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<mods:title id="EAF0E1AA64BB261540BE82335802A163">Taxonomic notes on the spider genus Messapus Simon, 1898 (Araneae, Corinnidae), with the description of the new genera Copuetta and Wasaka and the first cladistic analysis of Afrotropical Castianeirinae</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BCD3553FF95FFBDFF2AFE1835F3FDE8" blockId="15.[151,430,510,536]" box="[151,430,510,536]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D085823FFF95FFBDFF2AFE1835F3FDE8" bold="true" box="[151,430,510,536]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFF2AFE1835F3FDE8" ID-CoL="5Q3W" ID-ENA="1226121" authority="Simon, 1898" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,430,510,536]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Messapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFF2AFE1835F3FDE8" bold="true" box="[151,430,510,536]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFF2AFE183553FDE8" bold="true" box="[151,270,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Messapus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE348A2FF95FFBDFEA8FE1835F3FDE8" author="Simon" box="[277,430,510,536]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Simon, E. (1898) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Tome 2, Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 193 - 380." type="journal article" year="1898">Simon, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFF2AFDA035E4FDAA" ID-CoL="5Q3W" authority="Simon, 1898: 214" authorityName="Simon" authorityPageNumber="214" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,441,581,603]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Messapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFF2AFDA034A6FDAB" box="[151,251,582,603]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Messapus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD31342FF95FFBDFEBCFDA335E4FDAA" author="Simon" box="[257,441,581,603]" page="214" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1898">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE348A2FF95FFBDFEBCFDA335DBFDAA" author="Simon" box="[257,390,581,603]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Simon, E. (1898) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Tome 2, Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 193 - 380." type="journal article" year="1898">Simon, 1898</bibRefCitation>
: 214
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</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AD31342FF95FFBDFE7EFDA336CFFDAB" author="Reiskind" box="[451,658,581,603]" page="166" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE348A2FF95FFBDFE7EFDA3363DFDAB" author="Reiskind" box="[451,608,581,603]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Reiskind, J. (1969) A spider subfamily Castianeirinae of North and Central America (Araneae, Clubionidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 138, 163 - 325." type="journal article" year="1969">Reiskind, 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 166
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AD31342FF95FFBDFD20FDA337B3FDAA" author="Bosselaers" box="[669,1006,581,603]" page="307" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE348A2FF95FFBDFD20FDA337E3FDAA" author="Bosselaers" box="[669,958,581,603]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Bosselaers, J. &amp; Jocque, R. (2000 a) Studies in Corinnidae: transfer of four genera and descriptions of the female of Lessertina mutica Lawrence 1942. Tropical Zoology, 13, 305 - 325. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.2000.10531138" type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Bosselaers &amp; Jocqué, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
: 307
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCD3553FF95FFBDFF2AFD6E37ECFD6F" blockId="15.[151,1437,647,2004]" box="[151,945,647,672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFF2AFD6E3569FD50" bold="true" box="[151,308,647,672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<typeStatus id="54C98BF1FF95FFBDFF2AFD6E348FFD50" box="[151,210,648,672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFE86FD6F36C1FD6F" authority="Simon, 1898" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1898" box="[315,668,647,672]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Messapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="martini">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFE86FD6F365EFD50" box="[315,515,649,672]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Messapus martini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE348A2FF95FFBDFDB7FD6136C1FD6F" author="Simon" box="[522,668,647,671]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Simon, E. (1898) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Tome 2, Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 193 - 380." type="journal article" year="1898">Simon, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36866D8FF95FFBDFF7AFD4A3114FCDF" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCD3553FF95FFBDFF7AFD4A3114FCDF" blockId="15.[151,1437,647,2004]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFF7AFD4A3560FD34" bold="true" box="[199,317,684,708]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFEF7FD4B35E5FD34" box="[330,440,685,708]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Messapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFEF7FD4B35E5FD34" box="[330,440,685,708]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Messapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presently includes two species,
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFCFCFD4B379DFD34" box="[833,960,685,708]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Messapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="martini">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFCFCFD4B379DFD34" box="[833,960,685,708]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. martini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFBBEFD4B30C8FD34" box="[1027,1173,684,708]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Merenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="secundus">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFBBEFD4B30C8FD34" box="[1027,1173,684,708]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. secundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the current study,
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFF2AFD3635B4FD17" authority="Pocock, 1898" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,489,719,744]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Corinna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalis">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFF2AFD363514FD18" box="[151,329,720,744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Corinna natalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE348A2FF95FFBDFEEDFD2935B4FD17" author="Pocock" box="[336,489,719,743]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1898) The Arachnida from the province of Natal, South Africa, contained in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2, 197 - 226. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939808678036" type="journal article" year="1898">Pocock, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFD17FD373745FD18" box="[682,792,721,744]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Messapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFD17FD373745FD18" box="[682,792,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Messapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFCECFD373780FD18" box="[849,989,720,744]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Merenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="secundus">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFCECFD373780FD18" box="[849,989,720,744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. secundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFB23FD37315BFD18" box="[1182,1286,721,744]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Merenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFB23FD37315BFD18" box="[1182,1286,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Merenius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The generic diagnosis and description provided here take into account the morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFBA2FD1330B7FCFC" box="[1055,1258,757,780]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Messapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="martini">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFBA2FD1330B7FCFC" box="[1055,1258,757,780]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Messapus martini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFA9AFD1331C1FCFC" box="[1319,1436,756,780]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Corinna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFA9AFD1331C1FCFC" box="[1319,1436,756,780]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. natalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFF2AFCFE354AFCC0" bold="true" box="[151,279,792,816]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A235543AFF95FFBDFF2AFCFE354AFCC0" box="[151,279,792,816]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, as well as four undescribed species from southern Africa, to account for intrageneric variation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36866D8FF95FFBDFF7AFCDD316BFC14" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BCD3553FF95FFBDFF7AFCDD316BFC14" blockId="15.[151,1437,647,2004]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFF7AFCDD351EFCA4" bold="true" box="[199,323,827,852]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFEF1FCDB35E6FCA4" box="[332,443,829,852]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Messapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFEF1FCDB35E6FCA4" box="[332,443,829,852]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Messapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be recognised from other Afrotropical Corinninae by the following combination of characters: 1) body colouration cryptic, resembling
<taxonomicName id="4C724ED0FF95FFBDFD5AFCB93704FC87" box="[743,857,863,887]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycosidae</taxonomicName>
spiders; 2) carapace tegument smooth; 3) sternum without precoxal triangles; 4) male palpal cymbium without any modified setae; 4) female epigyne with large anterior sclerotised ridges including the copulatory openings; 5) copulatory openings anterior to or in the same plane as ST II (usually posterior in other genera); 6) anterior tibiae with only three pairs of ventral spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36866D8FF95FFA2FF7AFC09313CFE3F" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCD3553FF95FFA2FF7AFC09313CFE3F" blockId="15.[151,1437,647,2004]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,463]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B906E941FF95FFBDFF7AFC093506FBF8" bold="true" box="[199,347,1007,1032]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Description:</emphasis>
Medium to large spiders, approximately 6.00
<quantity id="4C8A98B6FF95FFBDFCC3FC0937B5FBF7" box="[894,1000,1007,1031]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.625" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="16.25">16.25mm</quantity>
in length; carapace cream to yellowbrown, with mediolateral black markings from eye region to posterior slope of carapace (
<figureCitation id="134929D6FF95FFBDFB2EFBF2316AFBDC" box="[1171,1335,1044,1068]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 6" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1473,1496]" captionTargetBox="[172,1415,191,1446]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[172,1416,191,1446]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 6. General habitus photographs of Messapus martini Simon, 1898 (1 3) and M. natalis (Pocock, 1898) (4 6) from Ndumo Game Reserve, South Africa: 1, 4. Females. 2, 5. Males. 3, 6. Retreats. Arrows indicate anchor lines of retreats." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284202/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 1, 2, 4, 5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="134929D6FF95FFBDFAF8FBF231CDFBDC" box="[1349,1424,1044,1068]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 33" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1875,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,739,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,739,1854]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 27 33. Digital microscope photographs of Messapus martini Simon, 1898 from South Africa (27, 28), M. natalis (Pocock, 1898) from South Africa (29, 30) and Merenius secundus (Strand, 1907) from Tanzania (31 33): 27, 29, 31. Female, dorsal habitus. 28, 30. Male, dorsal habitus. 32. Cephalic region of female in dorsal view. 33. Female epigyne in ventral view. Scale bars: 27 31 = 2.0 mm, 32 = 0.1 mm, 33 = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284206/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2730</figureCitation>
); carapace surface smooth, with black feathery setae covering markings, white feathery setae between them and short straight setae laterally; several long curved setae on clypeus, eye region and along midline from PER to midpoint; carapace broad, slightly longer than wide, broadest at posterior of coxae II, eye region narrowed, posterior margin straight or very slightly concave; fovea distinct, short and broad; carapace with single pair of small round shallow granulate pits either side of midline, situated half the distance between PME and fovea. All eyes with black rings; AER procurved, AME larger than ALE; AME separated by slightly more than ½ their diameter, close to ALE; PER procurved, PLE slightly larger than PME; PME closer to PLE than to each other; MOQ width nearly equal anteriorly and posteriorly, slightly longer than wide. Chilum distinct, narrow and broad, single or bilateral; cheliceral surface finely granulate, with many long erect setae on anterior surface of paturon; cheliceral promargin with three teeth, retromargin with two to five teeth; shaggy seta absent; curved setae on cheliceral promargin finely plumose in both sexes; endites straight or slightly concave laterally, sometimes enlarged distally, with distinct serrula and dense maxillar hair tuft; labium nearly semi-circular, with round distal margin, wider than long. Pleural bars weakly sclerotised, isolated; sternum shield-shaped, as long as broad or slightly broader than long, slightly narrowed anteriorly; surface smooth, covered in long erect straight setae; precoxal triangles absent; intercoxal sclerites usually absent, when present between coxae I &amp; II and II &amp; III. Leg formula usually 4312, rarely 4132; legs strongly spined, all segments covered in feathery and short straight setae, feathery setae only dorsally and laterally on metatarsi and tarsi; retrocoxal window present, quite large and distinct; femora with several long erect ventral setae; all patellae with proximal and distal long fine dorsal setae, clearly shorter than patellar length; patellar indentation narrow, broad at proximal end; anterior tibiae with three pairs of ventral spines, anterior metatarsi with two pairs of ventral spines and pair of terminal spines; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with several dorsal trichobothria; metatarsi III much longer than metatarsi I and II; anterior metatarsi distally with weak scopula, posterior metatarsi with distal preening brush; tarsi weakly scopulate; paired tarsal claws short, situated lateral to very dense claw tufts. Abdomen oval, cream to dark grey, without markings or with mottled or chevron markings; several pairs of fine straight setae on anterior margin above pedicel; dorsal scutum usually absent; one or two pairs of weakly sclerotised dorsal sigilla sometimes present; dorsum densely covered in black and white or yellow feathery setae corresponding to markings, with scattered short straight setae; epigastric region weakly sclerotised, venter without post-epigastric sclerites and ventral sclerite, sometimes with two paired rows of indistinct tiny sclerites from epigastric furrow to spinnerets; inframamillary sclerite sometimes present, indistinct and weakly sclerotised; venter densely covered in feathery and long straight setae. Female epigyne strongly sclerotized with large epigynal ridges including copulatory openings, ridges usually in anterior half of epigyne, variable in shape (
<figureCitation id="134929D6FF8AFFA2FEDEFEC135EBFECF" box="[355,438,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 39" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[208,1365,671,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[181,1405,633,1930]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 34 39. Genitalic morphology of Messapus martini Simon, 1898 (34 38) and Merenius secundus (Strand, 1907) (39): 34, 39. Female epigyne, ventral view. 35. Same, dorsal view. 36. Male palp, prolateral view. 37. Same, ventral view. 38. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 34 38 = 0.50 mm; 39 = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284207/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE348A2FF8AFFA2FE7FFEC13601FECF" author="Haddad" box="[450,604,295,319]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Haddad, C. R. (2005) A redescription of Corinna natalis Pocock, 1898 (Araneae, Corinnidae), Africa's largest dark sac spider, with natural history notes. Journal of Afrotropical Zoology, 2, 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="2005">Haddad 2005</bibRefCitation>
: figs 1, 2); copulatory ducts short and broad, usually medially situated; ST II situated anterolaterally, with broad channel leading to posterior ST I; epigastric fold often heavily sclerotised. Male palp with single or multiple tibial apophyses (
<figureCitation id="134929D6FF8AFFA2FD59FE893734FE77" box="[740,873,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 39" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[208,1365,671,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[181,1405,633,1930]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 34 39. Genitalic morphology of Messapus martini Simon, 1898 (34 38) and Merenius secundus (Strand, 1907) (39): 34, 39. Female epigyne, ventral view. 35. Same, dorsal view. 36. Male palp, prolateral view. 37. Same, ventral view. 38. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 34 38 = 0.50 mm; 39 = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284207/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 37, 38</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE348A2FF8AFFA2FCCBFE89304FFE77" author="Haddad" box="[886,1042,367,391]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Haddad, C. R. (2005) A redescription of Corinna natalis Pocock, 1898 (Araneae, Corinnidae), Africa's largest dark sac spider, with natural history notes. Journal of Afrotropical Zoology, 2, 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="2005">Haddad 2005</bibRefCitation>
: figs 46); cymbium oval, without modified setae, only with weak cymbial scopula in distal third; tegulum sometimes with a sclerotised distal conductor, variable in size and shape; embolus variable, short and sickle-shaped (
<figureCitation id="134929D6FF8AFFA2FB9BFE51302AFE3F" box="[1062,1143,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 39" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[208,1365,671,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[181,1405,633,1930]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 34 39. Genitalic morphology of Messapus martini Simon, 1898 (34 38) and Merenius secundus (Strand, 1907) (39): 34, 39. Female epigyne, ventral view. 35. Same, dorsal view. 36. Male palp, prolateral view. 37. Same, ventral view. 38. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 34 38 = 0.50 mm; 39 = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284207/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
) or long and curved.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>