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<mods:title id="58850053FD80198CE42FCA249782E65F">New species, redescriptions and new records of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the South China Sea, an integrated morphological and molecular approach</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B9F08EB64E435AE8B6E2CD13821C84A2">Nethupul, Hasitha</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="64114D5CF5D1A4D8784DF2D353A578AA">Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, 57200 Sanya, China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology, Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="828FA519744E8E7D35F3B1805E22A216">Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, 57200 Sanya, China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology, Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden.</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B13FF956A082D53537AC03F" ID-CoL="6SMYZ" authority="H. L. Clark, 1911" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[556,1032,1876,1903]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B13FF956A082D53544BC03E" bold="true" box="[556,825,1876,1903]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Ophiacantha bathybia</emphasis>
H.L.
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B13FF956B5A2D53537AC03F" author="Clark H. L." box="[894,1032,1876,1902]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 302" refId="ref36962" refString="Clark H. L. 1911. North Pacific ophiurans in the collection of the United States National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin 75: 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1911">Clark, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B13FF956AFC2D70542EC0C0" box="[728,860,1911,1937]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionStartId-1="51.[189,232,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox-0="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetBox-1="[190,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetId-0="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId-1="figure-155@51.[189,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetPageId-0="50" captionTargetPageId-1="51" captionText-0="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." captionText-1="Fig. 28. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). AB. Lateral arm plate. C. Ventral arm spine. DH. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Dorsal view. G. Ventral view. H. Lateral view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe; vs = volute-shaped. Scale bars: AD, FH = 500 µm; E = 300 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419593" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6419593/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Figs 2728</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B13FF9568992DBE56B6C082" box="[189,452,1977,2003]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Ophiacantha bathybia</emphasis>
H.L.
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B13FF956A2D2DBE547EC082" author="Clark H. L." box="[521,780,1977,2003]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 302" refId="ref36962" refString="Clark H. L. 1911. North Pacific ophiurans in the collection of the United States National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin 75: 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1911">Clark, 1911: 233234</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<collectionCode id="A6CBAE7B9B12FF9468992BC25798C68E" box="[189,234,453,479]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">MZ</collectionCode>
203274
</accessionNumber>
;
<collectionCode id="A6CBAE7B9B12FF9469732BC256DAC68E" box="[343,424,453,479]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">IDSSE</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="907C9EC59B12FF9469922BC3552CC68E" box="[438,606,452,479]" collectionCode="EEB-SW" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">EEB-SW0025</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="70B23CE39B12FF8A6AA72BC255C1C617" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3753631340" country="China" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" latitude="18.2005" location="Island" municipality="South China Sea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hainan">
<specimenCount id="D6DCFD379B12FF946AA72BC255ACC68E" box="[643,734,453,479]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="2001ACC49B12FF946AD52BC254B1C68E" box="[753,963,453,479]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">South China Sea</collectingMunicipality>
, E of
<collectingRegion id="021EF85C9B12FF946C3F2BC25302C68E" box="[1051,1136,453,479]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Hainan</collectingRegion>
<location id="C50560659B12FF946C592BC253BAC68E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:487387A89B13FF8F6A082D535454C37A:C50560659B12FF946C592BC253BAC68E" box="[1149,1224,453,479]" country="China" latitude="18.2005" municipality="South China Sea" name="Island" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" stateProvince="Hainan">Island</location>
; 18°12.03 N,
<geoCoordinate id="A5EE50799B0CFF8A68992B00562EC672" box="[189,348,263,291]" degrees="114" direction="east" minutes="21.25" orientation="longitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="9" value="114.354164">114°21.25 E</geoCoordinate>
; depth
<quantity id="07229B5B9B0CFF8A699D2B0E556BC672" box="[441,537,265,292]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="3500.0">3500 m</quantity>
;
<date id="B464107E9B0CFF8A6A0D2B0E55B2C672" box="[553,704,265,291]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" value="2017-09-06">6 Sep. 2017</date>
; collection event: stn SC016; MSV Shenhaiyongshi leg.; preserved in -80°C;
<collectionCode id="A6CBAE7B9B0CFF8A698E2B2B5501C617" box="[426,627,300,326]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">IDSSE EEB-SW</collectionCode>
0044.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="94A566369B12FF9468992D20527BC09F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419587" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6419587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419587/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" startId="47.[189,232,1831,1857]" targetBox="[189,1397,527,1811]" targetPageId="47">
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B12FF9468992D20527BC09F" blockId="47.[188,1399,1831,1998]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B12FF9468992D20566BC010" bold="true" box="[189,281,1831,1857]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 25.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B12FF94693B2D205596C010" authority="(Lyman, 1878)" baseAuthorityName="Lyman" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[287,740,1831,1857]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophioplinthaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="plicata">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B12FF94693B2D20555DC010" box="[287,559,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ophioplinthaca plicata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B12FF946A1B2D2055AEC010" author="Lyman T." box="[575,732,1831,1857]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="65 - 168" refId="ref39095" refString="Lyman T. 1878. Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the &quot; Challenger &quot; expedition. Part I. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 5 (7): 65 - 168." type="journal article" year="1878">Lyman, 1878</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(IDSSE EEB-SW0019).
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B12FF946C292D205350C010" bold="true" box="[1037,1058,1831,1857]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A</emphasis>
. Dorsal disc.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B12FF946CE72D2053A5C010" bold="true" box="[1219,1239,1831,1857]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B</emphasis>
. Ventral disc.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B12FF9468982D4D57A3C035" bold="true" box="[188,209,1866,1892]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C</emphasis>
. Oral frame.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B12FF94695F2D4D56E2C035" bold="true" box="[379,400,1866,1892]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">D</emphasis>
. Dorsal arm.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B12FF946A182D4D5522C035" bold="true" box="[572,592,1866,1892]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">E</emphasis>
. Ventral arm.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B12FF946B252D4D5461C035" bold="true" box="[769,787,1866,1892]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">F</emphasis>
. Lateral arm.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B12FF946BE02D4D5373C035" bold="true" box="[964,1025,1866,1892]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">GH</emphasis>
. Disc spine on the dorsal disc and distal end of the radial shields. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; asa = arm spine articulation; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; os = oral shield; tp = tentacle pore; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate. Scale bars: AC = 2 mm; DE = 1 mm; F = 500 µm; GH = 200 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="94A566369B0DFF8B68992D385607C0B6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419589" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6419589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419589/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" startId="48.[189,232,1855,1881]" targetBox="[189,1366,265,1836]" targetPageId="48">
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0DFF8B68992D385607C0B6" blockId="48.[189,1400,1855,2023]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0DFF8B68992D385668C008" bold="true" box="[189,282,1855,1881]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B0DFF8B69052D38559EC00B" authority="(Lyman, 1878)" baseAuthorityName="Lyman" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[289,748,1855,1882]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophioplinthaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="plicata">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0DFF8B69052D385540C008" box="[289,562,1855,1881]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Ophioplinthaca plicata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B0DFF8B6A662D475590C00B" author="Lyman T." box="[578,738,1856,1882]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="65 - 168" refId="ref39095" refString="Lyman T. 1878. Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the &quot; Challenger &quot; expedition. Part I. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 5 (7): 65 - 168." type="journal article" year="1878">Lyman, 1878</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0019).
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0DFF8B6C442D3853E5C008" bold="true" box="[1120,1175,1855,1881]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">AB</emphasis>
. Lateral arm plate.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0DFF8B68992D65578AC02D" bold="true" box="[189,248,1890,1916]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">CG</emphasis>
. Vertebrae.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0DFF8B69AE2D6556ECC02D" bold="true" box="[394,414,1890,1916]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">C</emphasis>
. Proximal view.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0DFF8B6A492D6455F2C02C" bold="true" box="[621,640,1891,1917]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">D</emphasis>
. Distal view.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0DFF8B6B0F2D64544FC02C" bold="true" box="[811,829,1891,1917]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">E</emphasis>
. Ventral view.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0DFF8B6BD02D645376C02C" bold="true" box="[1012,1028,1891,1917]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">F</emphasis>
. Dorsal view.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0DFF8B6C922D6553B9C02D" bold="true" box="[1206,1227,1890,1916]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">G</emphasis>
. Lateral view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe; vs = volute-shaped. Scale bars: A, CD = 300 µm; B, EG = 500 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0CFF8A68992B725518C6C1" blockId="49.[189,618,373,400]" box="[189,618,373,400]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0CFF8A68992B72563CC6DE" bold="true" box="[189,334,373,399]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Description</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="A6CBAE7B9B0CFF8A69792B725555C6C1" box="[349,551,373,400]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">IDSSE EEB-SW</collectionCode>
0025)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0CFF8A68992BA355EDC6EF" blockId="49.[189,671,419,446]" box="[189,671,419,446]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
MEASUREMENTS. Disc diameter
<quantity id="07229B5B9B0CFF8A6A0A2BA455E8C6EF" box="[558,666,419,446]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="17.5">17.5 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0CFF8A68992BEA5644C4DB" blockId="49.[189,1400,493,906]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
DiSC. Flat, pentagonal, covered by thin skin, underlying scales with short disc spines (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6CF22BEA521BC556" box="[1238,1385,493,519]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27AB</figureCitation>
),
<quantity id="07229B5B9B0CFF8A68992817563FC57B" box="[189,333,528,554]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.3">0.30.4 mm</quantity>
high, rough, with two to three sharp terminal thorns, similar on both dorsal and ventral disc (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A68D8283456FBC51C" box="[252,393,563,589]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27CE</figureCitation>
). Radial shields long, narrow, well separated, parallel to each other, concealed by thin skin, their form and position clearly visible through skin, with thorny stumps (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6C5328515279C520" box="[1143,1291,598,625]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27A, E</figureCitation>
). Ventral disc near oral shields with scales without thorny stumps (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6B45287E54BFC5C5" box="[865,973,633,660]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27B</figureCitation>
). Oral shield much wider than long, broadly triangular, with wide, pointed proximal angle and a straight or convex distal edge (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6D24289A5218C5E6" box="[1280,1386,669,695]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27F</figureCitation>
). Madreporite larger, with central depression, pentagonal. Adoral shields large, three times as long as wide, narrow, not separated (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6A2B28E455EAC5AF" box="[527,664,739,766]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27B, F</figureCitation>
). Adoral shields enclose proximal oral shield edges and extend around it, separating it from first lateral arm plate (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6B2C290154E3C470" box="[776,913,774,801]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27C, F</figureCitation>
). Jaws wider than long, ventralmost tooth with large, blunt, pointed or flat edge, and three pointed, spiniform lateral oral papillae with thick and rounded base (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A694F294A56A6C436" box="[363,468,845,871]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27F</figureCitation>
). Genital slits conspicuous and extending from oral shield to periphery of disc (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A68E32977565BC4DB" box="[199,297,880,906]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0CFF8A689929BE5518C241" blockId="49.[188,1401,953,1296]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<collectionCode id="A6CBAE7B9B0CFF8A689929BE5671C482" box="[189,259,953,979]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ARMS</collectionCode>
. Dorsal arm plate on first few arm segments triangular, somewhat fan-shaped and distal margin more convex, but along arm becoming straighter, towards rhombic, somewhat swollen, two times as wide as long, barely separated (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6A1929F855DFC348" box="[573,685,1023,1049]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27G</figureCitation>
). Ventral arm plate widely triangular, two times as wide as long, distal margin convex, proximally with low, wide angle, lateral side weakly concave and widely separated, but along arm ventral arm plate decreasing in size, as wide as long, with convex distal margin (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A68E12E6E5646C3D2" box="[197,308,1129,1155]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27H</figureCitation>
). Lateral arm plates meeting above and below, but along arm becoming separated ventrally (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A68E32E8B5645C3F7" box="[199,311,1164,1190]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27H</figureCitation>
). Six sharp and thorny arm spines (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6AC62E8B543AC3F7" box="[738,840,1164,1190]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27J</figureCitation>
). Three uppermost spines longest, two to three arm segments in length, one to two dorsal arm spines smooth but others thorny (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6C412EA853A1C398" box="[1125,1235,1199,1225]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27K</figureCitation>
). Two to three tapering ventral arm spines with rough tip (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6AEA2ED5544EC3BC" box="[718,828,1234,1261]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[189,232,1850,1876]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,265,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-11@45.[191,1395,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 24. Ophiurothamnus clausa (Lyman, 1878), SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0023). A. Dorsal arm plate. BC. Lateral arm plate. B. External view. C. Internal view. DG. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Ventral view. G. Dorsal view. Abbreviations: asa = arm spine articulation; D = dorsal; Dist = distal; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vs = voluteshaped. Scale bars: A, D = 100 µm; B, FG = 300 µm; C, E = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419583/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 24L</figureCitation>
). One tentacle scale, elongated, half as long as ventral arm plate, pointed (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A69DE2EF1552FC241" box="[506,605,1270,1296]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0CFF8A68992F3853FCC208" blockId="49.[189,1166,1343,1369]" box="[189,1166,1343,1369]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<collectionCode id="A6CBAE7B9B0CFF8A68992F385661C208" box="[189,275,1343,1369]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">COLOR</collectionCode>
. When alive, entire specimen light red, light brown when dry (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6BD52F3853F3C208" box="[1009,1153,1343,1369]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-148@50.[218,1369,265,1766]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 27. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. CE. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. I. Ventral arm base. J. Arm spine structure in lateral plate. K. Dorsal arm spine. L. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27AB</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0CFF8A68992F8F55D5C124" blockId="49.[189,1400,1416,1653]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
OSSiCLE MORPHOLOGY. Arm spine articulation well developed and placed at small angle to distal edge of lateral arm plate (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A69D82FAC55E2C294" box="[508,656,1451,1477]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[189,232,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-155@51.[189,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 28. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). AB. Lateral arm plate. C. Ventral arm spine. DH. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Dorsal view. G. Ventral view. H. Lateral view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe; vs = volute-shaped. Scale bars: AD, FH = 500 µm; E = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419593/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28AB</figureCitation>
). Volute-shaped perforated lobe forms most articulations, but reduced in dorsalmost articulation (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6A4A2FC95470C2B9" box="[622,770,1486,1512]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[189,232,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-155@51.[189,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 28. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). AB. Lateral arm plate. C. Ventral arm spine. DH. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Dorsal view. G. Ventral view. H. Lateral view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe; vs = volute-shaped. Scale bars: AD, FH = 500 µm; E = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419593/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28AB</figureCitation>
). Arm spine articulation with large muscle opening (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A68E22FF65641C15A" box="[198,307,1521,1547]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[189,232,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-155@51.[189,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 28. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). AB. Lateral arm plate. C. Ventral arm spine. DH. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Dorsal view. G. Ventral view. H. Lateral view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe; vs = volute-shaped. Scale bars: AD, FH = 500 µm; E = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419593/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28B</figureCitation>
). Ventral arm spine smooth, but with rough tip (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6B572FF65492C15A" box="[883,992,1521,1547]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[189,232,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-155@51.[189,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 28. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). AB. Lateral arm plate. C. Ventral arm spine. DH. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Dorsal view. G. Ventral view. H. Lateral view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe; vs = volute-shaped. Scale bars: AD, FH = 500 µm; E = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419593/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28C</figureCitation>
). Vertebrae with a well-developed zygospondylous articulation, with a broad dorsal surface, distally abruptly truncated, with a shallow dorsal medial furrow, podial basins slightly wider than long (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6BA22C3F536AC103" box="[902,1048,1592,1618]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[189,232,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-155@51.[189,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 28. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). AB. Lateral arm plate. C. Ventral arm spine. DH. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Dorsal view. G. Ventral view. H. Lateral view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe; vs = volute-shaped. Scale bars: AD, FH = 500 µm; E = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419593/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28DH</figureCitation>
). Ambulacral groove widened in middle, without oral bridge (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B0CFF8A6A082C5C55EBC124" box="[556,665,1627,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[189,232,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-155@51.[189,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 28. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). AB. Lateral arm plate. C. Ventral arm spine. DH. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Dorsal view. G. Ventral view. H. Lateral view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe; vs = volute-shaped. Scale bars: AD, FH = 500 µm; E = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419593/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 28G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88C065359B0CFF8F68992CAB522AC4C9" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0CFF8A68992CAB565DC197" blockId="49.[189,303,1708,1734]" box="[189,303,1708,1734]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<heading id="9B2D81D29B0CFF8A68992CAB565DC197" bold="true" box="[189,303,1708,1734]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="3">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0CFF8A68992CAB565DC197" bold="true" box="[189,303,1708,1734]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0CFF8A68992CDD5236C099" blockId="49.[188,1399,1754,1992]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B0CFF8A68992CDD56B6C1A5" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[189,452,1754,1780]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0CFF8A68992CDD56B6C1A5" box="[189,452,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ophiacantha bathybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by H.L.
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B0CFF8A6AF02CDD541EC1A5" author="Clark H. L." box="[724,876,1754,1780]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 302" refId="ref36962" refString="Clark H. L. 1911. North Pacific ophiurans in the collection of the United States National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin 75: 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1911">Clark (1911)</bibRefCitation>
; additional specimens have been collected in 1980, 1981 and 2015 (
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B0CFF8A69E72CFA553CC046" author="OBIS" box="[451,590,1789,1815]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref39746" refString="OBIS 2021. Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Available from www. obis. org [accessed 15 Aug. 2021]." type="book" year="2021">OBIS 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B0CFF8A6A462CFA5418C046" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[610,874,1789,1815]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0CFF8A6A462CFA5418C046" box="[610,874,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ophiacantha bathybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the present study is quite similar to the
<typeStatus id="1F61881C9B0CFF8A68992D275656C06B" box="[189,292,1824,1850]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
description, but it differs in the arm spine and arm plate characters. Our specimens were larger than the
<typeStatus id="1F61881C9B0CFF8A69072D4456F8C00C" box="[291,394,1859,1885]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<quantity id="07229B5B9B0CFF8A69BE2D43569CC00F" box="[410,494,1860,1886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
disc diameter) and some of the morphological differences may be caused by this size difference. The lateral arm plates in the
<typeStatus id="1F61881C9B0CFF8A6B262D60541BC0D0" box="[770,873,1895,1921]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
description are connected at both the dorsal and ventral edges, but in our specimens they were only connected by a ligament. Another morphological variation was the number of thorny spines, which differs from segment to segment and arm to arm.
</paragraph>
<caption id="94A566369B0FFF8968992CFF5544C0B7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419591" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6419591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419591/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" startId="50.[189,232,1784,1810]" targetBox="[218,1369,265,1766]" targetPageId="50">
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0FFF8968992CFF5544C0B7" blockId="50.[189,1399,1784,2022]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF8968992CFF566EC043" bold="true" box="[189,284,1784,1810]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B0FFF8969032CFF547BC043" authority="H. L. Clark, 1911" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[295,777,1784,1811]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF8969032CFF5543C043" box="[295,561,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Ophiacantha bathybia</emphasis>
H.L.
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B0FFF896A582CFF547BC043" author="Clark H. L." box="[636,777,1784,1810]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 302" refId="ref36962" refString="Clark H. L. 1911. North Pacific ophiurans in the collection of the United States National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin 75: 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1911">Clark, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(IDSSE EEB-SW0025).
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF896C182CFF5323C043" bold="true" box="[1084,1105,1784,1810]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
. Dorsal disc.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF896CD92CFF5263C043" bold="true" box="[1277,1297,1784,1810]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
. Ventral disc.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF8968DA2D1C5647C064" bold="true" box="[254,309,1819,1845]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">CE</emphasis>
. Different angles of disc spines on dorsal and ventral disc.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF896C2D2D1B5369C067" bold="true" box="[1033,1051,1820,1846]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">F</emphasis>
. Oral frame.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF896CE52D1C53AAC064" bold="true" box="[1217,1240,1819,1845]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">G</emphasis>
. Dorsal arm.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF8968992D3857A6C008" bold="true" box="[189,212,1855,1881]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">H</emphasis>
. Ventral arm.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF8969AE2D3856E7C008" bold="true" box="[394,405,1855,1881]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">I</emphasis>
. Ventral arm base.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF896AAF2D3855E8C008" bold="true" box="[651,666,1855,1881]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">J</emphasis>
. Arm spine structure in lateral plate.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF896C562D3853FBC008" bold="true" box="[1138,1161,1855,1881]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">K</emphasis>
. Dorsal arm spine.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0FFF8968992D6557A3C02D" bold="true" box="[189,209,1890,1916]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">L</emphasis>
. Ventralmost arm spine. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; das = dorsal arm spine; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate; vas = ventral arm spine. Scale bars:AB = 2 mm; CF = 1 mm; G, L = 500 µm; HK = 200 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0EFF8868992B0E55A9C6DD" blockId="51.[188,1399,265,397]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B0EFF8868992B0E56B7C672" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[189,453,265,291]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF8868992B0E56B7C672" box="[189,453,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Ophiacantha bathybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has no uniquely distinguishing characters, but appears to be different from other species of
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B0EFF8869112B2B56BCC617" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[309,462,300,326]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF8869112B2B56BCC617" box="[309,462,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Ophiacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the size of the disc and characters of the disc covering, dorsal arm plates, arm spines and tentacle scale. Mature specimens have narrow, long radial shields and thorny disc stumps, but differ in arm spine and dorsal arm plate shape.
</paragraph>
<caption id="94A566369B0EFF8868992D39552AC0B7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419593" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6419593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419593/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" startId="51.[189,232,1854,1880]" targetBox="[190,1398,427,1834]" targetPageId="51">
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B0EFF8868992D39552AC0B7" blockId="51.[188,1399,1854,2022]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF8868992D39566BC009" bold="true" box="[189,281,1854,1880]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 28.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B0EFF88693B2D395581C009" authority="H. L. Clark, 1911" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[287,755,1854,1881]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF88693B2D395554C009" box="[287,550,1854,1880]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Ophiacantha bathybia</emphasis>
H.L.
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B0EFF886A4C2D395581C009" author="Clark H. L." box="[616,755,1854,1880]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 302" refId="ref36962" refString="Clark H. L. 1911. North Pacific ophiurans in the collection of the United States National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin 75: 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1911">Clark, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0025).
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF886C462D3953E8C009" bold="true" box="[1122,1178,1854,1880]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">AB</emphasis>
. Lateral arm plate.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF8868982D6657A3C02A" bold="true" box="[188,209,1889,1915]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C</emphasis>
. Ventral arm spine.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF8869EC2D655571C02D" bold="true" box="[456,515,1890,1916]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">DH</emphasis>
. Vertebrae.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF886AB32D6555D8C02D" bold="true" box="[663,682,1890,1916]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">D</emphasis>
. Proximal view.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF886B5D2D6554FFC02D" bold="true" box="[889,909,1890,1916]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">E</emphasis>
. Distal view.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF886C132D65533BC02D" bold="true" box="[1079,1097,1890,1916]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">F</emphasis>
. Dorsal view.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF886CDE2D665263C02A" bold="true" box="[1274,1297,1889,1915]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">G</emphasis>
. Ventral view.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B0EFF8869272D825668C0CE" bold="true" box="[259,282,1925,1951]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">H</emphasis>
. Lateral view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe; vs = volute-shaped. Scale bars: AD, FH = 500 µm; E = 300 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B09FF8F68992B0E56A7C682" blockId="52.[189,1399,265,467]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
It has been recorded from abyssal depths, and its morphological characters are similar to those of other abyssal species of
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F69B92B2B5546C617" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[413,564,300,326]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F69B92B2B5546C617" box="[413,564,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ophiacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, namely
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6A822B2A5305C617" authority="Lutken &amp; Mortensen, 1899" authorityName="Lutken &amp; Mortensen" authorityYear="1899" box="[678,1143,300,327]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6A822B2A55CBC616" box="[678,697,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6AEE2B2B5455C617" box="[714,807,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">pacifica</emphasis>
Lütken &amp; Mortensen, 1899
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6CA22B2A578EC638" authority="Koehler, 1922" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1922" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sollicita">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6CA22B2A53EBC616" box="[1158,1177,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6C8E2B2B527BC617" box="[1194,1289,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">sollicita</emphasis>
Koehler, 1922
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F692D2B57554BC638" authority="Lyman, 1878" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1878" box="[265,569,335,362]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cosmica">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F692D2B57566CC63B" box="[265,286,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F690B2B5756FDC638" box="[303,399,336,361]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">cosmica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B09FF8F69BD2B57554BC638" author="Lyman T." box="[409,569,335,362]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="65 - 168" refId="ref39095" refString="Lyman T. 1878. Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae of the &quot; Challenger &quot; expedition. Part I. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 5 (7): 65 - 168." type="journal article" year="1878">Lyman, 1878</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6A6C2B575400C638" authority="Koehler, 1907" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1907" box="[584,882,335,362]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="frigida">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6A6C2B57552FC63B" box="[584,605,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6A4A2B4855CCC638" box="[622,702,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">frigida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B09FF8F6AEC2B485400C638" author="Koehler R." box="[712,882,335,361]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref38266" refString="Koehler R. 1907. Note preliminaire sur quelques asteries et ophiures provenant des campagnes de la Princesse Alice. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique 99: 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1907">Koehler, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6B942B57538EC638" authority="Koehler, 1897" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1897" box="[944,1276,335,362]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sociabilis">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6B942B5754B7C63B" box="[944,965,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6BF22B485334C638" box="[982,1094,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">sociabilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B09FF8F6C742B48538EC638" author="Koehler R." box="[1104,1276,335,361]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="277 - 372" refId="ref38115" refString="Koehler R. 1897. Echinodermes recueillis par &quot; l'Investigator &quot; dans l'Ocean Indien. I. Les ophiures de mer profonde. Annales des Sciences naturelles Zoologie 8 (4): 277 - 372." type="journal article" year="1897">Koehler, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but these species have been recorded from
<collectingCountry id="B8CD762E9B09FF8F6A762B7455C0C6DC" box="[594,690,371,397]" name="Panama" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Panama</collectingCountry>
, the Southern Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6CF92B755656C6E1" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6CF92B755656C6E1" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ophiacantha bathybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be considered as a sister species to these abyssal species of
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6C0B2B9153BAC6E1" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[1071,1224,406,432]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6C0B2B9153BAC6E1" box="[1071,1224,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ophiacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on their morphological features.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B09FF8F68992BFD522AC4C9" blockId="52.[188,1399,506,920]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F68992BFD56B2C545" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1878" box="[189,448,506,532]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cosmica">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F68992BFD56B2C545" box="[189,448,506,532]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ophiacantha cosmica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6A452BFC559DC545" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[609,751,506,533]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6A452BFC5504C544" box="[609,630,507,533]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6AAC2BFD559DC545" box="[648,751,506,532]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">bathybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having up to eight arm spines, slender lateral oral papillae without a thick base and a blunt ventralmost tooth (
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B09FF8F6B50281953DDC569" author="Lutken C. F. &amp; Mortensen T." box="[884,1199,542,568]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="97 - 208" refId="ref38969" refString="Lutken C. F. &amp; Mortensen T. 1889. Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and Southern America and off the Galapagos Islands. XXV. The Ophiuridae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 23 (2): 97 - 208." type="journal article" year="1889">Lütken &amp; Mortensen 1889</bibRefCitation>
; Stöhr &amp; OHara 2021).
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F692B2846556DC50A" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1897" box="[271,543,577,603]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sociabilis">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F692B2846556DC50A" box="[271,543,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ophiacantha sociabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6A9328465433C50A" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[695,833,577,603]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6A93284655BEC50A" box="[695,716,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6AFE28465433C50A" box="[730,833,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">bathybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having four to five lateral oral papillae, a less enlarged distalmost papilla and wider jaws (
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B09FF8F6A9C2863542EC52F" author="Koehler R." box="[696,860,612,638]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="277 - 372" refId="ref38115" refString="Koehler R. 1897. Echinodermes recueillis par &quot; l'Investigator &quot; dans l'Ocean Indien. I. Les ophiures de mer profonde. Annales des Sciences naturelles Zoologie 8 (4): 277 - 372." type="journal article" year="1897">Koehler 1897</bibRefCitation>
; Stöhr &amp; OHara 2021).
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6C5328635204C52F" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1922" box="[1143,1398,612,638]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sollicita">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6C5328635204C52F" box="[1143,1398,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ophiacantha sollicita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F696A288F56AAC5F0" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[334,472,647,674]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F696A288F5611C5F3" box="[334,355,648,674]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6955288056AAC5F0" box="[369,472,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">bathybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having up to eight arm spines, conical disc spines, a notably thickened distal oral papilla and non-moniliform arms (
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B09FF8F6AA928AD5436C594" author="Koehler R." box="[653,836,682,709]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="5 - 98" refId="ref38325" refString="Koehler R. 1922 b. Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914, Scientific Report Series C 8 (2): 5 - 98." type="journal article" year="1922">Koehler 1922b</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6B7828AD533CC595" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1907" box="[860,1102,682,708]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="frigida">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6B7828AD533CC595" box="[860,1102,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ophiacantha frigida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6CCE28AC5205C595" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[1258,1399,682,709]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6CCE28AC538DC594" box="[1258,1279,683,709]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6D3428AD5205C595" box="[1296,1399,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">bathybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a larger distalmost lateral oral papilla and usually two tentacle scales on the first tentacle pore (
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B09FF8F692528F656C5C45D" author="Koehler R." box="[257,439,753,780]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="5 - 98" refId="ref38325" refString="Koehler R. 1922 b. Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914, Scientific Report Series C 8 (2): 5 - 98." type="journal article" year="1922">Koehler 1922b</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F69EF28F655BBC45A" authorityName="Lutken &amp; Mortensen" authorityYear="1899" box="[459,713,753,779]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F69EF28F655BBC45A" box="[459,713,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ophiacantha pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is highly similar to
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6B9228F65333C45A" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[950,1089,753,779]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6B9228F654B9C45A" box="[950,971,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6BFE28F65333C45A" box="[986,1089,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">bathybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in morphological features of the oral frame, as well as the number and length of arm spines, but the ventralmost arm spines of
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F689B293F5638C400" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[191,330,823,850]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathybia">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F689B293F57A0C403" box="[191,210,824,850]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F68C729305638C400" box="[227,330,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">bathybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a rough tip (
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B09FF8F6A0D29305419C400" author="Lutken C. F. &amp; Mortensen T." box="[553,875,823,850]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="97 - 208" refId="ref38969" refString="Lutken C. F. &amp; Mortensen T. 1889. Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and Southern America and off the Galapagos Islands. XXV. The Ophiuridae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 23 (2): 97 - 208." type="journal article" year="1889">Lütken &amp; Mortensen 1889</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="58E12A3B9B09FF8F6BA229305486C400" box="[902,1012,823,849]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[189,232,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-155@51.[189,1398,427,1834]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 28. Ophiacantha bathybia H.L. Clark, 1911, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0025). AB. Lateral arm plate. C. Ventral arm spine. DH. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Dorsal view. G. Ventral view. H. Lateral view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe; vs = volute-shaped. Scale bars: AD, FH = 500 µm; E = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419593/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 28C</figureCitation>
). However, these morphological differences vary and overlap among individuals between species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="07DA4D3D9B09FF8F6C70295D539FC425" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[1108,1261,858,884]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F6C70295D539FC425" box="[1108,1261,858,884]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ophiacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, a molecular analysis from a wider range of localities is needed to understand the species boundaries.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88C065359B09FF8F689929B85454C37A" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B09FF8F689929B85624C488" blockId="52.[189,342,959,985]" box="[189,342,959,985]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<heading id="9B2D81D29B09FF8F689929B85624C488" bold="true" box="[189,342,959,985]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" reason="3">
<emphasis id="F2AEEAAC9B09FF8F689929B85624C488" bold="true" box="[189,342,959,985]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C06536BE9B09FF8F689929EA5454C37A" blockId="52.[189,1398,1005,1067]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<quantity id="07229B5B9B09FF8F689929EA5615C359" box="[189,359,1005,1032]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.629" metricValueMax="3.656" metricValueMin="1.6019999999999999" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="2629.0" valueMax="3656.0" valueMin="1602.0">16023656 m</quantity>
depth. South
<collectingCountry id="B8CD762E9B09FF8F6A0429EA5514C356" box="[544,614,1005,1031]" name="China" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">China</collectingCountry>
Sea, Alaska, British
<collectingCountry id="B8CD762E9B09FF8F6B5D29EA5482C356" box="[889,1008,1005,1031]" name="Colombia" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, Bering Sea, Shumagin Island, Makassar Strait and Northwest Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="A44B4B4F9B09FF8F6AAA2E16546BC37A" author="OBIS" box="[654,793,1041,1067]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refId="ref39746" refString="OBIS 2021. Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Available from www. obis. org [accessed 15 Aug. 2021]." type="book" year="2021">OBIS 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>