1639 lines
240 KiB
XML
1639 lines
240 KiB
XML
<document id="983EBE5233DE785EFE1E8897AAEDB9FC" ID-CLB-Dataset="37432" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.204710" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9246aed-45ab-41ac-b7b3-06e3278bdfc4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="204710" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1481812177479" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ezcurra, Martín D., Agnolin, Federico L. & Novas, Fernando E." docDate="2010" docId="6C127405F63A1478FF39FDADF8C7FF41" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02450p025.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2450" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Austrocheirus isasii" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="902B0C7DF6381474FFAEFFA0FA29FFBD" masterDocTitle="An abelisauroid dinosaur with a non-atrophied manus from the Late Cretaceous Pari Aike Formation of southern Patagonia" masterLastPageNumber="25" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698434504580" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="65D3540B225D844FE6D482431F5351CE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DC7173DB32C6196B240B7A16ED8D04DF">
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<mods:title id="AB25C7F4BC1062EBD2816BE6DE87C2F9">An abelisauroid dinosaur with a non-atrophied manus from the Late Cretaceous Pari Aike Formation of southern Patagonia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="DB52B6D0C7EF54360BD3C89DA958A3BB" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C666BD67D9DB971506A3F4776706A81C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="602569A5A2E562C6D265118315560E8C">Ezcurra, Martín D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="80CCC4A0C7204B595E7BD22AE5E982EA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="577EDA632F5AA9B5F30C154BBA8B0A27">Agnolin, Federico L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="5DDA974F8C4026648A8979425F4469D7" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ECDBB8C2401EF5999B44F3216FDCCF0E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1AE57E3FDE8CCD2F8B36DDDB8921C547">Novas, Fernando E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9ADEA3ECA34238A45B509F90B84972CC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="854998415F2A00B19368644BC80CAEC7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="41BEE16608E5BD7C3F5037E420841AC8">
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<mods:date id="EEF2C0DC9CAACF58B1A92AE000CA3F68">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="B02CDF3FB49598204C9A1096E59A7D3E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="948B7F33877AA099A0BCAB9A5E55B357">2450</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="FC2AFF6B745C3200B0B83512A04220F6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B73FDFBA523916A5A27D1B5F07594184" type="CLB-Dataset">37432</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6D52ADC81DC83C6878D9F798FBD24C22" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.204710</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F2972D7C43DA3D67CBDDA97BF708A04E" type="GBIF-Dataset">c9246aed-45ab-41ac-b7b3-06e3278bdfc4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F8F9699451495791461BF1B95577CF6D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CD8B4B0F86A2ABD69F0E7C6E65C1A4BE" type="Zenodo-Dep">204710</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6C127405F63A1478FF39FDADF8C7FF41" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5620784" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125137202" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5620784" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C127405F63A1478FF39FDADF8C7FF41" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C127405F63A1478FF39FDADF8C7FF41" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="ACA19698F63A1476FF39FDADF82CFDF1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63A1476FF39FDADF86DFD9A" blockId="2.[151,580,525,588]" box="[151,580,525,551]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<heading id="BF4C727FF63A1476FF39FDADF86DFD9A" bold="true" box="[151,580,525,551]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF39FDADF86DFD9A" bold="true" box="[151,580,525,551]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FF39FDADFBAEFD9A" box="[151,391,525,551]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF39FDADFBAEFD9A" bold="true" box="[151,391,525,551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Austrocheirus isasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et sp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63A1476FF39FD92F82CFDF1" blockId="2.[151,580,525,588]" box="[151,517,562,588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63A1476FF39FD92FB2CFDF1" box="[151,261,562,588]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,354,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,346,1118]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Unique combination of features of Austrocheirus isasii compared with other basal theropods. Metacarpals III in lateral views of Austrocheirus (A), Dilophosaurus (B), and Allosaurus (C); tibiae in distal views of Austrocheirus (D), Berberosaurus (E), Velocisaurus (F), and Masiakasaurus (G); metatarsals III in medial views of Austrocheirus (H) and Masiakasaurus (I); and pedal phalanges in side views of Austrocheirus (J), Elaphrosaurus (K), Velocisaurus (L), and Majungasaurus (M). Note the presence of the following autapomorphies in Austrocheirus: metacarpal III with a posteriorly tapering shaft and a posteriorly diplaced collateral fossa (A – C); pedal phalanges with a dorsal tubercle above the collateral fossa (J – M). Abbreviations: adr, absence of dorsal ridge; ccf, centrally located collateral fossa; ccpl, concave posterolateral margin; cvpl, convex posterolateral margin; dr, dorsal ridge; hs, dorsoventrally homogeneous shaft; lt, large tuber; pdf, proximally displaced collateral fossa; pts, proximally tapering shaft; st, small tuber. Not to scale. (B based on UCMP 37302; C based on Madsen 1976; E based on Allain et al. 2007; F, L based on MUCPv 41; G, I based on Carrano et al. 2002; K based on MB unnumbered; M based on Carrano 2007)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204712/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, H, J, 3–7, 9C, F
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ACA19698F63A1476FF39FDDDFB48FC91" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63A1476FF39FDDDFB48FC91" blockId="2.[151,1437,637,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF39FDDDFB0DFD2A" bold="true" box="[151,292,637,663]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The generic name is derived from the Greek words
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FC26FDDDF9F4FD2B" box="[904,989,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">austros</emphasis>
|
||
(south) and
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FBDEFDDDFEEFFD2B" box="[1136,1222,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">cheirus</emphasis>
|
||
(hand, manus); in allusion to the non-atrophied manus of this taxon which constitutes the first example of a medium-sized Cretaceous abelisauroid with this condition. The specific name is in honor of Mr. Marcelo Isasi, for his outstanding work in the last 25 years as a technician in palaeontology and discoverer of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3B007BB1F63A1476FB6EFD4DFF0EFCBA" box="[1216,1319,749,775]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FF18FCB2FB70FC96" box="[182,345,786,811]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF18FCB2FB70FC96" box="[182,345,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ACA19698F63A1476FF6BFC97F847FC21" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63A1476FF6BFC97F847FC21" blockId="2.[151,1437,637,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF6BFC97FB60FCEC" bold="true" box="[197,329,823,849]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<typeStatus id="3B007BB1F63A1476FF6BFC97FB6DFCEC" box="[197,324,823,849]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
MPM-PV 10003, specimen comprising several incomplete mid-caudal vertebrae, left metacarpal III, proximal left manual phalanx of digit III, distal end of left tibia, fragmentary left metatarsal III, and some fragments of pedal phalanges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ACA19698F63A1476FF6BFC07F805FA8A" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63A1476FF6BFC07F820FB1F" blockId="2.[151,1437,637,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF6BFC07FB63FC7C" bold="true" box="[197,330,935,961]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Medium-sized theropod (7–8 meters in total length;
|
||
<tableCitation id="A939F0A8F63A1476FC72FC08FE10FC7F" box="[988,1081,936,962]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,242,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,269,895]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative measurements of metacarpal III and distal tibia of Austrocheirus isasii gen. et sp. nov. and several neotheropod taxa. Abbreviations: LMtcIII, length of metacarpal III; TWDT, transverse distal width of tibia. Tibiae ratio depicts the proportion between the TWDT of Austrocheirus (100 %) and that of each taxa." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B0C4959BF63D1471FF39FF37FEFFFF52" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="B0C4959BF63D1471FF39FF37FEFFFF52">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) diagnosed by the following combination of characters (autapomorphies indicated by an asterisk) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63A1476FBACFC6DFE79FC5A" box="[1026,1104,973,999]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,354,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,346,1118]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Unique combination of features of Austrocheirus isasii compared with other basal theropods. Metacarpals III in lateral views of Austrocheirus (A), Dilophosaurus (B), and Allosaurus (C); tibiae in distal views of Austrocheirus (D), Berberosaurus (E), Velocisaurus (F), and Masiakasaurus (G); metatarsals III in medial views of Austrocheirus (H) and Masiakasaurus (I); and pedal phalanges in side views of Austrocheirus (J), Elaphrosaurus (K), Velocisaurus (L), and Majungasaurus (M). Note the presence of the following autapomorphies in Austrocheirus: metacarpal III with a posteriorly tapering shaft and a posteriorly diplaced collateral fossa (A – C); pedal phalanges with a dorsal tubercle above the collateral fossa (J – M). Abbreviations: adr, absence of dorsal ridge; ccf, centrally located collateral fossa; ccpl, concave posterolateral margin; cvpl, convex posterolateral margin; dr, dorsal ridge; hs, dorsoventrally homogeneous shaft; lt, large tuber; pdf, proximally displaced collateral fossa; pts, proximally tapering shaft; st, small tuber. Not to scale. (B based on UCMP 37302; C based on Madsen 1976; E based on Allain et al. 2007; F, L based on MUCPv 41; G, I based on Carrano et al. 2002; K based on MB unnumbered; M based on Carrano 2007)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204712/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
): (1) metacarpal III with a dorsoventrally tapering shaft towards its proximal end* and (2) posteriorly displaced collateral tendon fossae located at the same level of the proximal end of distal condyles*; (3) tibia with a slightly convex posterior surface at the distal end; (4) metatarsal III with a very well-developed ventral scar for the insertion of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FAD2FB9DFB68FBC1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Molina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gastrocnemius">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FAD2FB9DFB68FBC1" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">M. gastrocnemius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (5) pedal phalanges with a conspicuous longitudinal crest delimitating the dorsal margin of the distal collateral tendon fossae*.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63A1476FF6BFB0DF805FA8A" blockId="2.[151,1437,637,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF6BFB0DFBFDFB7A" bold="true" box="[197,468,1197,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Locality and horizon.</emphasis>
|
||
Hoyada Arroyo Seco locality (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="818FA3D4F63A1476FCE4FB0DF9CDFB7A" box="[842,996,1197,1223]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="15" value="-49.954723">49°57’17’’ S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="818FA3D4F63A1476FC5DFB0DFEB2FB7A" box="[1011,1179,1197,1223]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="15" value="-72.09195">72°05’31’’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), close to the western coast of the Leona River and four kilometers south of the De los Hornos Hill, southwest
|
||
<collectingRegion id="267F0BF1F63A1476FB0AFB72FFBEFB51" box="[1188,1431,1234,1260]" country="Argentina" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Santa Cruz Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Patagonia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9CAC8583F63A1476FE8DFB58FBB6FAAF" box="[291,415,1272,1298]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63A1476FE1FFB58FBD4FAAF" box="[433,509,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,259,1103,1127]" captionTargetBox="[272,1315,383,1079]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[272,1315,383,1079]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of the locality in the Pari Aike Formation that has yielded the holotype of Austrocheirus isasii (modified from Novas et al. 2005). The large black bone indicates the Hoyada Arroyo Seco locality and provenance of Austrocheirus and the small grey bone depicts the provenance of Talenkauen and Orkoraptor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204711/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pari Aike Formation, Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63A1476FABEFB58FB16FA8A" author="Kraemer, P. & Riccardi, A." journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="333 - 360" part="52" refString="Kraemer, P. & Riccardi, A. (1997) Estratigrafia de la region comprendida entre los lagos Argentino y Viedma (49 ° 400 ' - 50 ° 10 ' lst. S), Provincia de Santa Cruz. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, 52, 333 - 360." title="Estratigrafia de la region comprendida entre los lagos Argentino y Viedma (49 ° 400 ' - 50 ° 10 ' lst. S), Provincia de Santa Cruz" type="journal article" year="1997">Kraemer & Riccardi 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63A1476FEE5FABDF809FA8A" author="Calvo, J. O. & Porfiri, J. D. & Veralli, C. & Novas, F. E. & Poblete, F." box="[331,544,1309,1335]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="565 - 575" part="41" refString="Calvo, J. O., Porfiri, J. D., Veralli, C., Novas, F. E. & Poblete, F. (2004) Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 41, 565 - 575." title="Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Novas
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FE33FABDFBF1FA8B" box="[413,472,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ACA19698F63A1478FF68FAE2F8C7FF41" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63A1476FF68FAE2FE07F9AA" blockId="2.[151,1437,637,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF68FAE2F911FAE1" bold="true" box="[198,824,1346,1372]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Note on the association of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3B007BB1F63A1476FDE6FAE2F89AFAE1" box="[584,691,1346,1372]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The bones of MPM-PV 10003 were found closely associated within a two square metres area and match one another perfectly in size. MPM-PV 10003 was found in a green to grey mudstone. No other tetrapod remains were found mixed with it, and the next closest specimen was a fragmentary sauropod found around 300 metres away. Additionally, as discussed below, most of the remains, especially the metacarpal and distal tibia, possess ceratosaurian apomorphies. Thus, all the bones of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3B007BB1F63A1476FE83FA5DFBBAF9AA" box="[301,403,1533,1559]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FE15FA5DF876F9AB" box="[443,607,1533,1558]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FE15FA5DF876F9AB" box="[443,607,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must correspond to a single individual.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63A1476FF68F982FF75F911" blockId="2.[151,1437,637,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF68F982FB77F981" bold="true" box="[198,350,1570,1596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
With regard to the controversial issue of theropod manual digit homology, it must be noted that metacarpal III of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FE0DF9E8F865F9DC" box="[419,588,1608,1633]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FE0DF9E8F865F9DC" box="[419,588,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will be compared with metacarpal III of tetanurans (= metacarpal IV
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF39F9CDFAF1F93B" box="[151,216,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63A1476FF4EF9CDF824F93A" author="Wagner, G. & Gauthier, J." box="[224,525,1645,1671]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="5111 - 5116" part="96" refString="Wagner, G. & Gauthier, J. (1999) 1, 2, 3 = 2,3,4: a solution to the problem of the homology of digits in the avian hand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 5111 - 5116." title="1, 2, 3 = 2,3,4: a solution to the problem of the homology of digits in the avian hand" type="journal article" year="1999">Wagner & Gauthier 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63A1476FDE6F9CDF8DFF93A" author="Xu, X. & Clark, J. M. & Mo J. & Choiniere, J. & Forster, C. A. & Erickson, G. M. & Hone, D. W. E. & Sullivan, C. & Eberth, D. A. & Nesbitt, S. & Zhao, Q. & Hernandez, R. & Jia, C. & Han, F. & Guo, Y." box="[584,758,1645,1671]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="940 - 944" part="459" refString="Xu, X., Clark, J. M., Mo J., Choiniere, J., Forster, C. A., Erickson, G. M., Hone, D. W. E., Sullivan, C., Eberth, D. A., Nesbitt, S., Zhao, Q., Hernandez, R., Jia, C., Han, F. & Guo, Y. (2009) A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies. Nature, 459, 940 - 944." title="A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FDDAF9CDF881F93B" box="[628,680,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), because their development seems to be determinate and controlled by the same set of morphogenetic genes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63A1476FD57F932FE3EF911" author="Burke, A. C. & Feduccia, A." box="[761,1047,1682,1708]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="666 - 669" part="278" refString="Burke, A. C. & Feduccia, A. (1997) Developmental patterns and the identification of homologies in the avian hand. Science, 278, 666 - 669." title="Developmental patterns and the identification of homologies in the avian hand" type="journal article" year="1997">Burke & Feduccia 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63A1476FB8DF932FF66F911" author="Wagner, G. & Gauthier, J." box="[1059,1359,1682,1708]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="5111 - 5116" part="96" refString="Wagner, G. & Gauthier, J. (1999) 1, 2, 3 = 2,3,4: a solution to the problem of the homology of digits in the avian hand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 5111 - 5116." title="1, 2, 3 = 2,3,4: a solution to the problem of the homology of digits in the avian hand" type="journal article" year="1999">Wagner & Gauthier 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63A1476FF6BF918FE6DF8DA" blockId="2.[151,1437,637,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The preserved transverse width of the distal end of the tibia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FC0BF918FE61F96C" box="[933,1096,1720,1745]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FC0BF918FE61F96C" box="[933,1096,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is of almost the same size as that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FF41F97DFBE9F94B" box="[239,448,1757,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Ekrixinatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF41F97DFBE9F94B" box="[239,448,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(7–8 metres in total length:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63A1476FCB3F97DF9DBF94A" author="Calvo, J. O. & Porfiri, J. D. & Veralli, C. & Novas, F. E. & Poblete, F." box="[797,1010,1757,1783]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="565 - 575" part="41" refString="Calvo, J. O., Porfiri, J. D., Veralli, C., Novas, F. E. & Poblete, F. (2004) Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 41, 565 - 575." title="Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Calvo
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FCC0F97DF98DF94B" box="[878,932,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FB99F97DFE82F94B" box="[1079,1195,1757,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FB99F97DFE82F94B" box="[1079,1195,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(7.2 metres in total length:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63A1476FF5DF8A2FBC3F8A1" author="Currie, P. J. & Zhao X. J." box="[243,490,1794,1820]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="2037 - 2247" part="30" refString="Currie, P. J. & Zhao X. J. (1993) A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People´s Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2037 - 2247." title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People´s Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie & Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="A939F0A8F63A1476FD9AF8A2F8B8F8A1" box="[564,657,1794,1820]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,242,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,269,895]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative measurements of metacarpal III and distal tibia of Austrocheirus isasii gen. et sp. nov. and several neotheropod taxa. Abbreviations: LMtcIII, length of metacarpal III; TWDT, transverse distal width of tibia. Tibiae ratio depicts the proportion between the TWDT of Austrocheirus (100 %) and that of each taxa." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B0C4959BF63D1471FF39FF37FEFFFF52" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="B0C4959BF63D1471FF39FF37FEFFFF52">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FD5AF8A3F9B2F8A1" box="[756,923,1795,1820]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FD5AF8A3F9B2F8A1" box="[756,923,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
constitutes a medium-sized animal of 7–8 meters in total length, and is thus larger than the abelisaurids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FCD0F888FE22F8FC" box="[894,1035,1832,1857]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FCD0F888FE22F8FC" box="[894,1035,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FBE9F888FF2BF8FC" box="[1095,1282,1832,1857]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FBE9F888FF2BF8FC" box="[1095,1282,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63A1476FABDF888FAFCF8DA" author="Coria, R. A. & Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="460 - 465" part="22" refString="Coria, R. A., Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L. (2002) A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 460 - 465." title="A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Coria
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FAF1F888FFBDF8FC" box="[1375,1428,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63A1476FF4FF8EDFBD9F8DA" author="Burch, S. & Carrano, M. C." box="[225,496,1869,1895]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28 (suppl. to" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="58" part="3" refString="Burch, S. & Carrano, M. C. (2008) Abelisaurid forelimb evolution: new evidence from Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Abelisauridae: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28 (suppl. to 3), 58 A." title="Abelisaurid forelimb evolution: new evidence from Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Abelisauridae: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2008">Burch & Carrano 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="A939F0A8F63A1476FDA9F8EDF84BF8DA" box="[519,610,1869,1895]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,242,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,269,895]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative measurements of metacarpal III and distal tibia of Austrocheirus isasii gen. et sp. nov. and several neotheropod taxa. Abbreviations: LMtcIII, length of metacarpal III; TWDT, transverse distal width of tibia. Tibiae ratio depicts the proportion between the TWDT of Austrocheirus (100 %) and that of each taxa." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B0C4959BF63D1471FF39FF37FEFFFF52" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="B0C4959BF63D1471FF39FF37FEFFFF52">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), both of which possess atrophied hands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63A1477FF6BF8D2FE99FE9F" blockId="2.[151,1437,637,2007]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,290]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FF6BF8D2FBA1F831" bold="true" box="[197,392,1906,1932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Metacarpal III.</emphasis>
|
||
A left metacarpal III without its proximal end and a damaged distal articular trochlea is preserved in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3B007BB1F63A1476FECDF838FBE4F80F" box="[355,461,1944,1970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63A1476FE56F838F888F80C" box="[504,673,1944,1969]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63A1476FE56F838F888F80C" box="[504,673,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63A1476FD1CF838F8D2F80F" box="[690,763,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–G). This element is identified here as metacarpal III because of the presence of an elongated but robust shaft and collateraly projected shelves directly above the collateral tendon pits. By contrast, metacarpals I and II of other theropods are proportionally more robust elements, with the proximal transverse expansion closer to the distal trochlea, whereas metacarpal IV is always a more reduced bone in other basal theropods. In addition, the morphology of the available metacarpal of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FF18FEA8FB70FE9C" box="[182,345,264,289]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FF18FEA8FB70FE9C" box="[182,345,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
closely resembles that of metacarpal III of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FCF9FEA8F9DEFE9C" box="[855,1015,264,289]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FCF9FEA8F9DEFE9C" box="[855,1015,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 4735).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B0C4959BF63B1477FF39FBD6FE67FA70" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204712/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[163,1424,354,1101]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63B1477FF39FBD6FE67FA70" blockId="3.[151,1437,1142,1485]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FF39FBD6FB33FB33" bold="true" box="[151,282,1142,1166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Unique combination of features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FD30FBD6F95DFB30" box="[670,884,1142,1165]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FD30FBD6F95DFB30" box="[670,884,1142,1165]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Austrocheirus isasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared with other basal theropods. Metacarpals III in lateral views of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FE2CFB36F83EFB10" box="[386,535,1174,1197]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FE2CFB36F83EFB10" box="[386,535,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FDFFFB36F8D9FB10" box="[593,752,1174,1197]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FDFFFB36F8D9FB10" box="[593,752,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FCF9FB36F9E2FB10" box="[855,971,1174,1197]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FCF9FB36F9E2FB10" box="[855,971,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C); tibiae in distal views of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FAA9FB36FFB5FB10" box="[1287,1436,1174,1197]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FAA9FB36FFB5FB10" box="[1287,1436,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D),
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FF64FB16FB41FB70" box="[202,360,1206,1229]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Berberosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(E),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FE31FB16F801FB70" box="[415,552,1206,1229]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Velocisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FE31FB16F801FB70" box="[415,552,1206,1229]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Velocisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FD22FB16F906FB70" box="[652,815,1206,1229]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FD22FB16F906FB70" box="[652,815,1206,1229]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(G); metatarsals III in medial views of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FB75FB16FF59FB70" box="[1243,1392,1206,1229]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FB75FB16FF59FB70" box="[1243,1392,1206,1229]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(H) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FF6AFB76FB4EFB50" box="[196,359,1238,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FF6AFB76FB4EFB50" box="[196,359,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(I); and pedal phalanges in side views of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FCB1FB76F99AFB50" box="[799,947,1238,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FCB1FB76F99AFB50" box="[799,947,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(J),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FC4DFB76FEA8FB50" box="[995,1153,1238,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FC4DFB76FEA8FB50" box="[995,1153,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(K),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FB16FB76FF68FB50" box="[1208,1345,1238,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Velocisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FB16FB76FF68FB50" box="[1208,1345,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Velocisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FF39FB56FB61FAB0" box="[151,328,1270,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FF39FB56FB61FAB0" box="[151,328,1270,1293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(M). Note the presence of the following autapomorphies in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FC53FB56FEB2FAB0" box="[1021,1179,1270,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FC53FB56FEB2FAB0" box="[1021,1179,1270,1293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: metacarpal III with a posteriorly tapering shaft and a posteriorly diplaced collateral fossa (A–C); pedal phalanges with a dorsal tubercle above the collateral fossa (J–M). Abbreviations: adr, absence of dorsal ridge; ccf, centrally located collateral fossa; ccpl, concave posterolateral margin; cvpl, convex posterolateral margin; dr, dorsal ridge; hs, dorsoventrally homogeneous shaft; lt, large tuber; pdf, proximally displaced collateral fossa; pts, proximally tapering shaft; st, small tuber. Not to scale. (B based on UCMP 37302; C based on Madsen 1976; E based on Allain
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FC48FA36FE3CFA10" box="[998,1045,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007; F, L based on MUCPv 41; G, I based on Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FEC9FA16FBBFFA70" box="[359,406,1462,1485]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002; K based on MB unnumbered; M based on Carrano 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63B1477FF6BFA56F9CDF8A8" blockId="3.[151,1436,1526,2037]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Metacarpal III of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FE30FA57F86EF9AD" box="[414,583,1527,1552]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FE30FA57F86EF9AD" box="[414,583,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is relatively elongated, being proportionally more gracile than that of derived abelisaurids (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FE64F9BCF87CF988" box="[458,597,1564,1589]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FE64F9BCF87CF988" box="[458,597,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FDCBF9BCF9F0F988" authority="Coria et al. 2002" authorityName="Coria et al." authorityYear="2002" box="[613,985,1563,1589]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FDCBF9BCF8D5F988" box="[613,764,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1477FCA2F9BBF9F0F988" author="Coria, R. A. & Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L." box="[780,985,1563,1589]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="460 - 465" part="22" refString="Coria, R. A., Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L. (2002) A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 460 - 465." title="A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Coria
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FCF8F9BCF9BBF988" box="[854,914,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; MACN-Pv-CH 894,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1477FB70F9BBFAFFF9E6" author="Bonaparte, J. F. & Novas, F. E. & Coria, R. A." journalOrPublisher="Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 41" part="416" refString="Bonaparte, J. F., Novas, F. E. & Coria, R. A. (1990) Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 416, 1 - 41." title="Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Bonaparte
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FACEF9BCFFB5F988" box="[1376,1436,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but resembling basal saurischians (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FD11F9E1F944F9E7" box="[703,877,1601,1626]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FD11F9E1F944F9E7" box="[703,877,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Herrerasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FCD3F9E1FE05F9E7" box="[893,1068,1601,1626]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FCD3F9E1FE05F9E7" box="[893,1068,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: PVSJ 373, 380,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1477FB50F9E1FFBEF9E6" author="Sereno, P. C." box="[1278,1431,1601,1627]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="425 - 450" part="13" refString="Sereno, P. C. (1993) The pectoral girdle and forelimb of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 425 - 450." title="The pectoral girdle and forelimb of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis" type="journal article" year="1993">Sereno 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; UCMP 37302,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1477FEFFF9C6FBC3F93D" author="Welles, S. P." box="[337,490,1638,1664]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica Abteilung A" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="85 - 180" part="185" refString="Welles, S. P. (1984) Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda): osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 185, 85 - 180." title="Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda): osteology and comparisons" type="journal article" year="1984">Welles 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and non-abelisaurid ceratosaurians (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FC40F9C7FF1DF93D" authority="Limusaurus" authorityName="Limusaurus" box="[1006,1332,1638,1664]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FC40F9C7FEBDF93D" box="[1006,1172,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FB0AF9C7FF1DF93D" box="[1188,1332,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Limusaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; USNM 4735,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1477FF4EF92BFBAFF918" author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[224,390,1675,1701]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 154" part="110" refString="Gilmore, C. W. (1920) Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 110, 1 - 154." title="Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus" type="journal article" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1477FE3CF92BF814F918" author="Xu, X. & Clark, J. M. & Mo J. & Choiniere, J. & Forster, C. A. & Erickson, G. M. & Hone, D. W. E. & Sullivan, C. & Eberth, D. A. & Nesbitt, S. & Zhao, Q. & Hernandez, R. & Jia, C. & Han, F. & Guo, Y." box="[402,573,1675,1701]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="940 - 944" part="459" refString="Xu, X., Clark, J. M., Mo J., Choiniere, J., Forster, C. A., Erickson, G. M., Hone, D. W. E., Sullivan, C., Eberth, D. A., Nesbitt, S., Zhao, Q., Hernandez, R., Jia, C., Han, F. & Guo, Y. (2009) A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies. Nature, 459, 940 - 944." title="A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FE12F92CFBDEF918" box="[444,503,1676,1701]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, metacarpal III of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FC6EF92CFE4AF918" box="[960,1123,1676,1701]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FC6EF92CFE4AF918" box="[960,1123,1676,1701]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more robust than that of basal tetanurans (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FE33F911F92CF977" box="[413,773,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FE33F911F928F977" authority="Allosaurus" authorityName="Allosaurus" box="[413,769,1713,1738]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Szechuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Szechuanosaurus, Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FCA3F911FE58F976" authority="Gao 1993" authorityName="Gao" authorityYear="1993" box="[781,1137,1713,1739]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FCA3F911F9CEF977" box="[781,999,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1477FC56F911FE58F976" author="Gao, Y." box="[1016,1137,1713,1739]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="308 - 314" part="31" refString="Gao, Y. (1993) A new species of Middle Jurassic Carnosauria from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichaun Province, Szechuanosaurus zigongensis sp. nov. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 31, 308 - 314." title="A new species of Middle Jurassic Carnosauria from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichaun Province, Szechuanosaurus zigongensis sp. nov" type="journal article" year="1993">Gao 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Madsen 1976;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1477FA9FF911FB7BF94D" author="Currie, P. J. & Carpenter, K." journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refString="Currie, P. J. & Carpenter, K. (2000) A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Antler Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas, 22, 207 - 246." title="A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Antler Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">Currie & Carpenter 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, the elongated metacarpal III of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FCC7F977FE25F94D" box="[873,1036,1751,1776]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FCC7F977FE25F94D" box="[873,1036,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also resembles the proportions of metacarpal II of the basal ceratosaur
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FDE6F95CF8DCF8A8" box="[584,757,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Berberosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1477FCADF95BF9FEF8A8" author="Allain, R. & Tykoski, R. & Aquesbi, N. & Jalil, N. - E. & Monbaron, M. & Russell, D. & Taquet, P." box="[771,983,1787,1813]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="610 - 624" part="27" refString="Allain, R., Tykoski, R., Aquesbi, N., Jalil, N. - E., Monbaron, M., Russell, D. & Taquet, P. (2007) An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, and the radiation of ceratosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 610 - 624." title="An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, and the radiation of ceratosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Allain
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FCF8F95CF9A0F8A8" box="[854,905,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63B1470FF6BF881F8EEFE61" blockId="3.[151,1436,1526,2037]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,476]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The proximal end of the bone is sub-rectangular in cross-section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63B1477FC79F881FE37F886" box="[983,1054,1825,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
F). The preserved portion of the shaft indicates that the area for contact with metacarpal II was restricted to the proximal end of the bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63B1477FAC2F8E6FA8FF838" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The shaft is dorsoventrally compressed, being two times lower than the height of the distal articular condyles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63B1477FEA1F831FB7CF816" box="[271,341,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B). In other theropods a dorsoventral compression of the shaft towards its proximal end is absent (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FE86F817FB81F86D" box="[296,424,1975,2000]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FE86F817FB81F86D" box="[296,424,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FE16F817FE7CF86D" authority="Liliensternus, Carnotaurus, Aucasaurus" authorityName="Liliensternus, Carnotaurus, Aucasaurus" box="[440,1109,1974,2000]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FE16F817F841F86D" box="[440,616,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FDD9F817F93BF86D" box="[631,786,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Liliensternus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FC8CF817F990F86D" box="[802,953,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FC67F817FE7CF86D" box="[969,1109,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FBCAF817FEDEF86D" box="[1124,1271,1975,2000]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FBCAF817FEDEF86D" box="[1124,1271,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FAA9F817FFBCF86D" box="[1287,1429,1975,2000]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Megaraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FAA9F817FFBCF86D" box="[1287,1429,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Megaraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63B1477FF39F87CF80BF848" authority="Madsen 1976" authorityName="Madsen" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,546,2011,2037]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FF39F87CFB47F848" box="[151,366,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
: Madsen 1976
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; UCMP 37302; MB R2175; MACN-Pv-CH 894;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1477FBDCF87BFF16F848" author="Coria, R. A. & Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L." box="[1138,1343,2011,2037]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="460 - 465" part="22" refString="Coria, R. A., Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L. (2002) A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 460 - 465." title="A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Coria
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63B1477FB12F87CFED8F848" box="[1212,1265,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63B1470FAE2F87BFB79FF0F" author="Galton, P. M. & Jensen, J. A." journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University of Geological Studies" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 12" part="26" refString="Galton, P. M. & Jensen, J. A. (1979) A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University of Geological Studies, 26, 1 - 12." title="A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado" type="journal article" year="1979">Galton & Jensen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; MUCPv 341;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63C1470FDA9FF38F917FF0F" author="Currie, P. J. & Carpenter, K." box="[519,830,152,178]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refString="Currie, P. J. & Carpenter, K. (2000) A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Antler Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas, 22, 207 - 246." title="A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Antler Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">Currie & Carpenter 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the metacarpal shaft of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63C1470FB0DFF38FF65FF0C" box="[1187,1356,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FB0DFF38FF65FF0C" box="[1187,1356,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tapers dorsoventrally towards the proximal end of the bone. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63C1470FC97FF1DF9F9FF6B" box="[825,976,189,214]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FC97FF1DF9F9FF6B" box="[825,976,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MACN-Pv-CH 894) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63C1470FABEFF1DFB56FF41" authority="Coria et al. 2002" authorityName="Coria et al." authorityYear="2002" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FABEFF1DFFB5FF6B" box="[1296,1436,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63C1470FF31FF42FB5FFF41" author="Coria, R. A. & Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L." box="[159,374,226,252]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="460 - 465" part="22" refString="Coria, R. A., Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L. (2002) A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 460 - 465." title="A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Coria
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FF41FF42FB0FFF46" box="[239,294,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the shaft of metacarpal III is as tall as the distal end, with a strongly dorsoventrally expanded proximal end. Despite the bizarre morphology of the hand of these
|
||
<collectingRegion id="267F0BF1F63C1470FB95FEA8FEA9FE9F" box="[1083,1152,264,290]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
American abelisaurids, this condition resembles that of other theropods. By contrast, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63C1470FC2FFE8DFE0DFEFB" box="[897,1060,301,326]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FC2FFE8DFE0DFEFB" box="[897,1060,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the shaft is lower than the distal end of the bone and tapers proximally. Accordingly, we consider this morphology to be autapomorphic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63C1470FF39FED8FB17FE2C" box="[151,318,376,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FF39FED8FB17FE2C" box="[151,318,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63C1470FEE1FED8FBB1FE2F" box="[335,408,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,354,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,346,1118]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Unique combination of features of Austrocheirus isasii compared with other basal theropods. Metacarpals III in lateral views of Austrocheirus (A), Dilophosaurus (B), and Allosaurus (C); tibiae in distal views of Austrocheirus (D), Berberosaurus (E), Velocisaurus (F), and Masiakasaurus (G); metatarsals III in medial views of Austrocheirus (H) and Masiakasaurus (I); and pedal phalanges in side views of Austrocheirus (J), Elaphrosaurus (K), Velocisaurus (L), and Majungasaurus (M). Note the presence of the following autapomorphies in Austrocheirus: metacarpal III with a posteriorly tapering shaft and a posteriorly diplaced collateral fossa (A – C); pedal phalanges with a dorsal tubercle above the collateral fossa (J – M). Abbreviations: adr, absence of dorsal ridge; ccf, centrally located collateral fossa; ccpl, concave posterolateral margin; cvpl, convex posterolateral margin; dr, dorsal ridge; hs, dorsoventrally homogeneous shaft; lt, large tuber; pdf, proximally displaced collateral fossa; pts, proximally tapering shaft; st, small tuber. Not to scale. (B based on UCMP 37302; C based on Madsen 1976; E based on Allain et al. 2007; F, L based on MUCPv 41; G, I based on Carrano et al. 2002; K based on MB unnumbered; M based on Carrano 2007)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204712/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). The base of a conspicuous proximolateral process is present, resembling other theropods (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63C1470FEFCFE3DF89EFE0B" authority="Ceratosaurus" authorityName="Ceratosaurus" box="[338,695,413,439]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FEFCFE3DF82AFE0B" box="[338,515,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FDBAFE3DF89EFE0B" box="[532,695,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: UCMP 37302; USNM 4735) in which this process bears the articular surface for metacarpal IV (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63C1470FD92FE62F8A9FE61" box="[572,640,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C–E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B0C4959BF63C1470FF39FDACFBDCFDF9" ID-Table-UUID="B0C4959BF63C1470FF39FDACFBDCFDF9" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B0C4959BF63C1470FF39FDACFBDCFDF9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[163,1252,611,2030]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63C1470FF39FDACFFB5FD99" blockId="4.[151,1436,524,2030]" box="[151,1436,524,548]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FF39FDACFB21FD99" bold="true" box="[151,264,524,548]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Selected measurements (in millimetres) of available elements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63C1470FC6DFDADFEBFFD99" box="[963,1174,525,548]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FC6DFDADFEBFFD99" box="[963,1174,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Austrocheirus isasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et sp. nov. Asterisk
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63C1470FF39FD8DFBDCFDF9" blockId="4.[151,1436,524,2030]" box="[151,501,557,580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">indicates an incomplete element.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63C1470FF0DFDC3FE90F853" blockId="4.[151,1436,524,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<table id="96BB37B3F63CEB8BFF0DFDC3FECDF853" box="[163,1252,611,2030]" gridcols="2" gridrows="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFDC3FECDFDC7" box="[163,1252,611,634]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFDC3F877FDC7" box="[163,606,611,634]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Element</th>
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFDC3FECDFDC7" box="[1107,1252,611,634]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Measurement</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFD2AFECDFD1C" box="[163,1252,650,673]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFD2AF877FD1C" box="[163,606,650,673]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FF0DFD2AFB69FD1C" box="[163,320,650,673]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Metacarpal III</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFD17FECDFD73" box="[163,1252,695,718]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFD17F877FD73" box="[163,606,695,718]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum length</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFD17FECDFD73" box="[1107,1252,695,718]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">107.73*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFD7DFECDFD49" box="[163,1252,733,756]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFD7DF877FD49" box="[163,606,733,756]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum height of lateral distal trochlea</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFD7DFECDFD49" box="[1107,1252,733,756]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">39.42*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFCA4FECDFCA6" box="[163,1252,772,795]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFCA4F877FCA6" box="[163,606,772,795]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum width of distal trochlea</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFCA4FECDFCA6" box="[1107,1252,772,795]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">44.44*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFC8BFECDFCFF" box="[163,1252,811,834]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFC8BF877FCFF" box="[163,606,811,834]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum height of the shaft</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFC8BFECDFCFF" box="[1107,1252,811,834]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">24.57</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFCF2FECDFCD4" box="[163,1252,850,873]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFCF2F877FCD4" box="[163,606,850,873]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Minimum height of the shaft</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFCF2FECDFCD4" box="[1107,1252,850,873]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">22.02*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFCD9FECDFC2D" box="[163,1252,889,912]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFCD9F877FC2D" box="[163,606,889,912]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum width of the shaft</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFCD9FECDFC2D" box="[1107,1252,889,912]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">36.75*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFC00FECDFC0A" box="[163,1252,928,951]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFC00F877FC0A" box="[163,606,928,951]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FF0DFC00F804FC0A" box="[163,557,928,951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Proximal manual phalanx of digit III</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFC6DFECDFC59" box="[163,1252,973,996]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFC6DF877FC59" box="[163,606,973,996]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum length</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFC6DFECDFC59" box="[1107,1252,973,996]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">26.07*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFC54FECDFBB6" box="[163,1252,1012,1035]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFC54F877FBB6" box="[163,606,1012,1035]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum height of media distal trochlea</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFC54FECDFBB6" box="[1107,1252,1012,1035]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11.08*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFBBBFECDFB8F" box="[163,1252,1051,1074]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFBBBF877FB8F" box="[163,606,1051,1074]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum length of collateral pit</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFBBBFECDFB8F" box="[1107,1252,1051,1074]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">10.53</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFBE1FECDFBE5" box="[163,1252,1089,1112]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFBE1F877FBE5" box="[163,606,1089,1112]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum width of distal trochlea</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFBE1FECDFBE5" box="[1107,1252,1089,1112]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">17.71</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFBC8FECDFBC2" box="[163,1252,1128,1151]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFBC8F877FBC2" box="[163,606,1128,1151]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Minimum width of shaft</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFBC8FECDFBC2" box="[1107,1252,1128,1151]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">15.97</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFB2FFECDFB1B" box="[163,1252,1167,1190]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFB2FF877FB1B" box="[163,606,1167,1190]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum height of proximal end</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFB2FFECDFB1B" box="[1107,1252,1167,1190]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11.10*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFB16FECDFB70" box="[163,1252,1206,1229]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFB16F877FB70" box="[163,606,1206,1229]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FF0DFB16FB79FB70" box="[163,336,1206,1229]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Caudal centrum</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFB43FECDFB47" box="[163,1252,1251,1274]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFB43F877FB47" box="[163,606,1251,1274]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum length</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFB43FECDFB47" box="[1107,1252,1251,1274]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">43.87</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFAAAFECDFA9C" box="[163,1252,1290,1313]" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFAAAF877FA9C" box="[163,606,1290,1313]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum width of articular facet</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFAAAFECDFA9C" box="[1107,1252,1290,1313]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">52.09*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFA91FECDFAF5" box="[163,1252,1329,1352]" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFA91F877FAF5" box="[163,606,1329,1352]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum height of articular facet</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFA91FECDFAF5" box="[1107,1252,1329,1352]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">39.98*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFAF8FECDFAD2" box="[163,1252,1368,1391]" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFAF8F877FAD2" box="[163,606,1368,1391]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FF0DFAF8FB32FAD2" box="[163,283,1368,1391]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distal tibia</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFA24FECDFA26" box="[163,1252,1412,1435]" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFA24F877FA26" box="[163,606,1412,1435]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum length</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFA24FECDFA26" box="[1107,1252,1412,1435]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">183*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFA0BFECDFA7F" box="[163,1252,1451,1474]" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFA0BF877FA7F" box="[163,606,1451,1474]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum width</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFA0BFECDFA7F" box="[1107,1252,1451,1474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">113.29*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFA72FECDFA54" box="[163,1252,1490,1513]" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFA72F877FA54" box="[163,606,1490,1513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum depth</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFA72FECDFA54" box="[1107,1252,1490,1513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">64.92</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DFA59FECDF9AD" box="[163,1252,1529,1552]" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DFA59F877F9AD" box="[163,606,1529,1552]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum height of astragalar facet</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDFA59FECDF9AD" box="[1107,1252,1529,1552]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">113.37</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF980FECDF98A" box="[163,1252,1568,1591]" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF980F877F98A" box="[163,606,1568,1591]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum width of astragalar facet</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDF980FECDF98A" box="[1107,1252,1568,1591]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">83.49</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF9E7FECDF9E3" box="[163,1252,1607,1630]" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF9E7F877F9E3" box="[163,606,1607,1630]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Width of the shaft</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDF9E7FECDF9E3" box="[1107,1252,1607,1630]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">76.32*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF9CEFECDF938" box="[163,1252,1646,1669]" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF9CEF877F938" box="[163,606,1646,1669]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FF0DF9CEFB19F938" box="[163,304,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Metatarsal II</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF93BFECDF90F" box="[163,1252,1691,1714]" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF93BF877F90F" box="[163,606,1691,1714]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum height of the shaft</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDF93BFECDF90F" box="[1107,1252,1691,1714]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">28.11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF961FECDF965" box="[163,1252,1729,1752]" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF961F877F965" box="[163,606,1729,1752]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum width of the shaft</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDF961FECDF965" box="[1107,1252,1729,1752]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">38.72</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF949FECDF8BD" box="[163,1252,1769,1792]" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF949F877F8BD" box="[163,606,1769,1792]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63C1470FF0DF949FB10F8BD" box="[163,313,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Metatarsal III</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF8B5FECDF891" box="[163,1252,1813,1836]" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF8B5F877F891" box="[163,606,1813,1836]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum length</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDF8B5FECDF891" box="[1107,1252,1813,1836]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">228.87*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF89CFECDF8EE" box="[163,1252,1852,1875]" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF89CF877F8EE" box="[163,606,1852,1875]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum height of lateral distal trochlea</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDF89CFECDF8EE" box="[1107,1252,1852,1875]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">45.67*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF8C3FECDF8C7" box="[163,1252,1891,1914]" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF8C3F877F8C7" box="[163,606,1891,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum width of distal trochlea</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDF8C3FECDF8C7" box="[1107,1252,1891,1914]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">60.76*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF82AFECDF81C" box="[163,1252,1930,1953]" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF82AF877F81C" box="[163,606,1930,1953]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum height of the shaft</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDF82AFECDF81C" box="[1107,1252,1930,1953]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">36.19</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF811FECDF875" box="[163,1252,1969,1992]" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF811F877F875" box="[163,606,1969,1992]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Minimum height of the shaft</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDF811FECDF875" box="[1107,1252,1969,1992]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">32.31</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63CEB8BFF0DF877FECDF853" box="[163,1252,2007,2030]" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFF0DF877F877F853" box="[163,606,2007,2030]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maximum width of the shaft</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63CEB8BFBFDF877FECDF853" box="[1107,1252,2007,2030]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">46.15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B0C4959BF63D1471FF39FF37FEFFFF52" ID-Table-UUID="B0C4959BF63D1471FF39FF37FEFFFF52" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B0C4959BF63D1471FF39FF37FEFFFF52" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[151,1437,269,895]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63D1471FF39FF37FEFFFF52" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,239]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF39FF37FB27FF12" bold="true" box="[151,270,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparative measurements of metacarpal III and distal tibia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FC4EFF38FE94FF12" box="[992,1213,152,175]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FC4EFF38FE94FF12" box="[992,1213,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Austrocheirus isasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et sp. nov. and several neotheropod taxa. Abbreviations: LMtcIII, length of metacarpal III; TWDT, transverse distal width of tibia. Tibiae ratio depicts the proportion between the TWDT of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FCAEFF78F9BCFF52" box="[768,917,216,239]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FCAEFF78F9BCFF52" box="[768,917,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(100%) and that of each taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63D1471FF31FEADFE8AFCC2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<table id="96BB37B3F63DEB8BFF39FEADFFB4FCC2" box="[151,1437,269,895]" gridcols="5" gridrows="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FEADFFB4FE99" box="[151,1437,269,292]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FEADFB7EFE99" box="[151,343,269,292]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Taxa</th>
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FEADF805FE99" box="[479,556,269,292]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TWDT</th>
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FEADF8CFFE99" box="[654,742,269,292]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">LMtcIII</th>
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FEADF990FE99" box="[828,953,269,292]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tibae Ratio</th>
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FEADFFB4FE99" box="[1049,1437,269,292]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Source</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FE96FFB4FEF0" box="[151,1437,310,333]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FE96FB7EFEF0" box="[151,343,310,333]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FE96FB1DFEF0" box="[159,308,310,333]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FE96FB1DFEF0" box="[159,308,310,333]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FE96F805FEF0" box="[479,556,310,333]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FE71FE96FBD8FEF0" box="[479,497,310,333]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">></emphasis>
|
||
183
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FE96F8CFFEF0" box="[654,742,310,333]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">>107.73</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FE96F990FEF0" box="[828,953,310,333]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FE96FFB4FEF0" box="[1049,1437,310,333]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">This paper</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FEFEFFB4FEC8" box="[151,1437,350,373]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FEFEFB7EFEC8" box="[151,343,350,373]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FEFEFB14FEC8" box="[159,317,350,373]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FEFEFB14FEC8" box="[159,317,350,373]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FEFEF805FEC8" box="[479,556,350,373]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">80.3</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FEFEF8CFFEC8" box="[654,742,350,373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">80.8</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FEFEF990FEC8" box="[828,953,350,373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><43.8 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FEFEFFB4FEC8" box="[1049,1437,350,373]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UCMP 37302</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FE26FFB4FE20" box="[151,1437,390,413]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FE26FB7EFE20" box="[151,343,390,413]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FE26FB18FE20" box="[159,305,390,413]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FE26FB18FE20" box="[159,305,390,413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FE26F805FE20" box="[479,556,390,413]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">140</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FE26F8CFFE20" box="[654,742,390,413]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">66.0</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FE26F990FE20" box="[828,953,390,413]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><76.5 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FE26FFB4FE20" box="[1049,1437,390,413]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gilmore 1920</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FE0EFFB4FE78" box="[151,1437,430,453]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FE0EFB7EFE78" box="[151,343,430,453]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FE0EFB14FE78" box="[159,317,430,453]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Berberosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FE0EF805FE78" box="[479,556,430,453]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">82</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FE0EF8CFFE78" box="[654,742,430,453]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FE0EF990FE78" box="[828,953,430,453]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><44.8 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FE0EFFB4FE78" box="[1049,1437,430,453]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Allain
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FBCCFE0EFEB8FE78" box="[1122,1169,430,453]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FE76FFB4FE53" box="[151,1437,470,494]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FE76FB7EFE53" box="[151,343,470,494]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FE77FB14FE53" box="[159,317,471,494]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FE77FB14FE53" box="[159,317,471,494]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FE76F805FE53" box="[479,556,470,494]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">104</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FE76F8CFFE53" box="[654,742,470,494]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FE76F990FE53" box="[828,953,470,494]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><56.8 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FE76FFB4FE53" box="[1049,1437,470,494]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MB unnumbered</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FE5EFFB4FDAB" box="[151,1437,510,534]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FE5EFB7EFDAB" box="[151,343,510,534]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FE5FFB03FDAB" box="[159,298,511,534]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Velocisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FE5FFB03FDAB" box="[159,298,511,534]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Velocisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FE5EF805FDAB" box="[479,556,510,534]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">18</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FE5EF8CFFDAB" box="[654,742,510,534]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FE5EF990FDAB" box="[828,953,510,534]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><9.8 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FE5EFFB4FDAB" box="[1049,1437,510,534]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MUCPv-41</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FD87FFB4FD83" box="[151,1437,551,574]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FD87FB7EFD83" box="[151,343,551,574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FD87FB6BFD83" box="[159,322,551,574]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FD87FB6BFD83" box="[159,322,551,574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FD87F805FD83" box="[479,556,551,574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">28</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FD87F8CFFD83" box="[654,742,551,574]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FD87F990FD83" box="[828,953,551,574]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><15.3 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FD87FFB4FD83" box="[1049,1437,551,574]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FBDBFD87FE8CFD83" box="[1141,1189,551,574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FDEFFFB4FDDB" box="[151,1437,591,614]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FDEFFB7EFDDB" box="[151,343,591,614]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FDEFFB7DFDDB" box="[159,340,591,614]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Xenotarsosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FDEFFB7DFDDB" box="[159,340,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Xenotarsosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FDEFF805FDDB" box="[479,556,591,614]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">134</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FDEFF8CFFDDB" box="[654,742,591,614]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FDEFF990FDDB" box="[828,953,591,614]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><73.2 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FDEFFFB4FDDB" box="[1049,1437,591,614]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MACN-Pv-CH 1468</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FDD7FFB4FD33" box="[151,1437,631,654]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FDD7FB7EFD33" box="[151,343,631,654]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FDD7FB7EFD33" box="[159,343,631,654]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Ekrixinatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FDD7FB7EFD33" box="[159,343,631,654]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FDD7F805FD33" box="[479,556,631,654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">183</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FDD7F8CFFD33" box="[654,742,631,654]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FDD7F990FD33" box="[828,953,631,654]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><100 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FDD7FFB4FD33" box="[1049,1437,631,654]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MUCPv-294</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FD3FFFB4FD0A" box="[151,1437,671,695]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FD3FFB7EFD0A" box="[151,343,671,695]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FD00FB6EFD0A" box="[159,327,672,695]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FD00FB6EFD0A" box="[159,327,672,695]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FD3FF805FD0A" box="[479,556,671,695]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">70.2</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FD3FF8CFFD0A" box="[654,742,671,695]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FD3FF990FD0A" box="[828,953,671,695]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><38.4 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FD3FFFB4FD0A" box="[1049,1437,671,695]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Carrano 2007</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FD67FFB4FD62" box="[151,1437,711,735]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FD67FB7EFD62" box="[151,343,711,735]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FD68FB0EFD62" box="[159,295,712,735]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FD68FB0EFD62" box="[159,295,712,735]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FD67F805FD62" box="[479,556,711,735]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FD67F8CFFD62" box="[654,742,711,735]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">29.0</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FD67F990FD62" box="[828,953,711,735]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FD67FFB4FD62" box="[1049,1437,711,735]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MACN-Pv-CH 894</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FD50FFB4FCBA" box="[151,1437,752,775]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FD50FB7EFCBA" box="[151,343,752,775]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FD50FB78FCBA" box="[159,337,752,775]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Piatnitzkysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FD50FB78FCBA" box="[159,337,752,775]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Piatnitzkysaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FD50F805FCBA" box="[479,556,752,775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">130</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FD50F8CFFCBA" box="[654,742,752,775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FD50F990FCBA" box="[828,953,752,775]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><71.0 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FD50FFB4FCBA" box="[1049,1437,752,775]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">PVL 4073</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FCB8FFB4FC92" box="[151,1437,792,815]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FCB8FB7EFC92" box="[151,343,792,815]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FCB8FB2CFC92" box="[159,261,792,815]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FCB8FB2CFC92" box="[159,261,792,815]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FCB8F805FC92" box="[479,556,792,815]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">195</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FCB8F8CFFC92" box="[654,742,792,815]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">151.8</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FCB8F990FC92" box="[828,953,792,815]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><106.5 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FCB8FFB4FC92" box="[1049,1437,792,815]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Currie & Zhao 1993</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FCE0FFB4FCEA" box="[151,1437,832,855]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FCE0FB7EFCEA" box="[151,343,832,855]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FCE0FB0CFCEA" box="[159,293,832,855]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Mapusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FCE0FB0CFCEA" box="[159,293,832,855]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mapusaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FCE0F805FCEA" box="[479,556,832,855]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">288</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FCE0F8CFFCEA" box="[654,742,832,855]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">--</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FCE0F990FCEA" box="[828,953,832,855]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><157.4 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FCE0FFB4FCEA" box="[1049,1437,832,855]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coria & Currie 2006</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5A8BC751F63DEB8BFF39FCC8FFB4FCC2" box="[151,1437,872,895]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFF39FCC8FB7EFCC2" box="[151,343,872,895]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF31FCC8FB68FCC2" box="[159,321,872,895]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF31FCC8FB68FCC2" box="[159,321,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFE71FCC8F805FCC2" box="[479,556,872,895]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">312</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFD20FCC8F8CFFCC2" box="[654,742,872,895]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">104</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFC92FCC8F990FCC2" box="[828,953,872,895]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"><170.5 %</td>
|
||
<td id="195AAE2DF63DEB8BFBB7FCC8FFB4FCC2" box="[1049,1437,872,895]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brochu 2003</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63D1471FF6BFC18F938F8CA" blockId="5.[151,1437,952,2023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The dorsal margin of the distal articular condyles protrudes directly above the collateral ligament pits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63D1471FF31FC7DFACCFC4A" box="[159,229,989,1015]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C, D, G), a condition which also seems to be present in the metacarpus of some ceratosaurians such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF39FBA3FB11FBA1" box="[151,312,1027,1052]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF39FBA3FB11FBA1" box="[151,312,1027,1052]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FEDCFBA3F809FBA1" box="[370,544,1027,1052]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Berberosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FD9FFBA2F8F5FBA1" author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[561,732,1026,1052]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 154" part="110" refString="Gilmore, C. W. (1920) Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 110, 1 - 154." title="Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus" type="journal article" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FD46FBA2F997FBA1" author="Allain, R. & Tykoski, R. & Aquesbi, N. & Jalil, N. - E. & Monbaron, M. & Russell, D. & Taquet, P." box="[744,958,1026,1052]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="610 - 624" part="27" refString="Allain, R., Tykoski, R., Aquesbi, N., Jalil, N. - E., Monbaron, M., Russell, D. & Taquet, P. (2007) An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, and the radiation of ceratosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 610 - 624." title="An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, and the radiation of ceratosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Allain
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FC94FBA3F95FFBA1" box="[826,886,1027,1052]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal flexor fossa is laterally and medially flanked by each of these ridges. The dorsal flexor fossa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FC4DFB88FEA7FBFC" box="[995,1166,1064,1089]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FC4DFB88FEA7FBFC" box="[995,1166,1064,1089]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is poorly defined and shallowly excavated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63D1471FE3BFBEDFBF0FBDA" box="[405,473,1101,1127]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D), as also occurs in the metacarpals of other ceratosaurs such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FB52FBEDFFB2FBDB" box="[1276,1435,1101,1126]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FB52FBEDFFB2FBDB" box="[1276,1435,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 4735,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FEE3FBD2FBD1FB31" author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[333,504,1138,1164]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 154" part="110" refString="Gilmore, C. W. (1920) Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 110, 1 - 154." title="Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus" type="journal article" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FD93FBD3F8D9FB31" box="[573,752,1139,1164]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Berberosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FCAFFBD2F9C9FB31" author="Allain, R. & Tykoski, R. & Aquesbi, N. & Jalil, N. - E. & Monbaron, M. & Russell, D. & Taquet, P." box="[769,992,1138,1164]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="610 - 624" part="27" refString="Allain, R., Tykoski, R., Aquesbi, N., Jalil, N. - E., Monbaron, M., Russell, D. & Taquet, P. (2007) An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, and the radiation of ceratosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 610 - 624." title="An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, and the radiation of ceratosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Allain
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FCF6FBD3F9BFFB31" box="[856,918,1139,1164]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By contrast, well-excavated dorsal flexor fossae, proximally bounded by a high transverse lip, are present in “coelophysoids” (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FAABFB38FFBDFB0C" box="[1285,1428,1176,1201]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Coelophysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FAABFB38FFBDFB0C" box="[1285,1428,1176,1201]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coelophysis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FF39FB1DFB64FB6B" box="[151,333,1213,1238]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF39FB1DFB64FB6B" box="[151,333,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: QG 1; UCMP 37302) and basal tetanurans (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FC1DFB1DFE1EFB6B" box="[947,1079,1213,1238]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FC1DFB1DFE1EFB6B" box="[947,1079,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FBE7FB1DFFB1FB6A" authority="Madsen 1976" authorityName="Madsen" authorityYear="1976" box="[1097,1432,1213,1239]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Megaraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FBE7FB1DFEF5FB6B" box="[1097,1244,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Megaraptor</emphasis>
|
||
: Madsen 1976
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; MUCPv 341) or are completely absent in derived coelurosaurians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FC1BFB42FE7CFB41" author="Rauhut, O. W. M." box="[949,1109,1250,1276]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 214" part="69" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2003) The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Paleontology, 69, 1 - 214." title="The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ventral surface of the shaft exhibits a proximolaterally directed median ridge, located proximal to the distal end of the bone. The distal end of metacarpal III of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FE53FA8DF889FAFB" box="[509,672,1325,1350]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FE53FA8DF889FAFB" box="[509,672,1325,1350]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is pulley-shaped (i.e. the distal condyles are separated by a wide intercondylar groove) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63D1471FE1FFAF2FBD3FAD1" box="[433,506,1362,1388]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
G), contrasting with the rounded distal end present in
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FB3EFAF3FF36FAD1" box="[1168,1311,1363,1388]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Limusaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FA81FAF2FAFDFA2F" author="Xu, X. & Clark, J. M. & Mo J. & Choiniere, J. & Forster, C. A. & Erickson, G. M. & Hone, D. W. E. & Sullivan, C. & Eberth, D. A. & Nesbitt, S. & Zhao, Q. & Hernandez, R. & Jia, C. & Han, F. & Guo, Y." journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="940 - 944" part="459" refString="Xu, X., Clark, J. M., Mo J., Choiniere, J., Forster, C. A., Erickson, G. M., Hone, D. W. E., Sullivan, C., Eberth, D. A., Nesbitt, S., Zhao, Q., Hernandez, R., Jia, C., Han, F. & Guo, Y. (2009) A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies. Nature, 459, 940 - 944." title="A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FAF0FAF3FFB5FAD1" box="[1374,1436,1363,1388]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and abelisaurids (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FE45FAD8F85EFA2C" box="[491,631,1400,1425]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FE45FAD8F85EFA2C" box="[491,631,1400,1425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FD28FAD8FE1CFA2F" authority="Bonaparte et al. 1990" authorityName="Bonaparte et al." authorityYear="1990" box="[646,1077,1400,1426]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FD28FAD8F937FA2C" box="[646,798,1400,1425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FC80FAD8FE1CFA2F" author="Bonaparte, J. F. & Novas, F. E. & Coria, R. A." box="[814,1077,1400,1426]" journalOrPublisher="Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 41" part="416" refString="Bonaparte, J. F., Novas, F. E. & Coria, R. A. (1990) Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 416, 1 - 41." title="Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Bonaparte
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FC1FFAD8F9C4FA2C" box="[945,1005,1400,1425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FBECFAD8FF38FA2F" author="Coria, R. A. & Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L." box="[1090,1297,1400,1426]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="460 - 465" part="22" refString="Coria, R. A., Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L. (2002) A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 460 - 465." title="A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Coria
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FB22FAD8FEE1FA2C" box="[1164,1224,1400,1425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distal end of the metacarpal is strongly asymmetric, with a lateral condyle more proximodistally extended than the medial condyle, as in most theropods. The transition between the medial distal condyle and the shaft is gradual, whereas in basal tetanurans (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FDD0FA48F989F9BC" authority="Allosaurus" authorityName="Allosaurus" box="[638,928,1512,1538]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FDD0FA48F939F9BC" box="[638,784,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FCB0FA48F989F9BC" box="[798,928,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FC0EFA48F98DF9BC" box="[928,932,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FC05FA48FFBEF9BF" authority="Galton & Jensen 1979" authorityName="Galton & Jensen" authorityYear="1979" box="[939,1431,1512,1538]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FC05FA48FEA8F9BC" box="[939,1153,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FB3EFA48FFBEF9BF" author="Galton, P. M. & Jensen, J. A." box="[1168,1431,1512,1538]" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University of Geological Studies" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 12" part="26" refString="Galton, P. M. & Jensen, J. A. (1979) A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University of Geological Studies, 26, 1 - 12." title="A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado" type="journal article" year="1979">Galton & Jensen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Madsen 1976;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FEE9F9ADF85AF99A" author="Currie, P. J. & Carpenter, K." box="[327,627,1549,1575]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refString="Currie, P. J. & Carpenter, K. (2000) A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Antler Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas, 22, 207 - 246." title="A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Antler Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">Currie & Carpenter 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) this transition forms a sharp angle. The distal collateral tendon pits are shallow and poorly defined, as occurs in derived abelisaurids (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FC76F993FE4BF9F1" box="[984,1122,1587,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FC76F993FE4BF9F1" box="[984,1122,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FBDCF993FAFCF9CF" authority="Coria et al. 2002" authorityName="Coria et al." authorityYear="2002" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FBDCF993FF2EF9F1" box="[1138,1287,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FAB9F992FAFCF9CF" author="Coria, R. A. & Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="460 - 465" part="22" refString="Coria, R. A., Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L. (2002) A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 460 - 465." title="A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Coria
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FACFF993FFB5F9F1" box="[1377,1436,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FF4FF9F8FBC8F9CF" author="Bonaparte, J. F. & Novas, F. E. & Coria, R. A." box="[225,481,1624,1650]" journalOrPublisher="Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 41" part="416" refString="Bonaparte, J. F., Novas, F. E. & Coria, R. A. (1990) Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 416, 1 - 41." title="Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Bonaparte
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FECFF9F8FBB2F9CC" box="[353,411,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but contrasting with “coelophysoids” (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FC43F9F8FEB2F9CC" box="[1005,1179,1624,1649]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FC43F9F8FEB2F9CC" box="[1005,1179,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FB04F9F8FF10F9CC" box="[1194,1337,1624,1649]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Coelophysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FB04F9F8FF10F9CC" box="[1194,1337,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coelophysis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: UCMP 37302; QG 1) and tetanurans (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FD9BF9DDF8E1F92B" box="[565,712,1661,1686]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FD9BF9DDF8E1F92B" box="[565,712,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FD76F9DDFE5CF92A" authority="Galton & Jensen 1979" authorityName="Galton & Jensen" authorityYear="1979" box="[728,1141,1661,1687]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FD76F9DDF971F92B" box="[728,856,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FCC6F9DDFE5CF92A" author="Galton, P. M. & Jensen, J. A." box="[872,1141,1661,1687]" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University of Geological Studies" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 12" part="26" refString="Galton, P. M. & Jensen, J. A. (1979) A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University of Geological Studies, 26, 1 - 12." title="A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado" type="journal article" year="1979">Galton & Jensen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Madsen 1976) in which they are well excavated and delimited. In contrast to other theropods (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FBEAF903FEE2F901" box="[1092,1227,1699,1724]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FBEAF903FEE2F901" box="[1092,1227,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FB72F903FB12F95C" authority="Liliensternus" authorityName="Liliensternus" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FB72F903FFBCF901" box="[1244,1429,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF39F968FB12F95C" box="[151,315,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Liliensternus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FEE5F968FBCCF95C" box="[331,485,1736,1761]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FEE5F968FBCCF95C" box="[331,485,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FE59F968F8A2F95C" box="[503,651,1736,1761]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Megaraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FE59F968F8A2F95C" box="[503,651,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Megaraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FD32F968FE14F95F" authority="Madsen 1976" authorityName="Madsen" authorityYear="1976" box="[668,1085,1736,1762]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FD32F968F956F95C" box="[668,895,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
: Madsen 1976
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; UCMP 37302; MB R2175; MACN-Pv-CH 894;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FE3FF94DF876F8BA" author="Coria, R. A. & Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L." box="[401,607,1773,1799]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="460 - 465" part="22" refString="Coria, R. A., Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L. (2002) A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 460 - 465." title="A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Coria
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FE72F94DF838F8BB" box="[476,529,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FDC3F94DF955F8BA" author="Galton, P. M. & Jensen, J. A." box="[621,892,1773,1799]" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University of Geological Studies" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 12" part="26" refString="Galton, P. M. & Jensen, J. A. (1979) A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University of Geological Studies, 26, 1 - 12." title="A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado" type="journal article" year="1979">Galton & Jensen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; MUCPv 341;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63D1471FB9FF94DFF4BF8BA" author="Currie, P. J. & Carpenter, K." box="[1073,1378,1773,1799]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refString="Currie, P. J. & Carpenter, K. (2000) A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Antler Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas, 22, 207 - 246." title="A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Antler Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">Currie & Carpenter 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the collateral tendon pits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63D1471FE1DF8B3F87FF891" box="[435,598,1811,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FE1DF8B3F87FF891" box="[435,598,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are proximally located, being situated at the proximal-most level of the distal articular condyles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63D1471FE6CF898F821F8EF" box="[450,520,1848,1874]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,354,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,346,1118]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Unique combination of features of Austrocheirus isasii compared with other basal theropods. Metacarpals III in lateral views of Austrocheirus (A), Dilophosaurus (B), and Allosaurus (C); tibiae in distal views of Austrocheirus (D), Berberosaurus (E), Velocisaurus (F), and Masiakasaurus (G); metatarsals III in medial views of Austrocheirus (H) and Masiakasaurus (I); and pedal phalanges in side views of Austrocheirus (J), Elaphrosaurus (K), Velocisaurus (L), and Majungasaurus (M). Note the presence of the following autapomorphies in Austrocheirus: metacarpal III with a posteriorly tapering shaft and a posteriorly diplaced collateral fossa (A – C); pedal phalanges with a dorsal tubercle above the collateral fossa (J – M). Abbreviations: adr, absence of dorsal ridge; ccf, centrally located collateral fossa; ccpl, concave posterolateral margin; cvpl, convex posterolateral margin; dr, dorsal ridge; hs, dorsoventrally homogeneous shaft; lt, large tuber; pdf, proximally displaced collateral fossa; pts, proximally tapering shaft; st, small tuber. Not to scale. (B based on UCMP 37302; C based on Madsen 1976; E based on Allain et al. 2007; F, L based on MUCPv 41; G, I based on Carrano et al. 2002; K based on MB unnumbered; M based on Carrano 2007)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204712/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C, 3A-B). The collateral tendon pits are asymmetrically arranged, with the medial pit more ventrally situated than the lateral one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63D1472FF6BF822F8B0FE2F" blockId="5.[151,1437,952,2023]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,402]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63D1471FF6BF822FB9CF821" bold="true" box="[197,437,1922,1948]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Manual phalanges.</emphasis>
|
||
A fragmentary manual phalanx is preserved, being a proximodistally short element as occurs in digit III of other theropods, thus probably belonging to one of the most proximal elements of left digit III (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63D1471FEAFF86DFB6DF85A" box="[257,324,1997,2023]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
H–L). This phalanx is stout and bears poorly defined and shallow collateral tendon pits, as also occurs in abelisaurids with reduced forelimbs such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63E1472FC90FF38F9F9FF0C" box="[830,976,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FC90FF38F9F9FF0C" box="[830,976,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63E1472FBA0FF38FE85FF0C" box="[1038,1196,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FBA0FF38FE85FF0C" box="[1038,1196,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63E1472FB13FF38FFB1FF0F" author="Coria, R. A. & Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L." box="[1213,1432,152,178]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="460 - 465" part="22" refString="Coria, R. A., Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L. (2002) A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 460 - 465." title="A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Coria
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FAA3FF38FF64FF0C" box="[1293,1357,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63E1472FF39FF1DFB9BFF6A" author="Bonaparte, J. F. & Novas, F. E. & Coria, R. A." box="[151,434,189,215]" journalOrPublisher="Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 41" part="416" refString="Bonaparte, J. F., Novas, F. E. & Coria, R. A. (1990) Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 416, 1 - 41." title="Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Bonaparte
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FE8CFF1DFB4DFF6B" box="[290,356,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63E1472FDC1FF1DF908FF6B" box="[623,801,189,214]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FDC1FF1DF908FF6B" box="[623,801,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
these pits are strongly proximodistally extended, occupying almost half the entire length of the phalanx (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63E1472FCCAFF42F999FF41" box="[868,944,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
H–I). The distal articular condyles are asymmetric, with the lateral condyle more distally extended than the medial one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63E1472FBF6FEA8FEB4FE9F" box="[1112,1181,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
L). The distal median intercondylar groove is poorly excavated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63E1472FD0DFE8DF8C5FEFA" box="[675,748,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[172,1416,444,1857]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Manual elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A – G and 1 cm for H – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
K), in contrast with the pulley-like distal end present in “coelophysoids” (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63E1472FE0BFEF2F871FED6" box="[421,600,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FE0BFEF2F871FED6" box="[421,600,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63E1472FDC6FEF2F8D2FED6" box="[616,763,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Coelophysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FDC6FEF2F8D2FED6" box="[616,763,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Coelophysis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: UCMP 37302; QG 1) and tetanurans (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FABCFEF2FFB5FED6" box="[1298,1436,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63E1472FABCFEF2FFB1FED6" box="[1298,1432,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63E1472FF39FED8FBC8FE2F" authority="Madsen 1976" authorityName="Madsen" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,481,376,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FF39FED8FB19FE2C" box="[151,304,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
: Madsen 1976
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63E1472FE43FED8F8A2FE2F" author="Ostrom, J. H." box="[493,651,376,402]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 165" part="30" refString="Ostrom, J. H. (1969) Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 30, 1 - 165." title="Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1969">Ostrom 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B0C4959BF63E1472FF39F8F3F99FF857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204713/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[182,1407,456,1833]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63E1472FF39F8F3F99FF857" blockId="6.[151,1436,1875,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FF39F8F3FB31F8D6" bold="true" box="[151,280,1875,1899]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Manual elements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63E1472FE56F8F3F8E2F8D7" box="[504,715,1875,1898]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63E1472FE56F8F3F8E2F8D7" box="[504,715,1875,1898]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Austrocheirus isasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Metacarpal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C, D), ventral (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Proximal phalanx of digit III in medial (H, I), lateral (J), distal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for metacarpal II; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; ldc, lateral distal condyle; mdc, medial distal condyle; mig, median intercondylar groove; paf, proximal articular facet; pdm, projected dorsal margin. Scale bar equals 2 cm for A–G and 1 cm for H–L.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="B0C4959BF63F1473FF39F9C7FE26F962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204714/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[165,1410,222,1599]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63F1473FF39F9C7FE26F962" blockId="7.[151,1436,1639,1759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63F1473FF39F9C7FB36F9C2" bold="true" box="[151,287,1639,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Distal end of left tibia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63F1473FDEAF9C8F90BF9C2" box="[580,802,1640,1663]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63F1473FDEAF9C8F90BF9C2" box="[580,802,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Austrocheirus isasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in anterior (A, B), lateral (C), posterior (D), medial (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Abbreviations: asap, anterior surface for the reception of the ascending process of the astragalus; fap, facet for the reception of the ascending process of the astragalus; ldp, lateral distal process; mdp, medial distal process; mvr, median vertical ridge; ob, oblique ridge. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F63F147CFF6BF8A7FE87FE0A" blockId="7.[151,1437,1799,2012]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,439]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63F1473FF6BF8A7FB27F89C" bold="true" box="[197,270,1799,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tibia.</emphasis>
|
||
The distal end of the left tibia is present, and preserves a damaged medial distal process but lacks a portion of the lateral distal process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63F1473FDE1F88DF8B2F8FA" box="[591,667,1837,1863]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1639,1663]" captionTargetBox="[165,1410,222,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1618]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distal end of left tibia of Austrocheirus isasii in anterior (A, B), lateral (C), posterior (D), medial (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Abbreviations: asap, anterior surface for the reception of the ascending process of the astragalus; fap, facet for the reception of the ascending process of the astragalus; ldp, lateral distal process; mdp, medial distal process; mvr, median vertical ridge; ob, oblique ridge. Scale bar equals 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204714/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tibia is not fused to the astragalus, contrasting with adult specimens of other basal neotheropods (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63F1473FD61F8F3FE5FF8D1" authority="Masiakasaurus" authorityName="Masiakasaurus" box="[719,1142,1874,1900]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Xenotarsosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63F1473FD61F8F3F98DF8D1" box="[719,932,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Xenotarsosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63F1473FC18F8F3FE5FF8D1" box="[950,1142,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63F1473FB29F8F3FB6FF82F" authority="Rowe & Gauthier 1990" authorityName="Rowe & Gauthier" authorityYear="1990" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Coelophysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63F1473FB29F8F3FF08F8D1" box="[1159,1313,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Coelophysis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63F1473FA9AF8F2FB6FF82F" author="Rowe, T. & Gauthier, J. A." editor="Weishampel, D. B." journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="151 - 168" refString="Rowe, T. & Gauthier, J. A. (1990) Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds.), The Dinosauria, 1 st Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, pp. 151 - 168." title="Ceratosauria" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria, 1 st Edition" year="1990">Rowe & Gauthier 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F63F1473FEFDF8D8FBD5F82F" author="Tykoski, R. S." bookContentInfo="572 pp." box="[339,508,1912,1938]" journalOrPublisher="Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tykoski, R. S. (2005) Anatomy, Ontogeny, and Phylogeny of Coelophysoid theropods. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 572 pp." title="Anatomy, Ontogeny, and Phylogeny of Coelophysoid theropods" type="book" year="2005">Tykoski 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The cross-section of the shaft is oval, with a transverse main axis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F63F1473FA9CF8D8FF55F82F" box="[1330,1404,1912,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1639,1663]" captionTargetBox="[165,1410,222,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1618]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distal end of left tibia of Austrocheirus isasii in anterior (A, B), lateral (C), posterior (D), medial (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Abbreviations: asap, anterior surface for the reception of the ascending process of the astragalus; fap, facet for the reception of the ascending process of the astragalus; ldp, lateral distal process; mdp, medial distal process; mvr, median vertical ridge; ob, oblique ridge. Scale bar equals 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204714/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
F). The anterior surface of the shaft, directly above the reception area for the ascending process of the astragalus, exhibits an oblique, low, conspicuous, and rounded ridge. The posterior surface of the tibia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F63F1473FB70F863FFA8F861" box="[1246,1409,1987,2012]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F63F1473FB70F863FFA8F861" box="[1246,1409,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is convex, a feature widely distributed among basal theropods and also present in
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFBE3FF38FED5FF0C" box="[1101,1276,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Berberosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F630147CFAA2FF38FAFAFF6A" author="Allain, R. & Tykoski, R. & Aquesbi, N. & Jalil, N. - E. & Monbaron, M. & Russell, D. & Taquet, P." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="610 - 624" part="27" refString="Allain, R., Tykoski, R., Aquesbi, N., Jalil, N. - E., Monbaron, M., Russell, D. & Taquet, P. (2007) An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, and the radiation of ceratosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 610 - 624." title="An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, and the radiation of ceratosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Allain
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFACEFF38FFB5FF0C" box="[1376,1436,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFEBDFF1DF8F6FF6A" authority="Madsen & Welles 2000" authorityName="Madsen & Welles" authorityYear="2000" box="[275,735,189,215]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFEBDFF1DFB9AFF6B" box="[275,435,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(Madsen & Welles 2000)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F630147CFD40FF1DF91AFF6A" box="[750,819,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,354,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,346,1118]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Unique combination of features of Austrocheirus isasii compared with other basal theropods. Metacarpals III in lateral views of Austrocheirus (A), Dilophosaurus (B), and Allosaurus (C); tibiae in distal views of Austrocheirus (D), Berberosaurus (E), Velocisaurus (F), and Masiakasaurus (G); metatarsals III in medial views of Austrocheirus (H) and Masiakasaurus (I); and pedal phalanges in side views of Austrocheirus (J), Elaphrosaurus (K), Velocisaurus (L), and Majungasaurus (M). Note the presence of the following autapomorphies in Austrocheirus: metacarpal III with a posteriorly tapering shaft and a posteriorly diplaced collateral fossa (A – C); pedal phalanges with a dorsal tubercle above the collateral fossa (J – M). Abbreviations: adr, absence of dorsal ridge; ccf, centrally located collateral fossa; ccpl, concave posterolateral margin; cvpl, convex posterolateral margin; dr, dorsal ridge; hs, dorsoventrally homogeneous shaft; lt, large tuber; pdf, proximally displaced collateral fossa; pts, proximally tapering shaft; st, small tuber. Not to scale. (B based on UCMP 37302; C based on Madsen 1976; E based on Allain et al. 2007; F, L based on MUCPv 41; G, I based on Carrano et al. 2002; K based on MB unnumbered; M based on Carrano 2007)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204712/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D–E). By contrast, a concave posterior surface of the distal end of the tibia is exhibited by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFDD3FF42F908FF46" box="[637,801,226,251]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Velocisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFDD3FF42F908FF46" box="[637,801,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Velocisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUCPv-41),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFC4DFF42FEB6FF46" box="[995,1183,226,251]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFC4DFF42FEB6FF46" box="[995,1183,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MB unnumbered),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFF39FEA8FB48FE9C" box="[151,353,264,289]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Ekrixinatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFF39FEA8FB48FE9C" box="[151,353,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUCPv-294),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFD8FFEA8F8C1FE9C" box="[545,744,264,289]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Xenotarsosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFD8FFEA8F8C1FE9C" box="[545,744,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenotarsosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MACN-Pv-CH 1468), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFB96FEA8FAF6FEFA" authority="Carrano et al. 2002" authorityName="Carrano et al." authorityYear="2002" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFB96FEA8FEC2FE9C" box="[1080,1259,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F630147CFB57FEA8FAFEFEFA" author="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="207 - 228" part="253" refString="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R. (2002) Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Morphology 253, 207 - 228." title="Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFACFFEA8FFB5FE9C" box="[1377,1436,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F630147CFF5CFE8DFB17FEFA" box="[242,318,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,354,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,346,1118]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Unique combination of features of Austrocheirus isasii compared with other basal theropods. Metacarpals III in lateral views of Austrocheirus (A), Dilophosaurus (B), and Allosaurus (C); tibiae in distal views of Austrocheirus (D), Berberosaurus (E), Velocisaurus (F), and Masiakasaurus (G); metatarsals III in medial views of Austrocheirus (H) and Masiakasaurus (I); and pedal phalanges in side views of Austrocheirus (J), Elaphrosaurus (K), Velocisaurus (L), and Majungasaurus (M). Note the presence of the following autapomorphies in Austrocheirus: metacarpal III with a posteriorly tapering shaft and a posteriorly diplaced collateral fossa (A – C); pedal phalanges with a dorsal tubercle above the collateral fossa (J – M). Abbreviations: adr, absence of dorsal ridge; ccf, centrally located collateral fossa; ccpl, concave posterolateral margin; cvpl, convex posterolateral margin; dr, dorsal ridge; hs, dorsoventrally homogeneous shaft; lt, large tuber; pdf, proximally displaced collateral fossa; pts, proximally tapering shaft; st, small tuber. Not to scale. (B based on UCMP 37302; C based on Madsen 1976; E based on Allain et al. 2007; F, L based on MUCPv 41; G, I based on Carrano et al. 2002; K based on MB unnumbered; M based on Carrano 2007)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204712/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F–G). Furthermore, in some abelisaurids, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFC7FFE8DFE80FEFB" box="[977,1193,301,326]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Ekrixinatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFC7FFE8DFE80FEFB" box="[977,1193,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUCPv-294) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFF39FEF2FB42FED6" box="[151,363,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Xenotarsosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFF39FEF2FB42FED6" box="[151,363,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenotarsosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MACN-Pv-CH 1468), the depressed posterior surface of the distal tibia is bounded medially and laterally by two conspicuous vertical ridges, a feature absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFBE7FED8FEDBFE2C" box="[1097,1266,376,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFBE7FED8FEDBFE2C" box="[1097,1266,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFAACFED8FFB4FE2C" box="[1282,1437,376,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Velocisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFAACFED8FFB4FE2C" box="[1282,1437,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Velocisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUCPv-41),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFEECFE3DFBC6FE0B" box="[322,495,413,438]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFEECFE3DFBC6FE0B" box="[322,495,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MB unnumbered), and
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFCBFFE3DF997FE0B" box="[785,958,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Berberosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F630147CFC60FE3DFE88FE0A" author="Allain, R. & Tykoski, R. & Aquesbi, N. & Jalil, N. - E. & Monbaron, M. & Russell, D. & Taquet, P." box="[974,1185,413,439]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="610 - 624" part="27" refString="Allain, R., Tykoski, R., Aquesbi, N., Jalil, N. - E., Monbaron, M., Russell, D. & Taquet, P. (2007) An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, and the radiation of ceratosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 610 - 624." title="An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, and the radiation of ceratosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Allain
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFB8EFE3DFE72FE0B" box="[1056,1115,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B0C4959BF630147CFF39FA0CFA9FF9FE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204715/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[156,1413,501,1401]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F630147CFF39FA0CFA9FF9FE" blockId="8.[151,1436,1452,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFF39FA0CFB33FA79" bold="true" box="[151,282,1452,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Pedal elements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFE4AFA0CF891FA7E" box="[484,696,1452,1475]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFE4AFA0CF891FA7E" box="[484,696,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Austrocheirus isasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Left metatarsal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. Metatarsal II in cross-section (E) and ventral (F) views. Several pedal phalanges in side (I–K, M) and distal (L) views. Abbreviations: as, articular surface; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; dr, dorsal ridge; mig, median intercondylar groove; vt, ventral tuber. Scale bars equal 5 cm for A–H and 1 cm for I– M.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F630147DFF6BF9CCF9F3FED1" blockId="8.[151,1437,1644,2006]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,152,364]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The area for the reception of the ascending process of the astragalus is represented by a depressed and sub-rectangular scar on the anterior surface of the distal end of the bone. As occurrs in other basal abelisauroids (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFED3F917F832F96D" box="[381,539,1719,1744]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Velocisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFED3F917F832F96D" box="[381,539,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Velocisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; MUCPv-41), this subrectangular scar is medially delimited by a vertical tuberosity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F630147CFEB5F97CFB49F94B" box="[283,352,1756,1782]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1639,1663]" captionTargetBox="[165,1410,222,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1618]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distal end of left tibia of Austrocheirus isasii in anterior (A, B), lateral (C), posterior (D), medial (E), proximal (F), and distal (G) views. Abbreviations: asap, anterior surface for the reception of the ascending process of the astragalus; fap, facet for the reception of the ascending process of the astragalus; ldp, lateral distal process; mdp, medial distal process; mvr, median vertical ridge; ob, oblique ridge. Scale bar equals 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204714/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B), which we consider homologous of the facet for the ascending process of the astragalus of non-abelisauroid dinosaurs. By contrast, in non-abelisauroid theropods (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFBF9F8A2FEDBF8A6" box="[1111,1266,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zupaysaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFAACF8A2FFBCF8A6" box="[1282,1429,1794,1819]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Coelophysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFAACF8A2FFBCF8A6" box="[1282,1429,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Coelophysis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFF39F887FBDCF8FD" authority="Ceratosaurus" authorityName="Ceratosaurus" box="[151,501,1831,1857]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFF39F887FB6FF8FD" box="[151,326,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFEFBF887FBDCF8FD" box="[341,501,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFDABF887F8E0F8FD" box="[517,713,1831,1856]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Piatnitzkysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFDABF887F8E0F8FD" box="[517,713,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Piatnitzkysaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFD77F887F942F8FD" box="[729,875,1831,1856]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFD77F887F942F8FD" box="[729,875,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFCD5F887FE2AF8FD" box="[891,1027,1831,1856]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFCD5F887FE2AF8FD" box="[891,1027,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Neovenator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFBBCF887FEABF8FD" box="[1042,1154,1831,1856]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFBBCF887FEABF8FD" box="[1042,1154,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFB3FF887FB03F8DB" authority="Ezcurra & Novas 2007" authorityName="Ezcurra & Novas" authorityYear="2007" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFB3FF887FF38F8FD" box="[1169,1297,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F630147CFA8FF887FB03F8DB" author="Ezcurra, M. D. & Novas, F. E." journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="35 - 72" part="19" refString="Ezcurra, M. D. & Novas, F. E. (2007) Phylogenetic relationships of the Triassic theropod Zupaysaurus rougieri from NW Argentina. Historical Biology, 19, 35 - 72." title="Phylogenetic relationships of the Triassic theropod Zupaysaurus rougieri from NW Argentina" type="journal article" year="2007">Ezcurra & Novas 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F630147CFE99F8ECFBEAF8DB" author="Raath, M. A." box="[311,451,1868,1894]" editor="Carpenter, K." journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="91 - 105" refString="Raath, M. A. (1990) Morphological variation in small theropods and its meaning in systematics: evidence from Syntarsus rhodesiensis. In: Carpenter, K. & Currie, P. J. (Eds.). Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 91 - 105." title="Morphological variation in small theropods and its meaning in systematics: evidence from Syntarsus rhodesiensis" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Raath 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; UCMP 77270;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F630147CFD29F8ECF9ADF8DB" author="Welles, S. P. & Long, R. A." box="[647,900,1868,1894]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="191 - 218" part="64" refString="Welles, S. P. & Long, R. A. (1974) The tarsus of theropod dinosaurs. Annals of the South African Museum, 64, 191 - 218." title="The tarsus of theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1974">Welles & Long 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; PVL 4073;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F630147CFBB3F8ECFEB2F8DB" author="Britt, B. B." box="[1053,1179,1868,1894]" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young Geological Studies" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 72" part="37" refString="Britt, B. B. (1991) Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young Geological Studies, 37, 1 - 72." title="Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri" type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F630147CFB06F8ECFFBEF8DB" author="Brusatte, S. L. & Benson, R. B. J & Hutt, S." box="[1192,1431,1868,1894]" journalOrPublisher="Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 75" part="162" refString="Brusatte, S. L., Benson, R. B. J & Hutt, S. (2008) The osteology of Neovenator salerii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Walden Group (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 162, 1 - 75." title="The osteology of Neovenator salerii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Walden Group (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Brusatte
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFABAF8ECFF61F8D8" box="[1300,1352,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F630147CFF39F8D2FBA6F831" author="Currie, P. J. & Zhao X. J." box="[151,399,1906,1932]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="2037 - 2247" part="30" refString="Currie, P. J. & Zhao X. J. (1993) A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People´s Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2037 - 2247." title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People´s Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1993">Currie & Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Madsen 1976) the facet for the reception of the ascending process is represented by a conspicuous anteriorly raised step oblique to the longitudinal axis of the bone. In particular, the surface for reception of the ascending process of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F630147CFDF2F81CF928F868" box="[604,769,1980,2005]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F630147CFDF2F81CF928F868" box="[604,769,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sub-rectangular in anterior view and well defined, as also occurs in most abelisauroids, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFD7FFF38F963FF0C" box="[721,842,152,177]" class="Reptilia" genus="Ozraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFD7FFF38F963FF0C" box="[721,842,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ozraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F631147DFCF2FF38FE57FF0F" author="Long, J. A. & Molnar, R. E." box="[860,1150,152,178]" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Western Australian Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="221 - 229" part="19" refString="Long, J. A. & Molnar, R. E. (1998) A new Jurassic theropod dinosaur from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 19, 221 - 229." title="A new Jurassic theropod dinosaur from Western Australia" type="journal article" year="1998">Long & Molnar 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFB23FF38FEFFFF0C" box="[1165,1238,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F631147DFB4EFF38FFA6FF0F" author="Rauhut, O. W. M." box="[1248,1423,152,178]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="97 - 107" part="142" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2005) Postcranial remains of '' coelurosaurs '' (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania. Geological Magazine, 142, 97 - 107." title="Postcranial remains of '' coelurosaurs '' (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania" type="journal article" year="2005">Rauhut 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFF39FF1DFB67FF6B" box="[151,334,189,214]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFF39FF1DFB67FF6B" box="[151,334,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MB unnumbered),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFDE1FF1DFE6AFF6A" authority="Martinez et al. 1986" authorityName="Martinez et al." authorityYear="1986" box="[591,1091,189,215]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Xenotarsosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFDE1FF1DF90BFF6B" box="[591,802,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Xenotarsosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F631147DFC9DFF1DFE10FF6A" author="Martinez, R. & Gimenez, O. & Rodriguez, J. & Bochatey, G." box="[819,1081,189,215]" journalOrPublisher="Actas IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="23 - 31" part="2" refString="Martinez, R., Gimenez, O., Rodriguez, J. & Bochatey, G. (1986) Xenotarsosaurus bonapartei gen. et. sp. nov. (Carnosauria, Abelisauridae), un nuevo Theropoda de la Formacion Bajo Barreal, Chubut, Argentina. Actas IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia, 2, 23 - 31." title="Xenotarsosaurus bonapartei gen. et. sp. nov. (Carnosauria, Abelisauridae), un nuevo Theropoda de la Formacion Bajo Barreal, Chubut, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Martinez
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFC00FF1DF9C7FF6B" box="[942,1006,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFBFEFF1DFEC6FF6B" box="[1104,1263,189,214]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Velocisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFBFEFF1DFEC6FF6B" box="[1104,1263,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Velocisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUCPv-41)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFF39FF42F87DFF41" authority="Carrano et al. 2002" authorityName="Carrano et al." authorityYear="2002" box="[151,596,226,252]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFF39FF42FB64FF46" box="[151,333,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F631147DFEF3FF42F865FF41" author="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R." box="[349,588,226,252]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="207 - 228" part="253" refString="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R. (2002) Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Morphology 253, 207 - 228." title="Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFE69FF42F82DFF46" box="[455,516,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFDCFFF42FE3DFF41" authority="Canale et al. 2009" authorityName="Canale et al." authorityYear="2009" box="[609,1044,226,252]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Skorpiovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFDCFFF42F930FF46" box="[609,793,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F631147DFC84FF42FE25FF41" author="Canale, J. I. & Scanferla, C. A. & Agnolin, F. L. & Novas, F. E." box="[810,1036,226,252]" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="409 - 414" part="96" refString="Canale, J. I., Scanferla, C. A., Agnolin, F. L. & Novas, F. E. (2009) New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods. Naturwissenschaften, 96, 409 - 414." title="New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Canale
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFC28FF42F9EAFF46" box="[902,963,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFB8FFF42FFBEFF41" authority="Coria et al. 2002" authorityName="Coria et al." authorityYear="2002" box="[1057,1431,226,252]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFB8FFF42FE87FF46" box="[1057,1198,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F631147DFB10FF42FFA6FF41" author="Coria, R. A. & Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L." box="[1214,1423,226,252]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="460 - 465" part="22" refString="Coria, R. A., Chiappe, L. M. & Dingus, L. (2002) A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 460 - 465." title="A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Coria
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFAA4FF42FF6EFF46" box="[1290,1351,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and unnamed remains from the Late Jurassic of Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F631147DFC8BFEA8F9EAFE9F" author="Rauhut, O. W. M." box="[805,963,264,290]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="97 - 107" part="142" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2005) Postcranial remains of '' coelurosaurs '' (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania. Geological Magazine, 142, 97 - 107." title="Postcranial remains of '' coelurosaurs '' (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania" type="journal article" year="2005">Rauhut 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This surface extends along most of the width of the distal end of the bone, a condition also present in basal abelisauroids and coelurosaurians. The proximal half of the surface is almost flat and gently slopes posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B0C4959BF631147DFF39FA61FE10F9A5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204716/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[169,1409,435,1430]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F631147DFF39FA61FE10F9A5" blockId="9.[151,1437,1473,1560]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFF39FA61FB33FA64" bold="true" box="[151,282,1473,1497]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Caudal vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFE55FA62F8E7FA64" box="[507,718,1474,1497]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFE55FA62F8E7FA64" box="[507,718,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Austrocheirus isasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Neural arches in posterior (A, D, G), ventral (B, E, H), left lateral (C, F), and right lateral (I) views. Centra in anterior/posterior (J, K) and side (L) views. Abbreviations: mn, median notch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis. Scale bars equal 2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F631147EFF6BF9E2FF65FF6A" blockId="9.[151,1437,1602,2001]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
A sub-triangular median vertical ridge is present on the distal half of this articular surface, a condition also documented in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFEF7F9C7F83BF93D" box="[345,530,1639,1664]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFEF7F9C7F83BF93D" box="[345,530,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MB unnumbered),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFCBAF9C7F99DF93D" box="[788,948,1639,1664]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Velocisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFCBAF9C7F99DF93D" box="[788,948,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Velocisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUCPv-41),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFBDDF9C7FECDF93D" box="[1139,1252,1639,1664]" class="Reptilia" genus="Ozraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFBDDF9C7FECDF93D" box="[1139,1252,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ozraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and unnamed abelisauroids from the Late Jurassic of Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F631147DFD15F92CF971F91B" author="Rauhut, O. W. M." box="[699,856,1676,1702]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="97 - 107" part="142" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2005) Postcranial remains of '' coelurosaurs '' (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania. Geological Magazine, 142, 97 - 107." title="Postcranial remains of '' coelurosaurs '' (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania" type="journal article" year="2005">Rauhut 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interestingly, this ridge seems to imbed within a vertical groove on the posterior surface of the ascending process of the astragalus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F631147DFBF1F912FF60F971" author="Agnolin, F. L. & Ezcurra, M. D. & Pais, D. F." box="[1119,1353,1714,1740]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="13" part="42" refString="Agnolin, F. L., Ezcurra, M. D. & Pais, D. F. (2005) Systematic reinterpretation of the pigmy Allosaurus from the Lower Cretaceous of Victoria (Australia). Ameghiniana, 42, 13 R." title="Systematic reinterpretation of the pigmy Allosaurus from the Lower Cretaceous of Victoria (Australia)" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Agnolin
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFB67F912FF2DF976" box="[1225,1284,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; i.e. an unnamed abelisauroid astragalus from the Early Cretaceous of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9CAC8583F631147DFCD3F977F9C4F94C" box="[893,1005,1751,1777]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), suggesting that some kind of tibiotarsal interlocking was present. In the basal tetanuran
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFCB1F95CFE1BF8AB" authority="Benson" authorityName="Benson" box="[799,1074,1788,1814]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFCB1F95CF9E0F8A8" box="[799,969,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, Benson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in press) described a vertical ridge that divides the astragalar scar for the reception of the ascending process of the astragalus, probably articulating with a notch or groove on the posterior surface of the ascending process of the astragalus as occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFEBDF8CCFB87F838" box="[275,430,1900,1925]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFEBDF8CCFB87F838" box="[275,430,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFE42F8CCF85AF838" box="[492,627,1900,1925]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFE42F8CCF85AF838" box="[492,627,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F631147DFD2AF8CCF922F83B" author="Britt, B. B." box="[644,779,1900,1926]" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young Geological Studies" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 72" part="37" refString="Britt, B. B. (1991) Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young Geological Studies, 37, 1 - 72." title="Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri" type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Madsen 1976). However, the vertical crest of basal tetanurans differs from that of abelisauroids in being an extremely thin, dorsoventrally reduced, and medially displaced structure. Furthermore, the pit for the reception of this ridge in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFB8BF817FE80F86D" box="[1061,1193,1975,2000]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFB8BF817FE80F86D" box="[1061,1193,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F631147DFB49F817FF56F86D" box="[1255,1407,1975,2000]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F631147DFB49F817FF56F86D" box="[1255,1407,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is oblique and positioned at the base of the ascending process of the astragalus, contrasting with the groove of abelisauroids which is longitudinally extended on the entire posterior surface of the ascending process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F632147EFF6BFF42F930FD9A" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFF6BFF42FBA8FF41" bold="true" box="[197,385,226,252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Metatarsal II?.</emphasis>
|
||
Only a fragment of the mid-shaft of this element is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFBF3FF42FE88FF41" box="[1117,1185,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1452,1476]" captionTargetBox="[156,1413,501,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,495,1427]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pedal elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Left metatarsal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. Metatarsal II in cross-section (E) and ventral (F) views. Several pedal phalanges in side (I – K, M) and distal (L) views. Abbreviations: as, articular surface; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; dr, dorsal ridge; mig, median intercondylar groove; vt, ventral tuber. Scale bars equal 5 cm for A – H and 1 cm for I – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204715/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
E, F). It is interpreted as a probable fragment of the shaft of the metatarsal II because it is thinner than the available metatarsal III and does not exhibit lateral curvature as occurs in metatarsal IV of dinosauriforms and, in particular, abelisauroids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFEECFEF2FBFCFED1" author="Novas, F. E." box="[322,469,338,364]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="723 - 741" part="16" refString="Novas, F. E. (1996) Dinosaur monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 723 - 741." title="Dinosaur monophyly" type="journal article" year="1996">Novas 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFE4CFEF2F8E5FED1" author="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R." box="[482,716,338,364]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="207 - 228" part="253" refString="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R. (2002) Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Morphology 253, 207 - 228." title="Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFDE7FEF2F854FED6" box="[585,637,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFD76FEF2F956FED1" author="Carrano, M. T." box="[728,895,338,364]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="163 - 179" part="8" refString="Carrano, M. T. (2007) The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8, 163 - 179." title="The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2007">Carrano 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The metatarsal is oval in cross-section, with an almost flat anterior surface and a strongly convex posterior surface. The probable metatarsal II of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFF39FE3DFB12FE0B" box="[151,315,413,438]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFF39FE3DFB12FE0B" box="[151,315,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is wide and robust, which seems to differ from the extremely narrow metatarsal II of noasaurids (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFF7AFE62FBA0FE66" box="[212,393,450,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFF7AFE62FBA0FE66" box="[212,393,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFE36FE62F93DFE61" authority="Carrano et al. 2002" authorityName="Carrano et al." authorityYear="2002" box="[408,788,450,476]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Noasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFE36FE62F831FE66" box="[408,536,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Noasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFD87FE62F93DFE61" author="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R." box="[553,788,450,476]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="207 - 228" part="253" refString="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R. (2002) Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Morphology 253, 207 - 228." title="Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFD3EFE62F8E5FE66" box="[656,716,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Otherwise, the condition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFBD6FE62FF34FE66" box="[1144,1309,450,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFBD6FE62FF34FE66" box="[1144,1309,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles that of other basal theropods (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFD82FE48FEF6FDBC" authority="Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Majungasaurus" authorityName="Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Majungasaurus" box="[556,1247,488,514]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFD82FE48F8F3FDBC" box="[556,730,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFD44FE48F9A0FDBC" box="[746,905,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFC37FE48FE31FDBC" box="[921,1048,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFB89FE48FEF6FDBC" box="[1063,1247,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: UCMP 37302; Madsen & Welles 2000; Madsen 1976;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFDC6FDADF924FD9A" author="Carrano, M. T." box="[616,781,525,551]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="163 - 179" part="8" refString="Carrano, M. T. (2007) The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8, 163 - 179." title="The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2007">Carrano 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F632147EFF6BFD92F9D0FA3F" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFF6BFD92FBACFDF1" bold="true" box="[197,389,562,588]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Metatarsal III.</emphasis>
|
||
The distal third of a left metatarsal III, lacking the medial distal condyle, is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFF0EFDF8FACCFDCF" box="[160,229,600,626]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1452,1476]" captionTargetBox="[156,1413,501,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,495,1427]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pedal elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Left metatarsal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. Metatarsal II in cross-section (E) and ventral (F) views. Several pedal phalanges in side (I – K, M) and distal (L) views. Abbreviations: as, articular surface; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; dr, dorsal ridge; mig, median intercondylar groove; vt, ventral tuber. Scale bars equal 5 cm for A – H and 1 cm for I – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204715/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D, G, H). The shaft is slightly laterally bowed. The proximalmost preserved portion of the shaft is trapezoidal in cross-section, with the medial margin dorsoventrally taller than the lateral one. The medial surface of the bone is almost flat along most of its length; however, close to the distal end of the bone the medial surface becomes slightly convex. The medial surface is proximodorsally delimited by a sharp flange. This flange becomes distally a sharp edge which reaches the distal end of the metatarsal. The flat medial surface represents the extensive articulation with metatarsal II (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFCD3FCB2F9EAFC91" box="[893,963,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1452,1476]" captionTargetBox="[156,1413,501,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,495,1427]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pedal elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Left metatarsal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. Metatarsal II in cross-section (E) and ventral (F) views. Several pedal phalanges in side (I – K, M) and distal (L) views. Abbreviations: as, articular surface; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; dr, dorsal ridge; mig, median intercondylar groove; vt, ventral tuber. Scale bars equal 5 cm for A – H and 1 cm for I – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204715/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Conversely, the lateral surface of the shaft is convex along the entire preserved length of the bone. Close to the proximalmost preserved portion of the shaft, a poorly developed lateral tuber is present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFCA4FCFDF966FCCA" box="[778,847,861,887]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1452,1476]" captionTargetBox="[156,1413,501,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,495,1427]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pedal elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Left metatarsal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. Metatarsal II in cross-section (E) and ventral (F) views. Several pedal phalanges in side (I – K, M) and distal (L) views. Abbreviations: as, articular surface; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; dr, dorsal ridge; mig, median intercondylar groove; vt, ventral tuber. Scale bars equal 5 cm for A – H and 1 cm for I – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204715/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, D). The convex lateral surface suggests that the contact between metatarsals III and IV was not as proximodistally extensive as that between metatarsals II and III, as is the case in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFE6DFC08F96EFC7F" authority="Carrano 2007" authorityName="Carrano" authorityYear="2007" box="[451,839,936,962]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFE6DFC08F8A9FC7C" box="[451,640,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFD3FFC08F916FC7F" author="Carrano, M. T." box="[657,831,936,962]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="163 - 179" part="8" refString="Carrano, M. T. (2007) The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8, 163 - 179." title="The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2007">Carrano 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In some abelisaurids, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFB74FC08FF40FC7C" box="[1242,1385,936,961]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFB74FC08FF40FC7C" box="[1242,1385,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFF39FC6DFB66FC5B" box="[151,335,973,998]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFF39FC6DFB66FC5B" box="[151,335,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two ventral ridges extend on the ventral surface of the shaft and meet each other distally. This V-shaped structure is not observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFDF3FC52F92AFBB6" box="[605,771,1010,1035]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFDF3FC52F92AFBB6" box="[605,771,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but instead a large and well-developed scar is present, probably representing the insertion area of the
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFD60FBB8F980FB8C" box="[718,937,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mm. gastrocnemii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFC17FBB8FF3DFB8F" author="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R." box="[953,1300,1048,1074]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="207 - 228" part="253" refString="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R. (2002) Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Morphology 253, 207 - 228." title="Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2002">Carrano & Hutchinson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFA83FBB8FF5FFB8F" box="[1325,1398,1048,1074]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,354,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,346,1118]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Unique combination of features of Austrocheirus isasii compared with other basal theropods. Metacarpals III in lateral views of Austrocheirus (A), Dilophosaurus (B), and Allosaurus (C); tibiae in distal views of Austrocheirus (D), Berberosaurus (E), Velocisaurus (F), and Masiakasaurus (G); metatarsals III in medial views of Austrocheirus (H) and Masiakasaurus (I); and pedal phalanges in side views of Austrocheirus (J), Elaphrosaurus (K), Velocisaurus (L), and Majungasaurus (M). Note the presence of the following autapomorphies in Austrocheirus: metacarpal III with a posteriorly tapering shaft and a posteriorly diplaced collateral fossa (A – C); pedal phalanges with a dorsal tubercle above the collateral fossa (J – M). Abbreviations: adr, absence of dorsal ridge; ccf, centrally located collateral fossa; ccpl, concave posterolateral margin; cvpl, convex posterolateral margin; dr, dorsal ridge; hs, dorsoventrally homogeneous shaft; lt, large tuber; pdf, proximally displaced collateral fossa; pts, proximally tapering shaft; st, small tuber. Not to scale. (B based on UCMP 37302; C based on Madsen 1976; E based on Allain et al. 2007; F, L based on MUCPv 41; G, I based on Carrano et al. 2002; K based on MB unnumbered; M based on Carrano 2007)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204712/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
H). This ventral tuber is located at mid-width of the transverse axis of the shaft. The tuber and the surface directly proximal to it are slightly ornamented by small furrows and pits. At the distal end of the bone, the dorsal extensor fossa is absent, a condition contrasting with that observed in other theropods (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFB4AFB28FB94FB7B" authority="Liliensternus, Allosaurus" authorityName="Liliensternus, Allosaurus" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFB4AFB28FFBCFB1C" box="[1252,1429,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFF39FB0DFB19FB7B" box="[151,304,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Liliensternus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFE90FB0DFB94FB7B" box="[318,445,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: UCMP 37302; MB R2175; Madsen 1976). The distal condyles of the metatarsal are dorsoventrally low, with its dorsal and ventral margins continuous with the metatarsal shaft in lateral view, a condition also present in other ceratosaurians (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFC95FB58FFBDFAAC" authority="Elaphrosaurus, Masiakasaurus" authorityName="Elaphrosaurus, Masiakasaurus" box="[827,1428,1272,1298]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFC95FB58F9C2FAAC" box="[827,1003,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFC53FB58FE95FAAC" box="[1021,1212,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFB61FB58FFBDFAAC" box="[1231,1428,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFF39FABDF823FA8A" authority="Gilmore 1920" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,522,1309,1335]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFF39FABDFB78FA8B" box="[151,337,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFECFFABDF823FA8A" author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[353,522,1309,1335]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 154" part="110" refString="Gilmore, C. W. (1920) Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 110, 1 - 154." title="Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus" type="journal article" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFDB9FABDF8E0FA8A" author="Janensch, W." box="[535,713,1309,1335]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 99" part="1" refString="Janensch, W. (1925) Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontologica, 1, 1 - 99." title="Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas" type="journal article" year="1925">Janensch 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFD7BFABDF9E9FA8A" author="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R." box="[725,960,1309,1335]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="207 - 228" part="253" refString="Carrano, M. T. & Hutchinson, J. R. (2002) Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Morphology 253, 207 - 228." title="Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Carrano
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFC92FABDF950FA8B" box="[828,889,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFC62FABDFE5AFA8A" author="Carrano, M. T." box="[972,1139,1309,1335]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="163 - 179" part="8" refString="Carrano, M. T. (2007) The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8, 163 - 179." title="The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2007">Carrano 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distal condyles are ventrally separated by a wide and shallow intercondylar groove (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFC3DFAE2F9F3FAE1" box="[915,986,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1452,1476]" captionTargetBox="[156,1413,501,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,495,1427]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pedal elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Left metatarsal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. Metatarsal II in cross-section (E) and ventral (F) views. Several pedal phalanges in side (I – K, M) and distal (L) views. Abbreviations: as, articular surface; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; dr, dorsal ridge; mig, median intercondylar groove; vt, ventral tuber. Scale bars equal 5 cm for A – H and 1 cm for I – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204715/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
H). A circular, large, and well-defined collateral tendon fossa is preserved on the lateral distal condyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFC20FAC8F9FAFA3F" box="[910,979,1384,1410]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1452,1476]" captionTargetBox="[156,1413,501,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,495,1427]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pedal elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Left metatarsal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. Metatarsal II in cross-section (E) and ventral (F) views. Several pedal phalanges in side (I – K, M) and distal (L) views. Abbreviations: as, articular surface; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; dr, dorsal ridge; mig, median intercondylar groove; vt, ventral tuber. Scale bars equal 5 cm for A – H and 1 cm for I – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204715/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F632147EFF63FA2DFAC2F8A1" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFF63FA2DFB8AFA1A" bold="true" box="[205,419,1421,1447]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pedal phalanges.</emphasis>
|
||
Only incomplete distal ends of non-ungual pedal phalanges are present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFABEFA2DFF7FFA1A" box="[1296,1366,1421,1447]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1452,1476]" captionTargetBox="[156,1413,501,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,495,1427]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pedal elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Left metatarsal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. Metatarsal II in cross-section (E) and ventral (F) views. Several pedal phalanges in side (I – K, M) and distal (L) views. Abbreviations: as, articular surface; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; dr, dorsal ridge; mig, median intercondylar groove; vt, ventral tuber. Scale bars equal 5 cm for A – H and 1 cm for I – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204715/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="9005E3D3F632147EFAE6FA2DFF7FFA1A" box="[1352,1366,1421,1447]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I–M). These fragments resemble pedal phalanges rather than manual elements in having distal collateral tendon pits not dorsally displaced, anteroposteriorly wide, and sub-oval. Moreover, the distal articular surface of the phalanges is transversely wider than dorsoventrally deep, an opposite condition to that of manual elements. The distal condyles are separated from each other by a shallow intercondylar groove. The distal collateral tendon pits are wide, deep, oval, and poorly delimited anteriorly, posteriorly, and ventrally. The distal flexor fossae are poorly excavated and faintly defined. Two incomplete distal ends of pedal phalanges present a conspicuous crest that delimitates the dorsal margin of the distal collateral tendon fossae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFB02F932FED9F911" box="[1196,1264,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1452,1476]" captionTargetBox="[156,1413,501,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,495,1427]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pedal elements of Austrocheirus isasii. Left metatarsal III in medial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. Metatarsal II in cross-section (E) and ventral (F) views. Several pedal phalanges in side (I – K, M) and distal (L) views. Abbreviations: as, articular surface; ctf, collateral tendinal fossa; dlp, dorsal ligament pit; dr, dorsal ridge; mig, median intercondylar groove; vt, ventral tuber. Scale bars equal 5 cm for A – H and 1 cm for I – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204715/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="9005E3D3F632147EFB4CF932FED9F911" box="[1250,1264,1682,1708]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I–K), a feature not observed in other known theropod that we are aware (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFC33F918FE3CF96C" box="[925,1045,1720,1745]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Ilokelesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFC33F918FE3CF96C" box="[925,1045,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ilokelesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F632147EFB88F918FBF4F94B" authority="Majungasaurus, Aucasaurus, Elaphrosaurus" authorityName="Majungasaurus, Aucasaurus, Elaphrosaurus" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Velocisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFB88F918FEEAF96C" box="[1062,1219,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Velocisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFB7AF918FFBDF96C" box="[1236,1428,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFF39F97DFB08F94B" box="[151,289,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFE9EF97DFBF4F94B" box="[304,477,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: MCF-PVPH 36; MUCPv-41;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F632147EFCE5F97DF9C6F94A" author="Carrano, M. T." box="[843,1007,1757,1783]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="163 - 179" part="8" refString="Carrano, M. T. (2007) The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8, 163 - 179." title="The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2007">Carrano 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; MCF-PVPH 236; MB R2175) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFAC2F97DFA8FF8A1" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1142,1166]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,354,1101]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,346,1118]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Unique combination of features of Austrocheirus isasii compared with other basal theropods. Metacarpals III in lateral views of Austrocheirus (A), Dilophosaurus (B), and Allosaurus (C); tibiae in distal views of Austrocheirus (D), Berberosaurus (E), Velocisaurus (F), and Masiakasaurus (G); metatarsals III in medial views of Austrocheirus (H) and Masiakasaurus (I); and pedal phalanges in side views of Austrocheirus (J), Elaphrosaurus (K), Velocisaurus (L), and Majungasaurus (M). Note the presence of the following autapomorphies in Austrocheirus: metacarpal III with a posteriorly tapering shaft and a posteriorly diplaced collateral fossa (A – C); pedal phalanges with a dorsal tubercle above the collateral fossa (J – M). Abbreviations: adr, absence of dorsal ridge; ccf, centrally located collateral fossa; ccpl, concave posterolateral margin; cvpl, convex posterolateral margin; dr, dorsal ridge; hs, dorsoventrally homogeneous shaft; lt, large tuber; pdf, proximally displaced collateral fossa; pts, proximally tapering shaft; st, small tuber. Not to scale. (B based on UCMP 37302; C based on Madsen 1976; E based on Allain et al. 2007; F, L based on MUCPv 41; G, I based on Carrano et al. 2002; K based on MB unnumbered; M based on Carrano 2007)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204712/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
J–M).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F632147FFF6BF887F8D7FE2F" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,402]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F632147EFF6BF887FB87F8FC" bold="true" box="[197,430,1831,1857]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Caudal vertebrae.</emphasis>
|
||
Fragmentary remains of vertebral centra and incomplete neural arches of distal or mid-caudal vertebrae are preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFDEFF8EDF8A0F8DA" box="[577,649,1869,1895]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1473,1497]" captionTargetBox="[169,1409,435,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,421,1449]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Caudal vertebrae of Austrocheirus isasii. Neural arches in posterior (A, D, G), ventral (B, E, H), left lateral (C, F), and right lateral (I) views. Centra in anterior / posterior (J, K) and side (L) views. Abbreviations: mn, median notch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204716/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The articular surfaces of the caudal vertebrae are broader than tall and amphyplatan (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFED9F8D2FBE8F831" box="[375,449,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1473,1497]" captionTargetBox="[169,1409,435,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,421,1449]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Caudal vertebrae of Austrocheirus isasii. Neural arches in posterior (A, D, G), ventral (B, E, H), left lateral (C, F), and right lateral (I) views. Centra in anterior / posterior (J, K) and side (L) views. Abbreviations: mn, median notch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204716/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
J, K). The centra do not bear pneumatic features. The available remains of neural arches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F632147EFF57F838FB6CF80F" box="[249,325,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1473,1497]" captionTargetBox="[169,1409,435,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,421,1449]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Caudal vertebrae of Austrocheirus isasii. Neural arches in posterior (A, D, G), ventral (B, E, H), left lateral (C, F), and right lateral (I) views. Centra in anterior / posterior (J, K) and side (L) views. Abbreviations: mn, median notch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204716/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A–I) exhibit elongate and posterolaterally oriented postzygapophyses and possess welldeveloped and thick neural spines. The neural spines are strongly dorsally projected above the dorsal margin of the postzygapophyses. In constrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F633147FFDD5FF38FE25FF0F" authority="O'Connor 2007" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="2007" box="[635,1036,152,178]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFDD5FF38F91DFF0C" box="[635,820,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFCEAFF38FE2DFF0F" author="O'Connor, P. M." box="[836,1028,152,178]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="127 - 162" part="8" refString="O'Connor, P. M. (2007) The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8, 127 - 162." title="The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2007">O’Connor 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the available caudal vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F633147FFF39FF1DFB65FF6B" box="[151,332,189,214]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFF39FF1DFB65FF6B" box="[151,332,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show short and less caudally extended postzygapophyses. The preserved caudals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F633147FFF39FF42FB61FF46" box="[151,328,226,251]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFF39FF42FB61FF46" box="[151,328,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack hyposphene-hypantrum articulations, as occurs in other theropods in which these structures are restricted to the anterior caudal vertebrae. The postzygapophyses are close to each other, being separated by a transversely thin median notch. The neural canal seems to have been narrow, as suggested by the preserved dorsal walls. In contrast to the mid-caudal vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F633147FFC78FEF2FF42FED1" authority="O'Connor 2007" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="2007" box="[982,1387,338,364]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFC78FEF2FEB9FED6" box="[982,1168,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFB0FFEF2FF4AFED1" author="O'Connor, P. M." box="[1185,1379,338,364]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="127 - 162" part="8" refString="O'Connor, P. M. (2007) The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8, 127 - 162." title="The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2007">O’Connor 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the epipophyses are completely absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F633147FFDFAFED8F8DEFE2C" box="[596,759,376,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFDFAFED8F8DEFE2C" box="[596,759,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B0C4959BF633147FFF39FB13F87CFA97" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204717/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[506,1081,458,1179]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F633147FFF39FB13F87CFA97" blockId="11.[151,1436,1203,1322]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFF39FB13FB33FB76" bold="true" box="[151,282,1203,1227]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Internal structure of metacarpal III of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F633147FFD17FB13F9A5FB77" box="[697,908,1203,1226]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFD17FB13F9A5FB77" box="[697,908,1203,1226]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Austrocheirus isasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. High-resolution photograph of the cortical bone and part of the spongy bone on the lateroventral corner of the shaft. The arrows indicate LAGs. Abbreviations: cb, cortical bone; EFS, external fundamental system; hdo, high density of osteons; ldo, low density of osteons; sb, spongy bone; t, trabecula. Scale bar equals 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F633147FFF6BFAF3F893F890" blockId="11.[151,1437,1363,2024]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFF6BFAF3F902FAD0" bold="true" box="[197,811,1363,1389]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Internal bone morphology and ontogenetic stage.</emphasis>
|
||
The state of preservation of metacarpal III allows us to observe features of its internal morphology in the region where it is broken (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7C80D996F633147FFBCDFAD8FE86FA2F" box="[1123,1199,1400,1426]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1203,1227]" captionTargetBox="[506,1081,458,1179]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[506,1081,458,1179]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Internal structure of metacarpal III of Austrocheirus isasii. High-resolution photograph of the cortical bone and part of the spongy bone on the lateroventral corner of the shaft. The arrows indicate LAGs. Abbreviations: cb, cortical bone; EFS, external fundamental system; hdo, high density of osteons; ldo, low density of osteons; sb, spongy bone; t, trabecula. Scale bar equals 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/204717/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The trabeculae of spongy bone are widely extended, restricting the cortical bone to almost 30% of the transverse diameter of the shaft. The cortical bone possesses a high density of secondary osteons on its inner half. By contrast, the outer half of the cortical bone exhibits a low density of secondary osteons, which is not consistent with a rapid growth stage. Radial vessels are not common in the cortical bone, contrasting with a juvenile stage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFA94F9AEFB0DF9F0" author="Hayashi, S. & Carpenter, K. & Suzuki, D." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="123 - 131" part="29" refString="Hayashi, S., Carpenter, K. & Suzuki, D. (2009) Different growth patterns between the skeleton and osteoderms of Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29, 123 - 131." title="Different growth patterns between the skeleton and osteoderms of Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Hayashi
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFF39F993FAE6F9F1" box="[151,207,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A distinct and poorly vascularized lamellar-zone bone is present in the outermost cortex, indicating the external fundamental system (EFS) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFCB7F9F8F9FCF9CF" author="Cormack, D. H." bookContentInfo="183 pp." box="[793,981,1624,1650]" journalOrPublisher="J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Cormack, D. H. (1987) Ham's histology. 9 th Edition. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 183 pp." title="Ham's histology. 9 th Edition" type="book" year="1987">Cormack 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and suggesting a slow rate of bone accretion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFEBAF9DEF80FF925" author="Chinsamy-Turan, A." bookContentInfo="216 pp." box="[276,550,1662,1688]" journalOrPublisher="Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Chinsamy-Turan, A. (2005) The Microstructure of Dinosaur Bone. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 216 pp." title="The Microstructure of Dinosaur Bone" type="book" year="2005">Chinsamy-Turan 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At least four sets of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are observed in the most peripheral region of the cortical and lamellar bone. The presence of an EFS indicates that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3B007BB1F633147FFAB8F903FF54F900" box="[1302,1405,1699,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F633147FFF39F969FB13F95F" box="[151,314,1737,1762]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFF39F969FB13F95F" box="[151,314,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was an adult individual, but the absence of complete remodeling of cortical bone by secondary osteons suggests that it was not an old animal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFD67F94EF94CF8B5" author="Sander, P. M." box="[713,869,1774,1800]" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="466 - 488" part="26" refString="Sander, P. M. (2000) Longbone histology of the Tendaguru sauropods: implications for growth and biology. Paleobiology, 26, 466 - 488." title="Longbone histology of the Tendaguru sauropods: implications for growth and biology" type="journal article" year="2000">Sander 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFCDFF94EFE0BF8B5" author="Erickson, G. M." box="[881,1058,1774,1800]" journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="677 - 684" part="20" refString="Erickson, G. M. (2005) Assessing dinosaur growth patterns: a microscopic revolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 677 - 684." title="Assessing dinosaur growth patterns: a microscopic revolution" type="journal article" year="2005">Erickson 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFB80F94EFEF7F8B5" author="Xu, X. & Tan, Q. & Wang, J. & Zhao, X. & Tan, L." box="[1070,1246,1774,1800]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="447" refString="Xu, X., Tan, Q., Wang, J., Zhao, X. & Tan, L. 2007. A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China. Nature, 447, 884 - 847." title="A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China" type="book chapter" year="2007">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFBF5F94EFEA6F8BA" box="[1115,1167,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; cf. histological ontogenetic stage 12 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFE00F8B3F884F890" author="Klein, N. & Sander, M." box="[430,685,1811,1837]" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="247 - 263" part="34" refString="Klein, N. & Sander, M. (2008) Ontogenetic stages in the long bone histology of sauropod dinosaurs. Paleobiology, 34, 247 - 263." title="Ontogenetic stages in the long bone histology of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2008">Klein & Sander 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E404C513F6331478FF6BF898F8C7FF41" blockId="11.[151,1437,1363,2024]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,152,252]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The fusion of the astragalus to the distal end of the tibia has been described by previous authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFA99F898FB6BF8C5" author="Rowe, T. & Gauthier, J. A." editor="Weishampel, D. B." journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="151 - 168" refString="Rowe, T. & Gauthier, J. A. (1990) Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds.), The Dinosauria, 1 st Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, pp. 151 - 168." title="Ceratosauria" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria, 1 st Edition" year="1990">Rowe & Gauthier 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFEE0F8FEF870F8C5" author="Tykoski, R. S. & Rowe, T." box="[334,601,1886,1912]" editor="Weishampel, D. B." journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="151 - 168" refString="Tykoski, R. S. & Rowe, T. (2004) Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds.). The Dinosauria, 2 nd Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, pp. 151 - 168." title="Ceratosauria" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria, 2 nd Edition" year="2004">Tykoski & Rowe 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFDCBF8FEF92CF8C5" author="Tykoski, R. S." bookContentInfo="572 pp." box="[613,773,1886,1912]" journalOrPublisher="Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Tykoski, R. S. (2005) Anatomy, Ontogeny, and Phylogeny of Coelophysoid theropods. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 572 pp." title="Anatomy, Ontogeny, and Phylogeny of Coelophysoid theropods" type="book" year="2005">Tykoski 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as a feature present in adult specimens of non-tetanuran neotheropds. In particular,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFE7DF823F8AEF820" author="Tykoski, R. S." bookContentInfo="572 pp." box="[467,647,1923,1949]" journalOrPublisher="Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Tykoski, R. S. (2005) Anatomy, Ontogeny, and Phylogeny of Coelophysoid theropods. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 572 pp." title="Anatomy, Ontogeny, and Phylogeny of Coelophysoid theropods" type="book" year="2005">Tykoski (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the fusion between the astragalus and tibia is one of the later events that took part in the ontogeny of “coelophysoids” (ontogenetic stage 9 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F633147FFB24F808FF6BF87F" author="Tykoski, R. S." bookContentInfo="572 pp." box="[1162,1346,1960,1986]" journalOrPublisher="Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Tykoski, R. S. (2005) Anatomy, Ontogeny, and Phylogeny of Coelophysoid theropods. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 572 pp." title="Anatomy, Ontogeny, and Phylogeny of Coelophysoid theropods" type="book" year="2005">Tykoski [2005]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3B007BB1F633147FFF39F86EFAD6F855" box="[151,255,1998,2024]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F633147FFE89F86EFBE5F85A" box="[295,460,1998,2023]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F633147FFE89F86EFBE5F85A" box="[295,460,1998,2023]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the proximal tarsals are not fused to the tibia. The latter is in agreement with the evidence provided by the internal bone structure, and would suggest that this specimen represents a young adult individual at the time of death (
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F6341478FDFBFF1DF8BEFF6B" box="[597,663,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="802AB8E2F6341478FD31FF1DF9A5FF6A" author="Hayashi, S. & Carpenter, K. & Suzuki, D." box="[671,908,189,215]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="123 - 131" part="29" refString="Hayashi, S., Carpenter, K. & Suzuki, D. (2009) Different growth patterns between the skeleton and osteoderms of Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29, 123 - 131." title="Different growth patterns between the skeleton and osteoderms of Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Hayashi
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F6341478FCA6FF1DF915FF6B" box="[776,828,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or alternatively that this kind of fusion did not take part during the ontogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BBBE90F6341478FDEAFF42F8CEFF46" box="[580,743,226,251]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Austrocheirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6CF1901F6341478FDEAFF42F8CEFF46" box="[580,743,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Austrocheirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |