416 lines
50 KiB
XML
416 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="348FA117BCF16ADA86CDD3411119E84A" ID-CLB-Dataset="7680" ID-DOI="10.1206/358.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="64639217-c52a-453d-a6b3-382db4402257" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610748" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615989200907" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hunt, Robert M." docDate="2011" docId="885487D55776AC54FD7AB74F37AE01F3" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011.358.1-153.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2011 (358)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/358.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.9:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rudiocyon amplidens Hunt 2011, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="746DFFAD5740AC6DFFA7B24433290312" masterDocTitle="Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1698933491662" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="3BCC7ED685F5FF36369F4777449E5994">Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7B93B1BE38DD55252D8CEAC45278BDFC">Hunt, Robert M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="ADC968FB4CD166D4488AC72ECD5736AF">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="547198FA1D76680AE7176C12367AECCF">
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<mods:date id="EDD6A257F815D565C1EB088152A7BCF6">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BC37545E156C46EF111CA7CBC80ADB51">2011-11-23</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A4008B76CA0DE91AA4E83D04030D697E">2011</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7146E045CC9F3A66767908EF911B495F">358</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="38C61DCD4F696B4F3D6C4D0B4A0738C6" type="DOI">10.1206/358.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="885487D55776AC54FD7AB74F37AE01F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618486" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180588592" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618486" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D55776AC54FD7AB74F37AE01F3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885487D55776AC54FD7AB74F37AE01F3" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="48E765485776AC5BFD7AB74F30DC062D" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="004236C35776AC5BFD7AB74F30DC062D" blockId="54.[733,1127,1291,1344]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="5B0A81AF5776AC5BFD7AB74F30DC062D" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405776AC5BFD7AB74F30E60630" authority="Hunt, 2011" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[733,975,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15776AC5BFD7AB74F30E60630" bold="true" box="[733,975,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Rudiocyon amplidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BA57AA5776AC5BFC47B749374E0630" box="[992,1127,1292,1314]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation id="98C62A465776AC5BFCE9B76E30E5062D" box="[846,972,1322,1344]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="55.[150,188,1180,1199]" captionTargetBox="[231,1124,211,1148]" captionTargetId="figure-213@55.[231,1125,211,1149]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="Fig. 22. Holotype mandible of Rudiocyon amplidens (LACM 480), with left p4–m2, probably from 1.5 mi south of the Johnson Ranch, from gray beds exposed on the east side of Rudio Creek, Kimberly Member, John Day Formation, Grant Co., Oregon. A, labial and B, lingual views. This is the largest John Day temnocyonine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610800/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Figures 22</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="98C62A465776AC5BFC7DB76E30DC062D" box="[986,1013,1322,1343]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="56.[116,155,886,905]" captionTargetBox="[97,614,212,856]" captionTargetId="figure-565@56.[97,615,212,856]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="Fig. 23. Occlusal stereopair of the holotype dentition (p4–m2) of Rudiocyon amplidens (LACM 480). Note absence of m1 and m2 metaconids and narrow compressed p4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610804/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">23</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48E765485776AC5BFD3CB71C37760679" box="[667,1119,1368,1387]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="004236C35776AC5BFD3CB71C37760679" blockId="54.[667,1119,1368,1387]" box="[667,1119,1368,1387]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20ED11ED5776AC5BFD3CB71C37760679" box="[667,1119,1368,1387]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405776AC5BFD3CB71C30390678" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[667,784,1368,1386]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15776AC5BFD3CB71C30390678" box="[667,784,1368,1386]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Temnocyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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large species:
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<treatmentCitation id="815C10D25776AC5BFC0FB71C37720679" author="Stock, C." box="[936,1115,1368,1387]" page="36" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" year="1933">
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325776AC5BFC0FB71C37720679" author="Stock, C." box="[936,1115,1368,1387]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" pagination="29 - 41" refId="ref86095" refString="Stock, C. 1933 b. Carnivora from the Sespe of the Las Posas Hills, California. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications: Contributions to Paleontology 440 (4): 29 - 41." type="journal article" year="1933">Stock, 1933b: 36</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485776AC5BFD1FB7C630E505B1" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="004236C35776AC5BFD1FB7C630E505B1" blockId="54.[667,1193,1410,1759]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
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<typeStatus id="DF4688615776AC5BFD1FB7C631DF068A" box="[696,758,1410,1434]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">TYPE</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="66ECAE065776AC5BFCABB7C0304B068B" box="[780,866,1412,1433]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" type="Museum">LACM</collectionCode>
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480, partial left mandible with p4–m2, right m2, right p4 protocone, and a partial braincase, from the John Day Formation, CIT loc. 31,
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<quantity id="C7059B265776AC5BFC18B798371606E1" box="[959,1087,1500,1523]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.816352" metricValueMax="3.218688" metricValueMin="2.414016" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" unit="mi" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5 to 2 mi</quantity>
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south of the Johnson Ranch [now Tom Campbell Ranch] at the mouth of Rudio Creek, from gray beds exposed on the east side of Rudio Creek, south of the North Fork of the John Day River, Grant County,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F8215776AC5BFC7BB434371F0597" box="[988,1078,1648,1669]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Oregon</collectingRegion>
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, collected by E.L. Furlong (,1930).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485776AC5BFD1FB4EE378005CC" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="004236C35776AC5BFD1FB4EE378005CC" blockId="54.[667,1193,1410,1759]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
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DISTRIBUTION: Early or mid-Arikareean, John Day Formation, Grant County,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F8215776AC5BFBEBB48D378C05CC" box="[1100,1189,1737,1758]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Oregon</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="5482664B5777AC5AFF31B6D8326707EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610800" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610800/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" startId="55.[150,188,1180,1199]" targetBox="[231,1124,211,1148]" targetPageId="55">
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<paragraph id="004236C35777AC5AFF31B6D8326707EC" blockId="55.[128,1227,1179,1279]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
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Fig. 22. Holotype mandible of
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405777AC5AFE50B6DF31F807BD" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[503,721,1179,1199]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFE50B6DF31F807BD" box="[503,721,1179,1199]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Rudiocyon amplidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(LACM 480), with left p4–m2, probably from 1.5 mi south of the Johnson Ranch, from gray beds exposed on the east side of Rudio Creek, Kimberly Member, John Day Formation, Grant Co., Oregon.
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFD05B695319307F6" bold="true" box="[674,698,1233,1252]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">A,</emphasis>
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labial and
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFC8AB695306D07F6" bold="true" box="[813,836,1233,1252]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">B,</emphasis>
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lingual views. This is the largest John Day temnocyonine.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485777AC5AFF3BB7633161068A" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="004236C35777AC5AFF3BB7633161068A" blockId="55.[128,654,1319,1759]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
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ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin,
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFD91B76C31AF062D" box="[566,646,1320,1343]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">amplus</emphasis>
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, ‘‘large,’’ and
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFE83B701327F064E" box="[292,342,1349,1372]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">dens</emphasis>
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, ‘‘tooth,’’ in reference to the robust teeth in this species, the largest of the John Day temnocyonine beardogs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485777AC5AFF3BB7DA3768053E" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="004236C35777AC5AFF3BB7DA308D051C" blockId="55.[128,654,1319,1759]" lastBlockId="55.[701,1228,1321,1759]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
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DIAGNOSIS: Largest John Day temnocyonine species, m1 length,
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<quantity id="C7059B265777AC5AFE31B7FA32D406C1" box="[406,509,1470,1491]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.87" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="28.7">28.7 mm</quantity>
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, m1 without metaconid thereby distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405777AC5AFDF6B79833F9051D" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFDF6B79833F9051D" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Temnocyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; m1 hypoconid centrally placed on talonid, no entoconid; m1 labial cingulum sinuous, not straight as in
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405777AC5AFE11B47031480559" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[438,609,1588,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFE11B47031480559" box="[438,609,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; p4 narrower than in
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405777AC5AFEFFB416312A057B" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[344,515,1618,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFEFFB416312A057B" box="[344,515,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405777AC5AFDE0B41732100597" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFDE0B41732100597" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but similar in this respect to
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405777AC5AFF27B4CA320B05B6" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[128,290,1677,1700]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFF27B4CA320B05B6" box="[128,290,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405777AC5AFE93B4CA32BD05B1" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[308,404,1678,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFE93B4CA32BD05B1" box="[308,404,1678,1699]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">T. ferox</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405777AC5AFE7BB4CA31AF05B1" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[476,646,1678,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFE7BB4CA31AF05B1" box="[476,646,1678,1699]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Relatively short m2 (E/F ratio,,1.9, the highest value for any temnocyonine), not elongate as in
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405777AC5AFC36B76D370F062C" box="[913,1062,1321,1342]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15777AC5AFC36B76D370F062C" box="[913,1062,1321,1342]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">Mammacyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with blunt protoconid and hypoconid the principal cusps, aligned one behind the other along the midline of m2; small m2 paraconid occupies anterointernal corner; no metaconid or entoconid. Mandible deep below m1–2 (
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265777AC5AFD62B79F300906E2" box="[709,800,1499,1520]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
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), more so than in any other John Day temnocyonine.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="004236C35777AC5AFD7DB4513768053E" blockId="55.[701,1228,1321,1759]" box="[730,1089,1557,1581]" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">REFERRED SPECIMENS: None.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485777AC55FD7DB47737400503" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35777AC55FD7DB47732940747" blockId="55.[701,1228,1321,1759]" lastBlockId="56.[93,620,1028,1759]" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="55" pageNumber="55">
|
||
DESCRIPTION: The partial mandible (length,,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265777AC5AFC94B41730B9057A" box="[819,912,1619,1640]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="114.0">114 mm</quantity>
|
||
) retains p4–m2. The dorsal border of the jaw is damaged anterior to p4 but has alveoli for p3. Depth of mandible:,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265777AC5AFD73B4EF301B05D3" box="[724,818,1707,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
|
||
below p3;
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265777AC5AFC7DB4E8371105D3" box="[986,1080,1708,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="37.0">37 mm</quantity>
|
||
below the posterior root of p4;
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265777AC5AFC62B48D373005CD" box="[965,1049,1737,1759]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
below the m1 protoconid; and
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FE8DB64032560708" box="[298,383,1028,1050]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
|
||
below the anterior root of m2; the anterior masseteric fossa is present below the m2 talonid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5482664B5778AC55FFD3B132327B00CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610804" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610804/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" startId="56.[116,155,886,905]" targetBox="[97,614,212,856]" targetPageId="56">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35778AC55FFD3B132327B00CB" blockId="56.[93,619,886,986]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Fig. 23. Occlusal stereopair of the holotype dentition (p4–m2) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FE9EB1D4313900B6" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[313,528,912,932]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FE9EB1D4313900B6" box="[313,528,912,932]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Rudiocyon amplidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(LACM 480). Note absence of m1 and m2 metaconids and narrow compressed p4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35778AC55FFDDB619310D06A5" blockId="56.[93,620,1028,1759]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The p4 is narrow and similar in form to the p4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FF05B638329D0783" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[162,436,1146,1169]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FF05B638329D0783" box="[162,436,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Mammacyon obtusidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Eyerman’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF4688615778AC55FFFAB6DD33A607BC" box="[93,143,1177,1198]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FF6AB6DD321C07BC" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[205,309,1177,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FF6AB6DD321C07BC" box="[205,309,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The tooth is tall, the principal cusp
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FEBEB6F2324D07D9" box="[281,356,1206,1228]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
higher than the m1 paraconid. A fine enamel ridge on the anterior slope intersects the cingulum. A large labially situated posterior accessory cusp occurs above a small basal cusp. The anterior (
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FF68B70D3204064D" box="[207,301,1353,1375]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="8.1">8.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and posterior (10.0 mm) widths of p4 demonstrate a narrow p
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FD9FB7233145066F" box="[568,620,1383,1405]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FFFAB7C733FC0688" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[93,213,1411,1434]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FFFAB7C733FC0688" box="[93,213,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Rudiocyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which compares with these p4 widths of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FF73B7E6325C06AA" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[212,373,1441,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FF73B7E6325C06AA" box="[212,373,1441,1464]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(7.4,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FE1DB7E6313106A5" box="[442,536,1442,1463]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="9.7">9.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35778AC55FFDDB78431CC0043" blockId="56.[93,620,1028,1759]" lastBlockId="56.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The m1 measures
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FEC8B78432F606C7" box="[367,479,1472,1493]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.87" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="28.7">28.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FFFAB79933F906E1" box="[93,208,1501,1523]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="13.2">13.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width at the base of the protoconid,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FF55B7BF32720502" box="[242,347,1531,1552]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="11.8">11.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in talonid width, and lacks both a metaconid and entoconid. This is a massive carnassial, the protoconid much taller than the flanking paraconid and hypoconid. The hypoconid is as large as the paraconid and nearly equal in height, indicating the important role played by this pestlelike cusp in crushing. It occupies the center of the talonid, rather than the more labial placement seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FC4AB2B7378B021A" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[1005,1186,243,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FC4AB2B7378B021A" box="[1005,1186,243,264]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Anterior to the blunt hypoconid is a small vertical swelling of enamel on the posterior face of the protoconid. It measures
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FB92B30E37A2024D" box="[1077,1163,330,351]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FD49B3233061026E" box="[750,840,359,380]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height. Above and lingual to this swelling is a thin enamel ridge also situated on the posterior face of the protoconid. This is not a vestige of the metaconid but rather a remnant of a thin protoconid crest that in a plesiomophic m1 forms an incisure with the metaconid. It remains as a low narrow ridge in temnocyonines that have recently lost the metaconid, and is absent in species that have long been without this cusp. A sinuous (not straight as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FC52B0CF378901B0" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[1013,1184,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FC52B0CF378901B0" box="[1013,1184,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) cingulum surrounds the base of the tooth on the labial side and on the posterior half of the lingual side, but is indistinct on the lingual side of the trigonid. The lingual cingulum medial to the hypoconid contains a small notch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35778AC55FD1FB11D30060634" blockId="56.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The m2 is not elongate and narrows posteriorly, differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FBABB1333788009E" box="[1036,1185,887,908]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FBABB1333788009E" box="[1036,1185,887,908]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: greatest trigonid width is
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FC45B1D0376A00BB" box="[994,1091,916,937]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="9.1">9.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, talonid width
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FD4EB1F5306100D4" box="[745,840,945,966]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="8.4">8.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The protoconid and smaller hypoconid, both blunt crushing cusps, are anteroposteriorly aligned with the m1 hypoconid. There is variation in the cusp placement of right and left m2: the left m2 shows these two cusps centrally placed, whereas the right m2 shows them closer to the labial margin—it is possible that the latter tooth represents another individual. There is no m2 metaconid or entoconid. However, as in other large temnocyonine species, the anterolabial cingulum of the m2 trigonid is protuberant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35778AC55FD1FB76A37400503" blockId="56.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The right P4 protocone, the only remnant of the upper dentition, is similar in size and blunt conical form to that cusp in large species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FCB5B7C3308E068E" box="[786,935,1415,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FCB5B7C3308E068E" box="[786,935,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It measures
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265778AC55FBE3B7C23780068E" box="[1092,1193,1414,1436]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="10.9">10.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in anteroposterior width and compares closely with the protocone of ACM 34–41, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF4688615778AC55FD3CB79A302806E6" box="[667,769,1502,1524]" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FC9FB79B30F606E6" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[824,991,1501,1524]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FC9FB79B30F606E6" box="[824,991,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The protocone was encircled by a thickened cingulum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E765485778AC54FD1FB45C37AE01F3" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35778AC54FD1FB45C31A402A5" blockId="56.[667,1193,213,1759]" lastBlockId="57.[128,654,213,1759]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">
|
||
DISCUSSION:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FCC5B45D37490522" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[866,1120,1561,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FCC5B45D37490522" box="[866,1120,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Rudiocyon amplidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a carnivore about the same size as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FBB3B47331DD057B" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FBB3B47331DD057B" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FC97B41737680578" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[816,1089,1619,1642]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FC97B41737680578" box="[816,1089,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is somewhat smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FC17B43637710595" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[944,1112,1650,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FC17B43637710595" box="[944,1112,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, the species was one of the larger North American temnocyonines. The m1/m2 length ratio of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405778AC55FCA6B48E30B105CD" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[769,920,1736,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="56" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15778AC55FCA6B48E30B105CD" box="[769,920,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="56">R. amplidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(,1.9) distinguishes it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FF67B291326B03F8" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[192,322,213,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FF67B291326B03F8" box="[192,322,213,234]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">M. ferocior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.6),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FE2AB291311D03F8" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[397,564,213,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FE2AB291311D03F8" box="[397,564,213,234]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(,1.6), and the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FEF0B2B5312B021A" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[343,514,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FEF0B2B5312B021A" box="[343,514,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(,1.6–1.7). In addition, its p4 is not as broad as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FDCCB35433F10253" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FDCCB35433F10253" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">M. ferocior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
p4, nor does it have an m1 metaconid as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FF62B30E3259024D" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[197,368,330,351]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FF62B30E3259024D" box="[197,368,330,351]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FE24B30D31A70272" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[387,654,329,352]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FE24B30D31A70272" box="[387,654,329,352]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FF14B32C3230026F" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[179,281,360,381]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FF14B32C3230026F" box="[179,281,360,381]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">D. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FE7AB32C3159026F" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[477,624,358,381]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FE7AB32C3159026F" box="[477,624,358,381]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">R. amplidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a short, posteriorly wide p
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265779AC54FDF5B3C031A70288" box="[594,654,388,410]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
contrast to the more narrow p4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FDA9B3E531AF02AA" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[526,646,417,440]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FDA9B3E531AF02AA" box="[526,646,417,440]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Rudiocyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35779AC54FF3AB38432D80196" blockId="57.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">
|
||
In its p4–m1, in the form of the mandible, but particularly the P4 protocone,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FD87B399339B0102" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FD87B399339B0102" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">R. amplidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows an evident similarity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FD83B3BF339C013F" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FD83B3BF339C013F" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FEE2B05C32C0013C" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[325,489,535,558]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FEE2B05C32C0013C" box="[325,489,535,558]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a longer m2 and a much smaller m1 than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FDD4B07133D9017A" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FDD4B07133D9017A" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">R. amplidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FE9EB01732960175" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[313,447,594,616]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FE9EB01732960175" box="[313,447,594,616]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">M. ferocior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a boader p4 and a much more elongate m2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35779AC54FF3AB0CA3274061A" blockId="57.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FF3AB0CA321B01B1" box="[157,306,654,675]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FF3AB0CA321B01B1" box="[157,306,654,675]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mandibular dentitions are distinguished by the elongate m2 and are known only from the Arikareean of the Great Plains. Because the only evidence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FF27B147323C000A" box="[128,277,771,792]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FF27B147323C000A" box="[128,277,771,792]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the John Day basin is a maxilla (LACM 5386) from Haystack Valley, the nature of m
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265779AC54FEE4B179325D0041" box="[323,372,829,851]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
that species cannot be determined.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FEB1B11F32B40062" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[278,413,857,880]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FEB1B11F32B40062" box="[278,413,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only temnocyonine where m2 variation can be estimated and the fossils are not from a single stratigraphic horizon. The variation in m2 length in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FEB1B18B32BD00F7" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[278,404,974,997]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FEB1B18B32BD00F7" box="[278,404,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sample indicates that the hypodigm has a range of 1.67–1.83 for the m1/m2 length ratio (table 6). Yet the difference between the m1/m2 length ratio of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FF27B601323E0748" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[128,279,1091,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FF27B601323E0748" box="[128,279,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">R. amplidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.89) and those of
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FDB4B60132790764" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FDB4B60133980765" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">M. obtusidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FF18B62632790764" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[191,336,1121,1143]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">M. ferocior</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(1.57–1.6) exceeds that range. LACM 480 cannot be included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FF27B6D8323C07A3" box="[128,277,1180,1201]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FF27B6D8323C07A3" box="[128,277,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
unless the genus is more broadly defined to include more pronounced variation in dental proportions, particularly with regard to m2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35779AC54FF3AB75631AE055E" blockId="57.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">
|
||
A partial braincase accompanies the lower jaw and presumably was collected with it. It is remarkable how similar most temnocyonine skulls are in braincase width, a proxy for volume of the cranial cavity (table 7): five of the larger species all measure from
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265779AC54FDEDB7E033F706C4" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.45" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="6.2" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="64.5" valueMax="67.0" valueMin="62.0">62 to 67 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FF51B78632BC06C5" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[246,405,1472,1495]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FF51B78632BC06C5" box="[246,405,1472,1495]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">R. amplidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among them. The braincase of LACM 480 cannot be compared with temnocyonines with inflated frontal paranasal sinuses because the frontal region anterior to the braincase was not preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35779AC54FF3AB41037AE01F3" blockId="57.[128,654,213,1759]" lastBlockId="57.[701,1228,213,737]" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The p4–m2 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FEE3B41032940579" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[324,445,1620,1643]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FEE3B41032940579" box="[324,445,1620,1643]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">Rudiocyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows similarities to these same teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FE25B43632C90594" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[386,480,1649,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FE25B43632C90594" box="[386,480,1649,1671]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These include the squared posterior heel and cusp pattern of p4; the form of m1, which suggests that the reduced metaconid in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FE31B48E32D305CC" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[406,506,1737,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FE31B48E32D305CC" box="[406,506,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could have finally been lost in LACM 480; and the occlusal form of the relatively short m
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265779AC54FB3CB2B637E5021A" box="[1179,1228,242,264]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
both species. LACM 480 came from gray tuffaceous sandstone of the Kimberly Member along Rudio Creek a short distance above a supposed correlative ash of the Deep Creek tuff, dated elsewhere at,27.9 Ma. If this age for the Rudio Creek ash is correct, it would appear to be a much older carnivore than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FB15B38631D002E6" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FB15B38631D002E6" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is a smaller and possibly much younger species, and in this case an ancestordescendant relationship would be unlikely. However, if the correlative ash along Rudio Creek, identified by Fisher (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325779AC54FB99B011309B019A" author="Fisher, R. V. & J. M. Rensberger" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref82573" refString="Fisher, R. V., and J. M. Rensberger. 1972. Physical stratigraphy of the John Day Formation, central Oregon. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 101: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1972">Fisher and Rensberger, 1972: 14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as the Deep Creek tuff in fact represents a much younger undated ash-fall event, then the relative ages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FB17B0EA300701F3" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FB17B0EA300701F3" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">R. amplidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405779AC54FCCDB08830E101F2" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[874,968,715,737]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="57" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15779AC54FCCDB08830E101F2" box="[874,968,715,737]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="57">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unspecified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |