276 lines
33 KiB
XML
276 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FEFF434CBDF0B715946627AAA29724CE">Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="66E6E2C4B33EB11DC1ECA7C01D254D84">Hunt, Robert M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="71B298CC1CF71E6266C7735E0A23B9ED">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AD04088C9898FC38E1E79BB2B2FC525F">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="51A40F712437EA9876B78B292AAE5A75" type="DOI">10.1206/358.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="885487D55708AC27FEA0B3FD32CE07A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618429" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180588606" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618429" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D55708AC27FEA0B3FD32CE07A8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885487D55708AC27FEA0B3FD32CE07A8" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
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<subSubSection id="48E765485708AC25FEA0B3FD32B502FE" box="[263,449,441,493]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" type="discussion">
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<subSubSection id="48E765485708AC25FEA0B3FD32E802DD" box="[263,449,441,463]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="004236C35708AC25FEA0B3FD32E802DD" blockId="72.[263,449,441,493]" box="[263,449,441,463]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
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cf.
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FE8BB3FE32E802DD" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[300,449,442,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FE8BB3FE32E802DD" box="[300,449,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">Mammacyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485708AC25FE8BB39332B502FE" box="[300,412,471,493]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" type="description">
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<paragraph id="004236C35708AC25FE8BB39332B502FE" blockId="72.[263,449,441,493]" box="[300,412,471,493]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
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<figureCitation id="98C62A465708AC25FE8BB39332B502FE" box="[300,412,471,493]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="73.[150,188,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[258,1098,212,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-66@73.[258,1099,212,1480]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="Fig. 32. Tentatively referred mandibular fragment of Mammacyon (LACM 15908) with left m1–2 and partial p4, LACM loc. 1872, Sharps Formation, Shannon Co., South Dakota. A, labial view; B, occlusal stereopair. Note apical wear on m1 cusps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610829/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">Figure 32</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485708AC25FFFAB0403261003F" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="004236C35708AC25FFFAB04032F7015F" blockId="72.[93,620,516,590]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20ED11ED5708AC25FFFAB04032F7015F" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FFFAB04032B7010A" baseAuthorityName="Macdonald" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[93,414,516,536]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Sunkahetanka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pahinsintewakpa">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FFFAB04032B7010A" box="[93,414,516,536]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">Sunkahetanka pahinsintewakpa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(in part):
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<treatmentCitation id="815C10D25708AC25FDABB04133D40120" author="Macdonald, J. R." page="60" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" year="1970">
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325708AC25FDABB04133D40120" author="Macdonald, J. R." pageId="72" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref84752" refString="Macdonald, J. R. 1970. Review of the Miocene Wounded Knee faunas of southwestern South Dakota. Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 8: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1970">Macdonald, 1970: 60</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(LACM 15908 was initially placed in the canid genus
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FEE7B07E32F9015C" authorityName="Macdonald" authorityYear="1963" box="[320,464,570,590]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Sunkahetanka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FEE7B07E32F9015C" box="[320,464,570,590]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">Sunkahetanka</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="004236C35708AC25FFDDB0213261003F" blockId="72.[93,620,613,1759]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
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REFERRED SPECIMEN: Fragment of mandible with left m1–2, posterior part of p4, and alveolus for m3 (LACM 15908), Sharps Formation, LACM loc. 1872, south of Wolf Ranch, NE1/4, sec. 15, T40N, R42W, Shannon County,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F8215708AC25FEA6B0BE32870002" box="[257,430,762,784]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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, collected by J. Harksen,
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<date id="744310035708AC25FF77B15C326A003F" box="[208,323,791,814]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" value="1963-07">July 1963</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485708AC25FFDDB17033970095" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="004236C35708AC25FFDDB17033970095" blockId="72.[93,620,613,1759]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
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DISTRIBUTION: Early Arikareean, Sharps Formation, Wounded Knee area,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F8215708AC25FD81B11733930095" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485708AC25FFDDB1C9322F0502" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="004236C35708AC25FFDDB1C9322F0502" blockId="72.[93,620,613,1759]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
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COMMENTS: A small temnocyonine slightly larger than
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FEBEB1E9328800D1" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[281,417,940,963]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FEBEB1E9328800D1" box="[281,417,940,963]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">T. altigenis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and with more derived m1–2; LACM 15908 has a more robust ml (length,
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<quantity id="C7059B265708AC25FE9BB1A3328E00EF" box="[316,423,999,1021]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="20.5">20.5 mm</quantity>
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; width,
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<quantity id="C7059B265708AC25FDAFB1AC314D00EF" box="[520,612,1000,1021]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="9.9">9.9 mm</quantity>
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) relative to the
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FE87B64232810709" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[288,424,1028,1051]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FE87B64232810709" box="[288,424,1028,1051]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">T. altigenis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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hypodigm (m1 length,
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<quantity id="C7059B265708AC25FF16B666327C072A" box="[177,341,1058,1080]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.845" metricValueMax="1.95" metricValueMin="1.7399999999999998" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="18.45" valueMax="19.5" valueMin="17.4">17.4–19.5 mm</quantity>
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; m1 width,
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<quantity id="C7059B265708AC25FE71B6673176072A" box="[470,607,1059,1080]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.3" metricValueMin="7.7" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="9.3" valueMin="7.7">7.7–9.3 mm</quantity>
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); m1 metaconid more reduced relative to
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FDF6B60533920766" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FDF6B60533920766" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">T. altigenis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(metaconid is a small vestigial cusp on posterolingual slope of protoconid); m2 not elongate (m1/m2 length ratio,,1.7) thus differs from
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FF52B6F2310507D9" box="[245,556,1205,1228]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
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M. obtusidens–M.
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FE74B6F2310507D9" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[467,556,1206,1227]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">ferocior</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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(m1/ m2 length ratios, 1.57, 1.6); m2 protoconid and hypoconid in anteroposterior alignment and more centrally situated than these cusps in
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FF23B76832250650" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[132,268,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FF23B76832250650" box="[132,268,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">T. altigenis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; posterior base of p4 only slightly broadened, and posterior accessory cusp labially (not centrally) placed; small m3 present; thick, robust dentary below molars. Lacks an enamel swelling at base of m1 posterolingual to protoconid (present in
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FFFAB798325D06E0" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[93,372,1500,1523]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersoni">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FFFAB798325D06E0" box="[93,372,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">Delotrochanter petersoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a carnivore of about the same size).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485708AC25FFDDB452309C05CD" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" type="description">
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<paragraph id="004236C35708AC25FFDDB45230F101B3" blockId="72.[93,620,613,1759]" lastBlockId="72.[667,1194,212,1759]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
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DESCRIPTION: The fragmentary mandible of LACM 15908 is about the same depth (
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<quantity id="C7059B265708AC25FFC2B4173396057B" box="[101,191,1619,1641]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
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) below the m1 as Cope’s
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<typeStatus id="DF4688615708AC25FDB4B410316C057B" box="[531,581,1620,1641]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">type</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FFFAB43532620595" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[93,331,1648,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FFFAB43532620595" box="[93,331,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">Temnocyon altigenis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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||
<quantity id="C7059B265708AC25FEF8B43532900594" box="[351,441,1649,1670]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
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), however, the jaw is thicker and the teeth are larger and more robust (mandibular depth below m2 is similar,,
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<quantity id="C7059B265708AC25FF70B48D320505CD" box="[215,300,1737,1759]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 mm</quantity>
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in both species).
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FDACB48C304203F8" box="[523,875,212,1759]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
|
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Delotrochanter
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FCA2B291304203F8" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[773,875,213,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersoni">petersoni</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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, smallest species of its genus, has a depth below m1 of,
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<quantity id="C7059B265708AC25FBEBB2B6378D0215" box="[1100,1188,242,263]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
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; although of about the same size as LACM 15908, its m1 lacks the metaconid and differs in the form of the principal cusps and cingulum. Only the posterior part of p4 is preserved in LACM 15908, anchored in the jaw by the posterior root. This tooth has both a basal cusp and a labially placed posterior accessory cusp. The posterior border of p4 fits tightly against the base of the m1 paraconid. The posterior part of p4 is only somewhat widened, and could be transitional between the plesiomorphic laterally compressed p4 of
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FCE7B02B30E90197" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[832,960,622,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FCE7B02B30E90197" box="[832,960,622,645]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">T. altigenis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the posteriorly broad p4 of
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FC97B0C830F801B0" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" box="[816,977,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FC97B0C830F801B0" box="[816,977,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35708AC25FD1FB0EE3740072E" blockId="72.[667,1194,212,1759]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E5708AC25FD1FB0EE378C00D5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985320" collectionCode="AMNH, LACM" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" specimenCode="AMNH 6855, LACM 15908" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
The m1 is a small, well-worn carnassial. The placement of the three trigonid cusps is similar to their position in
|
||
<specimenCode id="505B9EB85708AC25FC59B0A1378C01E8" box="[1022,1189,740,762]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">AMNH 6855</specimenCode>
|
||
, Cope’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF4688615708AC25FD53B14530730005" box="[756,858,769,791]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FC21B1463721000A" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[902,1032,769,792]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FC21B1463721000A" box="[902,1032,769,792]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however the metaconid is more reduced in
|
||
<specimenCode id="505B9EB85708AC25FC58B15B378C0027" box="[1023,1189,799,821]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" type="Museum">LACM 15908</specimenCode>
|
||
. The cusps are more worn than in
|
||
<specimenCode id="505B9EB85708AC25FBEBB17831FC007D" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">AMNH 6855</specimenCode>
|
||
, and apical wear is pronounced on all m1 cusps but not present on m2. The broadened talonid of m1 bears a large, rounded hypoconid, nearly centrally situated
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; lingual to the hypoconid the enamel surface slopes downward to a narrow shelf lacking an entoconid. The labial m1 cingulum is sinuous, not straight as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FC70B663374B072E" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[983,1122,1063,1084]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FC70B663374B072E" box="[983,1122,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">D. petersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35708AC25FD1FB60030E7053C" blockId="72.[667,1194,212,1759]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
|
||
The m2 is not elongated as in
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FB88B60130490765" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
|
||
M. obtusi-dens–M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FCAFB62630490765" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[776,864,1122,1143]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">ferocior</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The centrally placed, low, blunt protoconid is the largest cusp; a vestigial paraconid is indicated only by the slightly elevated anterolingual corner of the tooth; there is no metaconid. The hypoconid is lower than the protoconid, is placed directly behind it, and is the sole talonid cusp. The m2 paraconid is not as pronounced as in
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FB21B76B308A0673" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
|
||
M. obtusidens–M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FCECB708308A0673" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[843,931,1356,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">ferocior</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, hence LACM 15908 lacks the anteriorly extended m2 trigonid of the latter two species, formed by the paraconid and a protrusion of the anterolabial corner of the tooth. However, the m2 of LACM 15908 could structurally precede the more elongate m2 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FC3FB7B837100500" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" box="[920,1081,1531,1554]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FC3FB7B837100500" box="[920,1081,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A single alveolus for m3 is present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35708AC25FD1FB473309C05CD" blockId="72.[667,1194,212,1759]" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">
|
||
The masseteric fossa terminates anteriorly under the posterior part of m2, and the forward inclination of m2–3 on the edge of the ascending ramus of the mandible is evident in LACM 15908 exactly as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FD3CB48E308705CD" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" box="[667,942,1736,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FD3CB48E308705CD" box="[667,942,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">Mammacyon obtusidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="5482664B5709AC24FF31B7A23114053D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610829" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610829/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="73" startId="73.[150,188,1510,1529]" targetBox="[258,1098,212,1474]" targetPageId="73">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35709AC24FF31B7A23114053D" blockId="73.[128,1228,1510,1583]" pageId="73" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Fig. 32. Tentatively referred mandibular fragment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405709AC24FD74B7A3307006EB" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[723,857,1511,1529]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="73" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15709AC24FD74B7A3307006EB" box="[723,857,1511,1529]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="73">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(LACM 15908) with left m1–2 and partial p4, LACM loc. 1872, Sharps Formation, Shannon Co., South Dakota.
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15709AC24FC1BB44530FC0506" bold="true" box="[956,981,1537,1556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="73">A,</emphasis>
|
||
labial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15709AC24FBFDB44537580506" bold="true" box="[1114,1137,1537,1556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="73">B,</emphasis>
|
||
occlusal stereopair. Note apical wear on m1 cusps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E765485709AC27FF3BB40932CE07A8" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="73" pageNumber="73" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35709AC27FF3BB409328B0100" blockId="73.[128,654,1613,1756]" lastBlockId="74.[93,620,212,1210]" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="73" pageNumber="73">
|
||
DISCUSSION: This mandibular fragment, originally identified as a canid, is the earliest evidence of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405709AC24FEF3B4CF312705B3" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="1998" box="[340,526,1675,1697]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="73" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Temnocyoninae">Temnocyoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
described from the Cenozoic of the North American midcontinent. LACM Locality 1872 occurs in the Sharps Formation with an estimated age of between 28.8 and 29.4 Ma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325709AC24FBCCB429306705B3" author="Tedford, R. H." pageId="73" pageNumber="73" pagination="312 - 334" refId="ref86338" refString="Tedford, R. H., et al. (1996). The Whitneyan- Arikareen transition in the High Plains. In D. O. Prothero and R. J. Emry (editors), The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America, 312 - 334. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press." type="book chapter" year="1996">Tedford et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325709AC24FCC7B4CF30B305B2" author="Tedford, R. H." box="[864,922,1675,1696]" pageId="73" pageNumber="73" pagination="169 - 231" refId="ref86398" refString="Tedford, R. H., et al. (2004). Mammalian biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (late Oligocene through early Pliocene epochs). In M. O. Woodburne (editor), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic mammals of North America: 169 - 231. New York: Columbia University Press." type="book chapter" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325709AC24FC0AB4CF37AD05B3" author="Macdonald, J. R." box="[941,1156,1675,1697]" pageId="73" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref84752" refString="Macdonald, J. R. 1970. Review of the Miocene Wounded Knee faunas of southwestern South Dakota. Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 8: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1970">Macdonald, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The mandible represents a temnocyonine more specialized in its dentition than fossils of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570AAC27FFFAB291326F03F9" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[93,326,212,235]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="74" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570AAC27FFFAB291326F03F9" box="[93,326,212,235]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">Temnocyon altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the John Day beds of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C239F821570AAC27FF26B2B633F50215" box="[129,220,242,263]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570AAC27FF4BB2B73259021A" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[236,368,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="74" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570AAC27FF4BB2B73259021A" box="[236,368,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UCMP 9999) from Logan Butte is certainly older than,28.9 Ma, the date obtained on an ash bed near the top of the John Day Formation at the butte, and more likely falls near 29.2–29.3 Ma if collected near dated tuffs at the base of Logan Butte. UCMP 9999 and LACM 15908 could be approximately contemporaneous species, although a somewhat younger age for LACM 15908 seems more probable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3570AAC27FFDDB05E32CE07A8" blockId="74.[93,620,212,1210]" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">
|
||
The teeth of LACM 15908, despite small size, have a robust quality much like the larger durophagous temnocyonines of the later Arikareean. The absence of its anterior premolars makes referral to a genus difficult because the short, wide premolars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570AAC27FD8BB0E933FB01F0" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="74" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570AAC27FD8BB0E933FB01F0" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are diagnostic relative to more plesiomorphic premolars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570AAC27FE04B0AE311101ED" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[419,568,746,767]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="74" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570AAC27FE04B0AE311101ED" box="[419,568,746,767]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570AAC27FFFAB14333C9000E" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[93,224,775,796]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="74" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570AAC27FFFAB14333C9000E" box="[93,224,775,796]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">Temnocyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lack of the elongate m2 that distinguishes the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570AAC27FE91B16132E20028" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[310,459,805,826]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="74" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570AAC27FE91B16132E20028" box="[310,459,805,826]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage prevents certain referral to that genus but the shorter m2 of LACM 15908 could represent the ancestral state. The labial m1 cingulum appears to be slightly sinuous, a trait present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570AAC27FF26B1FC323F00DF" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[129,278,952,973]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="74" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570AAC27FF26B1FC323F00DF" box="[129,278,952,973]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, differing from the straight labial cingulum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570AAC27FEECB19132DF00FE" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[331,502,981,1004]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="74" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570AAC27FEECB19132DF00FE" box="[331,502,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Referral of LACM 15908 to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40570AAC27FEFAB1B73162071B" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[349,587,1010,1033]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="74" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1570AAC27FEFAB1B73162071B" box="[349,587,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="74">Temnocyon altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not appropriate because of the strong reduction of the m1 metaconid and the deep mandible and broader teeth, indicating a more derived carnivore. More complete material of the Sharps temnocyonine will be necessary to establish its identity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |