treatments-xml/data/88/54/87/885487D5570DAC38FD52B66037AE06A2.xml

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<mods:title id="13171073B7406AC8B4F1E0384C5496DE">Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="48E76548570DAC20FD52B660373E074A" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="004236C3570DAC20FD52B660373E074A" blockId="77.[757,1172,1060,1113]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">
<heading id="5B0A81AF570DAC20FD52B660373E074A" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570DAC20FD52B66030D40729" authority="Hunt, 2011" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[757,1021,1060,1083]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570DAC20FD52B66030D40729" bold="true" box="[757,1021,1060,1083]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BA57AA570DAC20FBAAB66137BD0729" box="[1037,1172,1061,1083]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="98C62A46570DAC20FCD5B607373E074A" box="[882,1047,1091,1113]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStartId-0="78.[116,155,1150,1169]" captionStartId-1="79.[150,188,937,956]" captionStartId-2="80.[116,155,1108,1127]" captionStartId-3="81.[150,188,1260,1279]" captionStartId-4="82.[116,155,596,615]" captionStartId-5="82.[116,155,1659,1678]" captionTargetBox-0="[183,1095,221,1108]" captionTargetBox-1="[131,1224,211,907]" captionTargetBox-2="[206,1080,211,1077]" captionTargetBox-3="[132,1222,211,1226]" captionTargetBox-4="[132,1153,211,565]" captionTargetBox-5="[101,613,1258,1626]" captionTargetId-0="figure-236@78.[175,1110,210,1120]" captionTargetId-1="figure-348@79.[131,1224,211,907]" captionTargetId-2="figure-261@80.[206,1082,210,1078]" captionTargetId-3="figure-156@81.[132,1223,211,1230]" captionTargetId-4="figure-365@82.[132,1153,211,566]" captionTargetId-5="figure-408@82.[96,615,1244,1628]" captionTargetPageId-0="78" captionTargetPageId-1="79" captionTargetPageId-2="80" captionTargetPageId-3="81" captionTargetPageId-4="82" captionTargetPageId-5="82" captionText-0="Fig. 34. Holotype mandible of Delotrochanter oryktes (ACM 4804) with left canine, p4–m2, alveoli of p1–3, from Stenomylus Quarry, Harrison Formation, Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Sioux Co., Nebraska. A, labial and B, lingual views. Male individual found with baculum." captionText-1="Fig. 35. Holotype mandible of Delotrochanter oryktes (ACM 4804) with left canine, p2–m2 (p2–3 inserted in mandibular alveoli to demonstrate small diameter of anterior roots)." captionText-2="Fig. 36. Occusal stereopairs of the holotype mandibles of (A, C) Delotrochanter oryktes (ACM 4804) and (B, D) Delotrochanter major (F:AM 27561). D. oryktes, right p4–m2, alveoli of p1–3; D. major, left p2– m2. Note absence of m1 metaconids and relative anterior and posterior alveolar diameters of p2 in D. oryktes. The p4–m2 are crushing teeth in both species." captionText-3="Fig. 37. A, Delotrochanter oryktes (UNSM 47800), cranium with P1–M2 of presumed female from carnivore den, Beardog Hill, Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Sioux Co., Nebraska. The short, deep hyenalike skull is unique among temnocyonines. B, Plan map of dens showing location of burrow (den 2) that contained the skull and foot bones of D. oryktes (UNSM 47800). The beardog Daphoenodon superbus was the principal occupant of dens 1, 3, and 4; mustelids were found in dens 5 and 6." captionText-4="Fig. 38. Left maxilla of the Delotrochanter oryktes cranium (UNSM 47800) with P1–M2, presumed female, Beardog Hill, Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Sioux Co., Nebraska. The crushing P4–M1 is more gracile than these teeth in the male (ACM 4804, fig. 39)." captionText-5="Fig. 39. Right maxilla with P4–M2 of Delotrochanter oryktes (ACM 4804, male), Stenomylus Quarry, Harrison Formation, Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Sioux Co., Nebraska." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610835" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610838" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610840" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610844" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610848" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610854" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4610835/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4610838/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4610840/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4610844/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4610848/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/4610854/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">Figures 34–39</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="48E76548570DAC20FD1AB63437B4078C" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="004236C3570DAC20FD1AB63437B4078C" blockId="77.[701,1227,1136,1182]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">
‘‘The major part of a skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570DAC20FBE7B63430BB078C" authority="Peterson" authorityName="Peterson" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Daphoenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superbus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570DAC20FBE7B6343019078C" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">Daphoenodon superbus</emphasis>
Peterson
</taxonomicName>
….’’: 
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32570DAC20FC73B6CF37B0078C" author="Loomis, F. B." box="[980,1177,1163,1182]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" pagination="297 - 323" refId="ref84588" refString="Loomis, F. B. 1910. Osteology and affinities of the genus Stenomylus. American Journal of Science 29: 297 - 323." type="journal article" year="1910">Loomis, 1910: 298</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E76548570DAC20FD7DB6F1379F06A4" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="004236C3570DAC20FD7DB6F1379F06A4" blockId="77.[701,1228,1205,1759]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E570DAC20FD7DB6F137EE0615" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985303" collectionCode="ACM" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" specimenCode="ACM 4804" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="DF468861570DAC20FD7DB6F1303107D9" box="[730,792,1205,1229]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">TYPE</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCode id="505B9EB8570DAC20FC8DB6F3309B07DE" box="[810,946,1207,1228]" collectionCode="ACM" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/12ic-3ajm" name="Australian Collection of Microorganisms" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">ACM 4804</specimenCode>
, partial skull with right I2–3, C, P1–2, P4–M2, and left I2–3, C (partial), P1–2, P4–M1, labial half of M2
</materialsCitation>
; right mandible with c, p4–m2; left mandible with c, p2–4, m1–2; 
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E570DAC20FC46B768379B06A4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985318" collectionCode="F" collectorName="B. Loomis" county="Sioux County" location="National Monument" municipality="Harrison Formation" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nebraska" typeStatus="holotype">
and much of the postcranial skeleton, from the 
<collectingMunicipality id="E026ACB9570DAC20FBC5B70E3017066F" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">Harrison Formation</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570DAC20FCECB72231DC0688" authority="Quarry, Agate Fossil Beds" authorityName="Quarry, Agate Fossil Beds" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Stenomylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570DAC20FCECB72230E7066F" box="[843,974,1382,1405]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">Stenomylus</emphasis>
Quarry, Agate Fossil Beds
</taxonomicName>
<location id="05226018570DAC20FCA1B7C0372C0688" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5570DAC38FD52B66037AE06A2:05226018570DAC20FCA1B7C0372C0688" box="[774,1029,1412,1434]" county="Sioux County" municipality="Harrison Formation" name="National Monument" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" stateProvince="Nebraska">National Monument</location>
, 
<collectingCounty id="E9234E4F570DAC20FBBDB7C037EE068B" box="[1050,1223,1412,1434]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">Sioux County</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="C239F821570DAC20FD1AB7E5301806A5" box="[701,817,1441,1463]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
, collected by 
<collectionCode id="66ECAE06570DAC20FC74B7E630CE06A5" box="[979,999,1442,1463]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">F</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName id="AD085315570DAC20FC4BB7E6374206A5" box="[1004,1131,1441,1463]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">B. Loomis</collectorName>
, 1908
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E76548570DAC20FD7DB7FA371D053F" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="004236C3570DAC20FD7DB7FA371D053F" blockId="77.[701,1228,1205,1759]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">
DISTRIBUTION: Late Arikareean, Harrison Formation and basal Anderson Ranch Formation, Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Sioux County, 
<collectingRegion id="C239F821570DAC20FC1CB4533719053F" box="[955,1072,1559,1581]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E76548570DAC20FD7DB470308005B1" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="004236C3570DAC20FD7DB470308005B1" blockId="77.[701,1228,1205,1759]" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">
ETYMOLOGY: From the Greek, 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570DAC20FBD7B47137EA055E" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[1136,1219,1589,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570DAC20FBD7B47137EA055E" box="[1136,1219,1589,1612]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for ‘‘digger’’ or ‘‘excavator,’’ in allusion to the discovery of one of the individuals of the species in a burrow.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E76548570DAC23FD7DB4EE372105CD" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="004236C3570DAC23FD7DB4EE32D2053F" blockId="77.[701,1228,1205,1759]" lastBlockId="78.[93,620,1264,1759]" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">
DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570DAC20FBC6B4E831C305CD" baseAuthorityName="CM" baseAuthorityYear="1603" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersoni">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570DAC20FBC6B4E831C305CD" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">D. petersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by larger size (
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570DAC20FC17B48E371605CD" baseAuthorityName="CM" baseAuthorityYear="1603" box="[944,1087,1738,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="77" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersoni">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570DAC20FC17B48E371605CD" box="[944,1087,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="77">D. petersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
m1 length, 
<quantity id="C7059B26570EAC23FFFAB6B533E30614" box="[93,202,1265,1286]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.23" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="22.3">22.3 mm</quantity>
; 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570EAC23FF7CB6B532710615" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[219,344,1264,1287]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570EAC23FF7CB6B532710615" box="[219,344,1264,1287]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">D. oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
m1 length, 
<quantity id="C7059B26570EAC23FE56B6B531490614" box="[497,608,1265,1286]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="27.1">27.1 mm</quantity>
). Dentition clearly antecedent to that of the much larger 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570EAC23FF57B768327F0653" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[240,342,1324,1345]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570EAC23FF57B768327F0653" box="[240,342,1324,1345]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">D. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(tables 2, 3), but not as massive and robust. Differs from 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570EAC23FE4FB70E3142064D" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[488,619,1354,1375]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570EAC23FE4FB70E3142064D" box="[488,619,1354,1375]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by loss of the m1 metaconid and by short, posteriorly wide p2–3 and P2–3; from 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570EAC23FD83B7C1339C06A5" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570EAC23FD83B7C1339C06A5" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a posterior accessory cusp on p3, a large centrally placed posterior accessory cusp on p4, and by a smaller P4 with lingually abbreviated protocone region; and from 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570EAC23FF38B4533231053C" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[159,280,1559,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570EAC23FF38B4533231053C" box="[159,280,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Rudiocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the form of p4.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="004236C3570EAC23FFD3B63A308B07D4" blockId="78.[93,1193,1150,1223]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">
Fig. 34. Holotype mandible of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570EAC23FE6EB63A319D0780" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[457,692,1150,1170]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570EAC23FE6EB63A319D0780" box="[457,692,1150,1170]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ACM 4804) with left canine, p4–m2, alveoli of p1–3, from 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570EAC23FF70B6DC306407BE" authority="Quarry, Harrison Formation, Agate Fossil Beds" authorityName="Quarry, Harrison Formation, Agate Fossil Beds" box="[215,845,1176,1196]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Stenomylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570EAC23FF70B6DC326507BE" box="[215,332,1176,1196]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Stenomylus</emphasis>
Quarry, Harrison Formation, Agate Fossil Beds
</taxonomicName>
National Monument, Sioux Co., Nebraska. 
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570EAC23FF77B6F733C107D4" bold="true" box="[208,232,1203,1222]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">A,</emphasis>
labial and 
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570EAC23FEC6B6F0325107D5" bold="true" box="[353,376,1204,1223]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">B,</emphasis>
lingual views. Male individual found with baculum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="004236C3570EAC23FFDDB470372105CD" blockId="78.[93,620,1264,1759]" lastBlockId="78.[667,1193,1265,1759]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">
REFERRED SPECIMENS: (1) UNSM 47800 (field no. 8-81), partial skull with left P2–M2, lingual half of right M1, right I2–3, and petrosal fragment; associated left calcaneum, left metatarsals 2–4, left metacarpals 3–5 with proximal phalanx and 2 sesamoids, left magnum; 
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E570EAC23FD7BB6B530BD06C4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985322" collectingDate="1981-09-14" collectionCode="UNSM" collectorName="J. Kaufman &amp; R. M. Hunt" county="Sioux County" location="Beardog Hill" municipality="Carnegie Quarry" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nebraska">
found in place within a burrow, 
<collectingMunicipality id="E026ACB9570EAC23FBE4B6B531C70631" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Carnegie Quarry</collectingMunicipality>
3, 
<location id="05226018570EAC23FCB3B74A30800636" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5570DAC38FD52B66037AE06A2:05226018570EAC23FCB3B74A30800636" box="[788,937,1294,1316]" county="Sioux County" municipality="Carnegie Quarry" name="Beardog Hill" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" stateProvince="Nebraska">Beardog Hill</location>
den site, 
<location id="05226018570EAC23FBBEB74A30C80653" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5570DAC38FD52B66037AE06A2:05226018570EAC23FBBEB74A30C80653" county="Sioux County" municipality="Carnegie Quarry" name="Agate Fossil Beds National Monument" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" stateProvince="Nebraska">Agate Fossil Beds National Monument</location>
, 
<collectingCounty id="E9234E4F570EAC23FC5FB768378C0653" box="[1016,1189,1324,1346]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Sioux County</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="C239F821570EAC23FD3CB70D3024064D" box="[667,781,1353,1375]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
, collected 
<date id="74431003570EAC23FC29B70D3753064C" box="[910,1146,1353,1375]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" value="1981-09-14">
<collectingDate id="6407E9EB570EAC23FC29B70D3753064C" box="[910,1146,1353,1375]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" value="1981-09-14">September 14, 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, by 
<collectorName id="AD085315570EAC23FD3CB7233003066F" box="[667,810,1383,1405]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">J. Kaufman</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="AD085315570EAC23FCD5B72330D5066E" box="[882,1020,1383,1404]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">R.M. Hunt</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="66ECAE06570EAC23FBB5B7233740066E" box="[1042,1129,1383,1404]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34868" name="University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">UNSM</collectionCode>
field no. 9-81 was given to the fifth metacarpal, found near the skull, presumably from the same individual); (1a)
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E570EAC23FC3AB7843193055E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985304" collectionCode="CM" collectorName="O. A. Peterson" location="Beardog Hill" municipality="Carnegie Quarry" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" specimenCode="CM 1589" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nebraska">
<specimenCode id="505B9EB8570EAC23FC3AB784372406C7" box="[925,1037,1471,1493]" collectionCode="CM" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">CM 1589</specimenCode>
b, right metatarsal 5, 
<collectingMunicipality id="E026ACB9570EAC23FD58B799309606E0" box="[767,959,1501,1523]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Carnegie Quarry</collectingMunicipality>
3, 
<location id="05226018570EAC23FC43B799375106E1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5570DAC38FD52B66037AE06A2:05226018570EAC23FC43B799375106E1" box="[996,1144,1501,1523]" municipality="Carnegie Quarry" name="Beardog Hill" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" stateProvince="Nebraska">Beardog Hill</location>
den site, collected by 
<collectorName id="AD085315570EAC23FCC9B7BF37310502" box="[878,1048,1531,1552]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">O.A. Peterson</collectorName>
, 1904–1905, probably the same individual as UNSM 47800; (2)
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E570EAC23FD64B472372D05CD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985314" collectionCode="YPM-PU" county="Sioux County" location="Carnegie Hill" municipality="Princeton Expedition" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" specimenCode="YPM-PU 12213" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nebraska">
YPM-PU 24872, left calcaneum, removed from Princeton University quarry block (now 
<specimenCode id="505B9EB8570EAC23FD3CB435304A0595" box="[667,867,1649,1671]" collectionCode="YPM-PU" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">YPM-PU 12213</specimenCode>
), 
<collectingMunicipality id="E026ACB9570EAC23FC25B43437560594" box="[898,1151,1648,1670]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Princeton Expedition</collectingMunicipality>
of 1914, loc. 1002A, 
<location id="05226018570EAC23FC21B4CA370105B6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5570DAC38FD52B66037AE06A2:05226018570EAC23FC21B4CA370105B6" box="[902,1064,1678,1700]" county="Sioux County" municipality="Princeton Expedition" name="Carnegie Hill" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" stateProvince="Nebraska">Carnegie Hill</location>
waterhole bonebed, 
<location id="05226018570EAC23FCAAB4E831FE05CD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5570DAC38FD52B66037AE06A2:05226018570EAC23FCAAB4E831FE05CD" county="Sioux County" municipality="Princeton Expedition" name="Agate Fossil Beds National Monument" pageId="78" pageNumber="78" stateProvince="Nebraska">Agate Fossil Beds National Monument</location>
, 
<collectingCounty id="E9234E4F570EAC23FD44B48D30AC05CC" box="[739,901,1737,1759]" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Sioux County</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="C239F821570EAC23FC36B48D372D05CD" box="[913,1028,1737,1759]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="78" pageNumber="78">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="5482664B570FAC22FF31B1ED30E000C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610838" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610838/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" startId="79.[150,188,937,956]" targetBox="[131,1224,211,907]" targetPageId="79">
<paragraph id="004236C3570FAC22FF31B1ED30E000C5" blockId="79.[128,1228,936,983]" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">
Fig. 35. Holotype mandible of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570FAC22FE5DB1EC31C000AE" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[506,745,936,956]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570FAC22FE5DB1EC31C000AE" box="[506,745,936,956]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ACM 4804) with left canine, p2–m2 (p2–3 inserted in mandibular alveoli to demonstrate small diameter of anterior roots).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="48E76548570FAC39FF3BB644378001B0" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" type="description">
<paragraph id="004236C3570FAC22FF3BB6443390051D" blockId="79.[128,654,1024,1759]" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">
DESCRIPTION: Both individuals referred to this species (ACM 4804, UNSM 47800) come from Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Sioux County, 
<collectingRegion id="C239F821570FAC22FE94B61E328E0762" box="[307,423,1114,1136]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
, and were collected 73 years apart. ACM 4804, designated here as the 
<typeStatus id="DF468861570FAC22FF73B6D2321407BE" box="[212,317,1174,1196]" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, includes a nearly complete skeleton discovered by Loomis at 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570FAC22FDACB6F733FD07F4" authority="Quarry" authorityName="Quarry" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Stenomylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570FAC22FDACB6F731A707D8" box="[523,654,1203,1226]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">Stenomylus</emphasis>
Quarry
</taxonomicName>
in 1908. It was originally referred to 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570FAC22FF27B6AA31710617" authority=": Loomis (1910)" authorityName=": Loomis" authorityYear="1910" box="[128,600,1262,1285]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Daphoenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superbus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570FAC22FF27B6AA32A70617" box="[128,398,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">Daphoenodon superbus</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32570FAC22FE01B6AA31710617" author="Loomis, F. B." box="[422,600,1262,1285]" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" pagination="297 - 323" refId="ref84588" refString="Loomis, F. B. 1910. Osteology and affinities of the genus Stenomylus. American Journal of Science 29: 297 - 323." type="journal article" year="1910">Loomis (1910)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
did not recognize it as a temnocyonine, a group almost unknown at that time. A second individual (UNSM 47800) is represented by a skull (fig. 37) and bones of the fore- and hind feet, found within a carnivore burrow (front cover) during the reopening of Carnegie Quarry 3 by the University of 
<collectingRegion id="C239F821570FAC22FDBAB7FA31A706C6" box="[541,654,1470,1492]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
in 1981 (
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32570FAC22FF40B798329D06E3" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr. &amp; X. X. Xue &amp; J. Kaufman" box="[231,436,1500,1522]" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" pagination="364 - 366" refId="ref84209" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr., X. X. Xue, and J. Kaufman. 1983. Miocene burrows of extinct beardogs: indica- tion of early denning behavior of large mammalian carnivores. Science 221: 364 - 366." type="journal article" year="1983">Hunt et al., 1983</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32570FAC22FE66B7983384051D" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr." pageId="79" pageNumber="79" pagination="69 - 111" refId="ref83675" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1990. Taphonomy and sedimentology of Arikaree (lower Miocene) fluvial, eolian, and lacustrine paleoenvironments, Nebraska and Wyoming: a paleobiota entombed in fine-grained volcaniclastic rocks. Geological Society of America Special Paper 244: 69 - 111." type="journal article" year="1990">Hunt, 1990: 106– 107</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C3570FAC22FF3AB45337840741" blockId="79.[128,654,1024,1759]" lastBlockId="79.[701,1228,1026,1759]" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E570FAC22FF3AB45332E80597" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985311" collectionCode="ACM" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" specimenCode="ACM 4804" specimenCount="1">
The mandible and lower dentition are known in 
<specimenCode id="505B9EB8570FAC22FF51B47132500558" box="[246,377,1589,1610]" collectionCode="ACM" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/12ic-3ajm" name="Australian Collection of Microorganisms" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">ACM 4804</specimenCode>
but were not recovered with UNSM 47800. The following description is based on 
<specimenCode id="505B9EB8570FAC22FE9BB43432E80597" box="[316,449,1648,1669]" collectionCode="ACM" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/12ic-3ajm" name="Australian Collection of Microorganisms" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">ACM 4804</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
; it is selected here as the 
<typeStatus id="DF468861570FAC22FF69B4CA321D05B6" box="[206,308,1678,1700]" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of the species because of the association of maxillary and mandibular dentition with the postcranial skeleton (see Postcranial Osteology). Appropriate comparisons are made with the larger derivative species, 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570FAC22FCBAB67A30AD0740" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[797,900,1085,1107]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570FAC22FCBAB67A30AD0740" box="[797,900,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">D. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, known only from teeth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C3570FAC22FD7CB61F300D06E3" blockId="79.[701,1228,1026,1759]" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">
The mandible is deep yet thin, with a distinctive recurved coronoid process and a wide (
<quantity id="C7059B26570FAC22FCB4B6D230A307BE" box="[787,906,1174,1196]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5799999999999996" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="35.8">35.8 mm</quantity>
) articular condyle. The anterior margin of the ascending ramus curves gradually downward beneath the rear molars so that m2–3 are forwardly inclined as in several other temnocyonines. The nearly uniform depth of the horizontal ramus is demonstrated by similar measurements beneath m1 (
<quantity id="C7059B26570FAC22FC9EB72130890669" box="[825,928,1381,1403]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.57" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="45.7">45.7 mm</quantity>
) and p2 (
<quantity id="C7059B26570FAC22FBB7B721374F0669" box="[1040,1126,1381,1403]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="41.0">41 mm</quantity>
). Length of the mandible measured from the symphysis (between the first incisors) and the posterior surface of the articular condyle is 
<quantity id="C7059B26570FAC22FD1AB798300906E3" box="[701,800,1500,1522]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="205.0">205 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C3570FAC22FD7CB7BE37B105CD" blockId="79.[701,1228,1026,1759]" pageId="79" pageNumber="79">
Lower incisors did not survive in either individual referred to this species. Alveoli for i1–3 are present in the left mandible of ACM 4804: the single alveolus for i3 (width, 
<quantity id="C7059B26570FAC22FBC9B41637EA057A" box="[1134,1219,1618,1640]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="79" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
) shows that it was the largest of the lower incisors. A smaller i2 alveolus is situated medial to i3, and a very small i1 alveolus is placed slightly internal and ventral to i2.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5482664B5710AC3DFFD3B61031B507A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610840" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610840/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" startId="80.[116,155,1108,1127]" targetBox="[206,1080,211,1077]" targetPageId="80">
<paragraph id="004236C35710AC3DFFD3B61031B507A4" blockId="80.[93,1194,1107,1207]" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">
Fig. 36. Occusal stereopairs of the holotype mandibles of (
<emphasis id="3289EAD15710AC3DFD49B61030090775" bold="true" box="[750,800,1108,1127]" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">A, C</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405710AC3DFC97B61737350775" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[816,1052,1107,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15710AC3DFC97B61737350775" box="[816,1052,1107,1127]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ACM 4804) and (
<emphasis id="3289EAD15710AC3DFF35B62A33EB0793" bold="true" box="[146,194,1134,1153]" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">B, D</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405710AC3DFF77B62A32800793" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[208,425,1134,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15710AC3DFF77B62A32800793" box="[208,425,1134,1154]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">Delotrochanter major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F:AM 27561). 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405710AC3DFDF6B62B31920790" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[593,699,1134,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15710AC3DFDF6B62B31920790" box="[593,699,1134,1154]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">D. oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, right p4–m2, alveoli of p1–3; 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405710AC3DFC52B62B37660793" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[1013,1103,1135,1153]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15710AC3DFC52B62B37660793" box="[1013,1103,1135,1153]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">D. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, left p2– m2. Note absence of m1 metaconids and relative anterior and posterior alveolar diameters of p2 in 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405710AC3DFB28B6CE338107A5" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15710AC3DFB28B6CE338107A5" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">D. oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The p4–m2 are crushing teeth in both species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="004236C35710AC3DFFDDB6973381057A" blockId="80.[93,620,1235,1759]" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">
The left lower canine of ACM 4804 is not as strongly recurved as in some species of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405710AC3DFFFAB74B33C90636" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[93,224,1295,1316]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15710AC3DFFFAB74B33C90636" box="[93,224,1295,1316]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UCMP 9999, YPM-PU 10787). Canine height from the base of the enamel to the unworn tip on the labial side is 
<quantity id="C7059B265710AC3DFE59B70D3141064D" box="[510,616,1353,1375]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6799999999999997" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="36.8">36.8 mm</quantity>
. Length and width measured at the base of the enamel are 
<quantity id="C7059B265710AC3DFEE1B7C032980688" box="[326,433,1412,1434]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="18.5">18.5 mm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="C7059B265710AC3DFE5EB7C0314E0688" box="[505,615,1412,1434]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="12.5">12.5 mm</quantity>
, respectively. A pronounced enamel ridge runs from the tip to the enamel base on the posterior edge, and a second ridge travels down the anterolingual face. Although the m1 of a wolf is about the same size as the 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405710AC3DFDE8B45C33980559" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15710AC3DFDE8B45C33980559" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">D. oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
m1, the beardog canine is much larger.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35710AC3DFFDDB435306C064D" blockId="80.[93,620,1235,1759]" lastBlockId="80.[667,1193,1235,1759]" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">
The p1 is not preserved in ACM 4804; the single large alveolus measures 
<quantity id="C7059B265710AC3DFE44B4CA316D05B6" box="[483,580,1678,1700]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="8.2">8.2 mm</quantity>
in length, 
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in width, and is crowded between the canine and p2 alveoli, and is in contact with both. Closely spaced alveoli are common to the entire lower toothrow. The slight crowding of premolar alveoli is due to the youth of this carnivore (all teeth are only in early wear).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35710AC3DFD1FB72C306905CD" blockId="80.[667,1193,1235,1759]" pageId="80" pageNumber="80">
The p2 is a tall, yet anteroposteriorly short, double-rooted tooth, 
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in length, 
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in greatest width. There is no posterior accessory cusp. The anterior face is steeply inclined and is traversed by a fine enamel ridge that extends from tip to anterolingual cingulum. The posterior face is more gradually inclined with an enamel ridge running from tip to posterolabial cingulum. The anterior root of p2 is much smaller (length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265710AC3DFCA7B4CA307605B6" box="[768,863,1678,1700]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
) than the robust posterior root (length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265710AC3DFC9CB4EF30B305D3" box="[827,922,1707,1729]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="80" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
), a distinguishing trait of the species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5482664B5711AC3CFF31B6A83740067B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610844" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610844/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="81" startId="81.[150,188,1260,1279]" targetBox="[132,1222,211,1226]" targetPageId="81">
<paragraph id="004236C35711AC3CFF31B6A83740067B" blockId="81.[128,1228,1259,1385]" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">
Fig. 37. 
<emphasis id="3289EAD15711AC3CFEA6B6A8323007ED" bold="true" box="[257,281,1260,1279]" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405711AC3CFE84B6AF313807ED" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[291,529,1259,1279]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="81" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15711AC3CFE84B6AF313807ED" box="[291,529,1259,1279]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UNSM 47800), cranium with P1–M2 of presumed female from carnivore den, Beardog Hill, Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Sioux Co., Nebraska. The short, deep hyenalike skull is unique among temnocyonines. 
<emphasis id="3289EAD15711AC3CFD66B76531F10626" bold="true" box="[705,728,1313,1332]" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">B,</emphasis>
Plan map of dens showing location of burrow (den 2) that contained the skull and foot bones of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405711AC3CFD36B77831D4065D" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[657,765,1339,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="81" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15711AC3CFD36B77831D4065D" box="[657,765,1339,1359]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">D. oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UNSM 47800). The beardog 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405711AC3CFBE7B77F33FE067B" authorityName=": Loomis" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Daphoenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="81" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superbus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15711AC3CFBE7B77F33FE067B" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">Daphoenodon superbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the principal occupant of dens 1, 3, and 4; mustelids were found in dens 5 and 6.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="004236C35711AC3CFF3AB7E7316A05CD" blockId="81.[128,654,1443,1759]" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">
The p3 measures 
<quantity id="C7059B265711AC3CFEC6B7E732EA06AA" box="[353,451,1443,1465]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.66" pageId="81" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="16.6">16.6 mm</quantity>
in length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265711AC3CFD9EB7E731A706AA" box="[569,654,1443,1464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="81" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="9.4">9.4 mm</quantity>
in posterior width, and 
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in anterior width. The tooth is short and posteriorly wide, which is evident when compared with the respective dimensions of p 
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405711AC3CFD83B45D32320559" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="81" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15711AC3CFD83B45D32320559" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
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, 9.0 mm, 
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). There is a posterior accessory cusp, somewhat labially placed. A slightly swollen basal cingulum is more pronounced on the lingual and posterior sides. Just as for p2, the anterior root is smaller than the posterior root.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35711AC3CFD7CB7E730EE05CD" blockId="81.[701,1228,1443,1759]" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">
The p4 is robust, with a wide heel, measuring 21.0 mm in length, 
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in posterior width, and is much larger than p3. Its form is diagnostic of the genus, notably the large posterior accessory cusp centrally placed on an expanded heel behind the principal cusp. 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405711AC3CFC24B41737070578" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[899,1070,1619,1642]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="81" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15711AC3CFC24B41737070578" box="[899,1070,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only temnocyonine that has evolved a centrally placed posterior accessory cusp on p4. In 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405711AC3CFD1AB4E8306905D3" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[701,832,1708,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="81" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15711AC3CFD1AB4E8306905D3" box="[701,832,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405711AC3CFC2EB4E8373705D3" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[905,1054,1708,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="81" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15711AC3CFC2EB4E8373705D3" box="[905,1054,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="81">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the accessory cusp is labially placed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5482664B5712AC3FFFD3B0103020018E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610848" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610848/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" startId="82.[116,155,596,615]" targetBox="[132,1153,211,565]" targetPageId="82">
<paragraph id="004236C35712AC3FFFD3B0103020018E" blockId="82.[93,1193,595,668]" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">
Fig. 38. Left maxilla of the 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFE17B01731B40175" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[432,669,595,615]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFE17B01731B40175" box="[432,669,595,615]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cranium (UNSM 47800) with P1–M2, presumed female, Beardog Hill, Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Sioux Co., Nebraska. The crushing P4–M1 is more gracile than these teeth in the male (ACM 4804, fig. 39).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="004236C35712AC3FFFDDB081338400B9" blockId="82.[93,620,709,1206]" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">The height of the principal cusps of p2–4 is pronounced, so much so that the linear serial alignment of the premolar cusps is continued along the toothrow by the principal cusps of m1 and m2, and this cusp alignment is further emphasized by the elevation of m2– 3 on the rising margin of the ascending ramus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35712AC3FFFDDB1F730B000BA" blockId="82.[93,620,709,1206]" lastBlockId="82.[667,1193,709,1759]" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">
The m1 is a crushing carnassial, 
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in length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265712AC3FFF73B195321000F4" box="[212,313,977,998]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="12.7">12.7 mm</quantity>
in greatest width, formed by three aligned bunodont cusps, the paraconid-protoconid-hypoconid. There is no metaconid or entoconid. The thickened labial cingulum is essentially straight, not sinuous as in 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFEAEB62232A50769" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[265,396,1126,1147]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFEAEB62232A50769" box="[265,396,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFE69B622314A0769" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[462,611,1126,1147]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFE69B622314A0769" box="[462,611,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The hypoconid is centrally placed on the talonid and in labial view is as tall as the paraconid (as in 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFC34B082370101C9" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[915,1064,710,731]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFC34B082370101C9" box="[915,1064,710,731]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but not 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFD3CB0A7303701EA" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[667,798,739,760]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFD3CB0A7303701EA" box="[667,798,739,760]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The nearly equal development of hypoconid and paraconid flanking the protoconid creates a profile typical of large species of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFCBBB17F30980042" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[796,945,827,848]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFCBBB17F30980042" box="[796,945,827,848]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFC51B17E37880043" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[1014,1185,826,849]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFC51B17E37880043" box="[1014,1185,826,849]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but a somewhat larger hypoconid in 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFBCDB11330390099" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFBCDB11330390099" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emphasizes the cusp alignment adapted for crushing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35712AC3FFD1FB1F43008066F" blockId="82.[667,1193,709,1759]" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">
The m2 is rectangular in occlusal view, measuring 16.0 mm in length, 10.0 mm in greatest width (m1/m2 length ratio,,1.7, table 6). The protoconid and hypoconid are placed in direct anteroposterior alignment behind the m1 hypoconid. These three cusps are about the same height and form a crushing battery posterior to the carnassial blade. There is a low vestigial paraconid. The m2 is not as elongate (relative to m1 length) as in 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFD47B691305C07F8" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[736,885,1237,1258]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFD47B691305C07F8" box="[736,885,1237,1258]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the cusps of m2 are centrally placed as in that genus. Hence, one of the hallmarks of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFC01B74B37780634" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[934,1105,1295,1318]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFC01B74B37780634" box="[934,1105,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the central placement of all cusps from p4 to m3 (with slight lingual diversion of the m1 paraconid).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35712AC3FFD1FB7C130C506C7" blockId="82.[667,1193,709,1759]" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">
The m3 is not preserved but is represented in ACM 4804 by a single large alveolus, length 
<quantity id="C7059B265712AC3FFD4BB784306106C7" box="[748,840,1472,1494]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="5.3">5.3 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="C7059B265712AC3FFC07B78430C106C7" box="[928,1000,1472,1494]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35712AC3FFD1FB79B3708053C" blockId="82.[667,1193,709,1759]" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">
In ACM 4804, p1–m3 length is 
<quantity id="C7059B265712AC3FFB89B79A378D06E6" box="[1070,1188,1502,1524]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.045" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="104.5">104.5 mm</quantity>
; p2–m2 length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265712AC3FFCCAB7BF30C10503" box="[877,1000,1531,1553]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.959999999999999" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="89.6">89.6 mm</quantity>
; p1–4 length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265712AC3FFD3CB45C302D053C" box="[667,772,1560,1582]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.97" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="59.7">59.7 mm</quantity>
; m1–3 length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265712AC3FFC14B45D3734053C" box="[947,1053,1561,1582]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.82" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="48.2">48.2 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35712AC3EFD1FB47332470237" blockId="82.[667,1193,709,1759]" lastBlockId="83.[128,654,213,1759]" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">The skull of ACM 4804 was damaged during preparation and mounting of the specimen at Amherst College shortly after it was collected in 1908. With the aid of Drs. Margery and Walter Coombs, we were able to recover the skull and restore part of the rostrum and palate and a few basicranial fragments, including the right petrosal and a partial basioccipital.</paragraph>
<caption id="5482664B5712AC3FFFD3B43F310005CF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610854" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610854" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610854/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" startId="82.[116,155,1659,1678]" targetBox="[101,613,1258,1626]" targetPageId="82">
<paragraph id="004236C35712AC3FFFD3B43F310005CF" blockId="82.[93,619,1658,1758]" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">
Fig. 39. Right maxilla with P4–M2 of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFD94B43E323005BA" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFD94B43E323005BA" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ACM 4804, male), 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405712AC3FFE51B4D0314205D1" authority="Quarry, Harrison Formation, Agate Fossil Beds" authorityName="Quarry, Harrison Formation, Agate Fossil Beds" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Stenomylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="82" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15712AC3FFE51B4D0314205BA" box="[502,619,1684,1704]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="82">Stenomylus</emphasis>
Quarry, Harrison Formation, Agate Fossil Beds
</taxonomicName>
National Monument, Sioux Co., Nebraska.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="004236C35713AC3EFF3AB36933960026" blockId="83.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">
The central incisors (I1–2) of ACM 4804 are much smaller than I3. I1 is not preserved in ACM 4804, however the alveolus measures 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFF63B3C132340289" box="[196,285,389,411]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="9.3">9.3 mm</quantity>
in length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFE07B3C132D00289" box="[416,505,389,411]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
in width. I2 is present with a vertical anterior face, a sloping posterior surface, and a prominent auxiliary cusp (Nebenzacke) on its lateral margin. I2 is 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFE8FB3BE32AD0102" box="[296,388,506,528]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="9.8">9.8 mm</quantity>
in length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFDA8B3BE31420102" box="[527,619,506,528]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
in width at the enamel base. I3 is a large, recurved caniniform tooth measuring 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFD8BB07131A70158" box="[556,654,565,586]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.32" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="23.2">23.2 mm</quantity>
in height from tip to posterolabial enamel border, 
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in length, 
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in width at the base of the enamel. I3 has a thin enamel ridge from tip to posterolabial base and another on the lingual face from tip to enamel base. I 
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UNSM 47800 show no differences from those incisors in ACM 4804.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35713AC3EFF3AB17933F3070D" blockId="83.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">
The upper canine measures 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFE5AB17931410040" box="[509,616,829,850]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.79" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="37.9">37.9 mm</quantity>
in height from its posterolabial enamel base to its unworn tip. Length and width at the base of the enamel are 19.3 and 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFE40B1D1317E00B8" box="[487,599,917,938]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="13.4">13.4 mm</quantity>
. An enamel ridge runs from the tip to the enamel base on the posterior surface; a second ridge runs from tip to base on the anterolingual surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35713AC3EFF3AB66C32E007FF" blockId="83.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">
P1 is a small, conical tooth 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFDADB66C3141072F" box="[522,616,1064,1085]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="9.4">9.4 mm</quantity>
in length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFF7EB601321A0748" box="[217,307,1093,1115]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
in greatest width. There is a single principal cusp and no accessory cusp. The principal cusp is placed forward of center, and from this cusp a fine enamel ridge extends down both the anterior and posterior faces of the tooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35713AC3EFF3AB6B130D90237" blockId="83.[128,654,213,1759]" lastBlockId="83.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">
P2 is much larger than P1, measuring 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFF27B75733CD063A" box="[128,228,1299,1321]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.58" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="15.8">15.8 mm</quantity>
in length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFEC7B757329F063A" box="[352,438,1299,1320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="8.7">8.7 mm</quantity>
in posterior width (in UNSM 47800, P2 measures 
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and 8.0 mm). P2 is tall, triangular in lateral view, with a vertical, nearly rectilinear anterior face and a more gradually sloping posterior face. Of importance is the small anterior root relative to the larger posterior root, a diagnostic feature of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405713AC3EFEFEB79B312D06E4" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[345,516,1503,1526]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15713AC3EFEFEB79B312D06E4" box="[345,516,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, indicating that the shortening of p 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFE3DB7B932E00501" box="[410,457,1533,1555]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
the lower jaw is reciprocated in the upper dentition. Alveolar length of the P2 anterior root is 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFD8FB47331A0055E" box="[552,649,1591,1613]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="5.6">5.6 mm</quantity>
; posterior root, 10.0 mm; length of the roots themselves are, respectively, 5.2 and 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFD89B43631A30595" box="[558,650,1650,1671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="8.8">8.8 mm</quantity>
. The posterior heel of P2 is widened and a weak accessory cusp is labially placed low on the broad heel. Thin enamel ridges are present on the anterior and posterior faces of P2, running to the respective anterolingual and posterolabial corners.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35713AC3EFD7CB36A30EE02C4" blockId="83.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">
P3 is lost from the skull of ACM 4804 but is present in UNSM 47800 (length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFBF8B30F37EE0272" box="[1119,1223,331,352]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8199999999999998" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="18.2">18.2 mm</quantity>
; width, 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFCB4B32C3058026F" box="[787,881,360,381]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="9.8">9.8 mm</quantity>
) where it is about the same height as P2 but posteriorly wider with a small accessory cusp slightly labially situated on the posterior slope.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35713AC3EFD7CB39A3022072E" blockId="83.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">
P4 measures 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFC22B39A30DA02E6" box="[901,1011,478,500]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1399999999999997" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="21.4">21.4 mm</quantity>
in labial length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFD1AB3B8300C0103" box="[701,805,508,529]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="18.8">18.8 mm</quantity>
in greatest transverse width across the protocone. This massive tooth has a short metastylar blade 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFC71B07237350159" box="[982,1052,566,587]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
in length that forms a moderately developed shear surface with the large paracone. Small vertical wear facets are developed on the lingual faces of metastylar blade and paracone but the predominant crushing mode of occlusion is evidenced in this young individual by bluntcusp wear on the paracone. As in the larger temnocyonines, the rounded blunt protocone is enlarged for crushing but is not as massive as in species of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405713AC3EFC53B11F37A00062" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[1012,1161,859,880]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15713AC3EFC53B11F37A00062" box="[1012,1161,859,880]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The protocone in 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405713AC3EFCFAB1333721009C" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[861,1032,887,910]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15713AC3EFCFAB1333721009C" box="[861,1032,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not extend as far toward the midline of the palate as it does in 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405713AC3EFCBEB1F7308700DA" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[793,942,947,968]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15713AC3EFCBEB1F7308700DA" box="[793,942,947,968]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and does not reach the lingual margin of M1. P4 length is 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFBC3B19437E200F7" box="[1124,1227,976,997]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.28" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="22.8">22.8 mm</quantity>
and width is 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFCFCB1A930EA0710" box="[859,963,1005,1026]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7899999999999998" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="17.9">17.9 mm</quantity>
in UNSM 47800, too young an individual to develop shear facets on P4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35713AC39FD7CB60233C00288" blockId="83.[701,1228,213,1759]" lastBlockId="84.[93,620,213,1759]" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">
M1 measures 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFC2CB60230DE0749" box="[907,1015,1094,1115]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="17.7">17.7 mm</quantity>
in length of the labial margin, 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFCCFB62730E4076A" box="[872,973,1123,1145]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="25.4">25.4 mm</quantity>
in greatest transverse width, and 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFCE5B6C4308E0784" box="[834,935,1152,1174]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="14.7">14.7 mm</quantity>
in anteroposterior width of the protocone region. In UNSM 47800, M1 length is 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFCD3B6FE30CC07C2" box="[884,997,1210,1232]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="17.5">17.5 mm</quantity>
; greatest width is 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFD1AB69C300107FF" box="[701,808,1240,1261]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3899999999999997" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="23.9">23.9 mm</quantity>
; and width across the protocone is 
<quantity id="C7059B265713AC3EFD1AB6B1300F0619" box="[701,806,1269,1291]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="14.1">14.1 mm</quantity>
, thus a smaller molar relative to the M 
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ACM 4804. An M1 that is constricted at the level of the protocone basin so that the tooth has a ‘‘waist’’ is typical of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405713AC3EFBCCB70830380692" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15713AC3EFBCCB70830380692" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405713AC3EFCF5B72F30CE0692" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[850,999,1387,1408]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15713AC3EFCF5B72F30CE0692" box="[850,999,1387,1408]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The labial half of M1 is formed by a prominent, yet rather blunt, paracone and somewhat smaller metacone bordered by a labial cingulum thickened in the parastylar region. The lingual faces of the paracone and metacone form a vertical shear surface but these cusps are lower and shear is not as developed as in large species of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405713AC3EFD1AB41130690578" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[701,832,1621,1642]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="83" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15713AC3EFD1AB41130690578" box="[701,832,1621,1642]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="83">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The low protocone is isolated within an enamel platform, creating a flat crushing surface surrounded by a muchthickened lingual cingulum. A preprotocrista runs from the protocone to the anterior cingulum at the base of the paracone but there is no postprotocrista. On the M1s of both ACM 4804 and UNSM 47800 the lingual cingulum thins abruptly at the level of the protocone basin. The lingual cingulum of UNSM 47800 is not as developed as in ACM 4804.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35714AC39FFDDB3E7339900F7" blockId="84.[93,620,213,1759]" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">
M2 is a rectangular tooth, much smaller than M1, measuring 
<quantity id="C7059B265714AC39FEF4B384328502C7" box="[339,428,448,469]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" unit="mm" value="9.3">9.3 mm</quantity>
in labial length, 
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in greatest width (M2 length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265714AC39FFFAB3BF33920102" box="[93,187,507,528]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" unit="mm" value="8.9">8.9 mm</quantity>
; width, 
<quantity id="C7059B265714AC39FEB8B3BE32AE0102" box="[287,391,506,528]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" unit="mm" value="15.3">15.3 mm</quantity>
in UNSM 47800). The paracone is much larger than the strongly reduced metacone, both bordered by a labial cingulum thickened in the parastylar region. The lingual faces of para- and metacone form a low shear surface that continues the paracone- metacone shear plane of M1 (this plane less evident in UNSM 
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which M2 is more reduced). The M2 protocone is a low, blunt cusp isolated on an enamel platform surrounded by a slightly thickened lingual cingulum. There is no evidence of M3 although that part of the maxilla where M3 would occur is not preserved. However, UNSM 47800 has an intact maxilla in which M3 is certainly absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35714AC39FFDDB1A9310905CD" blockId="84.[93,620,213,1759]" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">
The skull (UNSM 47800) found in 1981 within a burrow at Beardog Hill, Agate Fossil Beds National Monument preserves the left P1–M2 (figs. 37–38). This is the only known skull of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FEBCB62632EF076B" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[283,454,1122,1145]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FEBCB62632EF076B" box="[283,454,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The left side of the skull and upper dentition are largely intact, whereas the right side was destroyed by plant roots that invaded the burrow. The skull is remarkably similar in form to the skull of the hyena, 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FEFCB6B131320618" authority="crocuta" box="[347,539,1269,1290]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Crocuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocuta">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FEFCB6B131320618" box="[347,539,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">Crocuta crocuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both skulls are broad and rather short with laterally extended zygomatic arches and large temporal fossae indicating well-developed temporal jaw musculature. Both have blunt, short snouts of similar length: the preorbital proportion of skull length in UNSM 47800 is 40 
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FFDFB78633B906C5" box="[120,144,1474,1495]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">%</emphasis>
and in the hyena 35 
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FE30B786328606C5" box="[407,431,1474,1495]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">%</emphasis>
. UNSM 47800 differs from 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FF5AB79B327006E6" box="[253,345,1503,1524]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Crocuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FF5AB79B327006E6" box="[253,345,1503,1524]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">Crocuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in possessing a more inflated frontal region and more massive snout with larger canines. The infraorbital foramen of UNSM 47800 is much larger than this foramen in the hyena, suggesting a more developed neurovascular supply to the nasal region. The braincase of UNSM 47800, despite the rather short skull, is the largest of any known temnocyonine (table 7).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35714AC39FD1FB291378001B0" blockId="84.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">The upper teeth are extremely similar in form to those of ACM 4804 but are somewhat smaller and more gracile. P4 is longer and its protocone not as developed, and the M1–2 are smaller, not as hypertrophied as in ACM 4804. The crushing function of P4–M2 is better developed in ACM 4804. ACM 4804 is a male (a baculum was found with the skeleton) and, based on the gracile teeth, UNSM 47800 could be a female. Sexual dimorphism is common among amphicyonids and it would not be surprising to find it present in temnocyonines. Dimorphism in temnocyonine species is difficult to demonstrate because of the lack of multiple individuals from a single locality.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485714AC38FD1FB0EC37AE06A2" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="004236C35714AC39FD1FB0EC3046068E" blockId="84.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">
DISCUSSION: 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FCFFB0ED372A01D2" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[856,1027,681,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FCFFB0ED372A01D2" box="[856,1027,681,704]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is defined on the basis of the 
<typeStatus id="DF4688615714AC39FC22B08330C501CF" box="[901,1004,711,733]" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
dentition and skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FC8DB0A1308F01E9" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[810,934,740,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FC8DB0A1308F01E9" box="[810,934,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">D. oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ACM 4804) supplemented by information derived from the individual (UNSM 47800) found in the carnivore dens at Agate National Monument. These two individuals are clearly closely related and are assigned here to a single species, diagnosed by short, posteriorly wide premolars (p2–4, P2–3) with centrally (not labially) placed posterior accessory cusp on p4. These premolars differ from the longer premolars and labially placed p4 posterior accessory cusp found in 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FC41B6633740072E" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[998,1129,1063,1084]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FC41B6633740072E" box="[998,1129,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FD3CB60130190748" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[667,816,1093,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FD3CB60130190748" box="[667,816,1093,1114]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although the p4 of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FB98B60130110764" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FB98B60130110764" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broader than that of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FB21B62630390787" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FB21B62630390787" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the posterior accessory cusp in both species remains labial in position. Also, 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FD3CB6FC308707DD" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[667,942,1208,1231]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FD3CB6FC308707DD" box="[667,942,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have as prominent a protocone on P4 as in 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FB98B69331F9061B" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FB98B69331F9061B" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor is its m2 as elongate; and it lacks the m1 metaconid found in 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405714AC39FBB9B75637880635" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[1054,1185,1298,1319]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15714AC39FBB9B75637880635" box="[1054,1185,1298,1319]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These differences, however, are most readily observed in relatively complete dentitions: isolated teeth will in many instances be difficult to assign.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35714AC38FD1FB7E032BD07BB" blockId="84.[667,1194,213,1759]" lastBlockId="85.[128,654,1052,1759]" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="84" pageNumber="84">
The mandible of ACM 4804 is only, 
<quantity id="C7059B265714AC39FBD5B7E0378006A8" box="[1138,1193,1444,1466]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
longer than that of a mature female Alaskan wolf (ZM 17459: mandibular length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265714AC39FBEFB79B378D06E6" box="[1096,1188,1503,1525]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" unit="cm" value="18.5">18.5 cm</quantity>
; basilar length, 
<quantity id="C7059B265714AC39FCEDB7B830BC0500" box="[842,917,1532,1554]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="84" pageNumber="84" unit="cm" value="22.0">22 cm</quantity>
); yet mandibular depth and the height of the coronoid process are much greater and the canine, premolars, and m2 are conspicuously larger and more robust. The m1 is about the same length, but is a wider, blunt-cusped tooth, its protoconid-paraconid lacking the sharp edges seen on the m1 shearing blade of the wolf. The feeding strategy of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405715AC38FE38B65931330721" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[415,538,1052,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="85" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15715AC38FE38B65931330721" box="[415,538,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">D. oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
relied on powerful jaw musculature applied to a deep, rigid mandibular ‘‘beam’’ carrying the heavy, blunt premolar and molar crushing dentition with enormous canines.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5482664B5715AC38FF31B1E0322600FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610856" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610856/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="85" startId="85.[150,188,932,951]" targetBox="[274,1082,225,901]" targetPageId="85">
<paragraph id="004236C35715AC38FF31B1E0322600FE" blockId="85.[128,1228,931,1004]" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">
Fig. 40. Holotype dentition of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405715AC38FE5AB1E731F400A4" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[509,733,931,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="85" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15715AC38FE5AB1E731F400A4" box="[509,733,931,951]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">Delotrochanter major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F:AM 27561), left p2–m2 (p2, p3, and m2 damaged), Anderson Ranch Formation, near Van Tassell, Niobrara Co., Wyoming. 
<emphasis id="3289EAD15715AC38FBBCB1FA371A00C3" bold="true" box="[1051,1075,958,977]" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">A,</emphasis>
labial and 
<emphasis id="3289EAD15715AC38FB13B1FA37E200C3" bold="true" box="[1204,1227,958,977]" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">B,</emphasis>
lingual views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="004236C35715AC38FF3AB6F5308907B5" blockId="85.[128,654,1052,1759]" lastBlockId="85.[701,1228,1052,1456]" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">
The four individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405715AC38FE6EB6F6316E07DA" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[457,583,1201,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="85" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15715AC38FE6EB6F6316E07DA" box="[457,583,1201,1224]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">D. oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Agate National Monument occur at three superposed stratigraphic levels: (1) ACM 4804, the 
<typeStatus id="DF4688615715AC38FEA7B74F32400633" box="[256,361,1291,1313]" pageId="85" pageNumber="85" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, was found, 
<quantity id="C7059B265715AC38FD84B74F31A70632" box="[547,654,1291,1313]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="85" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12–15 m</quantity>
above the two principal camel-producing horizons at 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405715AC38FEAAB70232C70649" authority="Quarry" authorityName="Quarry" box="[269,494,1350,1373]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Stenomylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="85" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15715AC38FEAAB70232B9064F" box="[269,400,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">Stenomylus</emphasis>
Quarry
</taxonomicName>
in the Harrison Formation (a second individual, ACM 4804A, a juvenile, was found with ACM 4804 but is known only from postcranials); (2) The calcaneum (YPM-PU 24872) indicates the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405715AC38FEAFB79832A906E3" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[264,384,1498,1521]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="85" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15715AC38FEAFB79832A906E3" box="[264,384,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">D. oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Agate waterhole bonebed (basal Anderson Ranch Fm.), which occurs stratigraphically between the levels of ACM 4804 and UNSM 48700; (3) The adult (UNSM 47800) discovered in the carnivore dens at Beardog Hill (
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325715AC38FEDBB434316B0597" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr. &amp; X. X. Xue &amp; J. Kaufman" box="[380,578,1648,1670]" pageId="85" pageNumber="85" pagination="364 - 366" refId="ref84209" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr., X. X. Xue, and J. Kaufman. 1983. Miocene burrows of extinct beardogs: indica- tion of early denning behavior of large mammalian carnivores. Science 221: 364 - 366." type="journal article" year="1983">Hunt et al., 1983</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1, den 2, burrow C) also occurs in the basal Anderson Ranch beds (the dens are excavated into the waterhole bonebed). The amount of time intervening between these stratigraphic levels remains uncertain. The age of ACM 4804 is approximated by the Agate Ash, recently redated at,22.9 Ma (
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325715AC38FBC5B63030BA07B5" author="Izett, G. A. &amp; J. D. Obradovich" pageId="85" pageNumber="85" pagination="77 - 86" refId="ref84293" refString="Izett, G. A., and J. D. Obradovich. 2001. 40 Ar / 39 Ar ages of Miocene tuffs in basin-fill deposits (Santa Fe Group, New Mexico, and Troublesome Formation, Colorado) of the Rio Grande system. The Mountain Geologist 38 (2): 77 - 86." type="journal article" year="2001">Izett and Obradovich, 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35715AC38FD7CB6EB37AA0666" blockId="85.[701,1228,1052,1456]" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">Despite its younger stratigraphic age, UNSM 47800 is the smaller, more gracile animal relative to ACM 4804. Given the baculum found with ACM 4804, the size difference between UNSM 47800 and ACM 4804 is more likely due to sexual dimorphism and not relative stratigraphic position.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35715AC38FD7CB73937AE06A2" blockId="85.[701,1228,1052,1456]" pageId="85" pageNumber="85">The postcranial skeleton of ACM 4804 is discussed under Postcranial Osetology.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>