279 lines
38 KiB
XML
279 lines
38 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5CFDC44E48DAD0E65ECCEDDD9F09AE1D">The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1D00842A5595B49076032A8EE71D9734">Scharff, Nikolaj</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="07BE4AD07A34416C1833EEA864BEC177">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="23D835A02D5C15C8E764F60A600F188F">195</mods:number>
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<treatment id="BCFE8E4925D8ABE5D014170C4897E4CC" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152035661" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BCFE8E4925D8ABE5D014170C4897E4CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BCFE8E4925D8ABE5D014170C4897E4CC" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" scope_class="Arachnida" scope_family="Eresidae" scope_order="Araneae">
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<subSubSection id="6680EB1244395EDED0AAE46558750C8C" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="58F3374B65F3CD62D56A2F4DDD643AE9" ID-CoL="7M73" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Stegodyphus" authority="Simon" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus Simon</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="BEB0A5611AEAD48970EC07066263BD42" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="87EC7EA330E0D28A5894D2D2B53749D6" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<taxonomicName id="938D56CB269B4C2BE6B35235DEC34C42" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="5D3168615DD78673582E83E3869144F5" author="Simon, E" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe royale des sciences de Liege Deuxieme Serie" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 174" title="Araneides nouveaux ou peu connus du midi de l'Europe. (2 e memoire)." volume="5" year="1873">Simon 1873</bibRefCitation>
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: 336;
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<bibRefCitation id="8D47B0D2E87D7C54332F9D1A1D493532" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">1892</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 253;
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<bibRefCitation id="68222BA3157801B3E91BA446B0076E23" author="Lehtinen, PT" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici Fennici" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="199 - 468" title="Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families." volume="4" year="1967">Lehtinen 1967</bibRefCitation>
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: 265. Type species
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<taxonomicName id="63F98FC41FC1F5C209EC3C3D705C85BB" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Eresus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eresus lineatus" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">Eresus lineatus</taxonomicName>
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Latreille, 1817.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8AE83BECF49C01B04E03ED0686088E6F" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<taxonomicName id="8DD73F154609A0A9FB727739FF63EEC6" genus="Magunia" lsidName="Magunia" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" rank="genus">Magunia</taxonomicName>
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Lehtinen, 1967: 246. Synonymy in
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<bibRefCitation id="AD5DAA035E6D6E316BB8FEF8F58175B6" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DD9696E26A6DF7CAB6EE1B72390488D9" lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="note">
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<paragraph id="C9ED93F42DF98EF6C96C17FE1CA8897B" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Note.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9DD85E60598ED88968DEF3D03278CD6F" lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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With the transfer of
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<taxonomicName id="B78B1A03F4B21652EDD2ED3710C7C8C6" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus annulipes" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulipes">Stegodyphus annulipes</taxonomicName>
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to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="A999736192986811B6B6A57A73CE4551" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Loureedia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loureedia" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loureedia</taxonomicName>
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gen. n., the genus
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<taxonomicName id="309258A9460080CA994C2A3F5106C4FC" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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contains 20 recognized species from Africa, southern Europe and Asia, plus a single species from Brazil (
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<bibRefCitation id="019136C6894E8D64D790718FB1376BF5" author="Platnick, N" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" title="The world spider catalog, Version 11.5. American Museum of Natural History, online at http: // research. amnh. org / iz / spiders / catalog" url="10.5531/db.iz.0001." year="2011">Platnick 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). The genus
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<taxonomicName id="96B6E78E8FC849A65D14156766350FB6" genus="Magunia" lsidName="Magunia" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" rank="genus">Magunia</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="5EA5BDFCB517807A49D15BE1F15347D1" author="Lehtinen, PT" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici Fennici" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="199 - 468" title="Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families." volume="4" year="1967">Lehtinen 1967</bibRefCitation>
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was
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<pageBreakToken id="F3E85D84FFF474930F68D8F02F929DA0" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" start="start">established</pageBreakToken>
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to accommodate
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<taxonomicName id="414F4977ED07EE5BA5D836AEA07637BB" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus tentoriicola" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentoriicola">Stegodyphus tentoriicola</taxonomicName>
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Purcell, 1904 and
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<taxonomicName id="B843597EF701EC3B9CAEF1425C9B9E50" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus dumicola" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dumicola">Stegodyphus dumicola</taxonomicName>
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Pocock, 1898, both of which have a bifurcated conductor including a hook-shaped sclerotized branch (
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<bibRefCitation id="FE08802990E432370DA2135910F67540" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
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||
: figs 245, 248).
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<bibRefCitation id="B4F8908E878535DCB5A7402C93D0491F" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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rejected this genus on the grounds that it would require dividing
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<taxonomicName id="46B0F000FF382382B9799827E872CBFD" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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sensu lato into at least three genera, which they considered needless. Molecular analyses have corroborated the monophyly of
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<taxonomicName id="D43260DA82BCF9E4DA914517C6831F07" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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sensu lato and nested taxa representing
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<taxonomicName id="B0FB535CD854F90B219CBAF7FA1F05FD" genus="Magunia" lsidName="Magunia" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" rank="genus">Magunia</taxonomicName>
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<pageBreakToken id="0E08699C9212E18D4356FA46319D217A" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" start="start">within</pageBreakToken>
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(not sister to) a monophyletic
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<taxonomicName id="B9D91B8D8E5FC11C44E960FC0E0F8D10" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="1A5FA817DDAB497324B3D70B8B6D7E3B" author="Johannesen, J" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="231 - 237" title="The age and evolution of sociality in Stegodyphus spiders: a molecular phylogenetic perspective." url="10.1098/rspb.2006.3699" volume="274" year="2007">Johannesen et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="C5E1C048C25CEE8C8C876377157DC123" author="Miller, JA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="786 - 804" title="Phylogeny of entelegyne spiders: Affinities of the family Penestomidae (NEW RANK), generic phylogeny of Eresidae, and asymmetric rates of change in spinning organ evolution (Araneae, Araneoidea, Entelegynae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.021" volume="55" year="2010 a">Miller et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
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). We therefore concur with
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<bibRefCitation id="5FD99992BFEC4931D2637704DE6C303A" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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in treating
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC5425EE387ADFCC9279734C1883A1" genus="Magunia" lsidName="Magunia" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" rank="genus">Magunia</taxonomicName>
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as a subjective junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="9FBFE255060A8FFB3E4B6656910F156F" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ED8BDE19DBD11D5EE1C1867BC64977C5" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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We studied specimens representing three
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<taxonomicName id="DEE8F99F3D91963654A192E31A89F9B2" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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selected to cover a wide range of the variation present in the genus. Our exemplars were
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<taxonomicName id="3257F7EE690117326C12CE57EC8077F8" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus lineatus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">Stegodyphus lineatus</taxonomicName>
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, the type species for the genus, based on specimens from Afghanistan, Israel, and Turkey,
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<taxonomicName id="0BA55AA38EEAA412B517E288E4991696" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus mimosarum" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimosarum">Stegodyphus mimosarum</taxonomicName>
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based on specimens from Madagascar and Malawi, and
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<taxonomicName id="B87331BD18A8147B26758DC7637FC02D" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus sarasinorum" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sarasinorum">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</taxonomicName>
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based on specimens from Myanmar. Our identification was based on the revision of
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<bibRefCitation id="E0ACBA80A4EE2D2849056E54DA558840" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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; we did not seek to examine type material.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="07F0BA6AF0B5A26D5B77783AE1A24D36" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="84FEC33D2167010E3694E2C423F13746" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="53FFCD1D2533BA6AF6E89A887127F122" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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Distinguished from other eresids except
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<taxonomicName id="68D7D3C01EA1D0F7B0E784FD8F8AB787" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea presleyi" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="presleyi">Paradonea presleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. by the median eye group, which has large, subequal eyes (AME/PME> 0.6) with clear separation on the horizontal axis and significant overlap on the vertical axis (Fig. 11A, C, E, G, I, K); distinguished from
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||
<taxonomicName id="665D63BA104FE219B48722B09F7E9C95" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea presleyi" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="presleyi">Paradonea presleyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. by the long, acute clypeal hood (short, slightly obtuse in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DF9244CC3DEE8A4725465D0526F39C03" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea presleyi" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="presleyi">Paradonea presleyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., Fig. 70I). Classically diagnosed by having the PER noticeably more narrow (65-90%) than the AER (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87C0AE5EF7656085EBAD8C8E198D5D23" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F698B2F7C3350633454404FB7279BFB8" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Simon 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E53CCFD91D09083177F7B39634FD90A8" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Adonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adonea" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adonea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0945CDA73D7B8E566DF19D57E8B40379" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Eresus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eresus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eresus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2B25F25A01016373EED498FE684CDA6" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paradonea</taxonomicName>
|
||
species approach or even overlap with some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91D72B0A3C68B64DEBFB661F0B4A00CA" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Further distinguished from other eresids except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A372DE3A79CA660D2B1324BA52F009B" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B756A11192D80A539CDE7D20B0BF31BB" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="887ED3D35C243C3DB1A44465BAAA3E5D" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paradonea</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the advanced position of the PLE (<0.29;> 0.31 in other eresids).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="187AA36AA66212D86D0D412EFB3C0DBF" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="distinguishing species">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6437F4F2D81E144A313EEF6808BCB74" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Distinguishing species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="539E267A4BE12D1C331ADA587C589B88" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Therevisionary monograph by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4EB58AC5E5F357E5B0E044520A9FD872" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
remains the key resource for identifying
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBA08758B0FFB8C867E1672505E5F7E0" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2E057310A2FE3AA3E2DE9C2BE2F7351" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
divided
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29D3F8C2D2C01A8C3BB34ECDA7B75186" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
into three species groups, each with one non-territorial permanently social species. In a molecular phylogenetic study,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A17EB97066A264DBB036C3B564E2DC9" author="Johannesen, J" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="231 - 237" title="The age and evolution of sociality in Stegodyphus spiders: a molecular phylogenetic perspective." url="10.1098/rspb.2006.3699" volume="274" year="2007">Johannesen et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CE4F51F010813B3887F38755A73DA03" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus lineatus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">Stegodyphus lineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinctive enough to warrant its own monotypic species group, but otherwise their findings were congruent with the earlier morphological study of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5BD97DA85F91D275027A1DD521F8AC" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="D4C63573EF2CEEC120FD2764D7502B88" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" start="start">Kraus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and Kraus (1988)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and supported the hypothesis that sociality in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0BCCE663665AEFA5050481EAE228B43F" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been independently derived multiple times. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB9CAD5BD175010EFCD43C431CEBA3C4" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus africanus" order="Araneae" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">Stegodyphus africanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group contains seven species including our exemplar, the social species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE0BFA40F3467CADD9CA35FF158DF595" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus mimosarum" order="Araneae" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimosarum">Stegodyphus mimosarum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Males of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA30C0607AE015BC1CC9B54210A33C5" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus africanus" order="Araneae" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">Stegodyphus africanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have the palpal conductor as a distally-projecting complex comprising an outer leaf and a longer, less sclerotized, inner leaf. The embolic division is longer than the tegular division. The epigynum has the posterior part of median lobe raised,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="8EAAD2FD9FB01A6E5FA97550B06680E9" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" start="start">membranous</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, and wider than long. The median eyes in both sexes are relatively heterogenous (AME/PME ca. 0.6-0.8; data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21A4232D4AEB37129EFF7AB2F6924CA" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C191FCE807D9151D452F19224207F8F7" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus dufouri" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dufouri">Stegodyphus dufouri</taxonomicName>
|
||
group contains four or five species (depending on whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF308D21A2DE68B9C6BA436B75845222" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus pacificus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacificus">Stegodyphus pacificus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="946F90388EBAFEBC5CD027C2BA474356" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus dufouri" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dufouri">Stegodyphus dufouri</taxonomicName>
|
||
are considered distinct) including our exemplar, the social species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2EA869955CAD5D5A14304FE3B615803" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus sarasinorum" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sarasinorum">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Males of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA1C337F260F1F359B8EEC4568CB21D5" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus dufouri" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dufouri">Stegodyphus dufouri</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have a spiral conductor that lacks a free inner leaf and is shorter than the tegular division. The median eyes in both sexes are relatively homogenous (AME/PME usually ca. 0.7-1.0, rarely ca. 0.6; data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7710B9D728A3BD3D3763D14E49573769" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5308E327E363F973B4A7733B695280D1" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus mirandus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirandus">Stegodyphus mirandus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group contains six species including our exemplar,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6153D9199CFEED555E56B01FADEEEEA" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus lineatus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">Stegodyphus lineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the type species of the genus (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="22A4FDEBE21A657AD238EC6EFCFCFA8E" author="Johannesen, J" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="231 - 237" title="The age and evolution of sociality in Stegodyphus spiders: a molecular phylogenetic perspective." url="10.1098/rspb.2006.3699" volume="274" year="2007">Johannesen et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F01D2E8E3711C8A4FA706B47E518892" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus mirandus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirandus">Stegodyphus mirandus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have complex conductors with a membranous inner lobe similar to that found in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1CB1655F278BF86EAF0719A50950F99" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus africanus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">Stegodyphus africanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, although it is characteristically more spiral (as opposed to distally-projecting) and the embolic division is shorter than the tegular division. In some species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="465D096980F303EB11CE3431C1C01CBF" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus tentoriicola" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentoriicola">Stegodyphus tentoriicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E2D093195AEAC2134B2B2272FE29418" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus dumicola" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dumicola">Stegodyphus dumicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a sclerotized hook-like apophysis arises from the inner lobe of the conductor. The median eyes in both sexes are relatively homogenous (AME/PME ca. 0.8-0.9) except in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B41BE802418F6CC494E9ECAB8CB649FA" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus tibialis" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibialis">Stegodyphus tibialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AME/PME ca. 0.5-0.6; data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16B9D90EC6E3F13D344203E425E6D22A" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The epigynum of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3E819AFF67DB7CB52B1C45FC4703A1CF" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus mirandus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirandus">Stegodyphus mirandus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group species is more or less rotated into vertical position (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C507CEB2113EE451E9F158C08A30E141" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2213A7005651DFD02B4E4AD7EC858AAA" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="83C05E9A72F0ED709B449985FB21B279" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="167B20FA48DB4630794D7809ADF516AE" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A20B536E8D3C9F63B9A0E58FC53C51F4" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from a variety of warm, dry habitats and include both solitary and social species. The solitary species make webs with a central, funnel-like retreat and an irregular cribellate mass appressed to the substrate or multiple cribellate sheets in different planes on which they walk. The social species make a large nest of silk, plant debris and chitinous remains of their insect prey, and large sheets of cribellate silk may extend out in several directions (Fig. 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D924AC75218E047B53266CC5B9067237" originalValue="J–L">J-L</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The spiders walk upon or hang beneath these sheets. The cribellate silk carding leg is braced with a mobile leg IV, and the margins of the cribellate band are entire (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A0786B2A9B5AB6956AFF5EAFBEB04F92" author="Griswold, CE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 324" title="Atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae: Entelegynae) with comments on their phylogeny." volume="56" year="2005">Griswold et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We have never observed them to wrap captured prey. The fine structure of the cribellate silk of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33F6BD7EA186E4C765F3378AB76BDD33" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A0C0F7131D3635FC8A85EB73CF7F7779" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Kullmann (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who recorded both axial fibers and reserve warp and noted that the cribellar fibrils are cylindrical in cross section. Prey include a variety of arthropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2FE0273FDB59C220115EEF2CE448AE71" author="Dewar, M" journalOrPublisher="American Zoologist" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="476 - 477" title="Behaviour of South African social spiders: prey capture." volume="10" year="1970">Dewar and Koopowitz 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); social spiders hunting cooperatively are more effective than solitary hunters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9FF48C75F1DE443BB56AD2C1B664BECE" author="Ward, PI" journalOrPublisher="Behaviour" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="167 - 182" title="Conflict and cooperation in the group feeding of the social spider Stegodyphus mimosarum." url="10.1163/156853985X00325" volume="94" year="1985">Ward and Enders 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Juveniles feed on the bodies of dead females (Fig. 3D), which may or may not be their mother in social species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="88E18EBE67702CFCBADFBFEAD06D3CFE" author="Schneider, J" journalOrPublisher="Animal Behaviour" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="649 - 658" title="The effect of reproductive state on care-giving in Stegodyphus (Araneae: Eresidae) and the implications on the evolution of sociality." url="10.1006/anbe.2001.1961" volume="63" year="2002">Schneider 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sex ratio is female biased (more than 4:1) in social species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5780954C7E5EAD9918C9A209C360EF19" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="79C8FF8AC95D8124ADEA86824552ECCB" originalValue="Avilés">Aviles</normalizedToken>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Social colonies last for 7-8 years. Mating in many species occurs in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A6FE6D2381166968DA19B9374D094CA1" originalValue="December–February">December-February</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C637A420D7C4780349FB84B88DB93296" author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |