402 lines
35 KiB
XML
402 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.703.13385" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e1e83ca0-ed07-4f17-bd7e-1cedbac15bbc" ID-PMC="PMC5673978" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-703-15" ID-PubMed="29118604" ID-ZBK="9BAAB4A5CDE1493B8A0413D8F301E198" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-703-15" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 703" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomy of North European Lumbricillus (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)" checkinTime="1506576699266" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Klinth, Marten J., Rota, Emilia & Erseus, Christer" docDate="2017" docId="6A16D2BEC028310D7EA1C7AEFA35ABEC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 703: 15-96" docOrigin="ZooKeys 703" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.703.13385" docTitle="Claparedrilus semifuscoides Klinth, Rota & Erseus, 2017, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="09A6ACEC-1D21-49AA-A134-6966F14D17C8" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="B248FFB4FF91C20DCE56FFE7FF875A5A" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of North European Lumbricillus (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1668164858576" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomy of North European Lumbricillus (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Klinth, Marten J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Rota, Emilia</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Erseus, Christer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>703</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>15</mods:start>
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<mods:end>96</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.703.13385</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.703.13385</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-703-15</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">9BAAB4A5CDE1493B8A0413D8F301E198</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">9BAAB4A5CDE1493B8A0413D8F301E198</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="134860646" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:09A6ACEC-1D21-49AA-A134-6966F14D17C8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A16D2BEC028310D7EA1C7AEFA35ABEC" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/09A6ACEC-1D21-49AA-A134-6966F14D17C8" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Claparedrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Claparedrilus semifuscoides" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="36" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">Claparedrilus semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="36" pageNumber="51">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Fig. 24
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="51" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Marionina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marionina semifusca" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="36" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifusca">Marionina semifusca</taxonomicName>
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; sensu
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<bibRefCitation author="Stephenson, J" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" pageId="49" pageNumber="64" pagination="31 - 65" title="On some littoral Oligochaeta of the Clyde." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/s0080456800018755" volume="48" year="1911">Stephenson 1911</bibRefCitation>
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: pp. 35-39, figs 2-3, pl. I, fig. 2.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Lumbricillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lumbricillus semifuscus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="36" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscus">Lumbricillus semifuscus</taxonomicName>
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||
; sensu
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<bibRefCitation pageId="36" pageNumber="51">Nielsen and Christensen 1959</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 96;
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<bibRefCitation author="Erseus, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="45" pageNumber="60" pagination="5 - 11" title="Littoral Oligochaeta (Annelida) from Eyjafjoerour, North Coast of Iceland." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00677.x" volume="5" year="1976">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Erséus">Erseus</normalizedToken>
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1976
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</bibRefCitation>
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: pp. 8-9, figs 5-6;
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<bibRefCitation author="Finogenova, NP" journalOrPublisher="Explorations of the fauna of the seas" pageId="46" pageNumber="61" pagination="91 - 108" title="Enchytraeids (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) of the littoral of the White Sea. Benthic ecosystems of the south-eastern part of the Kandalaksha Bay and adjacent waters of the White Sea." volume="38" year="1988">Finogenova and Timm 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: pp. 94-96, figs 2-4;
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<bibRefCitation author="Klinth, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="46" pageNumber="61" pagination="96 - 110" title="Phylogeny and species delimitation of North European Lumbricillus (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12187" volume="46" year="2017">Klinth et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Martinsson, S" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="47" pageNumber="62" pagination="85 - 90" title="Placing the forgotten: on the positions of Euenchytraeus and Chamaedrilus in an updated enchytraeid phylogeny (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IS16042" volume="31" year="2017">Martinsson et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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?
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<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Marionina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marionina semifusca" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="36" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifusca">Marionina semifusca</taxonomicName>
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; sensu
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<bibRefCitation author="Southern, R" journalOrPublisher="Irish Naturalist" pageId="49" pageNumber="64" pagination="68 - 82" volume="16" year="1907">Southern 1907</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 71;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="36" pageNumber="51">Southern 1909</bibRefCitation>
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: pp. 148-149, pl. X, figs 9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="a–c">a-c</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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?
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<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Lumbricillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lumbricillus semifuscus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="36" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscus">Lumbricillus semifuscus</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Nurminen, M" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici Fennici" pageId="48" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 10" title="Enchytraeid and lumbricid records (Oligochaeta) from Spitsbergen." volume="2" year="1965 a">Nurminen 1965a</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 6.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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Non
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<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Pachydrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachydrilus semifuscus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="36" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscus">Pachydrilus semifuscus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Claparède">Claparede</normalizedToken>
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, 1861: pp. 76-79, pl. II, figs 1-5.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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Non
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Marionia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marionia semifusca" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="36" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="semifusca">Marionia semifusca</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Michaelsen, W" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten" pageId="47" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 17" title="Oligochaeten des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg." volume="6" year="1889">Michaelsen 1889</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 29.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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Non
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<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Marionina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marionina semifusca" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="36" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifusca">Marionina semifusca</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Michaelsen, W" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten" pageId="47" pageNumber="62" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl" year="1900">Michaelsen 1900</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 76.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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Non
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<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Enchytraeoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchytraeoides semifuscus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="36" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscus">Enchytraeoides semifuscus</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="36" pageNumber="51">Michaelsen 1927</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 13, fig. 12;
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<bibRefCitation author="von Buelow, T" journalOrPublisher="Kieler Meeresforschungen" pageId="44" pageNumber="59" pagination="69 - 116" title="Systematisch-autoekologische Studien an eulitoralen Oligochaeten der Kimbrischen Halbinsel." volume="13" year="1957">
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von
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bülow">Buelow</normalizedToken>
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1957
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</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 86.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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SMNH Type-8932 [former SMNH 152823] (CE2249), a whole-mounted voucher of a sexually mature and DNA-barcoded worm (COI barcode is KU893995 in NCBI/GenBank;
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<bibRefCitation author="Klinth, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="46" pageNumber="61" pagination="96 - 110" title="Phylogeny and species delimitation of North European Lumbricillus (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12187" volume="46" year="2017">Klinth et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="51" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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United Kingdom, Wales, Anglesey, Beaumaris, intertidal zone of beach with sand and algae,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="53.2623">53.2623 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-4.0914">4.0914 W</geoCoordinate>
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, collected 15 Febuary 2007 by M. Strand and P. Sundberg.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="51" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">SMNH Type-8933 [former SMNH 152821] (CE2247), SMNH Type-8934 [former SMNH 152822] (CE2248), SMNH Type-8935 [former SMNH 152825] (CE2252), all whole-mounted sexually mature specimen from the type locality.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="51" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">Other material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">ZMBN 107908 (CE23750) & ZMBN 107912 (CE24657), one mature and one half mature specimen from Norway. For information on specimen collection localities and GenBank accession numbers see Appendix 1.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="51" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="51">
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Named after its similarity to
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<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Claparedrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Claparedrilus semifuscus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="36" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscus">Claparedrilus semifuscus</taxonomicName>
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, which it has previously been confused with and misidentified as.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="52" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="52">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="52" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="52">
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This species can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscus" pageId="37" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="semifuscus">C. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
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by the size of the penial bulbs. In
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscus" pageId="37" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="semifuscus">C. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
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, the bulbs are much larger than the sperm funnels, whereas in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscoides" pageId="37" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">C. semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
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they are of about the same size as the funnels or smaller.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="37" pageNumber="52" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="52">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="37" pageNumber="52">
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White, grey to pinkish worms. Length (fixed worms) more than 4.0-7.3 mm (amputated specimens), first 15 segments 2.1-3.4 mm long, width at
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<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="53" start="start">clitellum</pageBreakToken>
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0.54-0.69 mm. More than 22-45 segments. Chaetae sigmoid or straight (Fig. 24A). Dorsal bundles with 2-5(6) chaetae anterior to clitellum, 2-5(6) chaetae in postclitellar segments. Ventral bundles with 3-6 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 2-5 chaetae posteriorly. Each
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<normalizedToken originalValue="worm’s">worm's</normalizedToken>
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longest measured chaetae 85-115
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, about 5-8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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wide. Clitellum extending over
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<normalizedToken originalValue="XII–">XII-</normalizedToken>
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1/2XIII, sometimes XIII. Head pore at 0/1. Epidermis with transverse rows of gland cells.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="53">
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Coelomocytes numerous, 10-20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, spindle-shaped, oval, round, granulated with distinct nucleus. Paired pharyngeal glands 4 pairs, in IV, V, VI and VII, respectively; each pair converging but not connected dorsally (Figs 24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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), pair in IV with dorsal lobes only, pair in V with both dorsal and ventral lobes, pairs in VI and VII large and compact, but dorsal lobes difficult to distinguish from potential ventral ones. Dorsal vessel originating in XIII. Nephridia (Figs 24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
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) observed in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="VI–VIII">VI-VIII</normalizedToken>
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and XIV and onwards, 65-130
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, with various shapes, anteseptale with funnel on a thin stalk, postseptale oval, tapering into efferent duct which seems to originate either terminally or from posterior of the midventral of the postseptale (compare Figs 24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
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). Brain with posterior incision.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="53">
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Male genitalia paired (Fig. 24E). Testes originating in XI, with testis sacs enclosing compact sperm mass with numerous inconspicuous, irregularly arranged lobes, extending forwards into X, in some specimens extending into IX and XII. Sperm funnels in XI, 125-160
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, 110-145
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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wide, making them 1-1.5 times longer than wide, funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Most of vasa irregularly coiled in XII, 10-15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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wide. Penial bulbs round, 140-155
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter. Ovaries in XII. Two to five mature eggs present at a time.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="53">
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Spermathecae (Fig. 24D) in V, club-shaped, with distinct ampulla. Ectal pore midlateral. Ectal duct seemingly divided into two zones by intermediary layer of musculature. The outer zone, or coelomic lining, covering muscular layer, containing large, clearly defined nuclei. The inner zone, which is the epithelium and cuticle, lining muscular layer, appearing to be made up by numerous fine lines (perpendicular to the duct axis); these lines possibly epithelial cells or their nuclei, or microvilli crossing the cuticle. Duct twice as long as ampulla, abruptly widening into ampulla. Ampulla round, entally connecting with oesophagus, and containing irregular mass of sperm in postcopulatory specimens. Spermathecae 240-270
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, 60-110
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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wide at widest part (the ampullae). Gland cells surrounding ectal duct near spermathecal pore, forming compact mass, 50-105
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter at its widest part. Two midventral subneural glands in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="XIV–XV">XIV-XV</normalizedToken>
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, 40-100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, 70-85
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="38" pageNumber="53">
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="53">
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Figure 24.
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<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Claparedrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Claparedrilus semifuscoides" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="38" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">Claparedrilus semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A Chaetal bundle B Anterior body C Anterior body dorsal view D Spermatheca E Other genitalia. F. Nephridium from XIV G Nephridium from XXIX in another individual. Abbreviations under general notes. Scale bars: 100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="53">Geographical distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="53">
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Genetically identified from Norway and the United Kingdom. Also known (by morphology) from Iceland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Erseus, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="45" pageNumber="60" pagination="5 - 11" title="Littoral Oligochaeta (Annelida) from Eyjafjoerour, North Coast of Iceland." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00677.x" volume="5" year="1976">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Erséus">Erseus</normalizedToken>
|
||
1976
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Sweden (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Erseus, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="45" pageNumber="60" pagination="293 - 298" title="Marine Oligochaeta from the Koster Area, west coast of Sweden, with descriptions of two new enchytraeid species." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1978.tb00781.x" volume="6" year="1977">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Erséus">Erseus</normalizedToken>
|
||
1977
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="38" pageNumber="53" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="53">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="38" pageNumber="53">
|
||
In 1861,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Claparède">Claparede</normalizedToken>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Pachydrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachydrilus semifuscus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="38" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscus">Pachydrilus semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Hebrides in Scotland. Due to its unusual and confusing morphology, this species has been moved around among some enchytraeid genera. It was transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Marionina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marionina" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="38" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Marionina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Michaelsen, W" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten" pageId="47" pageNumber="62" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl" year="1900">Michaelsen 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), then to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Enchytraeoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enchytraeoides" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="38" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Enchytraeoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="38" pageNumber="53">Michaelsen 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and finally to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Lumbricillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lumbricillus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="38" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Lumbricillus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="38" pageNumber="53">Nielsen and Christensen 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The original description focused almost entirely on the reproductive organs and noted sperm funnels about 1.5 times longer than wide, spermathecae with
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="39" pageNumber="54" start="start">a</pageBreakToken>
|
||
long thin duct and clearly separated ampulla, nephridia with anteseptales made up of funnels only, and large kidney-shaped penial bulbs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="39" pageNumber="54">Southern (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, studying material from Dublin Bay (Ireland) and Edinburgh (Scotland), added that his specimens had 4-5 chaetae per bundle, a concave posterior of the brain, five pairs of pharyngeal glands in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="IV–VII">IV-VII</normalizedToken>
|
||
(two of them in V), but with cylindrical rather than kidney shaped penial bulbs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stephenson, J" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" pageId="49" pageNumber="64" pagination="31 - 65" title="On some littoral Oligochaeta of the Clyde." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/s0080456800018755" volume="48" year="1911">Stephenson (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also recorded this species from Scotland but then increased the number of chaetae to 4-8 per bundle. He agreed with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Southern’s">Southern's</normalizedToken>
|
||
description of the pharyngeal glands but questioned the shape of the penial bulbs, which he found to be spherical and not unusually large, compared to the descriptions by
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Claparède">Claparede</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Southern. In 1976,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Erséus">Erseus</normalizedToken>
|
||
described the species from Iceland, also with pharyngeal glands in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="IV–VII">IV-VII</normalizedToken>
|
||
, but with fewer chaetae per bundle and with anteseptales of the nephridia made up of a few coils as well as the funnels. Having studied our material, which is partly from Wales, we are confident that we have the same species as the one studied by Stephenson,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Erséus">Erseus</normalizedToken>
|
||
, and possibly Southern, but that this (new) species is different from the original
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Pachydrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachydrilus semifuscus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscus">Pachydrilus semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Considering the way that it has been misidentified throughout history, we have named it
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="semifuscoides" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, at the same time, established a new genus for it called
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Claparedrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Claparedrilus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Claparedrilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, based on the similarities in the spermathecae and nephridia, we have decided to also transfer
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. semifuscus" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="semifuscus">L. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
into this genus, making it
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscus" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="semifuscus">C. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Claparède">Claparede</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1861) comb. nov.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Claparedrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Claparedrilus semifuscoides" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">Claparedrilus semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscus" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="semifuscus">C. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the size of the penial bulbs, where the former species have bulbs about the same size as the sperm funnels (about 150
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in diameter) whereas the latter have bulbs larger than the funnels; they are 400-500
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long. The nephridium illustrated by
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Claparède">Claparede</normalizedToken>
|
||
is reminiscent of what we observed (Fig. 24
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
), although our specimens seem to have the septa further back in relation to the funnel, making the funnel appear with a thin stalk, and with the efferent duct originating much further back on the postseptale. Unfortunately,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Claparède">Claparede</normalizedToken>
|
||
did not mention the number of chaetae, subneural glands, or pharyngeal glands for his species, which makes its placement into the new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Claparedrilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Claparedrilus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Claparedrilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
a bit tentative. This, and the fact that we have no genetic information for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscus" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="semifuscus">C. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are the reasons why we designated the new taxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscoides" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">C. semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as the type species of the new genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="39" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Our specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscoides" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">C. semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
are smaller than the ones described by Stephenson as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. semifusca" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="semifusca">M. semifusca</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they possess fewer chaetae, but we still believe that they belong to the same species. Stephenson remarks that (1) the nephridia can be found from V, (2) the anteseptale is made up of funnel only, and (3) the efferent duct extends backwards towards the pore, not forwards as illustrated by
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Claparède">Claparede</normalizedToken>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscus" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="semifuscus">C. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We found nephridia from VI (possibly not finding any in V because they were obscured by the pharyngeal glands) and observed that the anteseptale consists of a funnel on a thin stalk. As this character was difficult to see and because there is no true nephridial tissue anterior to the septa this could still have been interpreted by Stephenson as a funnel only. We found that the efferent duct extended forward towards the pore which is more in agreement with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Claparède’s">Claparede's</normalizedToken>
|
||
illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscus" pageId="39" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="semifuscus">C. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
than what Stephenson noted, but the interpretation of this character may differ as the animal extends or contracts. Finally, Stephenson stated that the efferent duct originates well in front of the middle of the postseptale, whereas we observed it originating behind the middle or even from
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="40" pageNumber="55" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
posterior end. However, Stephenson also noted that this was not apparent in living specimens and only became clear from sections, which we have not studied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Our specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscoides" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">C. semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
also largely agree with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Southern’s">Southern's</normalizedToken>
|
||
account of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. semifusca" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="semifusca">M. semifusca</taxonomicName>
|
||
except for his description of the cylindrical penial bulbs. It is possible that the bulbs he studied were everted (as illustrated for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pagenstecheri" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="pagenstecheri">L. pagenstecheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
A in the present study; Fig. 14), which may have given the impression of them being cylindrical rather than spherical. Unfortunately, Southern did not mention the exact size of the bulbs or their size in relation to that of the sperm funnels, which makes us unable to confidently conclude that his species is the same as ours.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="55">
|
||
The species reported as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. semifuscus" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="semifuscus">L. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Iceland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Erseus, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="45" pageNumber="60" pagination="5 - 11" title="Littoral Oligochaeta (Annelida) from Eyjafjoerour, North Coast of Iceland." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00677.x" volume="5" year="1976">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Erséus">Erseus</normalizedToken>
|
||
1976
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is probably the same as our
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscoides" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">C. semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Erséus">Erseus</normalizedToken>
|
||
noted the four pairs of pharyngeal glands and an anteseptale with more than just a funnel. From his sectioned material he stated that the anteseptal portion was made up of a few coils of the nephridial canal in addition to the funnel, something we could not make out in our whole-mounted material. Another illustrated nephridium that resembles the one in our species was provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Finogenova, NP" journalOrPublisher="Explorations of the fauna of the seas" pageId="46" pageNumber="61" pagination="91 - 108" title="Enchytraeids (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) of the littoral of the White Sea. Benthic ecosystems of the south-eastern part of the Kandalaksha Bay and adjacent waters of the White Sea." volume="38" year="1988">Finogenova and Timm (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who reported
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. semifuscus" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="semifuscus">L. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the White Sea (Russia). Their description only differs from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscoides" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">C. semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
in reporting three pairs of pharyngeal glands, with the third pair extending into VII, but this could be a misinterpretation of a fourth pair. As we have not examined their material, we cannot be certain that this is the case, but we find it highly probable that they actually were describing
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscoides" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">C. semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally, we are not certain about the identity of the species "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Lumbricillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lumbricillus semifuscus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="semifuscus">Lumbricillus semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
" that
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nurminen, M" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici Fennici" pageId="48" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 10" title="Enchytraeid and lumbricid records (Oligochaeta) from Spitsbergen." volume="2" year="1965 a">Nurminen (1965a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported from Spitsbergen (Svalbard), as he mentions sperm funnels "considerably longer than 1.5 times the width".
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Compared to the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Lumbricillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lumbricillus" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Lumbricillus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, i.e., the genus in which we previously placed this species (and erroneously referred to it as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. semifuscus" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="semifuscus">L. semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. semifuscoides" pageId="40" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="semifuscoides">C. semifuscoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished mainly by its four pairs of pharyngeal glands, the stalked nephridial funnel, and the irregularly lobed testes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |