treatments-xml/data/03/CA/12/03CA1219FFE79E64FE90FD69F19A1A2D.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.5733/afin.051.0102" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7911071" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1683578878403" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Wesener, Thomas, Bespalova, Ioulia &amp; Sierwald, Petra" docDate="2010" docId="03CA1219FFE79E64FE90FD69F19A1A2D" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.51.1.133-161.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 51 (1)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5733/afin.051.0102" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0201127D758FBEB889983D376DC13FCB.3:AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="0201127D758FBEB889983D376DC13FCB" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Zoosphaerium heleios Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald 2010, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="157" masterDocId="FFF36A61FFF39E7DFFFEFFDBF0581B4A" masterDocTitle="Madagascar’s living giants: discovery of five new species of endemic giant pill-millipedes from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Arthrosphaeridae: Zoosphaerium)" masterLastPageNumber="133" masterPageNumber="133" pageNumber="152" updateTime="1683605769834" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title>Madagascar’s living giants: discovery of five new species of endemic giant pill-millipedes from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Arthrosphaeridae: Zoosphaerium)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wesener, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bespalova, Ioulia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sierwald, Petra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2010-05-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number>51</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5733/afin.051.0102</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2305-2562</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA1219FFE79E64FE90FD69F19A1A2D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA1219FFE79E64FE90FD69F19A1A2D" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<subSubSection box="[366,957,690,715]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="20.[366,957,690,715]" box="[366,957,690,715]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="5D7H6" authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[366,885,690,715]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heleios" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[366,628,690,715]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Zoosphaerium heleios</emphasis>
Wesener &amp; Bespalova
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[897,957,690,715]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="20.[568,755,733,758]" box="[568,755,733,758]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<figureCitation box="[568,698,733,758]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="21.[144,177,1467,1487]" captionStartId-1="22.[182,215,1575,1595]" captionStartId-2="23.[144,177,872,892]" captionTargetBox-0="[144,1102,219,1447]" captionTargetBox-1="[181,1141,971,1546]" captionTargetBox-2="[153,1098,203,849]" captionTargetId-0="figure-9@21.[144,1104,219,1447]" captionTargetId-1="figure-323@22.[181,1141,970,1546]" captionTargetId-2="figure-328@23.[153,1098,203,849]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="23" captionText-0="Fig. 14. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., (A–C, G–I) holotype; (D–F) female paratype: (A) anal shield, lateral view; (B) anal shield, dorsal view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) coxae and prefemura of second leg pair with vulvae, posterior view; (E) second right coxa with vulva, detail; (F) female subanal plate with washboard and stridulation ribs; (G–I) left anterior telopod: (G) anterior view, (H) posterior view, (I) lateral view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: 12T – tergite 12, AS – anal shield, cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, Cx – coxa, EP – external, lateral plate of vulva, IP – inner, mesal plate of vulva, ml – membranous lobe, Pre – prefemur, s-p – sclerotised spot, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-1="Fig. 15. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., holotype, posterior telopods: (A) anterior view; (B) posterior view; (C) right posterior telopod, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots. Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-2="Fig. 16. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., holotype, left antenna, SEM: (A) lateral view, (B) sensilla basiconica on 1st antennomere, (C) apical view on disc." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911461" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911105" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911107" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7911461/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7911105/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7911107/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
Figs 14– 
<geoCoordinate box="[669,698,733,758]" degrees="16, 17" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" precision="555" value="16.17">16</geoCoordinate>
</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[709,755,733,758]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[182,215,1061,1081]" captionTargetBox="[188,1134,203,1038]" captionTargetId="figure-244@24.[188,1134,203,1038]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 17. Endoterga of tergites 10, arrows point to cuticular impressions: (A) holotype of Zoosphaerium muscorum sp. n., (B) holotype of Z. bambusoides sp. n., (C) holotype of Z. tigrioculatum sp. n., (D) holotype of Z. darthvaderi sp. n., (E) holotype of Z. heleios sp. n.Abbreviations: ci – cuticular impressions, IA – inner area with spines and long setae, mr – marginal ridge, mb – marginal bristles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911109" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911109/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">17E</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,1142,775,832]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
Etymology: From Greek 
<emphasis box="[461,520,776,801]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">helos</emphasis>
(marsh), meaning “of a marsh”, referring to the unusual 
<typeStatus box="[181,229,807,832]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">type</typeStatus>
locality of this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,1142,849,1162]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
Differential diagnosis: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[446,558,849,874]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heleios">
<emphasis box="[446,558,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Z. heleios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be assigned to any of the existing species-groups, neither does it share any similarity in the posterior telopods (
<figureCitation box="[940,1078,881,906]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[182,215,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[181,1141,971,1546]" captionTargetId="figure-323@22.[181,1141,970,1546]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 15. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., holotype, posterior telopods: (A) anterior view; (B) posterior view; (C) right posterior telopod, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911105" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911105/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Figs 15A–C</figureCitation>
) with those species currently not assigned to any group (
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener, 2009" authorityName="Wesener" authorityYear="2009" box="[741,1009,913,938]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fisheri">
<emphasis box="[741,839,913,938]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Z. fisheri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="WESENER, T." box="[845,1009,913,938]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref12130" refString="WESENER, T. 2009. Unexplored richness: discovery of 31 new species of giant pill-millipedes endemic to Madagascar, with a special emphasis on microendemism (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida). Zootaxa 2097: 1 - 134." type="journal article" year="2009">Wesener, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener, 2009" authorityName=": Wesener" authorityYear="2009" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="analavelona">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Z. analavelona</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="WESENER, T." box="[281,445,945,970]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref12130" refString="WESENER, T. 2009. Unexplored richness: discovery of 31 new species of giant pill-millipedes endemic to Madagascar, with a special emphasis on microendemism (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida). Zootaxa 2097: 1 - 134." type="journal article" year="2009">Wesener, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). There are some similarities in the general shape of the posterior telopods to those of 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener, 2009" authorityName="Wesener" authorityYear="2009" box="[419,757,977,1002]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corystoides">
<emphasis box="[419,580,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Z. corystoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="WESENER, T." box="[589,757,977,1002]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref12130" refString="WESENER, T. 2009. Unexplored richness: discovery of 31 new species of giant pill-millipedes endemic to Madagascar, with a special emphasis on microendemism (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida). Zootaxa 2097: 1 - 134." type="journal article" year="2009">Wesener, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener, 2009" authorityName=": Wesener" authorityYear="2009" box="[816,1137,977,1002]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambrense">
<emphasis box="[816,957,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Z. ambrense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="WESENER, T." box="[966,1137,977,1002]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref12130" refString="WESENER, T. 2009. Unexplored richness: discovery of 31 new species of giant pill-millipedes endemic to Madagascar, with a special emphasis on microendemism (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida). Zootaxa 2097: 1 - 134." type="journal article" year="2009">Wesener, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with a strongly elongated, slender movable finger and a much shorter fixed finger (
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[182,215,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[181,1141,971,1546]" captionTargetId="figure-323@22.[181,1141,970,1546]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 15. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., holotype, posterior telopods: (A) anterior view; (B) posterior view; (C) right posterior telopod, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911105" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911105/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Figs 15A–C</figureCitation>
), but 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[330,440,1041,1066]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heleios">
<emphasis box="[330,440,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Z. heleios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from those two species in almost all other aspects, like the shape of the anterior telopods, endotergum, female vulva and antenna. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[1031,1141,1073,1098]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heleios">
<emphasis box="[1031,1141,1073,1098]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Z. heleios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all other 
<taxonomicName box="[415,662,1105,1130]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<emphasis box="[415,577,1105,1130]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Zoosphaerium</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in the presence of a (reduced?) very narrow operculum (
<figureCitation box="[318,421,1137,1162]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[144,177,1467,1487]" captionTargetBox="[144,1102,219,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-9@21.[144,1104,219,1447]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 14. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., (A–C, G–I) holotype; (D–F) female paratype: (A) anal shield, lateral view; (B) anal shield, dorsal view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) coxae and prefemura of second leg pair with vulvae, posterior view; (E) second right coxa with vulva, detail; (F) female subanal plate with washboard and stridulation ribs; (G–I) left anterior telopod: (G) anterior view, (H) posterior view, (I) lateral view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: 12T – tergite 12, AS – anal shield, cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, Cx – coxa, EP – external, lateral plate of vulva, IP – inner, mesal plate of vulva, ml – membranous lobe, Pre – prefemur, s-p – sclerotised spot, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911461/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Fig. 14D</figureCitation>
) of the female vulva.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,321,1179,1204]" box="[181,321,1179,1204]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Description:</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,246,1221,1246]" box="[181,246,1221,1246]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<emphasis box="[181,239,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Male</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,1142,1262,1319]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<emphasis box="[181,317,1262,1287]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Body length</emphasis>
: 
<typeStatus box="[333,442,1262,1287]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Holotype</typeStatus>
: length 25.0 mm, width of thoracic shield 
<quantity box="[925,1028,1262,1287]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" unit="mm" value="13.5">13.5 mm</quantity>
, height of thoracic shield 
<quantity box="[353,442,1294,1319]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" unit="mm" value="7.2">7.2 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,776,1335,1361]" box="[181,776,1335,1361]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<emphasis box="[181,270,1336,1361]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Habitus</emphasis>
: Small sized, mostly glabrous pill-millipede.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,1143,1377,1562]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<emphasis box="[181,315,1377,1402]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Colouration</emphasis>
: Some discolouration may have occurred because of preservation in alcohol. Tergites dark chestnut, with dark olive-green on indent of paratergites, on concave lateral extension of thoracic shield, on ventral side of tergites, and on legs (olive-green colour only seen well under bright light). Head and antennae dark olive-green, with yellow undertones. Collum dark chestnut fading to dark olive-green towards head.Anal shield as tergites.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,1142,1578,1667]" lastBlockId="22.[181,1143,206,927]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<emphasis box="[181,241,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Head</emphasis>
: Eyes with 83–87 ocelli.Antennae long and thin, with cylindrical joints (
<figureCitation box="[1026,1129,1578,1603]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[144,177,872,892]" captionTargetBox="[153,1098,203,849]" captionTargetId="figure-328@23.[153,1098,203,849]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 16. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., holotype, left antenna, SEM: (A) lateral view, (B) sensilla basiconica on 1st antennomere, (C) apical view on disc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911107/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
). Length of antennomeres: 1=2=3&gt;4&lt;5&lt;6. First antennomere with groove and two rows of sensilla basiconica (
<figureCitation box="[427,528,1642,1667]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[144,177,872,892]" captionTargetBox="[153,1098,203,849]" captionTargetId="figure-328@23.[153,1098,203,849]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 16. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., holotype, left antenna, SEM: (A) lateral view, (B) sensilla basiconica on 1st antennomere, (C) apical view on disc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911107/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
). Sclerotised teeth prominently present on antennomeres 1–5. Apical disc bearing 31–42 sensory cones (
<figureCitation box="[723,828,206,231]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[144,177,872,892]" captionTargetBox="[153,1098,203,849]" captionTargetId="figure-328@23.[153,1098,203,849]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 16. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., holotype, left antenna, SEM: (A) lateral view, (B) sensilla basiconica on 1st antennomere, (C) apical view on disc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911107/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
). Mouthparts not dissected. Sparse field of isolated setae all over collum, mostly located at margin closest to head.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="21.[144,1106,1467,1655]" pageId="21" pageNumber="153">
Fig. 14. 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[219,419,1467,1487]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="21" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heleios" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[219,419,1467,1487]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="153">Zoosphaerium heleios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[424,474,1467,1487]" pageId="21" pageNumber="153" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, (A–C, G–I) holotype; (D–F) female paratype: (A) anal shield, lateral view; (B) anal shield, dorsal view; (C) 9 
<superScript attach="left" box="[611,621,1489,1501]" fontSize="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="153">th</superScript>
left leg, posterior view; (D) coxae and prefemura of second leg pair with vulvae, posterior view; (E) second right coxa with vulva, detail; (F) female subanal plate with washboard and stridulation ribs; (G–I) left anterior telopod: (G) anterior view, (H) posterior view, (I) lateral view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: 12T – tergite 12, AS – anal shield, cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, Cx – coxa, EP – external, lateral plate of vulva, IP – inner, mesal plate of vulva, ml – membranous lobe, Pre – prefemur, s-p – sclerotised spot, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="22.[181,1143,206,927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis box="[181,356,278,303]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Thoracic shield</emphasis>
: Surface like tergites, except for a field of short hairs at margin nearest to head.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[181,1143,206,927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis box="[181,269,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Tergites</emphasis>
: Surface appears to have small depressions like an orange peel (50×). Very few short isolated setae found on posterior margin of paratergites. Tips of paratergites projecting posteriorly, forming blunt points.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[181,1143,206,927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis box="[181,318,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Endotergum</emphasis>
: Double row of marginal bristles reaching past edge of margin. Single row of irregular, circular cuticular patterns. Internal section with short spines and very few isolated long bristles (
<figureCitation box="[429,530,518,543]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[182,215,1061,1081]" captionTargetBox="[188,1134,203,1038]" captionTargetId="figure-244@24.[188,1134,203,1038]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 17. Endoterga of tergites 10, arrows point to cuticular impressions: (A) holotype of Zoosphaerium muscorum sp. n., (B) holotype of Z. bambusoides sp. n., (C) holotype of Z. tigrioculatum sp. n., (D) holotype of Z. darthvaderi sp. n., (E) holotype of Z. heleios sp. n.Abbreviations: ci – cuticular impressions, IA – inner area with spines and long setae, mr – marginal ridge, mb – marginal bristles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911109" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911109/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Fig. 17E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[181,1143,206,927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis box="[181,311,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Anal shield</emphasis>
: Glabrous, top well rounded, lower margin slightly tapering downwards posteriorly (
<figureCitation box="[318,459,590,615]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[144,177,1467,1487]" captionTargetBox="[144,1102,219,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-9@21.[144,1104,219,1447]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 14. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., (A–C, G–I) holotype; (D–F) female paratype: (A) anal shield, lateral view; (B) anal shield, dorsal view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) coxae and prefemura of second leg pair with vulvae, posterior view; (E) second right coxa with vulva, detail; (F) female subanal plate with washboard and stridulation ribs; (G–I) left anterior telopod: (G) anterior view, (H) posterior view, (I) lateral view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: 12T – tergite 12, AS – anal shield, cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, Cx – coxa, EP – external, lateral plate of vulva, IP – inner, mesal plate of vulva, ml – membranous lobe, Pre – prefemur, s-p – sclerotised spot, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911461/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Figs 14A, B</figureCitation>
). Underside with 2 black locking carinae; anterior one short, about 1/3 length of posterior one. Carinae separated by a space about as long as 1/2 anterior carina. Posterior carina slightly rounded towards margin of anal shield.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[181,1143,206,927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis box="[181,234,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Legs</emphasis>
: Tarsi 1 with 4 or 5, 2 with 7 or 8, 3 with eight, and 4–21 with 9–11 ventral spines. First two leg pairs without an apical spine. Tarsi of legs 3–21 with an apical spine. In leg 10, femur 2.08×, tarsi 4.8× longer than wide (
<figureCitation box="[733,836,758,783]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[144,177,1467,1487]" captionTargetBox="[144,1102,219,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-9@21.[144,1104,219,1447]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 14. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., (A–C, G–I) holotype; (D–F) female paratype: (A) anal shield, lateral view; (B) anal shield, dorsal view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) coxae and prefemura of second leg pair with vulvae, posterior view; (E) second right coxa with vulva, detail; (F) female subanal plate with washboard and stridulation ribs; (G–I) left anterior telopod: (G) anterior view, (H) posterior view, (I) lateral view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: 12T – tergite 12, AS – anal shield, cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, Cx – coxa, EP – external, lateral plate of vulva, IP – inner, mesal plate of vulva, ml – membranous lobe, Pre – prefemur, s-p – sclerotised spot, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911461/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[181,1143,206,927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis box="[181,362,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Stigmatic plates</emphasis>
: First plate with triangular lobe. Lobe short and stout, apex very thin and strongly curving towards coxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[181,1143,206,927]" lastBlockId="23.[144,1104,958,1671]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis box="[181,446,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Male sexual characters:</emphasis>
Gonopore covered with a single undivided, elliptical sclerotised plate. Apical portion of plate membranous. Covers 2/3 height and 2/3 width of coxa. Top of anal shield fairly well rounded, a little humped, lower margin at posterior end tapering downwards (
<figureCitation box="[384,487,990,1015]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[144,177,1467,1487]" captionTargetBox="[144,1102,219,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-9@21.[144,1104,219,1447]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 14. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., (A–C, G–I) holotype; (D–F) female paratype: (A) anal shield, lateral view; (B) anal shield, dorsal view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) coxae and prefemura of second leg pair with vulvae, posterior view; (E) second right coxa with vulva, detail; (F) female subanal plate with washboard and stridulation ribs; (G–I) left anterior telopod: (G) anterior view, (H) posterior view, (I) lateral view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: 12T – tergite 12, AS – anal shield, cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, Cx – coxa, EP – external, lateral plate of vulva, IP – inner, mesal plate of vulva, ml – membranous lobe, Pre – prefemur, s-p – sclerotised spot, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911461/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
). Upper surface covered by a sparse carpet of very short setae, lower surface glabrous.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911105" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7911105" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911105/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="154" startId="22.[182,215,1575,1595]" targetBox="[181,1141,971,1546]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
<paragraph blockId="22.[182,1142,1575,1667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">
Fig. 15. 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[259,460,1575,1595]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="22" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heleios" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[259,460,1575,1595]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="154">Zoosphaerium heleios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[467,518,1575,1595]" pageId="22" pageNumber="154" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, posterior telopods: (A) anterior view; (B) posterior view; (C) right posterior telopod, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots. Scale bars = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911107" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7911107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911107/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="155" startId="23.[144,177,872,892]" targetBox="[153,1098,203,849]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph blockId="23.[144,1104,872,916]" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">
Fig. 16. 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[218,418,872,892]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="23" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heleios" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[218,418,872,892]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">Zoosphaerium heleios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[423,472,872,892]" pageId="23" pageNumber="155" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, left antenna, SEM: (A) lateral view, (B) 
<emphasis box="[931,1104,872,892]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">sensilla basiconica</emphasis>
on 1 
<superScript attach="left" box="[279,288,895,907]" fontSize="5" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">st</superScript>
antennomere, (C) apical view on disc.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="23.[144,1104,958,1671]" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">
<emphasis box="[144,340,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">Anterior telopods</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[354,487,1062,1087]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[144,177,1467,1487]" captionTargetBox="[144,1102,219,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-9@21.[144,1104,219,1447]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 14. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., (A–C, G–I) holotype; (D–F) female paratype: (A) anal shield, lateral view; (B) anal shield, dorsal view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) coxae and prefemura of second leg pair with vulvae, posterior view; (E) second right coxa with vulva, detail; (F) female subanal plate with washboard and stridulation ribs; (G–I) left anterior telopod: (G) anterior view, (H) posterior view, (I) lateral view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: 12T – tergite 12, AS – anal shield, cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, Cx – coxa, EP – external, lateral plate of vulva, IP – inner, mesal plate of vulva, ml – membranous lobe, Pre – prefemur, s-p – sclerotised spot, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911461/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">Figs 14G–I</figureCitation>
): Harp with two strongly pronounced stridulation ribs – upper rib protrudes robustly, creating a sort of triangular plateau. A few tiny sclerotised spines located basally on lateral part of first podomere. Lateral edge of syncoxite near first podomere also with many tiny sclerotised spines. Second podomere process has rectangular mound of sclerotised spots apically, directly juxtaposed to large mound of sclerotised spots on third podomere. Third podomere’ s sclerotised mound takes up 2/3 of process, and laterally a fairly deep concavity rimmed by podomere’s lateral margin takes up 1/3. Sclerotised spine located on lateral rim of mound, and another at base of mound. Lateral apical margin has 5–7 sclerotised, crenulated teeth, 2 or 3 sclerotised spines at apex, and 2 brown sclerotised spots mesally of spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[144,1104,958,1671]" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">
<emphasis box="[144,352,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">Posterior telopods</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[366,510,1390,1415]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[182,215,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[181,1141,971,1546]" captionTargetId="figure-323@22.[181,1141,970,1546]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 15. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., holotype, posterior telopods: (A) anterior view; (B) posterior view; (C) right posterior telopod, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911105" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911105/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="155">Figs 15A–C</figureCitation>
): Movable finger rather elongated (3.19× longer than wide), weakly curving towards fixed finger. Four sclerotised spines on mesal side in shallow cavity; 1 apically, 1 at median of cavity, and 2 (one positioned below the other) at base of cavity. On meso-apical posterior margin are 16 or 17 sclerotised teeth. Fixed finger slightly shorter than movable finger, hooking towards latter. Sclerotised spots on apicolateral part of fixed finger. Movable finger anteriorly and posteriorly except for area around apex densely covered in long hairs. Second podomere anteriorly, as well as mesal portion of fixed finger, covered in hairs. First podomere mostly glabrous except for a small patch on mesal margin facing inner horns.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911109" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7911109" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911109/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" startId="24.[182,215,1061,1081]" targetBox="[188,1134,203,1038]" targetPageId="24" targetType="figure">
<paragraph blockId="24.[182,1142,1061,1177]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">
Fig. 17. Endoterga of tergites 10, arrows point to cuticular impressions: (A) holotype of 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muscorum" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Zoosphaerium muscorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[378,428,1085,1105]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, (B) holotype of 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[582,724,1085,1105]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bambusoides" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[582,724,1085,1105]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Z. bambusoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[730,780,1085,1105]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, (C) holotype of 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[935,1082,1085,1105]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tigrioculatum" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[935,1082,1085,1105]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Z. tigrioculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1088,1138,1085,1105]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, (D) holotype of 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[419,549,1109,1129]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darthvaderi" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[419,549,1109,1129]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Z. darthvaderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[552,601,1109,1129]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, (E) holotype of 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[748,835,1109,1129]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heleios" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[748,835,1109,1129]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Z. heleios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[839,886,1109,1129]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Abbreviations: ci – cuticular impressions, IA – inner area with spines and long setae, mr – marginal ridge, mb – marginal bristles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="24.[181,1142,1228,1670]" box="[181,273,1228,1253]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">
<emphasis box="[181,273,1228,1253]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Female.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[181,1142,1228,1670]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">
<emphasis box="[181,315,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Body length</emphasis>
: 
<typeStatus box="[329,442,1267,1292]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: length up to 
<quantity box="[591,693,1267,1292]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.26" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" unit="mm" value="32.6">32.6 mm</quantity>
, width of thoracic shield up to 
<quantity box="[1036,1137,1267,1292]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.63" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" unit="mm" value="16.3">16.3 mm</quantity>
, height of thoracic shield up to 
<quantity box="[524,613,1299,1324]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" unit="mm" value="9.4">9.4 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[181,1142,1228,1670]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">
<emphasis box="[181,459,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Female sexual characters</emphasis>
: 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2004-03-28" collectionCode="CASC" collectorName="Malagasy" country="Madagascar" elevation="1070" latitude="-18.870834" location="Torotorofotsy" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.3475" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" specimenCode="BLF 10673, CASENT 9032796" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Toamasina" typeStatus="holotype">
Vulva large, covering more than 3/4 of coxa (
<figureCitation box="[960,1061,1339,1364]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[144,177,1467,1487]" captionTargetBox="[144,1102,219,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-9@21.[144,1104,219,1447]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 14. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., (A–C, G–I) holotype; (D–F) female paratype: (A) anal shield, lateral view; (B) anal shield, dorsal view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) coxae and prefemura of second leg pair with vulvae, posterior view; (E) second right coxa with vulva, detail; (F) female subanal plate with washboard and stridulation ribs; (G–I) left anterior telopod: (G) anterior view, (H) posterior view, (I) lateral view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: 12T – tergite 12, AS – anal shield, cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, Cx – coxa, EP – external, lateral plate of vulva, IP – inner, mesal plate of vulva, ml – membranous lobe, Pre – prefemur, s-p – sclerotised spot, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911461/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Fig. 14D</figureCitation>
). Operculum short, flat and disc-shaped, with shallowly indented middle. Mesal plate long and fairly thin, extending beyond coxa and operculum, and hooking towards prefemur, covered apically in long hairs. Suture between inner and outer plates containing some sort of structure under membrane of which two parallel strips poke up and out of membrane (
<figureCitation box="[190,292,1499,1524]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[144,177,1467,1487]" captionTargetBox="[144,1102,219,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-9@21.[144,1104,219,1447]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 14. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., (A–C, G–I) holotype; (D–F) female paratype: (A) anal shield, lateral view; (B) anal shield, dorsal view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) coxae and prefemura of second leg pair with vulvae, posterior view; (E) second right coxa with vulva, detail; (F) female subanal plate with washboard and stridulation ribs; (G–I) left anterior telopod: (G) anterior view, (H) posterior view, (I) lateral view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: 12T – tergite 12, AS – anal shield, cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, Cx – coxa, EP – external, lateral plate of vulva, IP – inner, mesal plate of vulva, ml – membranous lobe, Pre – prefemur, s-p – sclerotised spot, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911461/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Fig. 14E</figureCitation>
). Subanal plate with washboard possessing up to 3 stridulation ribs on each half; 2 long and well-developed, a third short rib sometimes present mesally (
<figureCitation box="[1030,1129,1531,1556]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[144,177,1467,1487]" captionTargetBox="[144,1102,219,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-9@21.[144,1104,219,1447]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 14. Zoosphaerium heleios sp. n., (A–C, G–I) holotype; (D–F) female paratype: (A) anal shield, lateral view; (B) anal shield, dorsal view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) coxae and prefemura of second leg pair with vulvae, posterior view; (E) second right coxa with vulva, detail; (F) female subanal plate with washboard and stridulation ribs; (G–I) left anterior telopod: (G) anterior view, (H) posterior view, (I) lateral view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere.Abbreviations: 12T – tergite 12, AS – anal shield, cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, Cx – coxa, EP – external, lateral plate of vulva, IP – inner, mesal plate of vulva, ml – membranous lobe, Pre – prefemur, s-p – sclerotised spot, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911461/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Fig. 14F</figureCitation>
). 
<typeStatus box="[181,269,1570,1590]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Holotype</typeStatus>
: ơ (
<collectionCode box="[301,362,1570,1590]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">CASC</collectionCode>
<specimenCode box="[367,470,1570,1590]" collectionCode="BLF" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">BLF 10673</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCode box="[480,658,1570,1590]" collectionCode="CASENT" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">CASENT 9032796</specimenCode>
)). 
<collectingCountry box="[679,844,1570,1590]" name="Madagascar" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
: 
<emphasis box="[852,1004,1570,1590]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">
<collectingRegion box="[852,1004,1570,1590]" country="Madagascar" name="Toamasina" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Toamasina Prov.</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA1219FFE79E64FE90FD69F19A1A2D:8EBCF5D4FFEB9E65FC0BF9F9F42A1D7C" box="[1013,1138,1570,1590]" country="Madagascar" latitude="-18.870834" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.3475" name="Torotorofotsy" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" stateProvince="Toamasina">Torotorofotsy</location>
, on low vegetation, marsh edge, montane rainforest, 
<quantity box="[666,739,1594,1614]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" unit="m" value="1070.0">
<elevation box="[666,739,1594,1614]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" unit="m" value="1070.0">1070 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[750,854,1591,1614]" degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" precision="15" seconds="15" value="-18.870834">18°52'15&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
: 
<geoCoordinate box="[856,966,1591,1614]" degrees="48" direction="east" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" precision="15" seconds="51" value="48.3475">48°20'51&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, leg. 
<collectorName box="[1018,1106,1594,1614]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Malagasy</collectorName>
ant team, 
<date box="[237,338,1618,1638]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" value="2004-03-28">
<collectingDate box="[237,338,1618,1638]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" value="2004-03-28">28.iii.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[181,1142,1228,1670]" box="[181,866,1649,1670]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">
<materialsCitation box="[181,862,1649,1670]" collectingDate="2004-03-28" collectionCode="CASC" collectorName="Malagasy" country="Madagascar" elevation="1070" latitude="-18.870834" location="Torotorofotsy" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.3475" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" specimenCode="BLF 10673" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-immature="2" stateProvince="Toamasina" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus box="[181,273,1650,1670]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: 1ơ 
<specimenCount box="[312,459,1649,1670]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156" type="immature">2^2 immatures</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode box="[471,532,1650,1670]" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">CASC</collectionCode>
<specimenCode box="[537,644,1650,1670]" collectionCode="BLF" pageId="24" pageNumber="156">BLF 10673</specimenCode>
), same data as holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[144,1104,206,295]" pageId="25" pageNumber="157">
Distribution &amp; Ecology: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[411,516,206,231]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="25" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heleios">
<emphasis box="[411,516,206,231]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="157">Z. heleios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently only known from the marshes of Torotorofotsy (
<figureCitation box="[211,277,238,263]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[374,407,1647,1667]" captionTargetBox="[298,946,604,1625]" captionTargetId="figure-126@3.[298,947,604,1627]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Distribution map of new Zoosphaerium species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911075" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911075/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="157">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). This species is the only Malagasy giant pill-millipede species ever recorded from marshes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[144,450,334,359]" box="[144,450,334,359]" pageId="25" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis box="[144,450,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="157">Description of new females</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>