smaller size, different flight period and genitalic differences given under
<taxonomicName id="CDD6EB71C1D4398E0B7F8CCF0BB37D12" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia vicina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicina">Lacinipolia vicina</taxonomicName>
will reliably separate the two.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="989527723692F0F774648C07E13F8F4D" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" type="distribution and biology">
<paragraph id="45043DE3976A9192787DB0C537AE5AA2" pageId="9" pageNumber="112">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="14E899E39DA87F182ED1061245CF3DA9" pageId="9" pageNumber="112">
<taxonomicName id="67EA7E09B0A0F57D36EF2FC34890E4F0" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
occurs throughout western North America from the southern Yukon and Northwest Territories to Texas, Arizona and California; it undoubtedly also occurs in northern Mexico. It ranges eastward across the southern boreal region to at least Quebec, with an unverified record from Maine (
<bibRefCitation id="CA39C1112F572CFDC91BFDD6B61DCD3A" author="Forbes, WTM" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Agriculture Experiment Station, Memoir" pageId="15" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 433" title="Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Part 3 Noctuidae." volume="329" year="1954">Forbes 1954</bibRefCitation>
). Most or all records of
<taxonomicName id="38DF3E71C743A372B0987BD313ABCF50" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia vicina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicina">Lacinipolia vicina</taxonomicName>
for Michigan (
<bibRefCitation id="B4624759F44F12804202F848A4C552FE" author="Moore, S" journalOrPublisher="University of Michigan Museum of Zoology" pageId="16" pageNumber="119" title="An annotated list of the moths of Michigan exclusive of Tineoidea (Lepidoptera)." year="1955">Moore 1955</bibRefCitation>
) probably apply to this species, but
<taxonomicName id="CE866468EB4B6D0942438A17901FA42B" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
is not known from Ohio (
<bibRefCitation id="2EDC709706626BFC178CD68212753DC2" author="Rings, RW" journalOrPublisher="Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin (New Series)" pageId="16" pageNumber="119" title="The owlet moths of Ohio Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae." volume="9" year="1992">Rings et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
) where it would be expected in sandy habitats along Lake Erie. Although found in a huge variety of woodland, steppe and prairie habitats,
<taxonomicName id="B875A950BE92B25977BC9BEAD0EC9262" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
particularly favours sandy soils and can be abundant in dune and beach habitats.
<bibRefCitation id="D10B1AFD4A7CD476614D0DDD5B1A0B65" author="Crumb, SE" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Washington" pageId="15" pageNumber="118" title="The larvae of the Phalaenidae" year="1956">Crumb (1956)</bibRefCitation>
describes the ground-dwelling, polyphagous larva (as
<taxonomicName id="8A7AA9B6AB5D37F7F8AD19B89BA1C7BC" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia vicina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicina">Lacinipolia vicina</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="C775DA5B1DE6D4E511AAEB354B26801B" author="Godfrey, GL" journalOrPublisher="United States department of Agriculture" pageId="15" pageNumber="118" title="A review and reclassification of larvae of the subfamily Hadeninae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) of America north of Mexico." year="1972">Godfrey (1972)</bibRefCitation>
illustrates the larva, and states that Arizona and Montana larvae are identical.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="05DA508F619D063499E2263F4DA4F826" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="679C17A3C1BA656488A51ACD16846471" pageId="9" pageNumber="112">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="57B625D962D44CCF47595C42EE30E3E1" pageId="9" pageNumber="112">
The vast geographic range and considerable DNA barcode variation suggest that
<taxonomicName id="6D0D53554382B36A7716162474CE1DAE" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
could be a cryptic species complex. Alternatively, DNA barcode variation simply may not be fully congruent with species limits in the group, a phenomenon that occurs in about 10% of
<taxonomicName id="50B566A25409DB6CF154CA32C4CE40C5" lsidName="Noctuoidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Noctuoidea">Noctuoidea</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="988D0901F618EC0999564D82F3C5A411" author="Zahiri, R" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="16" pageNumber="119" title="A transcontinental challenge-a test of DNA barcode performance for 1,541 species of Canadian Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera)." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0092797" volume="9" year="2014">Zahiri et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast to the mtDNA variation, genitalic structure and wing pattern is highly conserved, and I could find no way to segregate specimens with divergent barcodes or those from different ecoregions. The shape of the digitus varies somewhat, with nominate
<taxonomicName id="95CC2FEC7F95710A6EB0EBC3CA876E61" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
from the southwestern United States with a slightly longer, narrower tine-like digitus, compared to most (but not all) northern specimens, which have a shorter more triangular digitus, but the differences are inconsistent and again do not correlate with geographic or molecular differences. This is surprising given that molecular divergence among
<taxonomicName id="08FFBDD477CBC0369E06FE8F290C6766" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
haplogroups was greater than the minimum divergence between
<taxonomicName id="5089FF73A8BB56B6F55B0A339631E17A" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia sareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareta">Lacinipolia sareta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="01989B5D76D313CBB25265F2E670594B" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacinipolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacinipolia dimocki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimocki">Lacinipolia dimocki</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 75), despite the considerable morphological differences between the two species. Studies of pheromone variation, nuclear DNA sequence data, and immature stages would provide more insight into this difficult group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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