368 lines
42 KiB
XML
368 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6038EB2C96752D79C9AE8645BA592857">Life in the spray zone - overlooked diversity in West African torrent-frogs (Anura, Odontobatrachidae, Odontobatrachus)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C0E389985CEE4A78B6409BB79F6D9BDD">Kouame, N'Goran Germain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDB4FC31C7986F4EC456865B395C03CB">Hillers, Annika</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="570036DEB6EB4CC095062C4507042877">Gonwouo, Nono L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3288A212143AF1B56C2012EF89607F20">Nopper, Joachim</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8C5077EB6DD4897662C6B83185CA6F05">Adeba, Patrick Joel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="83E268B1CE58E8FF3F5CBCDFB8F321D5">Bangoura, Mohamed A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="56A1A85A490F2D528A6A086E8EDA751E">Gage, Ceri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F106A69B42B96D67815517EBB25A867A">Roedel, Mark-Oliver</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8B2F9713E8C58A2F1B46EA910252CE1A">Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="938A315C9DDA5C71EE28A580639EF328">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="951C343402E9816ED4A937CE8CBD9336">91</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="B544AA0ED749984B61A83262018EFB49">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5127</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="744396019AEEDDFD768173BAF605CE14">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6CC1560CFB1BA9F96CDDBEB9049A2678" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5127</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="790069380DA760297A703307D0E40D65" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127890130" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:94C996AB-8A52-4439-8F75-13938558A3EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/790069380DA760297A703307D0E40D65" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">
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<subSubSection id="05246ED91BC08FCE5FECC462B5C04A2A" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="9D4F949DD33DDE97B4B7396F15143CA1" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">
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<pageBreakToken id="1D8BD7551190186586584D1640D1E3C1" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Anura Odontobatrachidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A46A99A86D1FB2E7828124BB960E8DED" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="276EB29D8B4C9123E7D470676283E646" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">
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<taxonomicName id="82DE083A7E56FCF5AAEA2A6C082DD5DE" ID-CoL="48P5G" LSID="http://zoobank.org/94C996AB-8A52-4439-8F75-13938558A3EB" authority="Barej, Schmitz, Penner, Doumbia, Sandberger-Loua, Hirschfeld, Brede, Emmrich, Kouame, Hillers, Gonwouo, Nopper, Adeba, Bangoura, Gage, Anderson & Roedel" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">
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Odontobatrachus smithi Barej, Schmitz, Penner, Doumbia, Sandberger-Loua, Hirschfeld, Brede, Emmrich,
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<normalizedToken id="09CD5830A677CB3B48AB99AA46FF1C13" originalValue="Kouamé">Kouame</normalizedToken>
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, Hillers, Gonwouo, Nopper, Adeba, Bangoura, Gage, Anderson &
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<normalizedToken id="D53AD1C52C27AC280680963B5789492F" originalValue="Rödel">Roedel</normalizedToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="B36F80F295058EC9E5D2E690A21031F9" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="4719B1CF1F0AB07DE6AC62D798D04F8E" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="5A1BDC5ED0B28C2C4F141F202E697DB0" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">
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<taxonomicName id="3574BDD98BE4C6403889FAA1A23BDF41" LSID="http://zoobank.org/94C996AB-8A52-4439-8F75-13938558A3EB" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
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OTU2 sensu
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<bibRefCitation id="1A389F0BF6CC2AA3EFAE83EA84423F9F" author="Barej, MF" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="25" pageNumber="140" title="Multiple genetic lineages challenge the monospecific status of the West African endemic frog-family Odontobatrachidae." url="10.1186/s12862-015-0346-9" volume="15" year="2015">Barej et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B5E9EB5096C056CE8B517B2BCAF04A90" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="9C9AB477A722C5037580B1C079B49926" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="73B4B1EF24EE2337BE1B0362FA955168" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">
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ZMB 78310 (male), Republic of Guinea, Fouta Djallon, Pita,
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<normalizedToken id="F3097AFBC616E945271C45E5F7F633AB" originalValue="Hörè">Hoere</normalizedToken>
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Binti (Latitude: 10.83964; Longitude: -12.55572), 510 m a.s.l., 23 July 2010, coll. C. Brede and J. Doumbia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D7E02BD869EC416BF77F2A8459F9578A" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph id="8FC87D58244E58844BCA1689BE9E7CF2" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86C6E467057FC3C3D0A85A8A6509920E" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">Guinea: MHNG 2731.47 (female), Mamou Region (10.85; -12.52), 664 m a.s.l., 22 July 2010; ZFMK 95466, ZMB 78306 (2 females), Kindia Region (10.81; -13.34), 314 m a.s.l., 3 October 2010; ZMB 78311 (female), same data as holotype.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B5AA7E4313BCF2A66DF8B43C23293FF5" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="D07A3FE36D70A416FB2F3B9E72646CCF" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">Additional material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BBBC0B4FD08E9FC34DF413ACDACBF503" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">Guinea: ZMB 78304-05 (2 juveniles), Kindia Region (10.83; -13.81), 253 m a.s.l.; ZMB 78307 (male), Kindia Region (10.81; -13.34), 314 m a.s.l.; ZMB 78308 (female), Kindia Region (10.96; -13.71), 312 m a.s.l.; ZMB 78309 (male), Kindia Region (10.00; -12.34), 92 m a.s.l.; ZMB 78312 (female), ZMB 78313 (juvenile), Mamou Region (10.85; -12.52), 664 m a.s.l.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="791BBDB0B8DD59958797DC0811FDD136" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="592DED1DD7A7601D0B9AA635D9E94B42" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5656EA9D4F7BBA1D32660BF6003B3834" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">
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Medium to large sized frogs, robust body shape; head narrow, smallest tympanum-eye ratio in the family, highest eye diameter/eye-naris-distance ratio in the family, webbing fully developed, leaving up to 0.5 of the distal phalange free at the inner side of toe II, leaving 0.5-0.75 of the distal phalange free at toe IV; belly pattern very variable, male femoral glands pale orange; glandular lines on tibia contain mean conic glands forming frequently interrupted lines. Genetically
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<taxonomicName id="5AA66A602FE881FA87AAF168FC65B701" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
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differs by a minimum of 3.79% in the mitochondrial 16S gene from its congeners.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2A14A6BAAF0456A48E4064C035DEDB94" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="11400D13016C91F653AFCD57AE5A05BD" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="070FAA5A5076543CB0DBB3E9AE201CBF" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">
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<taxonomicName id="60323C55DF8EC5D7642E3396E0310449" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters (characters distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CC7076344628DA0732879555A762A29" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24A776DE56FAB8C5802C0ABB49F6C08B" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus ziama" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziama">Odontobatrachus ziama</taxonomicName>
|
||
see above; for all significant differences see Table 5): growing larger than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="010BD98C961D52DD6BB516A5C10C7350" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus natator" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Odontobatrachus natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B313AF6810D468DA2A5EF4BDF04AFC0" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus arndti" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arndti">Odontobatrachus arndti</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Tables 1 and 2); male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F36D336BA3D98E32B035ED8840F8B13" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from their congeners by the following ratios (Table 1): GL/GW larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="713E4CB4CC8474DB77702A64F424D996" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus natator" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Odontobatrachus natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7FDD62BD4DDBBA056C69A65B83FC8979" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus fouta" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fouta">Odontobatrachus fouta</taxonomicName>
|
||
but smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DEC09C035A9B015142477F40AB009443" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus arndti" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arndti">Odontobatrachus arndti</taxonomicName>
|
||
; TD/O larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="74A12405A4414AF92F0219D6154519E1" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus natator" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Odontobatrachus natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
; O/EN smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="877706548EB4C89D02C42DB190897863" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus natator" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Odontobatrachus natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71F14EBC1713766D222E7D22EF347356" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus arndti" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arndti">Odontobatrachus arndti</taxonomicName>
|
||
; ES/O smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D32D1587EFF7690896FCD923C5DBDC7" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus arndti" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arndti">Odontobatrachus arndti</taxonomicName>
|
||
; female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49D19D84F774619BC319833ADBD379E5" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus ziama" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziama">Odontobatrachus ziama</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from their congeners by the following ratios (Table 2): HW/SUL larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F31B5EB4C61BFF36FDBD8340712C814C" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus natator" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Odontobatrachus natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="579F2E31A02B19E3AB463F39A8D288F2" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus arndti" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arndti">Odontobatrachus arndti</taxonomicName>
|
||
; larger TD/O than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71F898B935C260E7551D0D0F3E1E73B5" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus natator" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Odontobatrachus natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ECDBDAFE28CD8B5C900F2E4AD96C6692" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus arndti" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arndti">Odontobatrachus arndti</taxonomicName>
|
||
; O/EN smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DD729816EA6B2F603AF729BFA13B717D" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus natator" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Odontobatrachus natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CEEC8CBE39DD006F732E5AA1994EDFDD" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus arndti" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arndti">Odontobatrachus arndti</taxonomicName>
|
||
; TD/SUL larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A5F02923FF067DBE9B9D7F52ACF83AD" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus arndti" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arndti">Odontobatrachus arndti</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Webbing formulae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45E5061881F6AA6C8442176F707C8E43" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A602A2C127380E2174D5EEAD21D1C9B6" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus fouta" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fouta">Odontobatrachus fouta</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C4BA7BB4BF2B31A3357D5DA383A45E9" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus arndti" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arndti">Odontobatrachus arndti</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E55B8B85CD612A103CF8EB3A948CC41" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses less webbing on the inner side of toe II, and webbing in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFDFAD90B60C5757F46892F2D0EDACF6" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus natator" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Odontobatrachus natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more extensive (Table 7). Femoral glands are pale orange in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB4E83C600B801887E3DED1866B3B90B" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
but rose-coloured in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B35F64F80A098AA533E85EA519047BEF" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus natator" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Odontobatrachus natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dark orange in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F92585290EC5FAD728D2F6A8296B07B7" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus ziama" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziama">Odontobatrachus ziama</taxonomicName>
|
||
and bright orange in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="414CDBFAB65DA3C6FC4A7BBBA4DFE70B" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus fouta" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fouta">Odontobatrachus fouta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 4, 6, 8, 10). Glandular lines on tibia contain small to mean sized conic glands forming predominantly interrupted lines (Fig. 8a, b), while small to large glands form more or less interrupted lines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B399FBC038867375B35F4C60130E07A6" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus natator" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Odontobatrachus natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C8E12D59B50DBEBA4B800C7DDF7E6B25" originalValue="a–e">a-e</normalizedToken>
|
||
), small to large glandular conic glands, rather interrupted lines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FB6897E6851924ECC8198C4B7B2B08A" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus fouta" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fouta">Odontobatrachus fouta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 10b, c) and small to mean glandular conic glands form hardly interrupted lines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D23918C89FCD3F4A37DD18E3C0E3D6CC" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus arndti" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arndti">Odontobatrachus arndti</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 12b, c). Morphologically, the species is most similar in size and colour pattern to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94FA6E83C7291D3D1F8BA213FD6F640A" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus fouta" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fouta">Odontobatrachus fouta</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, they differ in a few characters, namely colouration in male femoral glands and belly pattern with both taxa possessing a dark belly colouration, but only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5A46D8EF25B6450AA703EF2F63D4185" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus fouta" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fouta">Odontobatrachus fouta</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens show a smeared pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AD8F3050504CAA9124F4ACB685A73ADC" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" type="genetics">
|
||
<paragraph id="D1A0DE1092580F5BE66B7098B673349B" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">Genetics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE82D67157F63D4F45D89C28BFA9B989" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">
|
||
The species is genetically well differentiated from all congeners and known populations form a well-supported and monophyletic clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="05D81225668536B03A6F60E347E60B6D" author="Barej, MF" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="25" pageNumber="140" title="Multiple genetic lineages challenge the monospecific status of the West African endemic frog-family Odontobatrachidae." url="10.1186/s12862-015-0346-9" volume="15" year="2015">Barej et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Uncorrected 16S p-distances between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="55E72A313306C2BE84152DE8248451D5" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0CDFB51589E8942F87463FB0E21ECA91" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Odontobatrachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species range from 3.79-5.55%, while maximum intrataxon differences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C16E051B18D73DD1246A411048812138" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
add up to 0.54% (mean value 0.20%; N = 45; Appendix 1: Table A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="72968127158EEBE6360D167E365E9548" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="13" pageNumber="128" type="holotype description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C2DB3A568E2ECFD6D38D3F29A35A833F" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">Holotype description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E977E59D7EAED2067999B8FDC609BDAE" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="13" pageNumber="128">
|
||
The male holotype has been assigned to this taxon in the DCA analysis of ratios. The holotype is an adult male with a robust body (Fig. 7): snout-urostyle length of 60.4 mm; head width 21.9 mm; head slightly longer than broad; snout in lateral view short, flattened and slightly pointed at the snout tip; snout in dorsal view triangular, pointed; lower jaw with sharp tusk-like prolongations protruding the skin and single triangular knob at lower jaw symphysis, corresponding socket in between premaxillae weakly developed; upper premaxillae and maxillae with numerous teeth, posteriorly curved; vomerine teeth present, single prolongations; odontophores arranged in short lines, closer to each other than to choanae; tongue broadly heart shaped; horizontal eye diameter 7.9 mm; interorbital distance 5.6 mm; pupil horizontally elliptical; eye diameter distinctly larger than tympanum diameter; tympanum distinct (horizontal diameter 4.0 mm); nares closer to snout than to eye; snout as long as eye diameter; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region concave; paired lateral vocal sacs; forelimbs robust, forearms hypertrophied, fingers slender; prepollex absent; relative finger lengths III>IV>II>I; velvety nuptial excrescences covering finger I; subarticular tubercles large, subconical; supernumerary tubercles absent; fingertips dilated, triangular, notched in the middle; femur length 29.9 mm; tibia length 30.4 mm; femoral glands large (length
|
||
<normalizedToken id="108FFA468EB3F922B7D88A7EA3B28F32" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
width: left: 15.7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="04C9078DCFDF0F204A4675AC1904C453" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7.0 mm, right: 15.4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CAC80FFCD10191ED2A8702A5C31688F1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7.3 mm); femoral glands positioned on the posterior part of the ventral side of femur; relation femoral gland length to femur length: 0.52; minuscule circular glands running along upper side of tibia; foot length (incl. longest toe) 40.0 mm; relative toe lengths IV>III≥V>II>I; shortest toe (7.1 mm); inner
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="DDE844344AC16270752EFB57B5F43380" pageId="14" pageNumber="129" start="start">metatarsal</pageBreakToken>
|
||
tubercle elliptical; toe tips broadened forming triangular dilated discs; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent (4.7 mm); number of subconical subarticular tubercles on toes I-V: 1, 1, 2, 3, 2; supernumerary tubercles absent; prominent skin fold on posterior side of feet; dorsal skin texture rough; dorsum and flanks covered with broad dorsal ridges of app. 3.0-4.0 mm (partially flattened, but recognisable as darker spots); venter somewhat rough and slightly granular; flank texture rough and granular as dorsum; webbing fully developed (0-1/0-1/0-1/1-0), skin fringe running along toe III, webbing between toes hardly concave. Damage to the male holotype: transverse cut at pectoral region (liver tissue sampled) and skin cut on throat; glandular dorsal ridges partially not recognisable due to preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BDDB81E04359F134A2630A0749512AA7" pageId="14" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<paragraph id="A01BE602A32FFCA5EBA507FDF10567EE" pageId="14" pageNumber="129">
|
||
Figure 7. Male holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="385C1A220674092852590BF9D03F3511" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. (ZMB 78310) in ventral and dorsal view (top from left to right, scale bar: 10 mm); head in lateral view, details of pedal webbing, details of hand (bottom left to right, scale bar: 5 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28F31E190238E5B93DCE978827C93AA5" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="14" pageNumber="129" type="colouration of holotype in alcohol">
|
||
<paragraph id="4BDBAAC60B805492038B1C2B8E2433BA" pageId="14" pageNumber="129">Colouration of holotype in alcohol</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DABB4CD44225111B439CF0D2F68AE17C" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="14" pageNumber="129">
|
||
(Fig. 7). Dorsum dark brownish, few pale marblings recognisable; hind limbs with dark blotches on upper side; entire throat dark
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="56A6A7342A7D497E0A4CB45E4C2C9837" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" start="start">showing</pageBreakToken>
|
||
minuscule pale dots; venter dark; pale colouration between axillaries and elbows, femoral glands pale, clearly silhouetted from femora, with blurred minuscule dark dots; femora and tibia dark as belly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0535FB4A7C15BE42123876C0EBE45F44" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph id="3F71DFA0D6830C3FBC0BE1C27CFE6D44" pageId="15" pageNumber="130">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9AAD3D138A5CA159B8A774E0BE98639B" pageId="15" pageNumber="130">
|
||
Females (Nfemales = 6) grow larger than males (Nmales = 3), mean SUL in females 54.1 mm and 48.9 mm in males and accordingly absolute values for extremities are larger too. However, ratios between the two sexes overlap in their range, and are very similar in their mean values showing only minor differences (Tables 1 and 2). Both sexes possess enlarged tusk-like prolongations in the lower jaw as well as the name-bearing
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EBD0E384B464C70F2BFABD550B58BD91" originalValue="‘teeth’">'teeth'</normalizedToken>
|
||
on the upper jaw. Male secondary sexual characters are femoral glands, velvety nuptial excrescences on finger I and presence of vocal sacs. Male femoral glands are pale orange (Fig. 8d). Webbing formulae showed little variance in this character (Table 7). Dorsal ridges are usually elongated and slender (Fig. 8a, b). Number of distinct dorsal ridges (counted from spine to flank) ranges between four and seven, usually five to six ridges per body site. However, this character was not recognisable in all vouchers due to preservation artefacts. Glandular ridges on tibia usually are built of small to large conic glands and form more or less interrupted lines (Fig. 8a, b). Dorsal colouration (in life) ochre coloured with dark brown markings along dorsal glandular ridges or greenish with dark grey markings. Male femoral glands are pale orange (Fig. 8c). Belly colouration (in alcohol) is mainly uniform dark, only few specimens possess paler markings or show a dirty smeared colouration, showing no sex-dependant differentiation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2C393B8DC74794FEC6AB9D1BBAAEA22F" pageId="15" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<paragraph id="68FC073AC03FDD6C2464B1D60FCC4C6F" pageId="15" pageNumber="130">
|
||
Figure 8.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61F6974B96EE9AB197191FBA425AD89B" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. in life: a) male ZMB 78307, Kindia Region, Guinea; b) female paratype MHNG 2731.47, Fouta Djallon: Pita,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="565E8197332D1260E62F65540FE6BE37" originalValue="Hörè">Hoere</normalizedToken>
|
||
Binti, Guinea); c) colouration of femoral glands in ZMB 78307; d) ventral view of female paratype MHNG 2731.47.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="08EEEAC055201097DF640E7B546BE5C6" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="B9DD0526EB2EDF316898AA1AFC491A3A" pageId="15" pageNumber="130">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CB1DE0F903A3F9DDE170DCABE2BD0D98" pageId="15" pageNumber="130">
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C8907E21512740B3EA91597E502F4D7" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to localities in western Guinea on the western and southern edge of the Fouta Djallon Highlands and its western extensions to the Kindia region (Fig. 1). Its easternmost localities are in proximity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB8B0CC9BDF0A268F20B98CDAE2641CB" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus fouta" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fouta">Odontobatrachus fouta</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="931CAE3BE55D5CF1631AAEF1C24B5392" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to occupy lowland to mid-altitudes (app. 100-650 m a.s.l.) while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F19B5A952D54D4856EFAF8182DEA6969" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus fouta" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fouta">Odontobatrachus fouta</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in mid-altitudes (app. 650-900 m a.s.l.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6AB4B993A397FC77C34F092CC72AEFD8" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="003F77B60081D8B3F03F7C3E688D7288" pageId="15" pageNumber="130">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B84C12AC5DDEF4F4C8CF12FBD39251EE" pageId="15" pageNumber="130">
|
||
The species epithet smithi refers to Major F. Smith of the Royal Army Medical Corps (R.A.M.C.). In addition to his studies on blackwater fever he contributed to our knowledge on West African amphibians and collected the first specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="27C14C041D9B9785FBF48FDF867E5050" class="Amphibia" family="Petropedetidae" genus="Petropedetes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petropedetes natator" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">Petropedetes natator</taxonomicName>
|
||
Boulenger, 1905 in Sierra Leone during his military service in West Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3F642E59CBFD31F96C6D92090351AE70" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" type="common name">
|
||
<paragraph id="594935F5C0F74CB18A0200680F31F1FA" pageId="16" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="A726CDC21C1E04C736968A9368047F7B" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" start="start">Common</pageBreakToken>
|
||
name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F6F4121807B7BECC0236B60EFB265F2" pageId="16" pageNumber="131">
|
||
We advise to use the term
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A9E1E8DA7D45FEA88361700096F3A111" originalValue="‘‘Smith’s">''Smith's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="044FF692156AF6BF2EFAE70EC294C312" originalValue="torrent-frog’’">torrent-frog''</normalizedToken>
|
||
in English and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D25C873BDD8836BC83CFA3781EEFB922" originalValue="‘‘">''</normalizedToken>
|
||
grenouilles des torrents de Smith" in French.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0314688ED61F337511799B0CD14B6F6" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="44605D351BE3A85CF6F5F4C6DDD63AB5" pageId="16" pageNumber="131">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="340E3A62616AB6ACDC646C9FAE0A5C31" pageId="16" pageNumber="131">
|
||
The EOO of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="808B2F01A87374D757962F4BA64BE6C4" class="Amphibia" family="Odontobatrachidae" genus="Odontobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontobatrachus smithi" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">Odontobatrachus smithi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 12673 km2, placing the species in the category "Vulnerable (VU)" while the AOO of 40 km2 even classifies the species as "Endangered (EN)" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="69826D45E2EA465884F1711169A0C741" author="Barej, MF" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="25" pageNumber="140" title="Multiple genetic lineages challenge the monospecific status of the West African endemic frog-family Odontobatrachidae." url="10.1186/s12862-015-0346-9" volume="15" year="2015">Barej et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |