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<document id="6B03749B39A22F9CE473BBC41DF377B1" ID-CLB-Dataset="276885" ID-DOI="10.2307/3503951" ID-GBIF-Dataset="36a48fd8-b8de-4b36-94a3-a40a9617ebcc" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10128030" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1699641508078" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Currier, Mary Jean P." docDate="1983" docId="03B86D2DFFA0FF816B704556A776FEC1" docLanguage="en" docName="MammSpecies.200.1-7.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 200 (10)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3503951" docTitle="Felis concolor Linnaeus 1771" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FF811555FFA0FF846A7C4417A67EFFC1" masterDocTitle="Felis concolor" masterLastPageNumber="230704" masterPageNumber="230704" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1700016038234" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="84BB560334D06C7B5DF5F94C7CAB9816">Felis concolor</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7947034BF6B37C6DE60A674BF9346DCE">Currier, Mary Jean P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D82787E941D4B798BCA3254828FA5110">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0F470514703906FF1BE4B47520D8B9BA">1983</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="35AF855B9D8C41C30E7003FDD87167C7">1983-04-08</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B86D2DFFA0FF816B704556A776FEC1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="217558502" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B86D2DFFA0FF816B704556A776FEC1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B86D2DFFA0FF816B704556A776FEC1" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="C30B8FB0FFA0FF846B704556A4FCFE99" box="[268,642,321,344]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846B704556A4FCFE99" blockId="0.[268,642,321,379]" box="[268,642,321,344]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="D0E66B57FFA0FF846B704556A4FCFE99" box="[268,642,321,344]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846B704556A4FCFE99" ID-CoL="3DXV5" authority="Linnaeus, 1771" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[268,642,321,344]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846B704556A7C2FE99" box="[268,444,321,344]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<docTitle id="CE0B2555FFA0FF846B704556A7C2FE99" box="[268,444,321,344]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis concolor</docTitle>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846BBB4556A4FCFE99" author="Linnaeus, C. von" box="[455,642,321,344]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="143 - 587" refId="ref9015" refString="Linnaeus, C. von. 1771. Regni animalis. Pp, 521 - 552, in Appendix, Mantissa Plantarurn altera. Uppsala. Pp. 143 - 587. (not seen)" type="book chapter" year="1771">Linnaeus, 1771</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B8FB0FFA0FF846B014574A46BFEBA" box="[381,533,355,379]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846B014574A46BFEBA" blockId="0.[268,642,321,379]" box="[381,533,355,379]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="D0E66B57FFA0FF846B014574A46BFEBA" box="[381,533,355,379]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="1">Mountain Lion</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B8FB0FFA0FF846AC9458BA706FC64" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC9458BA4A5FE04" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC9458BA7ABFE71" authority="Linnaeus, 1771 :522" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="522" authorityYear="1771" box="[181,469,412,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC9458BA756FE71" box="[181,296,412,432]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis concolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B53458BA7ABFE71" author="Linnaeus, C. von" box="[303,469,412,432]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="143 - 587" refId="ref9015" refString="Linnaeus, C. von. 1771. Regni animalis. Pp, 521 - 552, in Appendix, Mantissa Plantarurn altera. Uppsala. Pp. 143 - 587. (not seen)" type="book chapter" year="1771">Linnaeus, 1771:522</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality restricted to Cayenne, French Guiana, by Goldman (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B8645A6A4AFFE04" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[506,721,433,453]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC945D1A7B1FDC3" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC945D1A7C1FE18" authority="Kerr, 1792: 15" authorityName="Kerr" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1792" box="[181,447,454,473]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couguar">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC945D1A755FE18" box="[181,299,454,473]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis couguar</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B4B45D1A7C1FE18" author="Kerr, R." box="[311,447,454,473]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref8751" refString="Kerr, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or, zoological system of ... Sir. C. Linnaeus. Class 1. Mammalia being a translation of that part of the Systema Natura with numerous additions by R. K. Vol. 1. Printed for J. Murray, London, 644 pp. (not seen)" type="book" year="1792">Kerr, 1792:15 1</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. T ype locality North and South Carolina, Georgia, Pennsylvania; restricted to Pennsylvania by
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846A9D45F8A7B5FDC3" author="Nelson, E. W. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[225,459,495,514]" journalOrPublisher="J. Washington Acad. Sci." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 212" part="21" refId="ref9459" refString="Nelson, E. W., and E. A. Goldman. 1929. List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas. J. Washington Acad. Sci., 21: 209 - 212." title="List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas" type="journal article" year="1929">Nelson and Goldman (1929)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC94613A772FDEA" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC94613A7CAFDD9" authority="Molina, 1782: 295" authorityName="Molina" authorityPageNumber="295" authorityYear="1782" box="[181,436,516,536]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puma">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC94613A76CFDD9" box="[181,274,516,536]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis puma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B614613A7CAFDD9" author="Molina, J. I." box="[285,436,516,536]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref9393" refString="Molina, J. I. 1782. Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili, del signor abate Giovanni Ignazio Molina. Stamperoa del S. Tommaso d' Aquino, Bologna, 367 pp. (not seen)" type="book" year="1782">Molina, 1782:295</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality vicinity of Santiago, Chile.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC9463AA76BFDBF" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC9463AA45FFD80" authority="Rafinesque, 1832: 62" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityPageNumber="62" authorityYear="1832" box="[181,545,557,577]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oregonensis">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC9463AA6A0FD80" box="[181,222,557,577]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felix</emphasis>
(sic)
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846B70463AA713FD80" box="[268,365,557,577]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">oregonensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B09463AA45FFD80" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[373,545,557,577]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="62 - 63" refId="ref9878" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1832. On the North American cougars. Atlantic J. and Friend of Knowledge, 1 (1): 19, 62 - 63. (not seen)" type="journal article" year="1832">Rafinesque, 1832:62</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Oregon, by restriction (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B234655A436FD97" author="Nelson, E. W. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[351,584,578,598]" journalOrPublisher="J. Washington Acad. Sci." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 212" part="21" refId="ref9459" refString="Nelson, E. W., and E. A. Goldman. 1929. List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas. J. Washington Acad. Sci., 21: 209 - 212." title="List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas" type="journal article" year="1929">Nelson and Goldman, 1932</bibRefCitation>
) to Ohanapecosh River, Mount Rainier National Park, Pierce County, Wash· ington.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC84697A4A2FD55" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" box="[180,732,640,660]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC84697A7C7FD55" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[180,441,640,660]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC84697A744FD55" box="[180,314,640,660]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis californica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B3E4697A7C7FD55" author="May, W. B." box="[322,441,640,660]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref9145" refString="May, W. B. 1896. California game &quot; marked down. &quot; Southern Pacific R. R. Co., San Francisco, California, 64 pp. (not seen)" type="book" year="1896">May, 1896:22</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Kern Co., California.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC8468DA71FFD00" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC8468DA7E3FD6F" authority="Bangs, 1899: 15" authorityName="Bangs" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1899" box="[180,413,666,686]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coryi">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC8468DA770FD6F" box="[180,270,666,686]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis coryi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B64468DA7E3FD6F" author="Bangs, O." box="[280,413,666,686]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="15 - 17" part="13" refId="ref7559" refString="Bangs, O. 1899. The Florida puma. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 13: 15 - 17." title="The Florida puma" type="journal article" year="1899">Bangs, 1899:15</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality wilderness back of Sebastian, Florida.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC846D4A7EFFD3E" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC846D4A799FD16" authority="Merriam, 1897: 21" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1897" box="[180,487,707,727]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippolestes">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC846D4A745FD16" box="[180,315,707,727]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis hippolestes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B3846D4A799FD16" author="Merriam, C. H." box="[324,487,707,727]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 220" part="11" refId="ref9181" refString="Merriam, C. H. 1897. Descriptions of two new pumas from the northwestern United States. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 11: 219 - 220." title="Descriptions of two new pumas from the northwestern United States" type="journal article" year="1897">Merriam, 1897:21 9</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality western United States (Wind River Mountains, near basin Wind River, Fremont Co., Wyoming).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC84716A7A5FCE8" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC84716A7AEFCD4" authority="Merriam, 1901: 595" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="595" authorityYear="1901" box="[180,464,769,789]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bangsi">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC84716A763FCD4" box="[180,285,769,789]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis bangsi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B554716A7AEFCD4" box="[297,464,769,789]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Washington Acad. Sci" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="577 - 600" part="3" refId="ref9214" refString="1901. Preliminary revision of the pumas (Felis concolor group). Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3: 577 - 600." title="Preliminary revision of the pumas (Felis concolor group)" type="journal article" year="1901">Merriam, 1901:595</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Dibulla, department of Magdalena, Colombia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC9473CA422FC92" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC9473CA7B7FCFE" authority=", Merriam, 1903: 73" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="73" authorityYear="1903" box="[181,457,811,831]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aztecus">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC9473CA75BFCFE" box="[181,293,811,831]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis aztecus,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B52473CA7B7FCFE" box="[302,457,811,831]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="85 - 86" part="25" refId="ref9241" refString="1903. Eight new mammals from the United States. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 25: 85 - 86." title="Eight new mammals from the United States" type="journal article" year="1903">Merriam, 1903:73</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; used as a full species, originally proposed as a subspecies of
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846BB04757A422FC92" box="[460,604,832,851]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846BB04757A426FC92" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" box="[460,600,832,851]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippolestes">Felis hippolestes</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846ACF4743A472FCBA" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846ACF4743A791FCA9" authority="Hollister, 1911: 1" authorityName="Hollister" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1911" box="[179,495,852,872]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arundivaza">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846ACF4743A73FFCA9" box="[179,321,852,872]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis arundivaza</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B374743A791FCA9" author="Hollister, N." box="[331,495,852,872]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="175 - 178" refId="ref8500" refString="Hollister, N. &quot; 1911. The Louisiana puma. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 24: 175 - 178." type="journal article" year="1911">Hollister, 1911: 1 76</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality 12 miles SW Vidalia, Concordia Parish, Louisiana.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846ACF4769A706FC64" blockId="0.[179,732,412,933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846ACF4769A7FEFC50" authority="Phillips" authorityName="Phillips" authorityYear="1912" box="[179,384,894,913]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improcera">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846ACF4769A744FC50" box="[179,314,894,913]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis improcera</emphasis>
Phillips
</taxonomicName>
, 191 2:85. Type locality CalmaIIi, Baja California, Mexico.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B8FB0FFA0FF846A9E47DEA2A8FD79" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846A9E47DEA4C9FBF1" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9E47DEA789FC1C" bold="true" box="[226,503,969,989]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">CONTEXT AND CONTENT</emphasis>
. Order
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF84683847DEA4EDFC1C" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" box="[580,659,969,989]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Carnivora</taxonomicName>
, Family
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846ACA47C9A68CFC30" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" box="[182,242,990,1009]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Felidae</taxonomicName>
. Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846B2147C9A7E5FC30" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" box="[349,411,990,1009]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Felinae">Felinae</taxonomicName>
. The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF84686C47C9A44BFC30" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[528,565,990,1009]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84686C47C9A44BFC30" box="[528,565,990,1009]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes about 29 species. The subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846B0D47E5A7DFFBC7" box="[369,417,1010,1030]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Puma">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846B0D47E5A7DFFBC7" box="[369,417,1010,1030]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Puma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(here recognized following
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF8468F847E5A748FBDA" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
) includes one species,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846B804010A406FBDA" box="[508,632,1031,1051]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846B804010A40DFBDA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[508,627,1031,1051]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">Felis concolor</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Thirty subspecies are generally recognized (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846BB5400BA4D3FBF1" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[457,685,1052,1072]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC94028A7ECFBA7" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC94028A793FB92" authority="Goldman, 1943:230" box="[181,493,1087,1107]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="aerocodia">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC94028A6B6FB92" box="[181,200,1087,1107]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9B4028A746FB92" box="[231,312,1087,1107]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">aerocodia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B3F4028A793FB92" box="[323,493,1087,1107]" journalOrPublisher="1. Mamm." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="228 - 231" part="24" refId="ref8395" refString="1943. Two new races of the puma. J. Mamm., 24: 228 - 231." title="Two new races of the puma" type="journal article" year="1943">Goldman, 1943:230</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. T ype locality Descalvados, Matto Grosso, Brazil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC9407EA4A5FB4E" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC9407EA44AFBBD" authority="Nelson and Goldman, 1931: 209" box="[181,564,1129,1148]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="anthonyi">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC9407EA6B6FBBD" box="[181,200,1129,1148]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AA3407EA756FBBD" box="[223,296,1129,1148]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">anthonyi</emphasis>
Nelson and Goldman, 1931:209
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Playa del Rio Base, Monte Duida, Territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC94087A4BAFB7B" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC94087A7A7FB67" authority="Osgood, 1943:77" box="[181,473,1168,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="araucanus">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC94087A6B8FB67" box="[181,198,1168,1190]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A944087A740FB67" box="[232,318,1168,1190]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">araucanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B344087A7A7FB67" author="Osgood, W. H." box="[328,473,1168,1190]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="75 - 79" refId="ref9611" refString="Osgood, W. H. 1943. The mammals of Chile. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 30: 75 - 79." type="journal article" year="1943">Osgood, 1943:77</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality &quot;Fundo Mairenuhue,&quot; Sierre Nahuelbuta, west of Angol, Malleco, Chile.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC940ABA4E2FB22" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC940ABA7ADFB11" authority="Merriam, 1901:592" box="[181,467,1212,1232]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="azteca">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC940ABA6B9FB11" box="[181,199,1212,1232]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9540ABA760FB11" box="[233,286,1212,1232]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">azteca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B5640ABA7ADFB11" box="[298,467,1212,1232]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Washington Acad. Sci" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="577 - 600" part="3" refId="ref9214" refString="1901. Preliminary revision of the pumas (Felis concolor group). Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3: 577 - 600." title="Preliminary revision of the pumas (Felis concolor group)" type="journal article" year="1901">Merriam, 1901:592</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Colonia Garcia, about 60 mi SW Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846ACA40F1A455FB39" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" box="[182,555,1254,1272]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846ACA40F1A7B7FB39" authority="Merriam, 1901: 595" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="595" authorityYear="1901" box="[182,457,1254,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846ACA40F1A6B6FB39" box="[182,200,1254,1272]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9840F1A767FB39" box="[228,281,1254,1272]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">bangsi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B5F40F1A7B7FB39" box="[291,457,1254,1272]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Washington Acad. Sci" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="577 - 600" part="3" refId="ref9214" refString="1901. Preliminary revision of the pumas (Felis concolor group). Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3: 577 - 600." title="Preliminary revision of the pumas (Felis concolor group)" type="journal article" year="1901">Merriam, 1901:595</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC940EDA476FAE0" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC940EDA443FACC" authority="Nelson and Goldman, 1933:524" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="524" authorityYear="1933" box="[181,573,1274,1293]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC940EDA6B9FACC" box="[181,199,1274,1293]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9E40EDA750FACC" box="[226,302,1274,1293]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">borbensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B4A40EDA443FACC" box="[310,573,1274,1293]" journalOrPublisher="J. Washington Acad. Sci." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="523 - 525" part="23" refId="ref9541" refString="1933. A new puma from Brazil. J. Washington Acad. Sci., 23 (11): 523 - 525." title="A new puma from Brazil" type="journal article" year="1933">Nelson and Goldman, 1933:52 4</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Borba, Rio Madeira, Amazonas, Brazil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC94133A7CFFA8A" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC94133A7C0FAF6" authority="Merriam, 1903:73" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="73" authorityYear="1933" box="[181,446,1316,1335]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC94133A6B8FAF6" box="[181,198,1316,1335]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9F4133A764FAF6" box="[227,282,1316,1335]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">browni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B5F4133A7C0FAF6" box="[291,446,1316,1335]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="85 - 86" part="25" refId="ref9241" refString="1903. Eight new mammals from the United States. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 25: 85 - 86." title="Eight new mammals from the United States" type="journal article" year="1903">Merriam, 1903:73</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Colorado River, 12 mi below Yuma, Arizona.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC9415AA793FAB4" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC9415AA7B6FAA0" authority="Pocock, 1940:308" authorityName="Pocock" authorityPageNumber="308" authorityYear="1940" box="[181,456,1357,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC9415AA6B9FAA0" box="[181,199,1357,1377]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9C415AA756FAA0" box="[224,296,1357,1377]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cabrerae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B53415AA7B6FAA0" box="[303,456,1357,1377]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="307 - 313" part="11" refId="ref9808" refString="1940. Description of a new race of puma (Puma concolor), with note on an abnormal tooth in the genus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, 6: 307 - 313." title="Description of a new race of puma (Puma concolor), with note on an abnormal tooth in the genus" type="journal article" year="1940">Pocock, 1940:308</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. T ype locality La Rioja, Province of La Rioja, northern Argentina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC94161A45EFA48" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" box="[181,544,1398,1417]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC94161A7C0FA48" authority="May, 1896:22" authorityName="May" authorityPageNumber="22" authorityYear="1896" box="[181,446,1398,1417]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC94161A6B8FA48" box="[181,198,1398,1417]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9F4161A745FA48" box="[227,315,1398,1417]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">californica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B394161A7C0FA48" author="May, W. B." box="[325,446,1398,1417]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref9145" refString="May, W. B. 1896. California game &quot; marked down. &quot; Southern Pacific R. R. Co., San Francisco, California, 64 pp. (not seen)" type="book" year="1896">May, 1896:22</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC9419DA7A6FA73" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC9419DA418FA5E" authority="Nelson and Goldman, 1929:346" authorityName="Nelson and Goldman" authorityPageNumber="346" authorityYear="1929" box="[181,614,1418,1439]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC9419DA6B8FA5E" box="[181,198,1418,1439]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9C419DA727FA5E" box="[224,345,1418,1439]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">capricornensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B1C419DA418FA5E" author="Nelson, E. W. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[352,614,1418,1439]" journalOrPublisher="J. Washington Acad. Sci." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 212" part="21" refId="ref9459" refString="Nelson, E. W., and E. A. Goldman. 1929. List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas. J. Washington Acad. Sci., 21: 209 - 212." title="List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas" type="journal article" year="1929">Nelson and Goldman, 1929:346</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC941A3A445FA06" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" box="[181,571,1460,1479]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC941A3A7A7FA06" authority="Linnaeus, 1771: 522" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="522" authorityYear="1771" box="[181,473,1460,1479]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC941A3A6B8FA06" box="[181,198,1460,1479]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9F41A3A757FA06" box="[227,297,1460,1479]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">concolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B4E41A3A7A7FA06" author="Linnaeus, C. von" box="[306,473,1460,1479]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="143 - 587" refId="ref9015" refString="Linnaeus, C. von. 1771. Regni animalis. Pp, 521 - 552, in Appendix, Mantissa Plantarurn altera. Uppsala. Pp. 143 - 587. (not seen)" type="book chapter" year="1771">Linnaeus, 1771:522</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC941DEA74DFA2E" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC941DEA7DBFA1D" authority="Bangs, 1899: 15" authorityName="Bangs" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1899" box="[181,421,1481,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC941DEA6B8FA1D" box="[181,198,1481,1500]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9541DEA76FFA1D" box="[233,273,1481,1500]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">coryi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B6241DEA7DBFA1D" author="Bangs, O." box="[286,421,1481,1500]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="15 - 17" part="13" refId="ref7559" refString="Bangs, O. 1899. The Florida puma. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 13: 15 - 17." title="The Florida puma" type="journal article" year="1899">Bangs, 1899: 15</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see above
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84686F41DEA407FA1D" box="[531,633,1481,1500]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF84686741DEA4B6FA1D" authority="Hollister" authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1911" box="[539,712,1481,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arundivaza">arundivaza Hollister</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
a synonym).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC841E7A70BF9DA" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC841E7A478F9C7" authority="Merriam, 1901:596" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="596" authorityYear="1901" box="[180,518,1520,1542]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC841E7A6B8F9C7" box="[180,198,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9441E7A72FF9C7" box="[232,337,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">costaricensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B2141E7A478F9C7" box="[349,518,1520,1542]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Washington Acad. Sci" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="577 - 600" part="3" refId="ref9214" refString="1901. Preliminary revision of the pumas (Felis concolor group). Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3: 577 - 600." title="Preliminary revision of the pumas (Felis concolor group)" type="journal article" year="1901">Merriam, 1901:596</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Boquerte, Chiriqui, Panama.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC9420BA469F9EE" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" box="[181,535,1564,1583]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC9420BA7CDF9EE" authority="Kerr, 1792: 151" authorityName="Kerr" authorityPageNumber="151" authorityYear="1792" box="[181,435,1564,1583]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="couguar">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC9420BA6B9F9EE" box="[181,199,1564,1583]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9E420BA758F9EE" box="[226,294,1564,1583]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">couguar</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B53420BA7CDF9EE" author="Kerr, R." box="[303,435,1564,1583]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref8751" refString="Kerr, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or, zoological system of ... Sir. C. Linnaeus. Class 1. Mammalia being a translation of that part of the Systema Natura with numerous additions by R. K. Vol. 1. Printed for J. Murray, London, 644 pp. (not seen)" type="book" year="1792">Kerr, 1792:151</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC84227A473F996" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC84227A460F985" authority="Nelson and Goldman, 1931:211" authorityName="Nelson and Goldman" authorityPageNumber="211" authorityYear="1931" box="[180,542,1584,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="greeni">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC84227A6B9F985" box="[180,199,1584,1604]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AA34227A76CF985" box="[223,274,1584,1604]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">greeni</emphasis>
Nelson and Goldman, 1931:211
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Curraes Novos, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC8424EA42EF9AC" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" box="[180,592,1625,1645]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC8424EA791F9AC" authority="Merriam, 1897: 219" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="219" authorityYear="1897" box="[180,495,1625,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippolestes">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC8424EA6B8F9AC" box="[180,198,1625,1645]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9F424EA741F9AC" box="[227,319,1625,1645]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">hippolestes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B34424EA791F9AC" author="Merriam, C. H." box="[328,495,1625,1645]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 220" part="11" refId="ref9181" refString="Merriam, C. H. 1897. Descriptions of two new pumas from the northwestern United States. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 11: 219 - 220." title="Descriptions of two new pumas from the northwestern United States" type="journal article" year="1897">Merriam, 1897:219</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC94279A44EF940" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" box="[181,560,1646,1665]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC94279A7B0F940" authority="Phillips, 1912: 85" authorityName="Phillips" authorityPageNumber="85" authorityYear="1912" box="[181,462,1646,1665]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC94279A6B8F940" box="[181,198,1646,1665]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9F4279A748F940" box="[227,310,1646,1665]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">improcera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B3C4279A7B0F940" author="Phillips, 1. C." box="[320,462,1646,1665]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="85 - 86" part="25" refId="ref9643" refString="Phillips, J. C. 1912. A new puma from Lower California. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 25: 85 - 86." title="A new puma from Lower California" type="journal article" year="1912">Phillips, 1912:85</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC94295A4E2F96B" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC94295A442F957" authority="Nelson and Goldman, 1929:347" authorityName="Nelson and Goldman" authorityPageNumber="347" authorityYear="1929" box="[181,572,1666,1686]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC94295A6B8F957" box="[181,198,1666,1686]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A984295A759F957" box="[228,295,1666,1686]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">incarum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B4D4295A442F957" author="Nelson, E. W. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[305,572,1666,1686]" journalOrPublisher="J. Washington Acad. Sci." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 212" part="21" refId="ref9459" refString="Nelson, E. W., and E. A. Goldman. 1929. List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas. J. Washington Acad. Sci., 21: 209 - 212." title="List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas" type="journal article" year="1929">Nelson and Goldman, 1929:347</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Piscocucho, Rio Urubamba, Department of Cuzco, Peru.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC942BCA4D6F915" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC942BCA423F97E" authority="Nelson and Goldman, 1931:209" authorityName="Nelson and Goldman" authorityPageNumber="209" authorityYear="1931" box="[181,605,1707,1727]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC942BCA6B8F97E" box="[181,198,1707,1727]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9A42BCA738F97E" box="[230,326,1707,1727]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">kaibabensis</emphasis>
Nelson and Goldman, 1931:209
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Powell Plateau, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846AC942C2A439F93C" blockId="0.[180,732,969,1789]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846AC942C2A43BF929" authority="Nelson and Goldman, 1929:350" authorityName="Nelson and Goldman" authorityPageNumber="350" authorityYear="1929" box="[181,581,1749,1768]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846AC942C2A6B8F929" box="[181,198,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846A9842C2A751F929" box="[228,303,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mayensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846B4542C2A43BF929" author="Nelson, E. W. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[313,581,1749,1768]" journalOrPublisher="J. Washington Acad. Sci." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 212" part="21" refId="ref9459" refString="Nelson, E. W., and E. A. Goldman. 1929. List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas. J. Washington Acad. Sci., 21: 209 - 212." title="List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas" type="journal article" year="1929">Nelson and Goldman, 1929:350</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality La Libertad, Department of Peten, Guatemala.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF8468874554A2AEFEAA" blockId="0.[762,1312,323,696]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF8468874554A250FE99" authority="Goldman, 1943:299" box="[763,1070,323,344]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="missoulensis">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8468874554A570FE99" box="[763,782,323,344]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8469584554A5F8FE99" box="[804,902,323,344]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">missoulensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF8469F14554A250FE99" box="[909,1070,323,344]" journalOrPublisher="1. Mamm." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="228 - 231" part="24" refId="ref8395" refString="1943. Two new races of the puma. J. Mamm., 24: 228 - 231." title="Two new races of the puma" type="journal article" year="1943">Goldman, 1943:299</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Sleeman Creek, about 10 mi SW Missoula, Montana Co., Montana.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846887457AA245FE57" blockId="0.[762,1312,323,696]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846887457AA260FE40" authority="Merriam, 1897: 220" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="220" authorityYear="1897" box="[763,1054,365,385]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="olympus">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846887457AA573FE40" box="[763,781,365,385]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846956457AA511FE40" box="[810,879,365,385]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">olympus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846905457AA260FE40" author="Merriam, C. H." box="[889,1054,365,385]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 220" part="11" refId="ref9181" refString="Merriam, C. H. 1897. Descriptions of two new pumas from the northwestern United States. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 11: 219 - 220." title="Descriptions of two new pumas from the northwestern United States" type="journal article" year="1897">Merriam, 1897:220</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Lake Cushman, Olympic Mountains, Washington.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF8468874580A2DEFE6A" blockId="0.[762,1312,323,696]" box="[763,1184,407,427]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF8468874580A241FE6A" authority="Rafinesque, 1832: 62" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityPageNumber="62" authorityYear="1832" box="[763,1087,407,427]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="oregonensis">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8468874580A570FE6A" box="[763,782,407,427]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8469544580A5F7FE6A" box="[808,905,407,427]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">oregonensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF8469EE4580A241FE6A" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[914,1087,407,427]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="62 - 63" refId="ref9878" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1832. On the North American cougars. Atlantic J. and Friend of Knowledge, 1 (1): 19, 62 - 63. (not seen)" type="journal article" year="1832">Rafinesque, 1832:62</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF84688745BBA201FE15" blockId="0.[762,1312,323,696]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF84688745BBA20FFE01" authority="Nelson and Goldman, 1929:348" authorityName="Nelson and Goldman" authorityPageNumber="348" authorityYear="1929" box="[763,1137,428,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="osgoodi">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84688745BBA570FE01" box="[763,782,428,448]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84695945BBA51AFE01" box="[805,868,428,448]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">osgoodi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF84691045BBA20FFE01" author="Nelson, E. W. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[876,1137,428,448]" journalOrPublisher="J. Washington Acad. Sci." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 212" part="21" refId="ref9459" refString="Nelson, E. W., and E. A. Goldman. 1929. List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas. J. Washington Acad. Sci., 21: 209 - 212." title="List of the pumas, with three described as new. J. Mamm., 10: 345 - 350. 1931. Three new pumas" type="journal article" year="1929">Nelson and Goldman, 1929:348</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Buena Vista, Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF84688745C2A2FAFE3F" blockId="0.[762,1312,323,696]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF84688745C2A249FE2B" authority="Merriam, 1901:598" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="598" authorityYear="1901" box="[763,1079,469,490]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="patagonica">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84688745C2A570FE2B" box="[763,782,469,490]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84695545C2A5F9FE2B" box="[809,903,469,490]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">patagonica</emphasis>
Merriam, 1901:598
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Lake Pueyrredon, Territory of Santa Cruz, Argentina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF84688645E8A219FDE4" blockId="0.[762,1312,323,696]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF84688645E8A26FFDD2" authority="Thomas, 1901: 188" authorityName="Thomas" authorityPageNumber="188" authorityYear="1901" box="[762,1041,511,531]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="pearsoni">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84688645E8A573FDD2" box="[762,781,511,531]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84695945E8A512FDD2" box="[805,876,511,531]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pearsoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF84690845E8A26FFDD2" author="Thomas, O." box="[884,1041,511,531]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="188 - 189" refId="ref10449" refString="Thomas, O. 1901. On a new form of puma from Patagonia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., sere 7, 8: 188 - 189. (not seen)" type="journal article" year="1901">Thomas, 1901: 188</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Santa Cruz, about 70 mi from coast, southern Argentina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF8468874631A225FDFD" blockId="0.[762,1312,323,696]" box="[763,1115,550,572]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF8468874631A58AFDFD" authority="Molina, 1782: 295" authorityName="Molina" authorityPageNumber="295" authorityYear="1782" box="[763,1012,550,572]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8468874631A573FDFD" box="[763,781,550,572]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8469544631A528FDFD" box="[808,854,550,572]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">puma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF8469234631A58AFDFD" author="Molina, J. I." box="[863,1012,550,572]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref9393" refString="Molina, J. I. 1782. Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili, del signor abate Giovanni Ignazio Molina. Stamperoa del S. Tommaso d' Aquino, Bologna, 367 pp. (not seen)" type="book" year="1782">Molina, 1782:295</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF846886462AA5B4FDA5" blockId="0.[762,1312,323,696]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846886462AA251FD90" authority="Lonnberg, 1913:2" authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityPageNumber="2" authorityYear="1913" box="[762,1071,573,593]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="soderstromii">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846886462AA570FD90" box="[762,782,573,593]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846957462AA5F1FD90" box="[811,911,573,593]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">soderstromii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF8469E5462AA260FD90" author="Lonnberg, E." box="[921,1054,573,593]" firstAuthor="Lonnberg" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref9051" refString="Lonnberg, E. 1913. Mammals from Ecuador and related forms. Arkiv. Zoologi, Stockholm, 8 (16): 1 - 3. (not seen)" type="journal article" year="1913">Lönnberg, 1913</bibRefCitation>
:2
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Nono, Mount Pichincha, Ecuador.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF8468864671A25FFD4F" blockId="0.[762,1312,323,696]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF8468864671A24AFDBB" authority="Goldman, 1936: 137" authorityName="Goldman" authorityPageNumber="137" authorityYear="1936" box="[762,1076,614,634]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="stanleyana">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8468864671A570FDBB" box="[762,782,614,634]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8469544671A5FDFDBB" box="[808,899,614,634]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stanleyana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF8469F04671A24AFDBB" author="Goldman, E. A." box="[908,1076,614,634]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="137 - 138" part="49" refId="ref8367" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1936. A new puma from Texas. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 49: 137 - 138." title="A new puma from Texas" type="journal article" year="1936">Goldman, 1936: 137</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Bruni Ranch near Bruni, Webb Co., Texas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF8468864698A2A8FD79" blockId="0.[762,1312,323,696]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF8468864698A2D5FD65" authority="Nelson and Goldman, 1932: 105" authorityName="Nelson and Goldman" authorityPageNumber="105" authorityYear="1932" box="[762,1195,655,676]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="vancouverensis">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8468864698A570FD65" box="[762,782,655,676]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8469584698A5DEFD65" box="[804,928,655,676]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vancouverensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF8469D44698A2D5FD65" box="[936,1195,655,676]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 108" refId="ref9517" refString="1932. A new mountain lion from Vancouver Island. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 45: 105 - 108." type="journal article" year="1932">Nelson and Goldman, 1932: 105</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality Campbell Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B8FB0FFA0FF85695446DCA4B7F904" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF84695446DCA50CFBD5" blockId="0.[762,1316,715,1267]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84695446DCA5E1FD1F" bold="true" box="[808,927,715,734]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
. The mountain lion is the largest species in the genus
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84694946C8A51FFD35" box="[821,865,735,756]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF84694946C8A523FD35" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[821,861,735,756]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Felis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
as restricted to exclude the pantherines. Size varies among the subspecies, but males generally weigh between 55 and 65 kg, and females between 35 and 45 kg. Total length is generally between 2.2 and 2.3 m in males, and between 2.0 and 2.1 m in females. Its feet resemble those of
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846E634725A510FC9A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846E634725A2FEFC87" box="[1055,1152,818,838]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoifroyi">F. geoifroyi</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846EF34725A363FC87" box="[1167,1309,818,838]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yagouaroundi">F. yagouaroundi</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF8468874750A514FC9A" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1833" box="[763,874,839,859]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viverrinus">F. viverrinus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF8469E54750A584FC9A" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1777" box="[921,1018,839,859]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvestris">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8469E54750A584FC9A" box="[921,1018,839,859]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F. silvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
more than those of the pantherines (Pocock,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846930474BA5F1FCAF" box="[844,911,860,878]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1917 a).</emphasis>
Its claws are retractile, but the claw-sheaths do not fully encase the claws as in the pantherines, thus resembling the claws of
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84691A4792A29AFC59" box="[870,1252,901,920]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF84691A4792A5B8FC59" box="[870,966,901,920]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">F. geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF8469AA4792A21AFC59" box="[982,1124,901,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yagouaroundi">F. yagouaroundi</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846E0E4792A2A0FC59" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1833" box="[1138,1246,901,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viverrinus">F. viverrinus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF846F6F4792A53DFC6C" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvestris">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846F6F4792A53DFC6C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F. silvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pocock,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8469E2478EA59EFC6C" box="[926,992,921,941]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1917 a).</emphasis>
The tail is long, cylindrical, and typically about one-third of the animal's total length. The ears are short and rounded. The dorsal color is light grayish brown to dark reddish brown. The lateral muzzle, backs of ears, and tip of tail are dark brown or black. The chin, medial muzzle, and ventral area are creamy white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF8569544033A4B7F904" blockId="0.[762,1316,715,1267]" lastBlockId="1.[173,725,1591,1832]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF8469544033A257FBF6" bold="true" box="[808,1065,1060,1079]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
. The mountain lion is large and slender and has short, muscular limbs (
<figureCitation id="132AC0BEFFA0FF846E10402EA2E2FB8C" box="[1132,1180,1081,1101]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="0.[762,818,1749,1769]" captionTargetBox="[760,1298,1324,1736]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adult female Felis concolor hippolestes (photo by K. R. Russell)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10128032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10128032/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The pelage is of medium texture, characteristically short year-round in tropical forms, but growing longer and thicker in the winter in temperate forms. The young are black-spotted in three irregular dorsal lines and transverse rows. These spots are vivid up to the animal's third or fourth month of life. The eye color is blue in young kittens and turns grayish brown to golden in adults. The pupils are round. The skull (
<figureCitation id="132AC0BEFFA0FF84695140DDA522FB1F" box="[813,860,1226,1246]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[177,233,1476,1495]" captionTargetBox="[179,723,150,1454]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of cranium and lateral view of lower jaw of a male Felis concolor hippolestes from western Colorado (photos by E. G. Currier). Scale represents 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10128036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10128036/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) is short, rounded, and has a sagittal crest, resembling the skull of
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF84691A40C8A5BEFB32" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" box="[870,960,1247,1267]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caracal">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF84691A40C8A5BEFB32" box="[870,960,1247,1267]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F. caracal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in shape (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA0FF846E6340C8A2DEFB32" box="[1055,1184,1247,1267]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="113 - 136" part="8" refId="ref9750" refString="1917 a. On the external characters of the Felidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 19: 113 - 136." title="On the external characters of the Felidae" type="journal article" year="1917">
Pocock, 1917
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA0FF846EEB40C8A2D5FB32" box="[1175,1195,1247,1267]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a).</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
The partition dividing the tympanic bulla is low, forming a small outer chamber and large inner chamber, much as in
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856B91425CA433F99F" authorityName="Griffith" authorityYear="1821" box="[493,589,1611,1630]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulosa">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856B91425CA433F99F" box="[493,589,1611,1630]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. nebulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and others, but differing from the condition in
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856BDB4277A475F9B2" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[423,523,1632,1651]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Uncia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uncia">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856BDB4277A475F9B2" box="[423,523,1632,1651]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Uncia uncia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pocock,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF85681D4277A4DFF9B2" box="[609,673,1632,1651]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">19 16a).</emphasis>
Teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856ABA4262A758F949" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[198,294,1653,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856ABA4262A758F949" box="[198,294,1653,1672]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are, in general, like those of other felids, but lack the lateral longitudinal grooves on the canines that are present in many other felids (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856B3A4289A45AF970" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[326,548,1694,1713]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). Further distinctions are detailed in Pocock (191 7
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856BE342A5A7D1F904" box="[415,431,1714,1733]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">a)</emphasis>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856BA042A5A4BBF904" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[476,709,1714,1733]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman (1946)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6E8CB3FFA0FF84688642C2A527F93D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10128032" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10128032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10128032/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" startId="0.[762,818,1749,1769]" targetBox="[760,1298,1324,1736]" targetPageId="0">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA0FF84688642C2A527F93D" blockId="0.[761,1312,1749,1788]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
FIGURE 1. Adult female
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA0FF8469AD42C2A2D3F928" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" box="[977,1197,1749,1769]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="hippolestes">Felis concolor hippolestes</taxonomicName>
(photo by K. R. Russell).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6E8CB3FFA1FF85688B4668A28EFD11" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10128034" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10128034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10128034/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[759,816,639,657]" targetBox="[762,1305,147,618]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA1FF85688B4668A28EFD11" blockId="1.[759,1308,639,720]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
FIGURE 3. Recent distribution of mountain lions in the United States and Canada. Known distribution (vertical lines), suspected populations (horizontal lines), reliable sightings since 1950 (triangles), and kills made since 1950 (dots). From
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856E0A46AAA292FD11" author="Russell, K. R." box="[1142,1260,701,720]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="207 - 225" refId="ref10002" refString="Russell, K. R. 1978. Mountain lion. Pp. 207 - 225, in Big game of North America: ecology and management (J. L. Schmidt and D. L. Gilbert, eds.). Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 494 pp." type="book chapter" year="1978">Russell (1978)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6E8CB3FFA1FF856ACD41D3A4CAF9C0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10128036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10128036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10128036/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[177,233,1476,1495]" targetBox="[179,723,150,1454]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA1FF856ACD41D3A4CAF9C0" blockId="1.[176,727,1476,1537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
FIGURE 2. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of cranium and lateral view of lower jaw of a male
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856BED41CEA416FA2D" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" box="[401,616,1497,1516]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="hippolestes">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856BED41CEA416FA2D" box="[401,616,1497,1516]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Felis concolor hippolestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from western Colorado (photos by E. G. Currier). Scale represents 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30B8FB0FFA1FF856AA642C1A566FA90" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA1FF856AA642C1A26EFC53" blockId="1.[173,725,1591,1832]" lastBlockId="1.[757,1309,771,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856AA642C1A701F928" bold="true" box="[218,383,1750,1769]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">DISTRIBUTION.</emphasis>
At one time mountain lions ranged from northern British Columbia to southern Chile and Argentina, and from coast to coast in North America (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856B974317A4B7F8D5" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[491,713,1792,1812]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). Hunting pressure and changes in land management practices in western United States and Canada have restricted their range mainly to mountainous, relatively unpopulated areas, although isolated populations may exist elsewhere. They are probably similarly restricted by hunting and development in Central and South America. The current distribution of the mountain lion in North America is given in
<figureCitation id="132AC0BEFFA1FF85693D477DA50AFCBF" box="[833,884,874,894]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="1.[759,816,639,657]" captionTargetBox="[762,1305,147,618]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 3. Recent distribution of mountain lions in the United States and Canada. Known distribution (vertical lines), suspected populations (horizontal lines), reliable sightings since 1950 (triangles), and kills made since 1950 (dots). From Russell (1978)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10128034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10128034/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
, and their distribution prior to 1946 in North and South America is shown in
<figureCitation id="132AC0BEFFA1FF8569A74768A274FC53" box="[987,1034,895,914]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="2.[181,238,952,972]" captionTargetBox="[175,734,139,930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 4. Original distribution of subspecies of Felis Concolor (from Young and Goldman, 1946): 1, F. c. concolor; 2, F. c. cougar; 3, F. c. missoulensis; 4, F. c. hippolestes; 5, F. c. oregonensis; 6, F. c. vancouverensis; 7, F. c. olympus; 8, F. c. californica; 9, F. c. kaibabensis; 10, F. c. browni; 11, F. c. improcera; 12, F. c. azteca; 13, F. c. stanleyana; 14, F. c. coryi; 15, F. c. mayensis; 16, F. c. costaricensis; 17, F. c. bangsi; 18, F. c. soderstromii; 19, F. c. capricornensis; 20, F. c. anthonyi; 21, F. c. incarum; 22, F. c. borbensis; 23, F. c. osgoodi; 24, F. c. acrocodia; 25, F. c. greeni; 26, F. c. puma; 27, F. c. cabrerae; 28, F. c. pearsoni; 29, F. c. patagonica; and 30, F. c. araucanus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10128038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10128038/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA1FF85695847B5A566FA90" blockId="1.[757,1309,771,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF85695847B5A5A8FC77" bold="true" box="[804,982,930,950]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">FOSSIL RECORD.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF85699D47B5A229FC77" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[993,1111,930,950]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF85699D47B5A229FC77" box="[993,1111,930,950]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Felis concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has rio close living relatives, but mountain lion-like animals existed in the past. Remains of
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF85696E47DBA27DFC1E" authority="Merriam, 1918" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1918" box="[786,1027,972,991]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daggetti">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF85696E47DBA50AFC1E" box="[786,884,972,991]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. daggetti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF8569FC47DBA27DFC1E" author="Merriam, J. C." box="[896,1027,972,991]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="545 - 547" refId="ref9265" refString="Merriam, J. C. 1918. New puma-like cat from Rancho La Brea. Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. California, 10: 545 - 547." type="journal article" year="1918">Merriam, 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, found in the La Brea tar pits, indicate a Pleistocene felid a little larger than a very large mountain lion. It had a more massive cranium, and the coracoid process of the mandible was more backwardly curved than that of
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856EC3401DA596FBF0" authority="(Young and Coldman, 1946)" baseAuthorityName="Young and Coldman" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856EC3401DA363FBDC" box="[1215,1309,1034,1053]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. concolor</emphasis>
(Young and Coldman, 1946)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF85698B4009A55FFB87" authority="Merriam and Stock, 1932" authorityName="Merriam and Stock" authorityYear="1932" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bituminosa">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF85698B4009A212FBF0" box="[1015,1132,1054,1073]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. bituminosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856E0A4009A55FFB87" author="Merriam, J. C. &amp; C. Stock" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 231" refId="ref9298" refString="Merriam, J. C., and C. Stock. 1932. The Felidae of Rancho La Brea. Carnegie Inst., Washington, D. C., 422: 1 - 231." type="journal article" year="1932">
Merriam and Stock,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF8568854024A5E8FB87" box="[761,918,1075,1094]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
1932 (=
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF8569424024A27CFB87" authority="Stock, 1918" authorityName="Stock" authorityYear="1918" box="[830,1026,1075,1094]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawveri">
F. hawveri
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF8569E14024A27CFB87" author="Stock, C." box="[925,1026,1075,1094]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="461 - 515" refId="ref10391" refString="Stock, C. 1918. The Pleistocene fauna of Hawver Cave. Bull. Dept. GeoI., Univ. California, 10: 461 - 515." type="journal article" year="1918">Stock, 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
?) was closer to the modern mountain lion in size, but quite different in cranial details.
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856EE0405FA362FB9D" author="Simpson, G. G." box="[1180,1308,1096,1116]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref10172" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1941. Large Pleistocene felines of North America. Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1136: 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1941">Simpson (1941)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF85690C404AA59CFBB1" authorityName="Merriam and Stock" authorityYear="1932" box="[880,994,1117,1136]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bituminosa">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF85690C404AA59CFBB1" box="[880,994,1117,1136]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. bituminosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was merely the female of
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856EC6404AA363FBB1" box="[1210,1309,1117,1136]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856EC6404AA367FBB1" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1918" box="[1210,1305,1117,1136]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daggetti">F. daggetti</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Goldman (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF8569324066A24AFB45" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[846,1076,1137,1156]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
) suggested that the line of evolution proceeded from
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF8569B24091A252FB58" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1918" box="[974,1068,1158,1177]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daggetti">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF8569B24091A252FB58" box="[974,1068,1158,1177]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. daggetti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
through
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856E064091A293FB58" authorityName="Merriam and Stock" authorityYear="1932" box="[1146,1261,1158,1177]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bituminosa">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856E064091A293FB58" box="[1146,1261,1158,1177]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. bituminosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856F704091A53DFB6C" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856F704091A544FB6C" baseAuthorityName="Young and Coldman" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">F. concolor</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Two other mountain lion-like forms found in eastern United States
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF85695140B8A5E3FB02" box="[813,925,1199,1219]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF85694940B8A279FB02" authority="Cope, 1899" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1899" box="[821,1031,1199,1219]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inexpecta">
F. inexpecta
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF8569DA40B8A279FB02" author="Cope, E. D." box="[934,1031,1199,1219]" journalOrPublisher="1. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="193 - 267" part="11" refId="ref7849" refString="Cope, E. D. 1899. Vertebrate remains from Port Kennedy bone deposit. J. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 11: 193 - 267." title="Vertebrate remains from Port Kennedy bone deposit" type="journal article" year="1899">Cope, 1899</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856E4740B8A368FB02" authority="Brown, 1908" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1908" box="[1083,1302,1199,1219]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicrus">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856E4740B8A2DFFB02" box="[1083,1185,1199,1219]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. longicrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856ED640B8A368FB02" author="Brown, B." box="[1194,1302,1199,1219]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="157 - 208" part="9" refId="ref7708" refString="Brown, B. 1908. The Conard Fissure, a Pleistocene bone deposit in northern Arkansas, with descriptions of two new genera and twenty new species of mammals. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9: 157 - 208." title="The Conard Fissure, a Pleistocene bone deposit in northern Arkansas, with descriptions of two new genera and twenty new species of mammals" type="journal article" year="1908">Brown, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) may represent different races of
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF85698340D3A299FB16" authority="(Simpson, 1941)" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1023,1255,1220,1239]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daggetti">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF85698340D3A224FB16" box="[1023,1114,1220,1239]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. daggetti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856E1B40D3A2A0FB16" author="Simpson, G. G." box="[1127,1246,1220,1239]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref10172" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1941. Large Pleistocene felines of North America. Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1136: 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1941">Simpson, 1941</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856E8F40D3A5EEFB2D" author="Glass, G. E. &amp; L. D. Martin" journalOrPublisher="Carnivore" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="80 - 87" part="1" refId="ref8333" refString="Glass, G. E., and L. D. Martin. 1978. A multivariate comparison of some extant and fossil Felidae. Carnivore, 1: 80 - 87." title="A multivariate comparison of some extant and fossil Felidae" type="journal article" year="1978">Glass and Martin (1978)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated the close relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856F7140CFA542FB3E" baseAuthorityName="Young and Coldman" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856F7140CFA542FB3E" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF85691740FAA247FB3E" authority="Gazin, 1933" authorityName="Gazin" authorityYear="1933" box="[875,1081,1261,1279]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF85691740FAA5B4FB3E" box="[875,970,1261,1279]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. lacustris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF8569A840FAA247FB3E" author="Gazin, C. L." box="[980,1081,1261,1279]" journalOrPublisher="1. Mamm." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="251 - 256" part="14" refId="ref8305" refString="Gazin, C. L. 1933. New felids from the upper Pliocene of Idaho. J. Mamm., 14: 251 - 256." title="New felids from the upper Pliocene of Idaho" type="journal article" year="1933">Gazin, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(a late Pliocene felid from the western United States that was slightly smaller than
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856EB74115A56AFAE8" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856EB74115A574FAE8" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">F. concolor</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
based on tooth measurements. They believed that the relationship among all of the aforementioned species warranted reevaluation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B8FB0FFA1FF86695F4175A2DAF9B1" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA1FF85695F4175A5ADF942" blockId="1.[757,1309,771,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF85695F4175A516FAB7" bold="true" box="[803,872,1378,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">FORM.</emphasis>
Hair length is extremely variable according to clio mate and season (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF8569F34160A20BFA4B" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[911,1141,1399,1418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). Guard hairs from the mid-dorsal region of one specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA1FF856E37419BA2ABFA5E" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" box="[1099,1237,1420,1439]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippolestes">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856E37419BA223FA5E" box="[1099,1117,1420,1439]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA1FF856E05419BA2ABFA5E" box="[1145,1237,1420,1439]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">hippolestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reached a maximum length of 39 mm. The maximum diameter at the distal shaft was 115 II- with regular or irregular-waved mosaic scales; in the basal region, smooth and distant or smooth and intermediate margins were present; at the tip, irregular-waved scales with cre ­ nate-rippled margins were present. The hairs were grayish brown from the basal end up to one-fourth or one-third the shaft length, then black for about one-half the shaft length. This was followed by a 2- to 14-mm light brown band, ending in a black tip of from 2 to 5 mm. The hairs were oval in cross section (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856EE74252A371F998" author="Spence, L. E., Jr." box="[1179,1295,1605,1625]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10339" refString="Spence, L. E., Jr. 1963. Study of identifying characteristics of mammalian hair. Wyoming Game and Fish Lab. Res. Proj. No. FW- 3 - R- 10, Work Plan No. 10, Job No. 2 W, 121 pp." type="book" year="1963">Spence, 1963</bibRefCitation>
). Underfur is fine and kinky near the base. Shedding occurs in temperate forms in the spring.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA1FF85695F4293A23EF96A" blockId="1.[757,1309,771,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Eight mammae are present, but apparently only six are functional in the female (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF8569DE428FA24BF96A" author="Lechleitner, R. R." box="[930,1077,1688,1707]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref8927" refString="Lechleitner, R. R. 1969. Wild mammals of Colorado. Pruett Publ. Co., Boulder, Colorado, 254 pp." type="book" year="1969">Lechleitner, 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA1FF85695D42BBA514F93F" blockId="1.[757,1309,771,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
The feet are digitigrade with five toes on each forefoot. The pollex, or first toe, is small and set above the others. Each hindfoot has four toes. A sharp, retractile claw is found on each toe (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856E9342C2A51EF93F" author="Lechleitner, R. R." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref8927" refString="Lechleitner, R. R. 1969. Wild mammals of Colorado. Pruett Publ. Co., Boulder, Colorado, 254 pp." type="book" year="1969">Lechleitner, 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA1FF86695D4317A784FA91" blockId="1.[757,1309,771,1831]" lastBlockId="2.[178,729,1237,1400]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
The hyoid apparatus is held close to the base of the skull and not imbedded in the muscles of the throat (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA1FF856E154303A299F8E6" author="Pocock, R. I." box="[1129,1255,1812,1831]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="326 - 334" part="8" refId="ref9672" refString="Pocock, R. I. 1916 a. The structure of the auditory bulba in existing species of Felidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., sere 8, 18: 326 - 334." title="The structure of the auditory bulba in existing species of Felidae" type="journal article" year="1916">Pocock, 1916b</bibRefCitation>
). The jaws are heavy.boned and structured so no backward-forward motion is possible (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866B4240FDA458FB3C" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[318,550,1258,1277]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). The clavicle, as in other felids, is better developed than in most carnivores (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8668FE40E9A74DFAE6" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). Dentition is i 3 /3, c 1 /1, P 3/2, m 1 / 1, total 30. The tongue is covered with many rough papillae. The muscles of the jaws and legs are well developed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6E8CB3FFA2FF866AC947AFA4A7FB5A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10128038" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10128038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10128038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[181,238,952,972]" targetBox="[175,734,139,930]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF866AC947AFA4A7FB5A" blockId="2.[181,732,952,1179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
FIGURE 4. Original distribution of subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF86681F47AFA4A2FC0D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[611,732,952,972]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF86681F47AFA4F4FC0D" box="[611,650,952,972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Felis</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF8668EA47AFA4A2FC0D" box="[662,732,952,972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866A9047DAA7A8FC21" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[236,470,973,992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
): 1,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF86687747DAA4F5FC21" box="[523,651,973,992]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF86683C47DAA4F8FC21" baseAuthorityName="Young and Coldman" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[576,646,973,992]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">concolor</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
2,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF8668CF47DAA68BFC37" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866ACA47F6A68EFC37" box="[182,240,993,1014]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">cougar</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
3,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866B6B47F6A7CDFC37" box="[279,435,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866B3447F6A7D1FC37" box="[328,431,993,1014]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">missoulensis</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
4,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866BAA47F6A414FC37" box="[470,618,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF86687447F6A41AFC37" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" box="[520,612,993,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippolestes">hippolestes</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
5,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF8668F147F6A77CFBCB" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF8668C247F6A680FBCB" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1832" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oregonensis">oregonensis</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
6,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866B5647E0A79CFBCB" box="[298,482,1015,1034]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866B2347E0A7A2FBCB" box="[351,476,1015,1034]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">vancouverensis</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
7,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF86687747E0A4F4FBCB" box="[523,650,1015,1034]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF86683C47E0A4FBFBCB" box="[576,645,1015,1034]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">olympus</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
8,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF8668CF47E0A76AFBDC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866ACA401CA76EFBDC" box="[182,272,1035,1053]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">californica</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
9,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866B40401CA7A7FBDC" box="[316,473,1035,1053]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866B0E401CA7AAFBDC" box="[370,468,1035,1053]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">kaibabensis</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
10,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866871401CA401FBDC" box="[525,639,1035,1053]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF86683F401CA404FBDC" box="[579,634,1035,1053]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">browni</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
11,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF8668CF401CA76EFBF2" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866ACA4009A772FBF2" authorityName="Phillips" authorityYear="1912" box="[182,268,1054,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improcera">improcera</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
12,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866B454009A7DEFBF2" box="[313,416,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866B194009A7E5FBF2" box="[357,411,1054,1075]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">azteca</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
13,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866BB64009A429FBF2" box="[458,599,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866B8A4009A42FFBF2" box="[502,593,1054,1075]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">stanleyana</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
14,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF8668FD4009A4A5FBF2" box="[641,731,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF8668D14009A4ABFBF2" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1899" box="[685,725,1054,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coryi">coryi</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
15, F.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866A8D4023A725FB89" box="[241,347,1076,1096]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866B7A4023A728FB89" box="[262,342,1076,1096]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">mayensis</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
16, F.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866BE04023A45FFB89" box="[412,545,1076,1096]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866BCD4023A462FB89" box="[433,540,1076,1096]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">costaricensis</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
17, F.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF86681A4023A72EFB9D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF8668004023A4CAFB89" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1901" box="[636,692,1076,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bangsi">bangsi</taxonomicName>
; 18, F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866A98405EA733FB9D" box="[228,333,1097,1116]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">soderstromii</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
19,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866B02405EA453FB9D" box="[382,557,1097,1116]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866BD2405EA459FB9D" box="[430,551,1097,1116]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">capricornensis</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
20,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866820405EA72FFBB0" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF8668F0405EA4A8FB9D" box="[652,726,1097,1116]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">anthonyi</taxonomicName>
; 21, F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866B7B404AA730FBB0" box="[263,334,1117,1137]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">incarum</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
22,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866B01404AA7EEFBB0" box="[381,400,1117,1137]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">F.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866BE9404AA780FBB0" box="[405,510,1117,1137]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866BD0404AA787FBB0" box="[428,505,1117,1137]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">borbensis</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
23,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866850404AA4E0FBB0" box="[556,670,1117,1137]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866826404AA4E4FBB0" box="[602,666,1117,1137]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
24,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF8668B7404AA75EFB47" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866AB54065A764FB47" box="[201,282,1138,1158]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">acrocodia</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
25,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866B364065A7D1FB47" box="[330,431,1138,1158]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866B094065A7D5FB47" box="[373,427,1138,1158]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">g reeni</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
26,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866BA54065A446FB47" box="[473,568,1138,1158]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF8668784065A44CFB47" authorityName="Molina" authorityYear="1782" box="[516,562,1138,1158]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puma">puma</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
27,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF86681E4065A731FB5A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF8668F24065A4A8FB47" box="[654,726,1138,1158]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">cabrerae</taxonomicName>
; 28, F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866B7D4090A734FB5A" box="[257,330,1159,1179]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">pearsoni</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
29,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866B0B4090A479FB5A" box="[375,519,1159,1179]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF866BDD4090A47CFB5A" box="[417,514,1159,1179]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">patagonica</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
and 30,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF8668284090A4A7FB5A" box="[596,729,1159,1179]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
F. c.
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA2FF8668034090A4ABFB5A" box="[639,725,1159,1179]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">araucanus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF866AA34146A7FFFAB9" blockId="2.[178,729,1237,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The simple stomach can hold up to 10 kg (Hornocker, 1970) and the caecum is small.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF866A9C419DA7CFF96B" blockId="2.[178,729,1418,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866A9C419DA72BFA5F" bold="true" box="[224,341,1418,1438]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">FUNCTION.</emphasis>
Long guard hairs and fine kinked underfur enable mountain lions in temperate regions to conserve heat in winter. The agouti hair pattern is common among mammals and probably aids in camouflage. The stationary hyoid apparatus permits purring, but not roaring. Sharp, retractile claws, heavy-boned jaws with no backward-forward motion, and well-developed jaw and leg muscles are necessary for the type of hunting employed by the mountain lion, as is a developed clavicle that allows more strength and flexibility of the forequarters (see ECOLOGY). The mountain lion licks itself clean with its rough tongue as do other felids. Massive muscles give the mountain lion strength.
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86687C424EA4A7F9AD" author="Currier, M. J. P. &amp; K. R. Russell" box="[512,729,1625,1644]" journalOrPublisher="1. Wildl. Dis" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="99 - 104" part="18" refId="ref7962" refString="Currier, M. J. P., and K. R. Russell. 1982. Hematology and blood chemistry of the mountain lion (Felis concolor). J. Wildl. Dis., 18: 99 - 104." title="Hematology and blood chemistry of the mountain lion (Felis concolor)." type="journal article" year="1982">Currier and Russell (1982)</bibRefCitation>
analyzed blood from 22 free-ranging, non-kitten mountain lions cap· tured in Colorado and 43 captive mountain lions, and reported mean values for 28 blood properties.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF866A9C42A8A722F8D1" blockId="2.[179,730,1727,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF866A9C42A8A42CF913" bold="true" box="[224,594,1727,1746]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION.</emphasis>
Mountain lions are polygamous, but the same lions may mate year after year because of the stability of their home areas (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86685D42FFA4EFF93D" author="Hibben, F. C." box="[545,657,1768,1788]" journalOrPublisher="Univ. New Mexico Bull., BioI. Ser." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 59" part="5" refId="ref8457" refString="Hibben, F. C. 1937. A preliminary study of the mountain lion (Felis oregonensis sp.). Univ. New Mexico Bull., Biol. Ser., 5 (3): 1 - 59." title="A preliminary study of the mountain lion (Felis oregonensis sp.)" type="journal article" year="1937">Hibben, 1937</bibRefCitation>
; Seidensticker et aI., 1973).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF866AA34306A206FF2E" blockId="2.[179,730,1727,1829]" lastBlockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Gestation periods, based on the time from last day of mating to parturition,last from 82 to 96 days (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E46449DA366FF5C" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" box="[1082,1304,138,157]" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8668854489A51EFF73" author="Rabb, G. B." box="[761,864,158,178]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="616 - 617" part="40" refId="ref9851" refString="Rabb, G. B. 1959. Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas. J. Mamm., 40: 616 - 617." title="Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas" type="journal article" year="1959">Rabb, 1959</bibRefCitation>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669174489A230FF73" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[875,1102,158,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). Female mountain lions can come into estrous any time of the year, but most births are between April and September in the northern hemisphere (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E8C44DFA5DAFF2E" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669C844CBA216FF2E" box="[948,1128,220,239]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="204 - 217" part="42" refId="ref9960" refString="1961. Notes on cougar productivity and life history. J. Mamm., 42: 204 - 217." title="Notes on cougar productivity and life history" type="journal article" year="1961">Robinette et al., 1961</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF86695A44E6A204FE6B" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Litter size ranges from 1 to 6 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E5444E6A2A6FEC4" box="[1064,1240,241,261]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="204 - 217" part="42" refId="ref9960" refString="1961. Notes on cougar productivity and life history. J. Mamm., 42: 204 - 217." title="Notes on cougar productivity and life history" type="journal article" year="1961">Robinette et al., 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E9644E6A5E0FED8" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). The average number of fetuses in 66 preg· nant, wild females examined by
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E70450DA2B0FEEF" box="[1036,1230,282,302]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="204 - 217" part="42" refId="ref9960" refString="1961. Notes on cougar productivity and life history. J. Mamm., 42: 204 - 217." title="Notes on cougar productivity and life history" type="journal article" year="1961">Robinette et al. (1961)</bibRefCitation>
was 3.4; the average litter size of 13 1 females with kittens that weighed up to 23 kg was 3.0; the average litter size of 3 7 females with kittens larger than 23 kg was 2.2. The average litter size of 4 1 litters of mountain lions in western United States was 2.4 kittens (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866EA5457AA556FE54" author="Ashman, D." bookContentInfo="Nevada Dept. Fish and Game Performance Rep., Proj. W- 48 - 6, Job No. 5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="18" refId="ref7524" refString="Ashman, D. 1975. Mountain lion investigations. Nevada Dept. Fish and Game Performance Rep., Proj. W- 48 - 6, Job No. 5, 18 pp." title="Mountain lion investigations" type="book" year="1975">Ashman, 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86694D4595A5A7FE54" author="Currier, M. J. P. &amp; S. L. Sheriff &amp; K. R. Russell" bookContentInfo="12 pp." box="[817,985,386,405]" journalOrPublisher="Colorado Div. Wildl. and Coop. Wildl. Res. Unit Spec. Rep" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" part="42" refId="ref8006" refString="Currier, M. J. P., S. L. Sheriff, and K. R. Russell. 1977. Mountain lion population and harvest near Canon City, Colorado, 1974 - 1977. Colorado Div. Wildl. and Coop. Wildl. Res. Unit Spec. Rep. 42, 12 pp." title="Mountain lion population and harvest near Canon City, Colorado, 1974 - 1977." type="book" year="1977">Currier et al., 1977</bibRefCitation>
; Hornocker, 1970;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E024595A556FE6B" author="Seidensticker, J. C. IV &amp; M. G. Hornocker &amp; W. V. Wiles &amp; J. P. Messick" journalOrPublisher="Wildl. Monogr." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 60" part="35" refId="ref10056" refString="Seidensticker, J. C. IV, M. G. Hornocker, W. V. Wiles, and J. P. Messick. 1973. Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildl. Monogr., 35: 1 - 60." title="Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area" type="journal article" year="1973">Seidensticker et al., 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86694E4580A5EAFE6B" author="Shaw, H. G." box="[818,916,407,426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="17 - 32" refId="ref10106" refString="Shaw, H. G. 1977. Impact of mountain lion on mule deer and cattle in northwestern Arizona. Pp. 17 - 32, in Proceedings of the 1975 predator symposium (R. L. Phillips and C. Jonkel, eds.). Forestry and Conserve Exp. Sta., Univ. Montana, Missoula, 268 pp." type="book chapter" year="1977">Shaw, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669DF4580A211FE6B" author="Sitton, L. W. &amp; S. Wallen" box="[931,1135,407,426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10227" refString="Sitton, L. W., and S. Wallen. 1976. California mountain lion study. California Dept. Fish and Game, Sacramento, 40 pp." type="book" year="1976">Sitton and Wallen, 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF86695A45BCA245FDE9" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
If the litter is born dead or removed within 24 h, the female will usually come into estrous within a few weeks (Eaton and Ver· lander, 1977;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86691245C2A5B0FE2B" author="Rabb, G. B." box="[878,974,469,490]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="616 - 617" part="40" refId="ref9851" refString="Rabb, G. B. 1959. Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas. J. Mamm., 40: 616 - 617." title="Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas" type="journal article" year="1959">Rabb, 1959</bibRefCitation>
). Unlike most larger felids, female mountain lions generally do not come into estrous soon after the death or removal of the litter if they raised the kittens for more than a few days (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669334618A24AFDE9" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" box="[847,1076,527,552]" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF86695A463EA2A5FDBB" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
A mountain lion weighs approximately 400 g at birth (Vole, 1972;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86694F4629A268FD90" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[819,1046,574,593]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). Its coat is densely spotted and its eyes and ears remain closed for one to two weeks after birth (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8668834670A59FFDBB" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" box="[767,993,615,634]" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86698E4670A2AFFDBB" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[1010,1233,615,634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF866959466BA54DFCCB" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Primary incisor teeth first appear at age 10 to 20 days, followed by the canines (20 to 30 days) and premolars (30 to 50 days) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86697C46B2A50FFD79" bookContentInfo="Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins" box="[768,881,677,696]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="81" refId="ref7923" refString="1979. An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor). Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 81 pp" title="An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor)" type="book" year="1979">Currier, 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669FD46B2A21BFD79" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" box="[897,1125,677,696]" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E0946B2A2B1FD79" author="Volf, J." box="[1141,1231,677,696]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="683 - 686" refId="ref10511" refString="Volf, J. 1972. Exigences alimentaires et dentition des jeunes de trois especes de felides. Mammalia, 36: 683 - 686." type="journal article" year="1972">Volf, 1972</bibRefCitation>
). Perrnanent incisors start replacing primary teeth at about 5 \1 months of age. The permanent canines first appear at month 8, and for a short time both permanent and primary canines are present (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866EA346F3A55AFCCB" bookContentInfo="Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="81" refId="ref7923" refString="1979. An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor). Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 81 pp" title="An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor)" type="book" year="1979">Currier, 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF86695A471BA51CFC58" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Weight gain following birth is rapid. A weight of 1 kg is attained in 10 to 20 days, and at weaning (age 1 to 2 months), a kitten weighs 3 to 4 kg (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669A24721A228FC88" bookContentInfo="Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins" box="[990,1110,822,841]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="81" refId="ref7923" refString="1979. An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor). Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 81 pp" title="An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor)" type="book" year="1979">Currier, 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E1B4721A55DFC9F" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Males and females weigh about the same. Individual variation is greater than variation due to sex for about 30 weeks (Rob. inette et al., 1961). Adult weight is attained between the ages of 2 and 4 years.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF866959478DA223FC1B" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Eye color of mountain lion kittens is initially blue. Within 4 months most of the iris is brown, and by age 9 months the iris has begun to change to golden (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86699C47D0A22DFC1B" bookContentInfo="Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins" box="[992,1107,967,986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="81" refId="ref7923" refString="1979. An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor). Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 81 pp" title="An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor)" type="book" year="1979">Currier, 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF86695947CCA541FB94" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The vivid black spots on a mountain lion at birth fade rapidly between age 12 and 14 weeks, probably the age a kitten starts to accompany its mother on hunts. These marks are still discernible at age 1 year (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86690F400DA59BFBEC" bookContentInfo="Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins" box="[883,997,1050,1069]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="81" refId="ref7923" refString="1979. An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor). Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 81 pp" title="An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor)" type="book" year="1979">Currier, 1979</bibRefCitation>
). The stripes on the upper foreleg are still visible in some mountain lions at age 3 years (Currier, pers. observ.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF8669594040A2DAFB10" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
A mountain lion stays with its mother until age 1 \1 to 2 years (Hornocker, 1970; Seidensticker et aI., 1973). Age at sexual rnaturity of females is 2 to 3 years (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E7F4096A29FFB55" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" box="[1027,1249,1153,1172]" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E8C4096A556FB68" author="Rabb, G. B." journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="616 - 617" part="40" refId="ref9851" refString="Rabb, G. B. 1959. Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas. J. Mamm., 40: 616 - 617." title="Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas" type="journal article" year="1959">Rabb, 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86694D4082A26EFB68" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[817,1040,1173,1193]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
), but a mountain lion in the wild will probably not mate until it has established a home territory or area (Hornocker, 1970;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669B940A9A2E7FB10" author="Seidensticker, J. C. IV &amp; M. G. Hornocker &amp; W. V. Wiles &amp; J. P. Messick" box="[965,1177,1214,1233]" journalOrPublisher="Wildl. Monogr." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 60" part="35" refId="ref10056" refString="Seidensticker, J. C. IV, M. G. Hornocker, W. V. Wiles, and J. P. Messick. 1973. Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildl. Monogr., 35: 1 - 60." title="Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area" type="journal article" year="1973">Seidensticker et al., 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF86695940C4A55BFA4D" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Female mountain lions sometimes have a bloody discharge during estrous, usually associated with only the first estrous (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E9140FFA5D2FACE" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Estrous lasts from 4 to 12 days, with an average duration of 8 days (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86698E4106A2A5FAE4" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" box="[1010,1243,1297,1317]" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E934106A558FAFB" author="Rabb, G. B." journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="616 - 617" part="40" refId="ref9851" refString="Rabb, G. B. 1959. Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas. J. Mamm., 40: 616 - 617." title="Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas" type="journal article" year="1959">Rabb, 1959</bibRefCitation>
). Rabb reported that a female from Chicago Zoological Park came into an 8- to Ll-day estrous, and when not mated, came into estrous again in 2 weeks. After 6 regular cycles without mating she had a 2-month lull (June to August) before coming into estrous again.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF8669594199A226F9CB" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Frequency of copulation during estrous is variable. The highest frequency observed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669C441B4A2DEFA76" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" box="[952,1184,1443,1463]" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander (1977)</bibRefCitation>
was 9 times in 1 h. A single copulatory act usually lasts less than 1 min (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E9341AFA5DBFA1E" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669CA41DBA266FA1E" author="Rabb, G. B." box="[950,1048,1484,1503]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="616 - 617" part="40" refId="ref9851" refString="Rabb, G. B. 1959. Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas. J. Mamm., 40: 616 - 617." title="Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas" type="journal article" year="1959">Rabb, 1959</bibRefCitation>
). From 52 observed mated estrous periods,
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF86691441F6A236FA35" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" box="[872,1096,1505,1524]" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander (1977)</bibRefCitation>
calculated that the chance of conception per mated estrous was 6 7 %.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF866958421CA2DAF9B1" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Female mountain lions can remain reproductively active to at least an age of 12 years, and males to at least an age of 20 years (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8668814223A5A0F987" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" box="[765,990,1588,1606]" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Mountain lions have lived longer than 20 years in captivity, but 12 years of life is probably old for a freeranging mountain lion (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669C5424AA2E7F9B1" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[953,1177,1629,1648]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B8FB0FFA2FF8069584297A7FBF8EB" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA2FF8669584297A365F8E3" blockId="2.[759,1312,138,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA2FF8669584297A5EEF952" bold="true" box="[804,912,1664,1683]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ECOLOGY.</emphasis>
The distribution of mountain lions is probably limited in the Western Hemisphere by one or more of the following three factors: human interference, lack of prey, or lack of stalking cover. Mountain lions have been reported from sea level to 4,000 m, and from desert areas to the tropical rain forests of South America. Since they can catch and eat many different kinds of animals, they are probably not limited by lack of any given prey species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF8669464319A25AF8E3" author="Spalding, D. 1. &amp; 1. Lesowski" box="[826,1060,1806,1826]" journalOrPublisher="J. Wildi. Mgmt." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="378 - 381" part="35" refId="ref10302" refString="Spalding, D. J., and J. Lesowski. 1971. Winter food of the cougar in south-central British Columbia. J. Wildi. Mgmt., 35: 378 - 381." title="Winter food of the cougar in south-central British Columbia" type="journal article" year="1971">Spalding and Lesowski, 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA2FF866E484319A36EF8E3" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[1076,1296,1806,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6E8CB3FFA3FF876BE4449EA4BBFF0E" ID-Table-UUID="DF6E8CB3FFA3FF876BE4449EA4BBFF0E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6E8CB3FFA3FF876BE4449EA4BBFF0E" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="TABLE 1" startId="3.[408,468,137,156]" targetBox="[195,719,231,709]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876BE4449EA793FF5D" blockId="3.[175,725,137,207]" box="[408,493,137,156]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TABLE 1.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876AD344B0A4BBFF0E" blockId="3.[175,725,137,207]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
PREY ITEMS REPORTED TAKEN BY MOUNTAIN LIONS (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF87682944B0A4AEFF7B" author="Russell, K. R." box="[597,720,167,186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="207 - 225" refId="ref10002" refString="Russell, K. R. 1978. Mountain lion. Pp. 207 - 225, in Big game of North America: ecology and management (J. L. Schmidt and D. L. Gilbert, eds.). Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 494 pp." type="book chapter" year="1978">RUSSELL, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; SPALDING AND LESOWSKI, 1971; YOUNG AND GOLDMAN, 1946).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876B6C44F0A7E3FD04" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<table id="F9112E9BFFA3007B6ABF44F0A4B1FD04" box="[195,719,231,709]" gridcols="4" gridrows="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Wild mammals
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6AA244E4A4BEFEDA" box="[222,704,243,283]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF44E4A735FEDA" box="[195,331,243,283]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Large</th>
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B2344E4A798FEDA" box="[351,486,243,283]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Small</th>
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A44F0A440FEDA" box="[502,574,231,283]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Domestic animals</th>
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B682244E4A4B1FEDA" box="[606,719,243,283]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Other items</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF453FA4B1FEFD" box="[195,719,296,316]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF453FA735FEFD" box="[195,331,296,316]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mule deer</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B23453FA798FEFD" box="[351,486,296,316]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Snowshoe hare</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A453FA440FEFD" box="[502,574,296,316]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sheep</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6822453FA4B1FEFD" box="[606,719,296,316]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Turkey</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF452AA4B1FE90" box="[195,719,317,337]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF452AA735FE90" box="[195,331,317,337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">White-tailed deer</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B23452AA798FE90" box="[351,486,317,337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Other rabbits</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A452AA440FE90" box="[502,574,317,337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cattle</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6822452AA4B1FE90" box="[606,719,317,337]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ruffed grouse</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF4545A4B1FEA7" box="[195,719,338,358]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF4545A735FEA7" box="[195,331,338,358]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Wapiti</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B234545A798FEA7" box="[351,486,338,358]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pika</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A4545A440FEA7" box="[502,574,338,358]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Horse</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B68224545A4B1FEA7" box="[606,719,338,358]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fish</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF4570A4B1FEBB" box="[195,719,359,378]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF4570A735FEBB" box="[195,331,359,378]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bighorn sheep</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B234570A798FEBB" box="[351,486,359,378]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Marmot</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A4570A440FEBB" box="[502,574,359,378]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Burro</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B68224570A4B1FEBB" box="[606,719,359,378]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Insects</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF456CA4B1FE4F" box="[195,719,379,398]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF456CA735FE4F" box="[195,331,379,398]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Moose</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B23456CA798FE4F" box="[351,486,379,398]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Skunk</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A456CA440FE4F" box="[502,574,379,398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Goat</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6822456CA4B1FE4F" box="[606,719,379,398]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Grass</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF4587A4B1FE65" box="[195,719,400,420]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF4587A735FE65" box="[195,331,400,420]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mountain goat</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B234587A798FE65" box="[351,486,400,420]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ground squirrels</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A4587A440FE65" box="[502,574,400,420]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pig</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B68224587A4B1FE65" box="[606,719,400,420]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Berries</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF45B2A4B1FE78" box="[195,719,421,441]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF45B2A735FE78" box="[195,331,421,441]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pronghorn</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B2345B2A798FE78" box="[351,486,421,441]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pine squirrel</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A45B2A440FE78" box="[502,574,421,441]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dog</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B682245B2A4B1FE78" box="[606,719,421,441]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Rhea</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF45ADA4B1FE0C" box="[195,719,442,461]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF45ADA735FE0C" box="[195,331,442,461]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Peccary</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B2345ADA798FE0C" box="[351,486,442,461]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Flying squirrel</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A45ADA440FE0C" box="[502,574,442,461]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cat</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF45D9A4B1FE23" box="[195,719,462,482]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF45D9A735FE23" box="[195,331,462,482]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Porcupine</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B2345D9A798FE23" box="[351,486,462,482]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Rock squirrel</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A45D9A440FE23" box="[502,574,462,482]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Chicken</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF45F4A4B1FE36" box="[195,719,483,503]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF45F4A735FE36" box="[195,331,483,503]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Beaver</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B2345F4A798FE36" box="[351,486,483,503]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pocket gopher</td>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B8A45F4A440FE36" box="[502,574,483,503]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Peafowl</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF45EFA4B1FDCA" box="[195,719,504,523]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF45EFA735FDCA" box="[195,331,504,523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Badger</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B2345EFA798FDCA" box="[351,486,504,523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Woodrat</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF461AA4B1FDDE" box="[195,719,525,543]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF461AA735FDDE" box="[195,331,525,543]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Armadillo</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B23461AA798FDDE" box="[351,486,525,543]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cotton rat</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF4635A4B1FDF5" box="[195,719,546,564]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF4635A735FDF5" box="[195,331,546,564]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bear</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B234635A798FDF5" box="[351,486,546,564]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">White-footed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF4621A4B1FD88" box="[195,719,566,585]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF4621A735FD88" box="[195,331,566,585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bobcat</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B234621A798FD88" box="[351,486,566,585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">mouse</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF465CA4B1FD9C" box="[195,719,587,605]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF465CA735FD9C" box="[195,331,587,605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mountain lion</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B23465CA798FD9C" box="[351,486,587,605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Meadow vole</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF4648A4B1FDB2" box="[195,719,607,627]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF4648A735FDB2" box="[195,331,607,627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Coyote</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B234648A798FDB2" box="[351,486,607,627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Raccoon</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF4663A4B1FD49" box="[195,719,628,648]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF4663A735FD49" box="[195,331,628,648]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pampas deer</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B234663A798FD49" box="[351,486,628,648]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fox</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF469EA4B1FD5D" box="[195,719,649,668]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF469EA735FD5D" box="[195,331,649,668]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Huemul</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B23469EA798FD5D" box="[351,486,649,668]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Coatamundi</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF4689A4B1FD70" box="[195,719,670,689]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F0B705FFA3007B6ABF4689A735FD70" box="[195,331,670,689]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Guanaco</th>
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B234689A798FD70" box="[351,486,670,689]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Agouti</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3521DE79FFA3007B6ABF46A5A4B1FD04" box="[195,719,690,709]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F0B705FFA3007B6B2346A5A798FD04" box="[351,486,690,709]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brocket</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876ACF46E4A7EFFCDB" blockId="3.[176,730,755,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Because of this adaptability, generalizations about the species as a whole are difficult to make.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876AA3470BA75DFBD2" blockId="3.[176,730,755,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Although mule deer
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA3FF876BF3470BA431FCF1" box="[399,591,796,816]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF876BEB470BA437FCF1" authority="(Rafinesque, 1817)" box="[407,585,796,816]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odocoileus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemionus">Odocoileus hemionus</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
generally make up about 75 % in winter and 60 % in summer of the bulk of a mountain lion's diet in western North America (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF87682C4751A6A2FCAF" author="Robinette, W. J. &amp; J. S. Gashwiler &amp; O. W. Morris" journalOrPublisher="J. Wildl, Mgmt." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="261 - 273" part="23" refId="ref9915" refString="Robinette, W. J., J. S. Gashwiler, and O. W. Morris. 1959. Food habits of the cougar in Utah and Nevada. J. Wildl, Mgmt., 23: 261 - 273." title="Food habits of the cougar in Utah and Nevada" type="journal article" year="1959">Robinette et al., 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876A90474CA7AFFCAF" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[236,465,859,878]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
), lions are highly opportunistic and will take advantage of whatever food source is available (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF8768D94778A6A4FC59" author="Smith, T. E." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10258" refString="Smith, T. E. 1981. Food habits and scrape site characteristics of mountain lions in the Diablo Range of California. Unpubl. M. A. thesis, San Jose State Univ., San Jose, 34 pp." type="book" year="1981">Smith, 1981</bibRefCitation>
). Items reported eaten by mountain lions are listed in
<tableCitation id="C693E980FFA3FF8768D04793A6C7FC6C" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[408,468,137,156]" captionTargetBox="[195,719,231,709]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. PREY ITEMS REPORTED TAKEN BY MOUNTAIN LIONS (RUSSELL, 1978; SPALDING AND LESOWSKI, 1971; YOUNG AND GOLDMAN, 1946)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6E8CB3FFA3FF876BE4449EA4BBFF0E" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" tableUuid="DF6E8CB3FFA3FF876BE4449EA4BBFF0E">Table 1</tableCitation>
. The percentage of empty stomachs reported from dead mountain lions varied from 10 % (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876BF447B9A4FDFC00" author="Spalding, D. 1. &amp; 1. Lesowski" box="[392,643,942,961]" journalOrPublisher="J. Wildi. Mgmt." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="378 - 381" part="35" refId="ref10302" refString="Spalding, D. J., and J. Lesowski. 1971. Winter food of the cougar in south-central British Columbia. J. Wildi. Mgmt., 35: 378 - 381." title="Winter food of the cougar in south-central British Columbia" type="journal article" year="1971">Spalding and Lesowski, 1971</bibRefCitation>
) to 64 % (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876ACA47D5A748FC17" author="Connolly, E. 1., Jr." bookContentInfo="Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City" box="[182,310,962,982]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="176" refId="ref7803" refString="Connolly, E. J., Jr. 1949. The food habits and life history of the mountain lion (Felis concolor hippolestes). Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City, 176 pp." title="The food habits and life history of the mountain lion (Felis concolor hippolestes)" type="book" year="1949">Connolly, 1949</bibRefCitation>
), but about 30% (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876BA947D5A4F3FC17" author="Robinette, W. J. &amp; J. S. Gashwiler &amp; O. W. Morris" box="[469,653,962,982]" journalOrPublisher="J. Wildl, Mgmt." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="261 - 273" part="23" refId="ref9915" refString="Robinette, W. J., J. S. Gashwiler, and O. W. Morris. 1959. Food habits of the cougar in Utah and Nevada. J. Wildl, Mgmt., 23: 261 - 273." title="Food habits of the cougar in Utah and Nevada" type="journal article" year="1959">Robinette et al., 1959</bibRefCitation>
) is probably more realistic, although the actual figure is highly dependent upon diet. This suggests that an average mountain lion eats only 6 days out of 9.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876AA34003A697FB65" blockId="3.[176,730,755,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Hornocker (1970) calculated that an adult mountain lion would have to kill and utilize from 860 to 1,300 kg of large prey animals per year (5 to 7 elk or 14 to 20 deer). In warm weather, large carcasses probably decompose before full utilization by a mountain lion, but this bias is offset by the larger percentage of smaller animals in the diet in the summer months (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876854406BA6A0FB65" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876A9C40B2A465FA47" blockId="3.[176,730,755,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Mountain lions kill proportionately more old males and very young deer and elk than are found within the population as a whole (Hornocker, 1970;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876B2B40D9A436FB23" author="Spalding, D. 1. &amp; 1. Lesowski" box="[343,584,1230,1250]" journalOrPublisher="J. Wildi. Mgmt." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="378 - 381" part="35" refId="ref10302" refString="Spalding, D. J., and J. Lesowski. 1971. Winter food of the cougar in south-central British Columbia. J. Wildi. Mgmt., 35: 378 - 381." title="Winter food of the cougar in south-central British Columbia" type="journal article" year="1971">Spalding and Lesowski, 1971</bibRefCitation>
). The older deer are probably more vulnerable because of infirmities, the males are probably more vulnerable because of their solitary habits, and young animals are probably more vulnerable because they are small. Half of the deer and elk killed by lions and examined by Hornocker (1970) were in poor condition whereas 40% of those that he randomly killed in the same area were in poor condition, which suggests a slight, but possibly not significant bias in prey selection.
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF8768DD4149A694FA47" author="Hibben, F. C." journalOrPublisher="Univ. New Mexico Bull., BioI. Ser." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 59" part="5" refId="ref8457" refString="Hibben, F. C. 1937. A preliminary study of the mountain lion (Felis oregonensis sp.). Univ. New Mexico Bull., Biol. Ser., 5 (3): 1 - 59." title="A preliminary study of the mountain lion (Felis oregonensis sp.)" type="journal article" year="1937">Hibben (1937)</bibRefCitation>
found a similar bias in New Mexico.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876A9D419FA73EF9ED" blockId="3.[176,730,755,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
A mountain lion generally brings down larger prey by maneuvering to within about 15 m, then leaping on its back within a few strides and breaking the animal's neck with a powerful bite below the base of the skull (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876B1741D2A7A2FA18" author="Hibben, F. C." box="[363,476,1477,1497]" journalOrPublisher="Univ. New Mexico Bull., BioI. Ser." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 59" part="5" refId="ref8457" refString="Hibben, F. C. 1937. A preliminary study of the mountain lion (Felis oregonensis sp.). Univ. New Mexico Bull., Biol. Ser., 5 (3): 1 - 59." title="A preliminary study of the mountain lion (Felis oregonensis sp.)" type="journal article" year="1937">Hibben, 1937</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876B9041D2A4B0FA18" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[492,718,1477,1497]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). It then drags its kill to a secluded spot before eating from it. The unconsumed portion is usually covered with whatever substrate is available, usually leaves, sticks, or pine needles, and is usually returned to later.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876A9D4239A7A9F9BE" blockId="3.[176,730,755,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">If a mountain lion is able to maneuver within striking distance of its prey, its chances for successfully bringing the animal down are great. Hornocker (1970) recorded track data that indicated 37 out of 45 attempts were successful.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876A9D4297A700F926" blockId="3.[176,730,755,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">After an extensive predator-prey study, Hornocker (1970) concluded that elk and deer populations were limited by winter food supply rather than predation by lions, but that lion predation dampened prey oscillations and distributed the deer and elk more widely over the available range.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF876A9D42FFA541FF6C" blockId="3.[176,730,755,1828]" lastBlockId="3.[758,1311,133,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Mountain lions take livestock more frequently in the southwestern than in the northwestern United States (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF87682842EBA75BF8E5" author="Christensen, G. C. &amp; R. 1. Fischer" bookContentInfo="U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="213" refId="ref7756" refString="Christensen, G. C., and R. J. Fischer, eds. 1976. Transactions of the mountain lion workshop of the western United States and Canada. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1, 213 pp." title="Transactions of the mountain lion workshop of the western United States and Canada" type="book" year="1976">Christensen and Fischer, 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876B4B4306A7E1F8E5" author="Shaw, H. G." box="[311,415,1809,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="17 - 32" refId="ref10106" refString="Shaw, H. G. 1977. Impact of mountain lion on mule deer and cattle in northwestern Arizona. Pp. 17 - 32, in Proceedings of the 1975 predator symposium (R. L. Phillips and C. Jonkel, eds.). Forestry and Conserve Exp. Sta., Univ. Montana, Missoula, 268 pp." type="book chapter" year="1977">Shaw (1977)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized that the number of cattle killed by mountain lions varies inversely with the number of deer available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF87695F44B9A36AFED5" blockId="3.[758,1311,133,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Where they coexist with mountain lions, grizzly bears, wolverines, and jaguars are possible competitors (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876E0C44D4A55BFF2A" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). Coyotes, black bears, and bobcats and other smaller felids probably compete with mountain lions for smaller mammals and sometimes for deer throughout most of the mountain lion's range.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF87695F4501A2E6FDE2" blockId="3.[758,1311,133,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
An age-estimation method for mountain lions has recently been developed by the author (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF8769B1453CA23AFEFE" bookContentInfo="Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins" box="[973,1092,299,319]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="81" refId="ref7923" refString="1979. An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor). Unpubl. Ph. D. dissert., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 81 pp" title="An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor)" type="book" year="1979">Currier, 1979</bibRefCitation>
), but has been applied on only one population in southern Colorado. That population was subjected to heavy hunting pressure, particularly on adult males because of trophy hunting (generally adult males usually attain trophy size). Age distribution of the females was greater than that of the males, but declined after age 5 years. The oldest female was estimated to be 13 years old. Only five adult males were caught, and two of them were killed by hunters during the study. The estimated ages in years of the adult males at time of capture were 2, 2, 6, 6, and 8. The adult male: adult female: juvenile ratio was 0.3: 1.0:0.5. Hornocker (1970) reported a ratio in an unhunted mountain lion population in Idaho of 0.75:1.0:1.4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF8769584633A2ECFD33" blockId="3.[758,1311,133,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">It is likely that the main cause of mortality of mountain lions in western North America, and probably in South America, is hunting by humans. Natural, non-hunting mortality is probably heaviest during three periods of the mountain lion's life cycle: postnatal, immediately after independence, and old age. Adult male mountain lions sometimes kill kittens (Hornocker, 1970). Unattended kittens are also vulnerable to attack by other predators. Newly independent mountain lions that have not yet established home areas do not hunt as efficiently as resident lions. Old mountain lions are less efficient hunters because of physical deterioration.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF87695946E4A52DFC01" blockId="3.[758,1311,133,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Mountain lions are subject to accidental deaths throughout their lifetimes. Collisions with motor vehicles are the most common cause of accidental deaths and probably will increase as man encroaches into mountain lion habitat. Other types of accidents result from encounters with prey (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF87699D4752A229FC98" author="Currier, M. J. P." bookContentInfo="Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins" box="[993,1111,837,857]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="81" refId="ref7882" refString="Currier, M. J. P. 1976. Characteristics of the mountain lion population near Canon City, Colorado. Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 81 pp." title="Characteristics of the mountain lion population near Canon City, Colorado" type="book" year="1976">Currier, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876E184752A533FCAC" author="Gashwiler, J. S. &amp; W. L. Robinette" firstAuthor="Gashwiler" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="123 - 126" part="38" refId="ref8272" refString="Gashwiler, J. S., and W. L. Robinette. 1957. Accidental fatalities of Utah cougar. J. Mamm., 38: 123 - 126." title="Accidental fatalities of Utah cougar" type="journal article" year="1957">Gashwiler and Robinette, 1957</bibRefCitation>
; Hornocker, 1970), falls from cliffs (Hornocker, 1970), and drownings (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF8769054779A277FC43" author="Macgregor, W. G." box="[889,1033,878,898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="28 - 35" refId="ref9083" refString="Macgregor, W. G. 1974. The status of the puma in California. Pp. 28 - 35, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.). Vol. 3, No. 1. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 95 pp." type="book chapter" year="1974">Macgregor, 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876E694779A2A1FC43" author="Sitton, L. W. &amp; S. Wallen" box="[1045,1247,878,898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10227" refString="Sitton, L. W., and S. Wallen. 1976. California mountain lion study. California Dept. Fish and Game, Sacramento, 40 pp." type="book" year="1976">Sitton and Wallen, 1976</bibRefCitation>
). Probably lightning, rockslides, poisoning by venomous reptiles, postpartum complications, and choking also kill some mountain lions (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876E86478FA537FC01" author="Russell, K. R." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="207 - 225" refId="ref10002" refString="Russell, K. R. 1978. Mountain lion. Pp. 207 - 225, in Big game of North America: ecology and management (J. L. Schmidt and D. L. Gilbert, eds.). Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 494 pp." type="book chapter" year="1978">Russell, 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF87695847D6A555FB4E" blockId="3.[758,1311,133,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Mountain lions are solitary. The only social unit that endures more than a few days is the maternal bond of a female and her kittens. Females with small kittens avoid interactions with other mountain lions, but as the kittens approach independence and the female approaches estrous, she tolerates contact with other mountain lions of either sex. When she fully enters estrous, a male will usually join and travel with her until estrous is completed (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876E984029A5E0FBA4" author="Seidensticker, J. C. IV &amp; M. G. Hornocker &amp; W. V. Wiles &amp; J. P. Messick" journalOrPublisher="Wildl. Monogr." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 60" part="35" refId="ref10056" refString="Seidensticker, J. C. IV, M. G. Hornocker, W. V. Wiles, and J. P. Messick. 1973. Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildl. Monogr., 35: 1 - 60." title="Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area" type="journal article" year="1973">Seidensticker et al., 1973</bibRefCitation>
). Males may be found together immediately after independence from the mother, but only rarely as established adults.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF87695A4087A5E1FA04" blockId="3.[758,1311,133,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Intraspecific relationships determine the maximum crowding tolerated by mountain lions and establish a maximum density of one mountain lion every 25 to 50 km2 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF876E6640AEA2F5FB0D" author="Currier, M. J. P." bookContentInfo="Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins" box="[1050,1163,1209,1228]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="81" refId="ref7882" refString="Currier, M. J. P. 1976. Characteristics of the mountain lion population near Canon City, Colorado. Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 81 pp." title="Characteristics of the mountain lion population near Canon City, Colorado" type="book" year="1976">Currier, 1976</bibRefCitation>
). At or below this density, home range or area size is probably dependent upon prey density and stalking cover in relation to prey density (prey vulnerability) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF87694240E0A264FACA" author="Seidensticker, J. C. IV &amp; M. G. Hornocker &amp; W. V. Wiles &amp; J. P. Messick" box="[830,1050,1271,1291]" journalOrPublisher="Wildl. Monogr." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 60" part="35" refId="ref10056" refString="Seidensticker, J. C. IV, M. G. Hornocker, W. V. Wiles, and J. P. Messick. 1973. Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildl. Monogr., 35: 1 - 60." title="Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area" type="journal article" year="1973">Seidensticker et al., 1973</bibRefCitation>
). Home area size varies from season to season and year to year. The home area of one male radio-tracked by
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF8769F54137A216FAF5" author="Seidensticker, J. C. IV &amp; M. G. Hornocker &amp; W. V. Wiles &amp; J. P. Messick" box="[905,1128,1312,1332]" journalOrPublisher="Wildl. Monogr." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 60" part="35" refId="ref10056" refString="Seidensticker, J. C. IV, M. G. Hornocker, W. V. Wiles, and J. P. Messick. 1973. Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildl. Monogr., 35: 1 - 60." title="Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area" type="journal article" year="1973">Seidensticker et al. (1973)</bibRefCitation>
was 145 km2 during winter-spring of 1970- 71. It increased to 293 km2 that summerfall, then decreased to 96 km2 the following winter-spring. The summer home area of some mountain lions is in a different location from the winter area, thus involving a migration, but for some mountain lions it is merely an enlargement of the winter area. The home area of males is generally larger than the home area of neighboring females.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF87695A41D1A21EF9AA" blockId="3.[758,1311,133,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF87695A41D1A279FA19" author="Seidensticker, J. C. IV &amp; M. G. Hornocker &amp; W. V. Wiles &amp; J. P. Messick" box="[806,1031,1478,1496]" journalOrPublisher="Wildl. Monogr." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 60" part="35" refId="ref10056" refString="Seidensticker, J. C. IV, M. G. Hornocker, W. V. Wiles, and J. P. Messick. 1973. Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildl. Monogr., 35: 1 - 60." title="Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area" type="journal article" year="1973">Seidensticker et al. (1973)</bibRefCitation>
found that home areas of adult males in an unhunted population do not overlap, but home areas of adult females sometimes partially or entirely overlap with each other or with an adult male.
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF8769C14213A2EAF9D6" author="Sitton, L. W. &amp; S. Wallen" box="[957,1172,1540,1559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10227" refString="Sitton, L. W., and S. Wallen. 1976. California mountain lion study. California Dept. Fish and Game, Sacramento, 40 pp." type="book" year="1976">Sitton and Wallen (1976)</bibRefCitation>
found a greater degree of overlapping home areas in a region that had been heavily hunted until 2 years prior to their study, but unhunted during the study. Overlapping home areas may be due to social disruption from hunting, or to topography (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF8769A54240A22DF9AA" author="Hopkins, R. A." box="[985,1107,1623,1643]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref8525" refString="Hopkins, R. A. 1981. The density and home range characteristics of mountain lions in the Diablo Range of California. Unpubl. M. A. thesis, San Jose State Univ., San Jose, 48 pp." type="book" year="1981">Hopkins, 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF87695A427BA2E2F93B" blockId="3.[758,1311,133,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Mountain lions are exceptionally free of ectoparasites, probably due to their solitary nature, low densities, and mobile habits. Occasionally fleas
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA3FF8769EC4283A243F969" box="[912,1085,1684,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF8769EB4283A24EF969" box="[919,1072,1684,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Vermipsyllidae" genus="Arctopsylla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setosa">Arctopsylla setosa</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
ticks
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA3FF876E0E4283A5E0F97D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF876E064283A565F97D" authority=", Ixodes" authorityName="Ixodes" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">Dermacentor variabilis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF87695A42BEA5E6F97D" authority=", Ixodes" authorityName="Ixodes" box="[806,920,1705,1724]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">Ixodes ricinus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF8769BB42BEA275F97D" box="[967,1035,1705,1724]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cookei">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA3FF8769BB42BEA275F97D" box="[967,1035,1705,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">I. cookei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in North America, and
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA3FF876EB742BEA24FF910" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF876EB742BEA50DF910" authority=", Boophilus" authorityName="Boophilus" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">Amblyomma cajennense</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF8769FC42AAA252F910" authority=", Boophilus" authorityName="Boophilus" box="[896,1068,1725,1745]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus">Boophilus microplus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF876E2142AAA56DF924" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyaniventris">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA3FF876E2142AAA56DF924" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dermacentor cyaniventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in South America), and lice
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA3FF87698B42C5A2F7F924" box="[1015,1161,1746,1765]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF87698642C5A2F7F924" box="[1018,1161,1746,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Trichodectidae" genus="Trichodectes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="felis">Trichodectes felis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
in South America) infest mountain lions (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA3FF8769D242F0A2EFF93B" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[942,1169,1767,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA3FF80695A42ECA786FE6A" blockId="3.[758,1311,133,1828]" lastBlockId="4.[168,723,139,1834]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Tapeworms
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA3FF8769F142ECA265F8CF" box="[909,1051,1787,1806]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF8769E942ECA271F8CF" authority="Lühe, 1910" box="[917,1039,1787,1806]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Plathyelminthes" rank="species" species="omissa">Taenia omissa</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
obtained from eating the immature stages in lungs or pericardium of deer
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA3FF876EF44318A297F8E5" box="[1160,1257,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA3FF876EF04318A297F8E5" authority="Rafinesque, 1832" box="[1164,1257,1807,1828]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odocoileus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Odocoileus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
spp.), are the most common internal parasites, although they are not widespread (Hornocker, 1970;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806BCC4488A412FF72" author="Leiby, P. D. &amp; W. G. Dyer" box="[432,620,159,179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="174 - 234" refId="ref8953" refString="Leiby, P. D., and W. G. Dyer. 1971. Cyclophyllidae-on tapeworms of wild carnivores. Pp. 174 - 234, in Parasitic diseases of wild mammals (J. W. Davis and R. C. Anderson, eds.). Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, 364 pp." type="book chapter" year="1971">Leiby and Dyer, 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF8068064488A769FF09" author="Sitton, L. W. &amp; S. Wallen" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10227" refString="Sitton, L. W., and S. Wallen. 1976. California mountain lion study. California Dept. Fish and Game, Sacramento, 40 pp." type="book" year="1976">Sitton and Wallen, 1976</bibRefCitation>
). Flukes
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF806B1E44A3A443FF09" box="[354,573,180,200]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF806B1444A3A449FF09" authority="(von Siebold, 1852) Stiles &amp; Hassall, 1900" box="[360,567,180,200]" class="Trematoda" family="Heterophyidae" genus="Heterophyes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="heterophyes">Heterophyes heterophyes</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80683644A3A6AFFF1D" author="Davis, J. W. &amp; K. G. Libhe" bookContentInfo="Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, 364 pp." editor="J. W. Davis &amp; R. C. Anderson" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="235 - 257" refId="ref8067" refString="Davis, J. W., and K. G. Libhe. 1971. Trematodes. Pp. 235 - 257, in Parasitic diseases of wild mammals (J. W. Davis and R. C. Anderson, eds.). Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, 364 pp." title="Trematodes" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Parasitic diseases of wild mammals" year="1971">Davis and Libhe, 1971</bibRefCitation>
), and nematodes
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF806B1444DEA468FF1D" box="[360,534,201,220]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF806B0C44DEA46EFF1D" box="[368,528,201,220]" class="Enoplea" family="Trichinellidae" genus="Trichinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichinellida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80685844DEA4B7FF1D" author="Worley, D. E. &amp; 1. C. Fox &amp; 1. B. Winters &amp; K. R. Greer" bookContentInfo="658 pp." box="[548,713,201,220]" editor="C. W. Kim" firstAuthor="Worley" journalOrPublisher="Intext Educ. PubI., New York" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref10537" refString="Worley, D. E., J. C. Fox, J. B. Winters, and K. R. Greer. 1974. Prevalence and distribution of Trichinella spiralis in carnivorous mammals in the United States northern Rocky Mountain region. Pp. 597 - 602, in Trichinellosis. Proc. Third Internatl. Conf. on Trichinellosis (C. W. Kim, ed.). Intext Educ. Publ., New York, 658 pp." title="Prevalence and distribution of Trichinella spiralis in carnivorous mammals in the United States northern Rocky Mountain region. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Trichinellosis. Proc. Third Internatl. Conf. on Trichinellosis" year="1974">Worley et al., 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806AD544CAA73CFF30" author="Zimmerman, W. J." box="[169,322,221,241]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="127 - 138" refId="ref10695" refString="Zimmerman, W. J. 1971. Trichinosis. Pp. 127 - 138, in Parasitic diseases of wild mammals (J. W. Davis and R. C. Anderson, eds.). Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, 364 pp." type="book chapter" year="1971">Zimmerman, 1971</bibRefCitation>
) also have been reported. The roundworm
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF8068C544CAA742FEC7" class="Chromadorea" family="Filaroididae" genus="Filaroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="striatum">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF8068C544CAA742FEC7" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Filaroides striatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported in mountain lions in Brazil (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806AD34510A7ECFEDA" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[175,402,263,283]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
). One case of piroplasmosis caused by the protozoan
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF806B62450BA7E0FEF1" box="[286,414,284,304]" genus="Babesialla" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="felis">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF806B62450BA7E0FEF1" box="[286,414,284,304]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Babesialla felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported in a captive mountain lion (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806A874526A71AFE85" author="Howe, D. L." bookContentInfo="Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, 364 pp" box="[251,356,305,324]" editor="J. W. Davis &amp; R. C. Anderson" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="335 - 342" refId="ref8626" refString="Howe, D. L. 1971. Babesiosis. Pp. 335 - 342, in Parasitic diseases of wild mammals (J. W. Davis and R. C. Anderson, eds.). Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, 364 pp." title="Babesiosis. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Parasitic diseases of wild mammals" year="1971">Howe, 1971</bibRefCitation>
). One probable case of rabies has been recorded (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806A904552A729FE99" author="Storer, T. I." box="[236,343,325,344]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref10421" refString="Storer, T. I. 1923. Rabies in a mountain lion. California Fish and Game, 9 (2): 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1923">Storer, 1923</bibRefCitation>
), and
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806BED4552A784FE99" author="Bittle, 1. L." bookContentInfo="Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames" box="[401,506,325,344]" editor="1. W. Davis &amp; L. H. Karstad &amp; D. O. Trainer" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="85 - 89" refId="ref7583" refString="Bittle, J. L. 1970. Feline panleukopenia. Pp. 85 - 89, in Infectious diseases of wild animals (J. W. Davis, L. H. Karstad, and D. O. Trainer, eds.). Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, 421 pp." title="Feline panleukopenia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Infectious diseases of wild animals" year="1970">Bittle (1970)</bibRefCitation>
acknowledged the occurrence of feline panleukopenia in mountain lions. There is some evidence that arthritis occurs in old animals (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF8068624578A4E0FE43" author="Connolly, E. 1., Jr." bookContentInfo="Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City" box="[542,670,367,386]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="176" refId="ref7803" refString="Connolly, E. J., Jr. 1949. The food habits and life history of the mountain lion (Felis concolor hippolestes). Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City, 176 pp." title="The food habits and life history of the mountain lion (Felis concolor hippolestes)" type="book" year="1949">Connolly, 1949</bibRefCitation>
; Hornocker, 1970). Anthrax has been reported in mountain lions that have eaten infected meat (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806BFA458EA795FE6A" author="Miller, R. M." box="[390,491,409,427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref9336" refString="Miller, R. M. 1971. Anthrax in mountain lions. Pp. 605, in Progress in feline practice (E. J. Catcott and J. F. Smithcors, eds.). Vol. 2. Am. Vet. Publ., Wheaton, Illinois, 704 pp." type="book" year="1971">Miller, 1971</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF806AA945BAA71CFD39" blockId="4.[168,723,139,1834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Two subspecies of mountain lion,
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF806B8845BAA433FE00" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1899" box="[500,589,429,449]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coryi">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF806B8845BAA47BFE00" box="[500,517,429,449]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF80685845BAA433FE00" box="[548,589,429,449]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">coryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF80680245BAA6AEFE17" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couguar">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF80680245BAA4F1FE00" box="[638,655,429,449]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF8068D245BAA6A8FE17" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">couguar,</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been declared endangered (U.S.
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80686745D5A77DFE28" author="U. S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10486" refString="U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1974. Endangered fauna. U. S. Dept. Interior, 22 pp." type="book" year="1974">Fish and Wildlife Service, 1974</bibRefCitation>
). The mountain lion was bountied in 9 western states (not in Alaska, Wyoming, or Nevada), and by the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. The bounty programs varied in duration between 1843 and 1970, but averaged almost 50 years in each state or province. Although the state did not bounty mountain lions in Texas, counties did. In 1970, two counties still paid a bounty, and one remained in 1974 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806BA64644A437FDA7" author="Nowak, R. M." box="[474,585,595,614]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref9566" refString="Nowak, R. M. 1976. The cougar in the United States and Canada. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Ser., Washington, D. C., and New York Zoological Soc., 190 pp." type="book" year="1976">Nowak, 1976</bibRefCitation>
). The mountain lion was declared a game animal in Colorado and Nevada in 1965, in Washington and British Columbia in 1966, in Oregon and Utah in 1967, in California (but is currently protected by a legislative moratorium) and Alberta in 1969, in Arizona in 1970, in New Mexico and Montana in 1971, in Idaho in 1972, and in Wyoming in 1973. It is still considered a predatory animal in Texas and receives no protection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF806AAA46EEA4FAFB96" blockId="4.[168,723,139,1834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The mountain lion was bountied intermittently in Florida during the 1800's. From 1950 to 1958 it was considered a game animal, and in 1958 it became fully protected. The mountain lion is fully protected in the following states and provinces: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. As of 1976, there was no legal classification and no protection of mountain lions, except in agreement with the federal government, by the following states and provinces (lions are federally protected in states followed by an asterisk, because part of the original range of the endangered subspecies occurred there): Alaska, Indiana *, Iowa, Kansas, Maine*, Michigan*, Minnesota, Mississippi*, Nebraska, North Dakota, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ohio*, Ontario, Pennsylvania*, Quebec, Rhode Island*, Saskatchewan, South Dakota, Vermont *, West Virginia*, Wisconsin*, and Yukon (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF8068744053A404FB96" author="Nowak, R. M." box="[520,634,1092,1111]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref9566" refString="Nowak, R. M. 1976. The cougar in the United States and Canada. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Ser., Washington, D. C., and New York Zoological Soc., 190 pp." type="book" year="1976">Nowak, 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF806AA5404DA69EFAE7" blockId="4.[168,723,139,1834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Mountain lions readily breed in captivity and are, therefore, often recipients of birth control implants to control overpopulation problems in some zoos. Unfortunately, many captive mountain lions originated from indiscriminate crossbreeding of different subspecies, so pure strains of the endangered subspecies are not readily available. A breeding program for the endangered
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF80684E40D7A4F5FB15" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1899" box="[562,651,1216,1236]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coryi">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF80684E40D7A43EFB15" box="[562,576,1216,1236]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">F.</emphasis>
c.
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF80681E40D7A4F5FB15" box="[610,651,1216,1236]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">coryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Florida panther) is being attempted at the Rare Feline Breeding Compound in Florida by R. Baudy (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806BFF40FDA478FB3C" author="Downing, R. L." bookContentInfo="Eastern Cougar Newsl., May, 1979" box="[387,518,1258,1277]" firstAuthor="Downing" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="3" refId="ref8175" refString="Downing, R. L. 1979. Progress reports: Florida. Eastern Cougar Newsl., May, 1979: 3." title="Progress reports: Florida" type="proceedings paper" year="1979">Downing, 1979</bibRefCitation>
), but three of the four males are well over 20 years old and the fourth is believed to be sterile.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF806AA54130A75BFAB8" blockId="4.[168,723,139,1834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mountain lion pelts are not commercially valuable, although both North and South American Indians formerly made extensive use of them. Mountain lion claws and teeth are sometimes used for ornamentation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF806AA5416DA69CF98B" blockId="4.[168,723,139,1834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The main methods of studying mountain lions have been observation of sign and capture and tagging. Mountain lions are generally tracked with two to four experienced hounds, then immobilized with phencyclidine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/lb) or a derivative injected from a dart shot from a Cap-Chur gun (Palmer Chemical and Equipment Co., Douglasville, Georgia 30134, USA), and marked with either a nylon rope collar and ear tattoo or a radio collar (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806ACC421CA757F9DF" author="Ashman, D." bookContentInfo="Nevada Dept. Fish and Game Performance Rep., Proj. W- 48 - 6, Job No. 5" box="[176,297,1547,1566]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="18" refId="ref7524" refString="Ashman, D. 1975. Mountain lion investigations. Nevada Dept. Fish and Game Performance Rep., Proj. W- 48 - 6, Job No. 5, 18 pp." title="Mountain lion investigations" type="book" year="1975">Ashman, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; Currier et aI., 1977;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806B9D421CA414F9DF" author="Donaldson, R. B." bookContentInfo="Final Rep., Proj. W - 93 - R-l 7, Work Plan 15, Job No. 1" box="[481,618,1547,1566]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="18" refId="ref8125" refString="Donaldson, R. B. 1975. New Mexico game surveys: mountain lion research. New Mexico Dept. Game and Fish. Final Rep., Proj. W - 93 - R-l 7, Work Plan 15, Job No. 1, 18 pp." title="New Mexico game surveys: mountain lion research. New Mexico Dept. Game and Fish" type="book" year="1975">Donaldson, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; Hornocker, 1970; Seidensticker et aI., 1973;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806BB44237A454F9F2" author="Shaw, H. G." box="[456,554,1568,1587]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="17 - 32" refId="ref10106" refString="Shaw, H. G. 1977. Impact of mountain lion on mule deer and cattle in northwestern Arizona. Pp. 17 - 32, in Proceedings of the 1975 predator symposium (R. L. Phillips and C. Jonkel, eds.). Forestry and Conserve Exp. Sta., Univ. Montana, Missoula, 268 pp." type="book chapter" year="1977">Shaw, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF8068454237A6A9F98B" author="Sitton, L. W. &amp; S. Wallen" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10227" refString="Sitton, L. W., and S. Wallen. 1976. California mountain lion study. California Dept. Fish and Game, Sacramento, 40 pp." type="book" year="1976">Sitton and Wallen, 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF806AA5425AA7FBF8EB" blockId="4.[168,723,139,1834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Numerical estimates of population density based on tracks have been attempted (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806B1C4274A7ABF9B6" author="Currier, M. J. P." bookContentInfo="Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins" box="[352,469,1635,1655]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="81" refId="ref7882" refString="Currier, M. J. P. 1976. Characteristics of the mountain lion population near Canon City, Colorado. Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 81 pp." title="Characteristics of the mountain lion population near Canon City, Colorado" type="book" year="1976">Currier, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806B984274A42DF9B6" author="Koford, C. B." box="[484,595,1635,1655]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="92 - 96" refId="ref8814" refString="Koford, C. B. 1978. The welfare of the puma in California, 1976. Carnivore, 1: 92 - 96." type="journal article" year="1978">Koford, 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80681E4274A6A8F94D" author="Kutilek, M. J. &amp; T. E. Smith &amp; R. A. Hopkins &amp; E. W. Clinite" firstAuthor="Kutilek" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref8872" refString="Kutilek, M. J., T. E. Smith, R. A. Hopkins, and E. W. Clinite. 1980. California mountain lion track transect survey, 1980. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, File No. 0102 - 01, 30 pp." type="book" year="1980">Kutilek et al., 1980</bibRefCitation>
), but accurate estimation is difficult. Seidensticker et aI. (1973) were able to mark essentially the entire resident population on their 520 km2 area, but this was not possible in most studies.
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF8068ED42B0A73CF910" author="Johnson, M. L. &amp; L. K. Couch" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="255 - 256" part="35" refId="ref8717" refString="Johnson, M. L., and L. K. Couch. 1954. Determination of the abundance of cougar. J. Mamm., 35: 255 - 256." title="Determination of the abundance of cougar" type="journal article" year="1954">Johnson and Couch (1954)</bibRefCitation>
developed a formula for a minimum population estimate based on lions killed: N = 3.3K, where N = minimum population and K = number of lions killed each year.
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80682742FCA4AFF93F" author="Nowak, R. M." box="[603,721,1771,1790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref9566" refString="Nowak, R. M. 1976. The cougar in the United States and Canada. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Ser., Washington, D. C., and New York Zoological Soc., 190 pp." type="book" year="1976">Nowak (1976)</bibRefCitation>
estimated the total population of mountain lions in the United States and Canada to be 16,000.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B8FB0FFA4FF816961449CA71EFF17" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF806961449CA24CFE56" blockId="4.[752,1308,139,1399]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF806961449CA5EAFF5F" bold="true" box="[797,916,139,158]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">BEHAVIOR.</emphasis>
Reproductive behavior in the mountain lion is typical of felids. When a female is in estrous, she vocalizes freely, frequently rubs against nearby objects, and often exhibits lordosis and treading (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80691B44DEA5B4FF1D" author="Rabb, G. B." box="[871,970,201,220]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="616 - 617" part="40" refId="ref9851" refString="Rabb, G. B. 1959. Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas. J. Mamm., 40: 616 - 617." title="Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas" type="journal article" year="1959">Rabb, 1959</bibRefCitation>
). A male responds vocally with similar yowls (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80695644CAA5F0FF30" author="Rabb, G. B." box="[810,910,221,241]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="616 - 617" part="40" refId="ref9851" refString="Rabb, G. B. 1959. Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas. J. Mamm., 40: 616 - 617." title="Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas" type="journal article" year="1959">Rabb, 1959</bibRefCitation>
), sniffs the female's genital area, and tests her condition with Flehmen (vomeronasal response) (Eaton and Verlander, 1977). After a period of courtship, which primarily involves the male docilely following the female, an attempted mounting by the male is met by either defensive snarls and hisses or by allowed copulation. Prior to intromission, the male often grasps the female's neck fur. Copulation is brief but frequent (see REPRODUCTION AND ONTOGENY). The female seeks a secluded place to have her young, but no bedding is prepared.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF806961458FA5EFFCF5" blockId="4.[752,1308,139,1399]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Communication between adult mountain lions is largely visual and olfactory. When a female is in estrous, auditory and tactile communication are also important. Adult males and infrequently adult females make scrapes in their home areas (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806EF545C1A36EFE2B" author="Musgrave, M. E." box="[1161,1296,470,490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="282 - 285" refId="ref9432" refString="Musgrave, M. E. 1926. Some habits of mountain lions in Arizona. 1. Mamm., 7: 282 - 285." type="journal article" year="1926">Musgrave, 1926</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80688D45FCA52AFE3E" author="Smith, T. E." box="[753,852,491,511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10258" refString="Smith, T. E. 1981. Food habits and scrape site characteristics of mountain lions in the Diablo Range of California. Unpubl. M. A. thesis, San Jose State Univ., San Jose, 34 pp." type="book" year="1981">Smith, 1981</bibRefCitation>
). Scrapes are small piles of substrate kicked up by the hindfeet. Seidensticker et aI. (1973) measured 86 scrapes and found them to be 15 to 46 em long, 15 to 30 em wide, and 3 to 5 em deep. Most were found where topography yielded easy passage: on the downhill side of trees, near mouths of canyons, in draws, and on ridges. While tracking lions, they found the lion might go for many kilometers without scraping, or make two scrapes within a few hundred meters.
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF8069DF466BA265FD4E" author="Hibben, F. C." box="[931,1051,636,655]" journalOrPublisher="Univ. New Mexico Bull., BioI. Ser." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 59" part="5" refId="ref8457" refString="Hibben, F. C. 1937. A preliminary study of the mountain lion (Felis oregonensis sp.). Univ. New Mexico Bull., Biol. Ser., 5 (3): 1 - 59." title="A preliminary study of the mountain lion (Felis oregonensis sp.)" type="journal article" year="1937">Hibben (1937)</bibRefCitation>
stated that a male will scrape frequently when courting a female. Feces or obvious urine were only associated with about 20% of the scrapes; however, detection of urine was difficult, so it may be much more prevalent. Feces were sometimes found unassociated with a scrape, usually near a kill site (Seidensticker et aI., 1973). Both males and females visit scrape sites and sometimes change course abruptly after the visit, suggesting that information is transferred from one lion to another (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF8068844735A5F8FCF5" author="Hornocker, M. G." box="[760,902,802,820]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref8569" refString="Hornocker, M. G. 1969. Winter territoriality in mountain lions. 1. Wildl. Mgmt., 33: 457 - 464. 1970. An analysis of mountain lion predation upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildl. Monogr., 21: 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1969">Hornocker, 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF8069624721A564FB97" blockId="4.[752,1308,139,1399]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Communication between mother and offspring is mainly tactile (licking, rubbing) and vocal. Young mountain lions give a loud, chirping whistle that serves to direct the mother's attention to the kitten (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF8069524762A26CFC46" author="Eaton, R. L. &amp; K. A. Verlander" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp" box="[814,1042,885,903]" editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref8199" refString="Eaton, R. L., and K. A. Verlander. 1977. Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny. Pp. 45 - 70, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 3. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 144 pp." title="Reproduction in the puma: biology, behavior and ontogeny" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1977">Eaton and Verlander, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806E5E4762A2FBFC46" author="Rabb, G. B." box="[1058,1157,885,903]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="616 - 617" part="40" refId="ref9851" refString="Rabb, G. B. 1959. Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas. J. Mamm., 40: 616 - 617." title="Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas" type="journal article" year="1959">Rabb, 1959</bibRefCitation>
). Adult mountain lions have a low-pitched squeal that also appears to function in attention-getting (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF8069FA4789A594FC70" author="Rabb, G. B." box="[902,1002,926,945]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="616 - 617" part="40" refId="ref9851" refString="Rabb, G. B. 1959. Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas. J. Mamm., 40: 616 - 617." title="Reproductive and vocal behavior in captive pumas" type="journal article" year="1959">Rabb, 1959</bibRefCitation>
). Like smaller cats, but unlike the large, roaring cats, mountain lions can show contentment by purring both during inspiration and expiration of breath (see FORM AND FUNCTION). Mountain lions in captivity also make a variety of meows and barks which probably do not occur as frequently in more solitary wild mountain lions. The occurrence of the fabled &quot;scream&quot; is much debated. For example, Seidensticker et aI. (1973) did not witness it in eight years of work with wild and captive mountain lions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF80695C404FA503FAB6" blockId="4.[752,1308,139,1399]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Many postures and habits of the mountain lion are typical of felids. It cleans itself by licking (see FORM AND FUNCTION). It laps water with its tongue and tears chunks of meat from a carcass with its sharp premolars and molars. Lions swim only when necessary, although they are not so averse to water as are domestic cats. Posture and facial expressions are similar to those described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80697240C3A5EAFB26" author="Hemmer, H." box="[782,916,1236,1255]" journalOrPublisher="Mamm. Species" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 5" part="20" refId="ref8415" refString="Hemmer, H. 1972. Uncia uncia. Mamm. Species, 20: 1 - 5." title="Uncia uncia" type="journal article" year="1972">Hemmer (1972)</bibRefCitation>
for the snow leopard. The greeting posture of captive mountain lions is standing with the tail curved upwards, and is accompanied by a short &quot;rnra&quot; sound (Currier, pers. observ.). Annoyance or anger is indicated by a hiss or growl accompanied by a flattening of the ears against the skull (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806E0A4130A560FA8E" author="Bogue, G. &amp; M. Ferrari" bookContentInfo="Vol. 3, No. 1. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 95 pp." editor="R. L. Eaton" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="36 - 45" refId="ref7641" refString="Bogue, G., and M. Ferrari. 1974. The predatory &quot; training &quot; of captive-reared pumas. Pp. 36 - 45, in The world's cats (R. L. Eaton, ed.), Vol. 3, No. 1. Carnivore Research Inst., Burke Museum, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 95 pp." title="The predatory &quot; training &quot; of captive-reared pumas" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The world's cats" year="1974">Bogue and Ferrari, 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Mountain lions remain playful throughout their lives, particularly when a female is in or approaching estrous (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806EC54147A50CFAB6" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF80695C418BA5ACF995" blockId="4.[756,1307,1436,1744]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF80695C418BA5EFFA6E" bold="true" box="[800,913,1436,1455]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">GENETICS.</emphasis>
The mountain lion has 19 pairs of chromosomes as do most felids. Eighteen of these pairs are metacentric or submetacentric and one is acrocentric or subacrocentric; the total number of chromosome arms is 37 (most felids are 19-17-2-36) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806E8A41CEA524F9C3" author="Robinson, R." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref9981" refString="Robinson, R. 1976. Homologous genetic variation in the Felidae. Genetica, 46: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1976">Robinson, 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80691141F9A27FF9C3" author="Hsu, T. C. &amp; H. H. Rearden &amp; G. F. Luquette" box="[877,1025,1518,1538]" firstAuthor="Hsu" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="225 - 233" refId="ref8676" refString="Hsu, T. C., H. H. Rearden, and G. F. Luquette. 1963. Karyological studies of nine species of Felidae. Amer. Nat., 97: 225 - 233." type="journal article" year="1963">Hsu et al. (1963)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that one pair of small acrocentric chromosomes was eliminated in mountain lions through pericentric inversion. The X chromosome is medium-sized and metacentric and the Y chromosome is small and submetacentric (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806E94423BA5B5F995" author="Wurster, D. H. &amp; K. Benirschke" firstAuthor="Wurster" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="336 - 382" refId="ref10624" refString="Wurster, D. H., and K. Benirschke. 1968. Comparative cytogenetic studies in the order Carnivora. Chromosoma, 24: 336 - 382." type="journal article" year="1968">Wurster and Benirschke, 1968</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF80695D4241A364F911" blockId="4.[756,1307,1436,1744]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Of the 15 coat color mutant genes known in the domestic cat
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF806888427CA504F9BE" box="[756,890,1643,1663]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF806887427CA511F9BE" box="[763,879,1643,1663]" class="Chromadorea" family="Filaroididae" genus="Filaroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="domesticus">F. domesticus</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
the mountain lion probably exhibits three forms: non-agouti (the yellow or brown band is absent from agouti hairs resulting in a black-appearing coat), albinism, both reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF80688842BEA59EF97D" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" box="[756,992,1705,1724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman (1946)</bibRefCitation>
, and nonextension of black in agouti hairs, resulting in yellowish or reddish coat color (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF806EF342AAA36EF911" author="Robinson, R." box="[1167,1296,1725,1744]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref9981" refString="Robinson, R. 1976. Homologous genetic variation in the Felidae. Genetica, 46: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1976">Robinson, 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA4FF81695C42FCA71EFF17" blockId="4.[756,1304,1771,1831]" lastBlockId="5.[177,728,133,256]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF80695C42FCA5EEF93F" bold="true" box="[800,912,1771,1790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">REMARKS.</emphasis>
The number of recognized genera in
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF806E9D42FCA366F93F" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" box="[1249,1304,1771,1790]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Felidae</taxonomicName>
remains debatable. Simpson (1945) listed three genera:
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF806E9142E8A539F8E6" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF806E9142E8A36DF8D2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1261,1299,1791,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Felis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF8068884303A53DF8E6" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[756,835,1812,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Panthera</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA4FF80690B4303A5B9F8E6" box="[887,967,1812,1831]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA4FF80690B4303A5BCF8E6" authorityName="Brookes" authorityYear="1828" box="[887,962,1812,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Acinonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acinonyx</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA4FF8069AC4303A237F8E6" author="Kretzoi, N." box="[976,1097,1812,1831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1293 - 1355" refId="ref8840" refString="Kretzoi, N. 1929. Materialen zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Aeluroidean. Tenth Congr. Internatl. Zool., Budapest, 1927, Part 2: 1293 - 1355." type="journal article" year="1929">Kretzoi (1929)</bibRefCitation>
listed more than 60 genera. A few authors recognize
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA5FF816BCE4492A79CFF59" authority="Jardine, 1834" box="[434,482,133,152]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA5FF816BCE4492A79CFF59" box="[434,482,133,152]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Puma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a separate genus for the mountain lion (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA5FF816B4C448EA784FF6D" author="Glass, G. E. &amp; L. D. Martin" box="[304,506,153,172]" journalOrPublisher="Carnivore" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="80 - 87" part="1" refId="ref8333" refString="Glass, G. E., and L. D. Martin. 1978. A multivariate comparison of some extant and fossil Felidae. Carnivore, 1: 80 - 87." title="A multivariate comparison of some extant and fossil Felidae" type="journal article" year="1978">Glass and Martin, 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA5FF816875448EA4F5FF6D" author="Hemmer, H." box="[521,651,153,172]" journalOrPublisher="Carnivore" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="71 - 79" part="1" refId="ref8434" refString="1978. The evolutionary systematics of living Felidae: present status and current problems. Carnivore, 1: 71 - 79." title="The evolutionary systematics of living Felidae: present status and current problems" type="journal article" year="1978">Hemmer, 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA5FF8168E5448EA694FF03" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="329 - 350" part="8" refId="ref9780" refString="1917 b. The classification of existing Felidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 20: 329 - 350." title="The classification of existing Felidae" type="journal article" year="1917">
Pocock,
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA5FF816ACF44B9A68DFF03" box="[179,243,174,194]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1917 b),</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
but
<taxonomicName id="4C11A7B8FFA5FF816B5D44B9A736FF03" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[289,328,174,194]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9650029FFA5FF816B5D44B9A736FF03" box="[289,328,174,194]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is generally accepted (
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA5FF81686844B9A4ECFF03" author="Hist" box="[532,658,174,194]" firstAuthor="Simpson" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 350" refId="ref10199" refString="1945. The principles of classification and classification of mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 85: 1 - 350." type="journal article" year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A1CAFFA5FF8168D844B9A72BFF17" author="Young, S. P. &amp; E. A. Goldman" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref10654" refString="Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. The Amer. Wildi. Inst., Washington, D. C., 358 pp." type="book" year="1946">Young and Goldman, 1946</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30B8FB0FFA5FF816A9C44CFA776FEC1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BAEDC3BFFA5FF816A9C44CFA776FEC1" blockId="5.[177,728,133,256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Other vernacular names for the mountain lion include cougar and puma.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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