419 lines
56 KiB
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419 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="EB1B51802B9B8444A67524141B1F6CA3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5353.6.4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10009792" ID-ZooBank="98134DC5-D1DE-4F39-8774-A3DBF098D604" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1697230087818" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gopika, C., Garg, Sonali, Sivaperuman, Chandrakasan, Gokulakrishnan, G. & Biju, S. D." docDate="2023" docId="CE268957FFC4FFDAFF57EC679237F88B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5353.6.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5353 (6)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5353.6.4" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Minervarya andamanensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="572" masterDocId="321FF12FFFC6FFDFFFC0E9389610FFAA" masterDocTitle="Larval morphology and natural history in two Minervarya species from Andaman Islands, with comments on a new phytotelmonous larval morphotype for the genus" masterLastPageNumber="581" masterPageNumber="567" pageNumber="569" updateTime="1697808045214" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="BB016431BD1D8F0D140D66F701B15FA0">Larval morphology and natural history in two Minervarya species from Andaman Islands, with comments on a new phytotelmonous larval morphotype for the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9552D25CEA3C6DB4BD6F474F54AABFB8">Gopika, C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9D774FF7CA6936106043447C23BFDE4C">Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India & gopikacjnv 33 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0047 - 0438</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DA1DD9C4656D233D5D6D68BD1DDDD78D" type="email">gopikacjnv33@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="318E20D18D491FCB2B38218D14DA02B3">Garg, Sonali</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A437D8A7C6ED4081B1BDFEB17758C2BF" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0048-4346</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="0D9A66C7D90B8057B38CA8A1359B40EC">Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America & sonaligarg @ fas. harvard. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0048 - 4346</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="86B90E6723C9137836F1950E221F7530" type="email">sonaligarg@fas.harvard.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7C073A37DC5E2D51B6E05D9B8972D5EE">Sivaperuman, Chandrakasan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="00217FA4EE9FDC8E32404C75698EDDFA">Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India & c _ sivaperuman 1 @ rediffmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3582 - 7767</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="363FA4B6C2303AD1BA024AD2B5C1F222" type="email">c_sivaperuman1@rediffmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="16D6A148B48E6951EF2803370CA80BCB">Gokulakrishnan, G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="667D66814D27B368EBCDC97E1F1B28DA">Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India & gokul 7701 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3574 - 1891</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C30031705BAA787D24F645F603726B6F" type="email">gokul7701@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DC07D67A30B82E9507FEA358433AC238">Biju, S. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8AA86C997FDC3EC743E8FEA3B5811F6B">Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America & sdbiju @ es. du. ac. in; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1039 - 4421 & Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9C91239D618D9E62DC0F1E22A5FBDD22" type="email">sdbiju@es.du.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="3655F74DC789D16C36BC44843CA51245">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="12B25F18B6CBCF03D957186AC74150D7">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A99D2DDACFC562FBC9977B2DAA02E4F1">2023-10-13</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="FE273091037F86D3DDD7294EA88970B9">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5353.6.4</mods:url>
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<paragraph id="46303841FFC4FFDDFF57EC679478FAD2" blockId="2.[151,616,1374,1401]" box="[151,616,1374,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
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<heading id="1D788F2DFFC4FFDDFF57EC679478FAD2" bold="true" box="[151,616,1374,1401]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="818F43C2FFC4FFDDFF57EC679478FAD2" ID-CoL="6RM6W" authority="(Stoliczka)" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[151,616,1374,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
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<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC4FFDDFF57EC6797CAFAD3" bold="true" box="[151,474,1374,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Minervarya andamanensis</emphasis>
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(Stoliczka)
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<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC4FFDDFF57EC9E946DFA6A" bold="true" box="[151,637,1446,1473]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
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Breeding and early development (
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<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC4FFDDFDE9EC9E947DFA6A" box="[553,621,1446,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[152,261,1232,1256]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-120@3.[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Breeding sequence and development in Minervarya andamanensis. A. Calling male with paired subgular vocal sacs; B. amplectant pair; C. close up of cloacal regions of the amplecting pair at the time of egg laying; D. freshly laid pigmented eggs; E. pigmented view of freshly laid eggs; F. close-up of a single freshly laid egg surrounded with jelly layer; G–I. cleavage of the egg after two hours (eight-celled stage); J. cleavage after five hours (sixteen-cell stage); K. tailbud stage after 40 hours; L. lateral view of a Gosner Stage 35 tadpole. Photographs: SDB and GG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009794/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
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</emphasis>
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As a prolonged breeder,
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<taxonomicName id="818F43C2FFC4FFDDFC56EC9F92D1FA6B" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[918,1217,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
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<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC4FFDDFC56EC9F92D1FA6B" box="[918,1217,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Minervarya andamanensis</emphasis>
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continues breeding activities for nearly three months. The most active breeding period is during the first half of the monsoon season, usually between the months from May to June. Males usually vocalise in a chorus from the edges of water bodies or shallow waters (rarely on the deeper side), from 17:00 hrs until 01:00 hrs. Males inflate a pair of externally visible subgular vocal sacs while emitting advertisement calls (
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<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC4FFDDFCD1EF0F957BF9FB" box="[785,875,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[152,261,1232,1256]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-120@3.[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Breeding sequence and development in Minervarya andamanensis. A. Calling male with paired subgular vocal sacs; B. amplectant pair; C. close up of cloacal regions of the amplecting pair at the time of egg laying; D. freshly laid pigmented eggs; E. pigmented view of freshly laid eggs; F. close-up of a single freshly laid egg surrounded with jelly layer; G–I. cleavage of the egg after two hours (eight-celled stage); J. cleavage after five hours (sixteen-cell stage); K. tailbud stage after 40 hours; L. lateral view of a Gosner Stage 35 tadpole. Photographs: SDB and GG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009794/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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). Vocal sacs are yellowish to dark grey in colour. Female approaches a calling male and the male mounts the female in axillary amplexus (
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<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC4FFDDFBB4EF6392DAF9DF" box="[1140,1226,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[152,261,1232,1256]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-120@3.[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Breeding sequence and development in Minervarya andamanensis. A. Calling male with paired subgular vocal sacs; B. amplectant pair; C. close up of cloacal regions of the amplecting pair at the time of egg laying; D. freshly laid pigmented eggs; E. pigmented view of freshly laid eggs; F. close-up of a single freshly laid egg surrounded with jelly layer; G–I. cleavage of the egg after two hours (eight-celled stage); J. cleavage after five hours (sixteen-cell stage); K. tailbud stage after 40 hours; L. lateral view of a Gosner Stage 35 tadpole. Photographs: SDB and GG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009794/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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). Oviposition sites vary from temporary water collection sites (such as roadside puddles and water-filled abandoned boats) to small permanent water bodies (such as ponds, fountain areas, and ditches). Spawning takes place mostly during the early morning hours, between 02:00–04:00 hrs. In the spawning sequence, the breeding pair spends more than two to three hours in amplexus before initiation of spawning. During this time, the amplectant pair usually remains in shallow waters or on ground close to the water bodies. The pair often moves towards the vegetated zone of the water bodies, where the female lays eggs on the water surface.
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</paragraph>
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Female produces eggs in bouts, and after each bout of egg extrusion the male pushes the eggs close to his cloaca with noticeable arching of the body. The entire process of egg-laying can be divided into a series of bouts of egg release, followed by fertilisation. In each bout female releases between 8–
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<specimenCount id="5089F3C8FFC4FFDDFC1FEEA79229F813" box="[991,1081,1951,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" type="egg">30 eggs</specimenCount>
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, and while doing so the female raises her cloaca towards the water surface by submerging her head down into the water. The egg-laying process completes in 5–10 minutes (
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<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC5FFDCFE0FE9AF9436FF1B" box="[463,550,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[152,261,1232,1256]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-120@3.[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Breeding sequence and development in Minervarya andamanensis. A. Calling male with paired subgular vocal sacs; B. amplectant pair; C. close up of cloacal regions of the amplecting pair at the time of egg laying; D. freshly laid pigmented eggs; E. pigmented view of freshly laid eggs; F. close-up of a single freshly laid egg surrounded with jelly layer; G–I. cleavage of the egg after two hours (eight-celled stage); J. cleavage after five hours (sixteen-cell stage); K. tailbud stage after 40 hours; L. lateral view of a Gosner Stage 35 tadpole. Photographs: SDB and GG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009794/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
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). The egg clutch size varies from 80–
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<specimenCount id="5089F3C8FFC5FFDCFC06E9AF923BFF1B" box="[966,1067,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570" type="egg">120 eggs</specimenCount>
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, and the freshly laid eggs are half creamy-white and half light brown to black. Individual eggs with jelly cover measure 3.3 ±
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in diameter (
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||
<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC5FFDCFAAFE98396CBFF53" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[152,261,1232,1256]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-120@3.[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Breeding sequence and development in Minervarya andamanensis. A. Calling male with paired subgular vocal sacs; B. amplectant pair; C. close up of cloacal regions of the amplecting pair at the time of egg laying; D. freshly laid pigmented eggs; E. pigmented view of freshly laid eggs; F. close-up of a single freshly laid egg surrounded with jelly layer; G–I. cleavage of the egg after two hours (eight-celled stage); J. cleavage after five hours (sixteen-cell stage); K. tailbud stage after 40 hours; L. lateral view of a Gosner Stage 35 tadpole. Photographs: SDB and GG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009794/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">Fig. 1D–F</figureCitation>
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). Embryonic development was not studied in detail; however, cleavage was observed to initiate within an hour of spawning (
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<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC5FFDCFEEFE83B978FFEB7" box="[303,415,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[152,261,1232,1256]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-120@3.[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Breeding sequence and development in Minervarya andamanensis. A. Calling male with paired subgular vocal sacs; B. amplectant pair; C. close up of cloacal regions of the amplecting pair at the time of egg laying; D. freshly laid pigmented eggs; E. pigmented view of freshly laid eggs; F. close-up of a single freshly laid egg surrounded with jelly layer; G–I. cleavage of the egg after two hours (eight-celled stage); J. cleavage after five hours (sixteen-cell stage); K. tailbud stage after 40 hours; L. lateral view of a Gosner Stage 35 tadpole. Photographs: SDB and GG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009794/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">Fig. 1G–I</figureCitation>
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), and further cell division was found to complete in three days (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC5FFDCFBA4E83B92DCFEB7" box="[1124,1228,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[152,261,1232,1256]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-120@3.[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Breeding sequence and development in Minervarya andamanensis. A. Calling male with paired subgular vocal sacs; B. amplectant pair; C. close up of cloacal regions of the amplecting pair at the time of egg laying; D. freshly laid pigmented eggs; E. pigmented view of freshly laid eggs; F. close-up of a single freshly laid egg surrounded with jelly layer; G–I. cleavage of the egg after two hours (eight-celled stage); J. cleavage after five hours (sixteen-cell stage); K. tailbud stage after 40 hours; L. lateral view of a Gosner Stage 35 tadpole. Photographs: SDB and GG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009794/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">Fig. 1J,K</figureCitation>
|
||
). At this stage, the developing embryos sunk in water, where they underwent further larval development (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC5FFDCFB9FE81F92A3FEEB" box="[1119,1203,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[152,261,1232,1256]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-120@3.[151,1435,344,1208]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Breeding sequence and development in Minervarya andamanensis. A. Calling male with paired subgular vocal sacs; B. amplectant pair; C. close up of cloacal regions of the amplecting pair at the time of egg laying; D. freshly laid pigmented eggs; E. pigmented view of freshly laid eggs; F. close-up of a single freshly laid egg surrounded with jelly layer; G–I. cleavage of the egg after two hours (eight-celled stage); J. cleavage after five hours (sixteen-cell stage); K. tailbud stage after 40 hours; L. lateral view of a Gosner Stage 35 tadpole. Photographs: SDB and GG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009794/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">Fig. 1L</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="12F068C9FFC5FFDCFF58EDE892C6FAD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009794" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10009794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009794/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="570" startId="3.[152,261,1232,1256]" targetBox="[151,1435,344,1208]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="46303841FFC5FFDCFF58EDE892C6FAD3" blockId="3.[151,1436,1232,1401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFF58EDE89731FB42" bold="true" box="[152,289,1232,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding sequence and development in
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFD1CEDE99212FB42" box="[732,1026,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="818F43C2FFC5FFDCFD1CEDE995EEFB42" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[732,1022,1232,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andamanensis">Minervarya andamanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFBC8EDE89232FB42" bold="true" box="[1032,1058,1232,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Calling male with paired subgular vocal sacs;
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFED3EDCD973BFAA7" bold="true" box="[275,299,1269,1293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">B.</emphasis>
|
||
amplectant pair;
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFE26EDCC97EFFAA6" bold="true" box="[486,511,1268,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">C.</emphasis>
|
||
close up of cloacal regions of the amplecting pair at the time of egg laying;
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFAF1EDCD935BFAA7" bold="true" box="[1329,1355,1269,1293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">D.</emphasis>
|
||
freshly laid pigmented eggs;
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFEBAEC219783FA9B" bold="true" box="[378,403,1305,1329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">E.</emphasis>
|
||
pigmented view of freshly laid eggs;
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFCE1EC219526FA9B" bold="true" box="[801,822,1305,1329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">F.</emphasis>
|
||
close-up of a single freshly laid egg surrounded with jelly layer;
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFF1CEC04971FFAFF" bold="true" box="[220,271,1340,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">G–I.</emphasis>
|
||
cleavage of the egg after two hours (eight-celled stage);
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFCB9EC05959DFAFF" bold="true" box="[889,909,1341,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">J.</emphasis>
|
||
cleavage after five hours (sixteen-cell stage);
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFA41EC05938CFAFF" bold="true" box="[1409,1436,1341,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">K.</emphasis>
|
||
tailbud stage after 40 hours;
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFE08EC5997F0FAD3" bold="true" box="[456,480,1377,1401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">L.</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view of a Gosner Stage 35 tadpole. Photographs: SDB and GG.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="46303841FFC5FFDCFF07EC9F928DF813" blockId="3.[151,1437,1446,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC5FFDCFF07EC9F952CFA6A" bold="true" box="[199,828,1446,1473]" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">
|
||
Larval morphology (Gosner Stage 35, n = 1;
|
||
<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC5FFDCFD27EC9E953EFA6A" box="[743,814,1446,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[152,261,721,745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,220,653]" captionTargetId="figure-22@5.[151,1435,217,656]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. The tadpole of Minervarya andamanensis, Gosner Stage 35 (SDBDU 2021.4215). In life: A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. frontal view. Oral disc: E. in preservation and F. illustration. Photographs: SDB." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009798/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In dorsal view, body is broader than tail (TMW 30% of BW), elliptical-shaped, and has maximum body width at the gill region. The body is depressed with body height 83% of body width. Body length constitutes 37% of total length. Snout shape in the lateral view is roughly rounded from plane of the eye to the base of upper labium. The narial opening is moderately sized, dorsolaterally oriented, and has a marginal rim. The nares are closer to snout than the eyes. The eyes are of moderate size and dorsolaterally positioned. Internarial distance is 50% of the interorbital distance. The spiracle opens sinistrally at the level of the hindlimbs and is located near the mid-point of the body (SS 69% of BL). The spiracular aperture is of moderate size and opens in the dorsoposterior direction. The inner wall of the spiracular aperture is fused with the body wall through a small ridge. The vent tube is tubular and opens dextrally at the base of the lower tail fin. The dorsal wall of vent tube is medially attached to the lower fin. Tail is of moderate size (TAL 63% of TL). Tail musculature is well developed (TMH 54% of MTH and 46% of BH, and TMW 30% of BW). Upper fin originates before the body-tail junction, and lower fin starts near the ventral terminus of body. The upper and lower fins gradually increase in height, reach maximum height at the mid-region of the tail, and taper into a tail tip. The tail muscle shows maximum height at the body-tail junction, gradually tapering and ending before the tail tip. Upper fin is higher than the lower fin (UFH 35% of MTH and LFH 12% of MTH). The tail tip is acutely pointed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC5FFDCFBD3EEA79281F813" box="[1043,1169,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[152,261,721,745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,220,653]" captionTargetId="figure-22@5.[151,1435,217,656]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. The tadpole of Minervarya andamanensis, Gosner Stage 35 (SDBDU 2021.4215). In life: A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. frontal view. Oral disc: E. in preservation and F. illustration. Photographs: SDB." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009798/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="570">Fig. 2A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="12F068C9FFC2FFDBFF57EB46924CFD4A" ID-Table-UUID="12F068C9FFC2FFDBFF57EB46924CFD4A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/12F068C9FFC2FFDBFF57EB46924CFD4A" pageId="4" pageNumber="571" startId="4.[151,244,638,664]" targetBox="[165,1935,751,1547]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="46303841FFC2FFDBFF57EB46924CFD4A" blockId="4.[151,2041,638,736]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF57EB469700FD32" bold="true" box="[151,272,638,664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric measurements (in mm) of tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="818F43C2FFC2FFDBFC98EB469267FD32" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[856,1143,638,664]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFC98EB469267FD32" box="[856,1143,638,664]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">Minervarya andamanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Gosner Stages 25 to 42. The number of tadpoles measured (n) for each stage is mentioned in the first row in parentheses. Range, mean value, and standard deviation are given for each parameter. Abbreviations are given in materials and methods. Asterisk symbol (*) is used to denote characters that could not be measured for the particular stage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="46303841FFC2FFDBFF65EBD79130F9A1" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<table id="348FCAE1FFC20020FF65EBD7919FF9A1" box="[165,1935,751,1547]" gridcols="6" gridrows="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EBD7919FFCA2" box="[165,1935,751,776]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EBD79717FCA2" box="[165,263,751,776]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">Character</th>
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EBD79478FCA2" box="[338,616,751,776]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFE92EBD797FCFCA2" bold="true" box="[338,492,751,776]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">Stage 25 (n=4)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEBD795E3FCA2" box="[746,1011,751,776]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFD2AEBD795A3FCA2" bold="true" box="[746,947,751,776]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">Stage 26-29 (n=11)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EBD79361FCA2" box="[1128,1393,751,776]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFBA8EBD79321FCA2" bold="true" box="[1128,1329,751,776]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">Stage 30-35 (n=10)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EBD790ADFCA2" box="[1460,1725,751,776]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFA74EBD79061FCA2" bold="true" box="[1460,1649,751,776]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">Stage 37-39 (n=3)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EBD7919FFCA2" box="[1780,1935,751,776]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBF934EBD7919FFCA2" bold="true" box="[1780,1935,751,776]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">Stage 42 (n=1)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EA24919FFC9F" box="[165,1935,796,821]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EA249717FC9F" box="[165,263,796,821]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EA2496D7FC9F" bold="true" box="[165,199,796,821]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">TL</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EA249478FC9F" box="[338,616,796,821]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">16.41–17.63 (17.10 ± 0.52)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEA2495E3FC9F" box="[746,1011,796,821]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">18.81–25.33 (21.53±1.95)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EA249361FC9F" box="[1128,1393,796,821]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">22.71–25.77 (24.58±1.16)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EA2490ADFC9F" box="[1460,1725,796,821]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">24.36–26.06 (25.26±0.86)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EA24919FFC9F" box="[1780,1935,796,821]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">27.12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EA71919FFCC9" box="[165,1935,841,867]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EA719717FCC9" box="[165,263,841,867]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EA7196D7FCC8" bold="true" box="[165,199,841,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">BL</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EA719478FCC9" box="[338,616,841,867]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">6.41–6.85 (6.65 ± 0.19)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEA7195E3FCC9" box="[746,1011,841,867]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">7.01–9.08 (8.27±0.57)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EA719361FCC9" box="[1128,1393,841,867]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">8.26–9.48 (9.06±0.34)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EA7190ADFCC9" box="[1460,1725,841,867]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">8.89–9.11 (9.01±0.11)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EA71919FFCC9" box="[1780,1935,841,867]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">9.63</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EA4F919FFC3A" box="[165,1935,887,912]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EA4F9717FC3A" box="[165,263,887,912]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EA4F96DAFC3A" bold="true" box="[165,202,887,912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">BH</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EA4F9478FC3A" box="[338,616,887,912]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">2.79–3.45 (3.15 ± 0.30)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEA4F95E3FC3A" box="[746,1011,887,912]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">4.31–4.47 (4.39±0.23)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EA4F9361FC3A" box="[1128,1393,887,912]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">4.12–5.05 (4.62±0.29)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EA4F90ADFC3A" box="[1460,1725,887,912]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">4.03–5.28 (4.7±0.63)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EA4F919FFC3A" box="[1780,1935,887,912]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">4.42</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EA9C919FFC17" box="[165,1935,932,957]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EA9C9717FC17" box="[165,263,932,957]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EA9C96F2FC17" bold="true" box="[165,226,932,957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">TMH</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EA9C9478FC17" box="[338,616,932,957]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.26–1.44 (1.36 ± 0.08)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEA9C95E3FC17" box="[746,1011,932,957]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">2.11–2.17 (2.14±0.06)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EA9C9361FC17" box="[1128,1393,932,957]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.81–2.71 (2.21±0.3)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EA9C90ADFC17" box="[1460,1725,932,957]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.83–2.38 (2.07±0.28)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EA9C919FFC17" box="[1780,1935,932,957]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">3.35</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EAE9919FFC41" box="[165,1935,977,1003]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EAE99717FC41" box="[165,263,977,1003]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EAE996D5FC40" bold="true" box="[165,197,977,1002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">SU</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EAE99478FC41" box="[338,616,977,1003]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">5.89–6.14 (6.02 ± 0.13)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEAE995E3FC41" box="[746,1011,977,1003]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">8.04–8.47 (8.26±0.22)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EAE99361FC41" box="[1128,1393,977,1003]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">7.49–9.45 (8.75±0.64)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EAE990ADFC41" box="[1460,1725,977,1003]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">8.11–9.61 (8.84±0.75)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EAE9919FFC41" box="[1780,1935,977,1003]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">9.29</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EAC7919FFBB2" box="[165,1935,1023,1048]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EAC79717FBB2" box="[165,263,1023,1048]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EAC796D1FBB2" bold="true" box="[165,193,1023,1048]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">SS</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EAC79478FBB2" box="[338,616,1023,1048]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">4.32–4.78 (4.57 ± 4.57)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEAC795E3FBB2" box="[746,1011,1023,1048]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">5.59–5.98 (5.79±0.36)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EAC79361FBB2" box="[1128,1393,1023,1048]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">5.08–6.49 (5.99±0.44)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EAC790ADFBB2" box="[1460,1725,1023,1048]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">5.98–6.71 (6.35±0.37)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EAC7919FFBB2" box="[1780,1935,1023,1048]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65ED14919FFBEF" box="[165,1935,1068,1093]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65ED149717FBEF" box="[165,263,1068,1093]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65ED1496C9FBEF" bold="true" box="[165,217,1068,1093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">TAL</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92ED149478FBEF" box="[338,616,1068,1093]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">9.80–10.93 (10.45 ± 0.51)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AED1495E3FBEF" box="[746,1011,1068,1093]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">13.06–15.12 (14.09±1.13)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8ED149361FBEF" box="[1128,1393,1068,1093]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">14.27–16.45 (15.52±0.94)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74ED1490ADFBEF" box="[1460,1725,1068,1093]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">15.47–16.95 (16.25±0.74)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934ED14919FFBEF" box="[1780,1935,1068,1093]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">17.49</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65ED61919FFBD9" box="[165,1935,1113,1139]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65ED619717FBD9" box="[165,263,1113,1139]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65ED6196F2FBD8" bold="true" box="[165,226,1113,1138]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">MTH</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92ED619478FBD9" box="[338,616,1113,1139]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">2.48–2.95 (2.79 ± 0.21)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AED6195E3FBD9" box="[746,1011,1113,1139]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">3.65–3.82 (3.74±0.16)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8ED619361FBD9" box="[1128,1393,1113,1139]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">3.68–4.43 (4.01±0.27)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74ED6190ADFBD9" box="[1460,1725,1113,1139]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">3.69–4.23 (4.01±0.28)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934ED61919FFBD9" box="[1780,1935,1113,1139]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">4.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EDBF919FFB0A" box="[165,1935,1159,1184]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EDBF9717FB0A" box="[165,263,1159,1184]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EDBF96CAFB0A" bold="true" box="[165,218,1159,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">UFH</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EDBF9478FB0A" box="[338,616,1159,1184]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.75–0.91 (0.84 ± 0.07)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEDBF95E3FB0A" box="[746,1011,1159,1184]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.33–1.37 (1.35±0.14)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EDBF9361FB0A" box="[1128,1393,1159,1184]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.21–1.58 (1.36±0.11)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EDBF90ADFB0A" box="[1460,1725,1159,1184]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.21–1.52 (1.34±0.16)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EDBF919FFB0A" box="[1780,1935,1159,1184]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65ED8C919FFB64" box="[165,1935,1204,1230]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65ED8C9717FB64" box="[165,263,1204,1230]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65ED8C96C9FB67" bold="true" box="[165,217,1204,1229]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">LFH</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92ED8C9478FB64" box="[338,616,1204,1230]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.46–0.51 (0.48 ± 0.02)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AED8C95E3FB64" box="[746,1011,1204,1230]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.82–0.88 (0.85±0.08)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8ED8C9361FB64" box="[1128,1393,1204,1230]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.49–0.86 (0.75±0.11)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74ED8C90ADFB64" box="[1460,1725,1204,1230]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.44–0.62 (0.52±0.09)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934ED8C919FFB64" box="[1780,1935,1204,1230]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EDD9919FFB51" box="[165,1935,1249,1275]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EDD99717FB51" box="[165,263,1249,1275]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EDD996DFFB50" bold="true" box="[165,207,1249,1274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">BW</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EDD99478FB51" box="[338,616,1249,1275]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">3.83–4.09 (3.99 ± 0.11)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEDD995E3FB51" box="[746,1011,1249,1275]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">5.13–5.25 (5.19±0.06)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EDD99361FB51" box="[1128,1393,1249,1275]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">5.03–6.06 (5.55±0.33)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EDD990ADFB51" box="[1460,1725,1249,1275]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">5.25–5.95 (5.59±0.35)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EDD9919FFB51" box="[1780,1935,1249,1275]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">5.43</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EC37919FFA82" box="[165,1935,1295,1320]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EC379717FA82" box="[165,263,1295,1320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EC3796F7FA82" bold="true" box="[165,231,1295,1320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">TMW</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EC379478FA82" box="[338,616,1295,1320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.75–0.97 (0.86 ± 0.09)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEC3795E3FA82" box="[746,1011,1295,1320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.36–1.58 (1.47±0.12)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EC379361FA82" box="[1128,1393,1295,1320]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.43–2.36 (1.75±0.25)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EC3790ADFA82" box="[1460,1725,1295,1320]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.57–2.01 (1.77±0.22)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EC37919FFA82" box="[1780,1935,1295,1320]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.49</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EC04919FFAFC" box="[165,1935,1340,1366]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EC049717FAFC" box="[165,263,1340,1366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EC0496D5FAFF" bold="true" box="[165,197,1340,1365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">SN</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EC049478FAFC" box="[338,616,1340,1366]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.65–0.84 (0.74 ± 0.08)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEC0495E3FAFC" box="[746,1011,1340,1366]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.74–0.97 (0.86±0.12)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EC049361FAFC" box="[1128,1393,1340,1366]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.75–1.16 (0.93±0.15)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EC0490ADFAFC" box="[1460,1725,1340,1366]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.56–0.83 (0.69±0.14)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EC04919FFAFC" box="[1780,1935,1340,1366]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.39</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65EC52919FFA29" box="[165,1935,1386,1411]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65EC529717FA29" box="[165,263,1386,1411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65EC5296D8FA29" bold="true" box="[165,200,1386,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">NE</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92EC529478FA29" box="[338,616,1386,1411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.04–1.28 (1.13 ± 0.11)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AEC5295E3FA29" box="[746,1011,1386,1411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.33–1.47 (1.4±0.09)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8EC529361FA29" box="[1128,1393,1386,1411]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.32–2.51 (1.61±0.34)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74EC5290ADFA29" box="[1460,1725,1386,1411]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.59–1.89 (1.71±0.16)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934EC52919FFA29" box="[1780,1935,1386,1411]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.57</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65ECAF919FFA1A" box="[165,1935,1431,1456]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65ECAF9717FA1A" box="[165,263,1431,1456]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65ECAF96C5FA1A" bold="true" box="[165,213,1431,1456]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">IOD</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92ECAF9478FA1A" box="[338,616,1431,1456]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.76–2.10 (1.94 ± 0.15)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AECAF95E3FA1A" box="[746,1011,1431,1456]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">2.56–2.78 (2.67±0.14)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8ECAF9361FA1A" box="[1128,1393,1431,1456]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">2.49–3.05 (2.81±0.19)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74ECAF90ADFA1A" box="[1460,1725,1431,1456]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">2.74–3.04 (2.92±0.16)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934ECAF919FFA1A" box="[1780,1935,1431,1456]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">3.18</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65ECFC919FFA74" box="[165,1935,1476,1502]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65ECFC9717FA74" box="[165,263,1476,1502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65ECFC96C3FA77" bold="true" box="[165,211,1476,1501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">IND</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92ECFC9478FA74" box="[338,616,1476,1502]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">0.88–1.23 (1.10 ± 0.15)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AECFC95E3FA74" box="[746,1011,1476,1502]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.26–1.33 (1.3±0.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8ECFC9361FA74" box="[1128,1393,1476,1502]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.18–1.58 (1.39±0.12)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74ECFC90ADFA74" box="[1460,1725,1476,1502]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.03–1.43 (1.28±0.22)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934ECFC919FFA74" box="[1780,1935,1476,1502]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8BF3A03FFC20020FF65ECCA919FF9A1" box="[165,1935,1522,1547]" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<th id="BB6E537FFFC20020FF65ECCA9717F9A1" box="[165,263,1522,1547]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC2FFDBFF65ECCA96F4F9A1" bold="true" box="[165,228,1522,1547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">ODW</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FE92ECCA9478F9A1" box="[338,616,1522,1547]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.49–2.01 (1.70 ± 0.22)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FD2AECCA95E3F9A1" box="[746,1011,1522,1547]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">2.07–2.08 (2.08±0.14)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FBA8ECCA9361F9A1" box="[1128,1393,1522,1547]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.92–2.26 (2.11±0.11)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020FA74ECCA90ADF9A1" box="[1460,1725,1522,1547]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.93–2.21 (2.1±0.15)</td>
|
||
<td id="BB6E537FFFC20020F934ECCA919FF9A1" box="[1780,1935,1522,1547]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="571">1.91</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="12F068C9FFC3FFDAFF58EBE9935EFCA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10009798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009798/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="572" startId="5.[152,261,721,745]" targetBox="[154,1435,220,653]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="46303841FFC3FFDAFF58EBE9935EFCA7" blockId="5.[151,1436,721,781]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFF58EBE9970EFD43" bold="true" box="[152,286,721,745]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
The tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="818F43C2FFC3FFDAFE03EBEA9569FD43" authority=", Gosner Stage" authorityName="Gosner Stage" box="[451,889,721,745]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFE03EBEA94CFFD43" box="[451,735,721,745]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">Minervarya andamanensis</emphasis>
|
||
, Gosner Stage
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
35 (SDBDU 2021.4215). In life:
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFB1BEBE992E5FD43" bold="true" box="[1243,1269,721,745]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">A.</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFA44EBE9938CFD43" bold="true" box="[1412,1436,721,745]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">B.</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFEE1EBCD972AFCA7" bold="true" box="[289,314,757,781]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">C.</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFE14EBCD97FEFCA7" bold="true" box="[468,494,757,781]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">D.</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view. Oral disc:
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFD31EBCD951AFCA7" bold="true" box="[753,778,757,781]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">E.</emphasis>
|
||
in preservation and
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFC23EBCD95E8FCA7" bold="true" box="[995,1016,757,781]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">F.</emphasis>
|
||
illustration. Photographs: SDB.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="46303841FFC3FFDAFF07EA03927BFB33" blockId="5.[151,1437,827,1826]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">
|
||
The oral disc is anteroventrally positioned, elliptical in shape horizontally, and relatively small in size (ODW 37% of BW). Lower labium is larger than the upper labium and lateral emarginations are present. The margin of upper labium is demarcated by a single irregular row of small, elongated marginal papillae laterally, with a wide dorsal gap in the middle. The lower labium has two irregular rows of small, elongated marginal papillae with a moderate-sized ventral gap. A few submarginal papillae are present inside the marginal papillae on the lower labium, near the lateral emarginations, and a few on the lateral side of upper labium. The labial tooth row formula is 2(2)/3. The tooth rows are uniserial. Labial teeth are well keratinised and have a curved spatulate apical tip with four to five marginal cusps. The jaw sheaths are moderately keratinised and nearly similar sized. The upper sheath is broadly arched, with the medial portion nearly straight, while the lateral tips end with a sigmoid curvature. The lower sheath is V-shaped. Sheaths possess short and broad-based serrations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DEB424C4FFC3FFDAFC30ED47924EFB33" box="[1008,1118,1151,1177]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[152,261,721,745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,220,653]" captionTargetId="figure-22@5.[151,1435,217,656]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. The tadpole of Minervarya andamanensis, Gosner Stage 35 (SDBDU 2021.4215). In life: A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. frontal view. Oral disc: E. in preservation and F. illustration. Photographs: SDB." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10009798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10009798/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">Fig. 2E,F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="46303841FFC3FFDAFF07ED9B975BF98F" blockId="5.[151,1437,827,1826]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFF07ED9B9775FB17" box="[199,357,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">Colour in life.</emphasis>
|
||
The overall colour of the tadpole is beige with a darker shade on the body. Dark melanocytes are distributed on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body, especially accumulating on the cheeks (posteroventral to the eyes), otic region, and dorsal half of the abdominal region. In the tail region, dark melanocytes are dusted on the tail muscle and more scarcely on both the fins. Dark melanocytes are faintly present on the lateral surfaces of the developing limb buds and the spiracle. The ventral surface of the body is pigmented only by golden iridocytes that partially cover the gut coil. The gills are visible through the cheeks and ventral surface of the body. The dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body are studded with golden iridocytes. Laterally, the golden pigmentation is mostly concentrated on the cheeks, abdominal region, and the lateral surfaces of the limb bud. A few golden iridocytes are speckled throughout the tail. Myosepta are evident in the tail musculature. The eyes are black in colour with golden iridocytes scattered in the sclera, which get denser towards the pupil forming a golden ring around it. The oral disc is unpigmented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="46303841FFC3FFDAFF07EF0895B5F93B" blockId="5.[151,1437,827,1826]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFF07EF089779F9E3" box="[199,361,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
(in mm). TL 25.26, BL 9.23, SU 9.13, BH 4.99, BW 5.96, IOD 2.92, NE 1.69, SN 0.96, IND 1.47, SS 6.45, TAL 16.03, MTH 4.19, TMH 2.28, TMW 1.79, ODW 2.19, LFH 0.49, UFH 1.48. Additional morphometric measurements for different stages of tadpoles are provided in
|
||
<tableCitation id="0B0D0DFAFFC3FFDAFC8BEF4F958FF93B" box="[843,927,1655,1681]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,244,638,664]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric measurements (in mm) of tadpoles of Minervarya andamanensis of Gosner Stages 25 to 42. The number of tadpoles measured (n) for each stage is mentioned in the first row in parentheses. Range, mean value, and standard deviation are given for each parameter. Abbreviations are given in materials and methods. Asterisk symbol (*) is used to denote characters that could not be measured for the particular stage." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/12F068C9FFC2FFDBFF57EB46924CFD4A" pageId="5" pageNumber="572" tableUuid="12F068C9FFC2FFDBFF57EB46924CFD4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="46303841FFC3FFDAFF07EFA49237F88B" blockId="5.[151,1437,827,1826]" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">
|
||
<emphasis id="74FBE453FFC3FFDAFF07EFA497D5F91F" box="[199,453,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="572">Ontogenetic variation.</emphasis>
|
||
The jaw sheaths remain well keratinised from Stage 25 to 42. The keratinised structures are well developed at Stage 25 even though A2 and P3 are more feebly keratinised than in the later stages. The LTRF remain unchanged until Stage 42, but the labial teeth in P2 and P3 are feebly keratinised in comparison to the previous stages. Occasionally, small tooth rows are seen on the lateral side of A2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |