1202 lines
140 KiB
XML
1202 lines
140 KiB
XML
<document id="05DCBED58AB64C80BA394C5789259283" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.193265" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6e893673-b3da-41d2-bffd-5eb6f1c6b71c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="193265" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460130522119" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ávila, Robson W., Pansonato, André & Strüssmann, Christine" docDate="2010" docId="4C77BD68E2301B22F8F4FCD7FAB9FCBE" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02339p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2339" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhinella paraguayensis Ávila, Pansonato & Strüssmann, 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="B04EC510E2311B28F863FF85FF97FFEC" masterDocTitle="A new species of the Rhinella margaritifera group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Pantanal" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="57" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1698235144253" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="9AEF66384CC864780FF9C4E123A36D4C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="81E87E2DD93C1DC977587B8E08673AAE">
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<mods:title id="F43315C5D91FC13D1D04FA63535F7BD1">A new species of the Rhinella margaritifera group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Pantanal</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="9EA578B97E3251C928048C0161F175EA" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="818B17ECD90F96ED719CBEFEFB558570">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B04FF06626EDEB0E0BED7886F8B59E69">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7C3C3D5F5D2F6993027559EAABE131C6">Ávila, Robson W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="AF36822E1429F2FA2CEA410E92AAEE20" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B74B84CCFFBF210296A4BBB0E45C867E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="AE67F8AC3D608F1794F61FD512551F36">Pansonato, André</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C909B02815CF024310D5F6B673401ACD" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="9DAC60C2F1FFF9EE0455544605522D9E">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C8A4C691C653828B291F74AAE3B02E31">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3791A147005F2BF3224B4C4C6C4BC19E">Strüssmann, Christine</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F89D38B87437F7B9996FCB6B07A11650">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="6C97FD6E46D7108757FE6F424309339A">
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<mods:title id="A7B9FAA31AFF89AF944C613DFE90F03C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="31911625A2FA47BADDDEB3041AFF103C">
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<mods:date id="31A7850D4210588D74CF1D2F52685011">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="286A793A1039BCAF711E4628048856AB" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="91D79DDB849EAE4B746179469E36B94E">2339</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="55ACB92CBEF84FFD2E214AFF95F7413A">57</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="A0B9B684C897026333FCBFB12EA00853">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AD49F721B7982B96C7A3C977EE9A25C5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.193265</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CBCFDC1D3082ED331FBA2E95FD4AE97B" type="GBIF-Dataset">6e893673-b3da-41d2-bffd-5eb6f1c6b71c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A8AA43FA28F34AF080027525893637CD" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="20DC908114A5B0523A14C95EEC899551" type="Zenodo-Dep">193265</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4C77BD68E2301B22F8F4FCD7FAB9FCBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5621644" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124955630" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5621644" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C77BD68E2301B22F8F4FCD7FAB9FCBE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C77BD68E2301B22F8F4FCD7FAB9FCBE" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
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<subSubSection id="8CC45FF5E2301B29F8F4FCD7FEF7FC63" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2301B29F8F4FCD7FDB6FC80" blockId="1.[151,545,850,911]" box="[151,545,850,876]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<heading id="9F29BB12E2301B29F8F4FCD7FDB6FC80" bold="true" box="[151,545,850,876]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2301B29F8F4FCD7FDB6FC80" bold="true" box="[151,545,850,876]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2301B29F8F4FCD7FE23FC80" ID-CoL="6WTLV" box="[151,436,850,876]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2301B29F8F4FCD7FE23FC80" bold="true" box="[151,436,850,876]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2301B29F9A0FCD7FDB6FC80" box="[451,545,850,876]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2301B29F8F4FCF0FEF7FC63" blockId="1.[151,545,850,911]" box="[151,352,885,911]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2301B29F8FCFCF0FE99FC63" box="[159,270,885,911]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1974,1998]" captionTargetBox="[363,1223,1063,1961]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[363,1223,1063,1962]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. (UFMT 7430): A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile of head; D. ventral view of right hand; E. ventral view of right foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193266/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2301B29F97EFCF0FED2FC63" box="[285,325,885,911]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1561,1585]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,198,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,197,1540]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A) living male of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. observed at Paraguay river margin in 22 December 2006. Photo by Robson W. Ávila; B) living male of Rhinella scitula collected at Serra da Bodoquena. Photo by Masao Uetanabaro; C) preserved specimens of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. (right) and Rhinella scitula (left)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193267/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2301B29F929FCF0FECFFC63" box="[330,344,885,911]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1986,2010]" captionTargetBox="[243,1344,194,1963]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[243,1345,194,1965]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Variation in dorsal and ventral color pattern of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193268/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">3</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8CC45FF5E2301B2BF8F4FC3AFD29FEAB" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2301B29F8F4FC3AFA8CFC13" blockId="1.[151,1436,959,1023]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<typeStatus id="1B65B2DCE2301B29F8F4FC3AFE9EFC35" box="[151,265,959,985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2301B29F8F4FC3AFE9EFC35" bold="true" box="[151,265,959,985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2301B29F974FC45FEFEFC36" box="[279,361,960,986]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">UFMT</collectionCode>
|
||
7430, adult male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2301B29FA27FC45FD31FC36" box="[580,678,960,986]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1974,1998]" captionTargetBox="[363,1223,1063,1961]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[363,1223,1063,1962]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. (UFMT 7430): A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile of head; D. ventral view of right hand; E. ventral view of right foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193266/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), collected on
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2301B29FB35FC45FC64FC36" box="[854,1011,960,986]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" value="2001-05-15">15 May 2001</date>
|
||
by Christine Strüssmann at “Parque Nacional do Pantanal” (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2301B29F9CCFC60FDA1FC13" box="[431,566,997,1023]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" precision="15" value="-17.853334">17º51'12”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2301B29FA21FC60FD42FC13" box="[578,725,997,1023]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" precision="15" value="-57.410835">57º24'39”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Poconé municipality, Mato Grosso state,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2301B29FCAFFC60FA80FC13" box="[1228,1303,997,1023]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="90A15CF6E2301B29F8F4F833FCD2F801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193266/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[363,1223,1063,1961]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2301B29F8F4F833FCD2F801" blockId="1.[151,1436,1974,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2301B29F8F4F833FE8DF822" bold="true" box="[151,282,1974,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2301B29F9C9F832FD3EF822" box="[426,681,1975,1998]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2301B29F9C9F832FD3EF822" box="[426,681,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2301B29FAD3F833FC91F822" box="[688,774,1974,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2301B29FAD3F833FC91F822" bold="true" box="[688,774,1974,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(UFMT 7430): A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile of head; D. ventral view of right hand; E.ventral view of right foot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="90A15CF6E2331B2AF8F4F99CFA93F99C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193267/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" targetBox="[151,1436,198,1538]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2331B2AF8F4F99CFA93F99C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1561,1649]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2331B2AF8F4F99CFE8EF9DD" bold="true" box="[151,281,1561,1585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
A) living male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2331B2AF9BEF99CFD4DF9DC" box="[477,730,1561,1584]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2331B2AF9BEF99CFD4DF9DC" box="[477,730,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2331B2AFA83F99CFCA1F9DD" box="[736,822,1561,1585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2331B2AFA83F99CFCA1F9DD" bold="true" box="[736,822,1561,1585]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
observed at Paraguay river margin in 22 December 2006. Photo by Robson W. Ávila; B) living male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2331B2AFAC5F9BCFCCDF9BC" box="[678,858,1593,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scitula">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2331B2AFAC5F9BCFCCDF9BC" box="[678,858,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Rhinella scitula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected at Serra da Bodoquena. Photo by Masao Uetanabaro; C) preserved specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2331B2AFA21F9DCFCA8F99C" box="[578,831,1625,1648]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2331B2AFA21F9DCFCA8F99C" box="[578,831,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2331B2AFB26F9DCFC0DF99D" box="[837,922,1625,1649]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2331B2AFB26F9DCFC0DF99D" bold="true" box="[837,922,1625,1649]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(right) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2331B2AFC7AF9DCFB56F99C" box="[1049,1217,1625,1648]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scitula">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2331B2AFC7AF9DCFB56F99C" box="[1049,1217,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Rhinella scitula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(left).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2331B2BF8A7F91BFD29FEAB" blockId="2.[151,1437,1694,2019]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<typeStatus id="1B65B2DCE2331B2AF8A7F91BFED6F954" box="[196,321,1694,1720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2331B2AF8A7F91BFED6F954" bold="true" box="[196,321,1694,1720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Paratypes</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2331B2AF933F91BFE35F954" box="[336,418,1694,1720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UFMT</collectionCode>
|
||
4268, 4270 (adult males),
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2331B2AFABDF91BFCA7F954" box="[734,816,1694,1720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UFMT</collectionCode>
|
||
4272, 4274, 4276 (adult females),
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2331B2AFCAEF91BFA00F954" box="[1229,1431,1694,1720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="2001-05-11" valueMax="2001-05-12" valueMin="2001-05-11">11–12 May 2001</date>
|
||
, by Tami Mott, Raul Vieira, Christine Strüssmann;
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2331B2AFA93F941FCD5F932" box="[752,834,1732,1758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UFMT</collectionCode>
|
||
7145 (adult male) and 7150 (adult female),
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2331B2AFD30F941FEF5F8EF" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="2001-09-11" valueMax="2001-09-15" valueMin="2001-09-11">11–15 September 2001</date>
|
||
, by Christine Strüssmann and Vinicius T. Carvalho;
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2331B2AFB88F96CFBA8F8EF" box="[1003,1087,1769,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UFMT</collectionCode>
|
||
4269 (adult male) and 4271 (adult female),
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2331B2AF932F88BFD9AF8C4" box="[337,525,1806,1832]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="2001-03-27">27 March 2001</date>
|
||
, by Rogério Rossi, Ana P. Carmignotto and Mário M. Rollo Junior;
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2331B2AFD29F88BFA0AF8C4" box="[1354,1437,1806,1832]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UFMT</collectionCode>
|
||
7056 and 7062 (juveniles),
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2331B2AF985F8B1FC95F8A2" box="[486,770,1844,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="2001-09-13" valueMax="2001-09-22" valueMin="2001-09-13">13–22 September 2001</date>
|
||
, by Vinicius T. Carvalho, all from the same locality as
|
||
<typeStatus id="1B65B2DCE2331B2AF8F4F8DCFE95F89F" box="[151,258,1881,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2331B2AF96FF8DCFEC9F89F" box="[268,350,1881,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UFMT</collectionCode>
|
||
0 46 (juvenile),
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2331B2AFA7BF8DCFD05F89F" box="[536,658,1881,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="1995-05">May 1995</date>
|
||
, by C. Strüssmann and
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2331B2AFBC5F8DCFC6FF89F" box="[934,1016,1881,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UFMT</collectionCode>
|
||
171 and 172 (juveniles),
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2331B2AFD41F8DCFF4FF874" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="1982-08-20">20 August 1982</date>
|
||
, by J. C. Dalponte from “Base de Pesquisa da Fauna do Pantanal,
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2331B2AFC79F8FBFB11F874" box="[1050,1158,1918,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">IBAMA</collectionCode>
|
||
”, km 111 of “Rodovia Transpantaneira" (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2331B2AF918F821FE75F852" box="[379,482,1956,1982]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" precision="925" value="-17.166666">17°10’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2331B2AF993F821FDFFF852" box="[496,616,1956,1982]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" precision="925" value="-57.0">57°00”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Poconé, Mato Grosso state,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2331B2AFBB9F821FBBEF852" box="[986,1065,1956,1982]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2331B2AFC55F821FB1DF852" box="[1078,1162,1956,1982]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UFMT</collectionCode>
|
||
2112 (adult male), 0
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2331B2AFDEEF821FEBDF80F" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="2002-03-02">2 March 2002</date>
|
||
, by Christine Strüssmann in Cáceres municipality (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2331B2AFBEEF84CFB8CF80F" box="[909,1051,1993,2019]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" precision="15" value="-15.7919445">15°47’31”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 57°35’28”), Mato Grosso state,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2321B2BF8F4FF1DFF72FF5E" box="[151,229,152,178]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2321B2BF892FF1DFED3FF5E" box="[241,324,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">UFMT</collectionCode>
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2321B2BF92EFF1DFD96FF5E" box="[333,513,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" value="2103" valueMax="2109">2103 and 2109</date>
|
||
(juveniles),
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2321B2BFAF8FF1DFCE0FF5E" box="[667,887,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" value="2002-02-27">27 February 2002</date>
|
||
, by Christine Strüssmann, Vanda L. Ferreira, Marcos A. Carvalho, Marcelo Gordo, Robson W. Ávila and Guilherme Mourão in Cachoeirinha River, Porto Estrela municipality (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2321B2BF9C2FF67FDA3FF10" box="[417,564,226,252]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" precision="15" value="-16.230001">15°73’48”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 57°31’90”), Mato Grosso state,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2321B2BFBAFFF67FB8CFF10" box="[972,1051,226,252]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="A2CF94BBE2321B2BFC44FF67FB1AFF10" box="[1063,1165,226,252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">CEUCH</collectionCode>
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2321B2BFCF6FF67FADBFF10" box="[1173,1356,226,252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" value="1851" valueMax="1866">1851 and 1866</date>
|
||
(adult males),
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2321B2BF89EFE8DFE3CFECE" box="[253,427,264,290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" value="2005-05-15">15 May 2005</date>
|
||
, by Robson W. Ávila, in Baía Vermelha (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2321B2BFBA1FE8DFBCCFECE" box="[962,1115,264,290]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" precision="15" value="-18.474167">18°28’27”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2321B2BFC09FE8DFA87FECE" box="[1130,1296,264,290]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" precision="15" value="-57.452225">57°27’08”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Corumbá municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul state,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2321B2BFA0DFEA8FD2EFEAB" box="[622,697,301,327]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8CC45FF5E2321B2BF8A7FED7FB2BFD0E" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2321B2BF8A7FED7FB2BFD0E" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF8A7FED7FEABFE80" bold="true" box="[196,316,338,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
: A medium sized species belonging to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFB57FED7FBAAFE87" box="[820,1085,338,363]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFB57FED7FBAAFE87" box="[820,1085,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Rhinella margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group based on the following morphological characters: presence of cephalic crests, distinct tympanum and paratoid glands, lateral row of tubercles and dorsal “dead-leaf” pattern (
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFAD7FE18FD6BFE5A" box="[692,764,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Vélez-Rodrigues 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFC5FFE18FA8FFE5B" author="Hoogmoed" box="[1084,1304,413,439]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1990) Biosystematics of South American Bufonidae, with special reference to the Bufo " typhonius " group. In: Peters, G. & Hutterer, R. (Eds), Vertebrates in the Tropics. Museum Alexander Koening, Bonn, pp. 113 - 123." type="book chapter" year="1990">Hoogmoed 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFD4CFE18FED3FE37" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFD4CFE18FED3FE37" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2321B2BF92FFE47FE3CFE30" box="[332,427,450,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF92FFE47FE3CFE30" bold="true" box="[332,427,450,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is characterized by (1) adult males
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFB3BFE47FB92FE30" box="[856,1029,450,476]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.745" metricValueMax="5.26" metricValueMin="4.2299999999999995" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="47.45" valueMax="52.6" valueMin="42.3">42.3–52.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL, adult females
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFD66FE47FA0BFE30" box="[1285,1436,450,476]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.215" metricValueMax="5.33" metricValueMin="5.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="52.15" valueMax="53.3" valueMin="51.0">51–53.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL, (2) snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view, with a vertical apical ridge that gives it a nearly mucronate aspect, (3) canthal and antorbital crests not raised, (4) supraorbital crests weakly developed, (5) parietal crest not developed, (6) postorbital crest prominent, (7) vocal slits present in males, (8) tympanum evident, (9) presence of bony protrusions at angle of jaws, (10) parotoid glands small, (11) absence of projections on upper eyelids, (12) presence of a dorsolateral line of tubercles, from the external border of the paratoid gland to the groin, (13) vertebral apophyses absent, (14) tarsal fold absent, (15) when the legs are adpressed to the body, heel don’t reach posterior margin of the tympanum, (16) toes about three quarters webbed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8CC45FF5E2321B2BF8A7FD68FC4FF88B" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2321B2BF8A7FD68FC4FF88B" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BF8A7FD68FE77FCEA" ID-CoL="6WTLV" box="[196,480,749,774]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF8A7FD68FE77FCEA" box="[196,480,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2321B2BF98BFD68FDDFFCEB" box="[488,584,749,775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF98BFD68FDDFFCEB" bold="true" box="[488,584,749,775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFB34FD68FB95FCEA" ID-CoL="4S7M6" box="[855,1026,749,774]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFB34FD68FB95FCEA" box="[855,1026,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. acutirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFC5DFD68FB0AFCEA" ID-CoL="4S7M7" box="[1086,1181,749,774]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alata">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFC5DFD68FB0AFCEA" box="[1086,1181,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. alata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by supraorbital crest less developed (supraorbital crest well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFB77FC97FC57FCC7" ID-CoL="4S7M6" box="[788,960,786,811]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFB77FC97FC57FCC7" box="[788,960,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. acutirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFB9FFC97FBCBFCC7" ID-CoL="4S7M7" box="[1020,1116,786,811]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alata">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFB9FFC97FBCBFCC7" box="[1020,1116,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. alata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFC0EFC97FA9CFCC0" author="Leavitt" box="[1133,1291,786,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Leavitt, B. B. (1933) On three races of Bufo typhonius. Copeia, 1933, 7 - 8." type="journal article" year="1933">Leavitt 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFD74FC97FF41FCBE" author="Hoogmoed" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1986) Biosystematic studies of the Bufo " typhonius " group. A preliminary progress report. In: Rocek, Z. (Ed.), Studies in Herpetology. Charles University, Prague, pp. 147 - 150." type="book chapter" year="1986">Hoogmoed 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BF94EFCBDFE75FCBD" ID-CoL="4S7MM" box="[301,482,824,849]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF94EFCBDFE75FCBD" box="[301,482,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. castaneotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by supratympanic crests developed, greater SVL, presence of a dorsolateral line of tubercles, and tympanum evident (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFAEBFCD8FCA5FC9B" box="[648,818,861,887]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3849999999999993" metricValueMax="3.6799999999999997" metricValueMin="3.09" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="33.849999999999994" valueMax="36.8" valueMin="30.9">30.9–36.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in males,
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFBCBFCD8FBC5FC9B" box="[936,1106,861,887]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.82" metricValueMax="4.26" metricValueMin="3.38" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="38.2" valueMax="42.6" valueMin="33.8">33.8–42.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in females, dorsolateral line of tubercles absent, and tympanum not evident in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFA93FC07FC3FFC77" ID-CoL="4S7MM" box="[752,936,898,923]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFA93FC07FC3FFC77" box="[752,936,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. castaneotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFBDAFC07FBFEFC70" author="Caldwell" box="[953,1129,898,924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Caldwell, J. P. (1991) A new species of toad in the genus Bufo from Para, Brasil, with an unusual breeding site. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 37 (26), 389 - 400." type="journal article" year="1991">Caldwell 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and examined specimens listed in Appendix); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BF989FC2DFDE3FC2D" ID-CoL="4S7MW" box="[490,628,936,961]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dapsilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF989FC2DFDE3FC2D" box="[490,628,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. dapsilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the snout not developed in proboscis and the presence of a dorsolateral line of tubercles (snout forming a proboscis and absence of a dorsolateral line of tubercles in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFDE0FC48FF65FBE7" ID-CoL="4S7MW" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dapsilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFDE0FC48FF65FBE7" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. dapsilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BF962FC77FDB5FBE0" author="Myers" box="[257,546,1010,1036]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Myers, G. S. & Carvalho, A. L. (1945) Notes on some new or little-known Brazilian amphibians, with an examination of the history of the plata salamander, Ensatina platensis. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 35, 1 - 24 + 18 Plates." type="book chapter" year="1945">Myers & Carvalho 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFA15FC77FC8FFBE7" ID-CoL="78TLS" box="[630,792,1010,1035]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoogmoedi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFA15FC77FC8FFBE7" box="[630,792,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. hoogmoedi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the rounded snout in lateral view, smaller tigh, tibia and foot (snout nearly acute, thigh
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFA5DFB9DFD67FBDE" box="[574,752,1048,1074]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.075" metricValueMax="2.58" metricValueMin="1.5699999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="20.75" valueMax="25.8" valueMin="15.7">15.7–25.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFA9FFB9DFC3CFBDE" box="[764,939,1048,1074]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" metricValueMax="2.45" metricValueMin="1.51" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="19.8" valueMax="24.5" valueMin="15.1">15.1–24.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
and foot
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFC7BFB9DFB52FBDE" box="[1048,1221,1048,1074]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.88" metricValueMax="3.52" metricValueMin="2.2399999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="28.8" valueMax="35.2" valueMin="22.4">22.4–35.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFC8EFB9DFA04FBDD" ID-CoL="78TLS" box="[1261,1427,1048,1073]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoogmoedi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFC8EFB9DFA04FBDD" box="[1261,1427,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. hoogmoedi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BF8F4FBB8FE7CFBBB" author="Caramaschi" box="[151,491,1085,1111]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Caramaschi, U. & Pombal Jr, J. P. (2006) A new species of Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 from the Atlantic rain forest, eastern Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 46 (23), 251 - 259." type="journal article" year="2006">Caramaschi & Pombal 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFA21FBB8FC95FBBA" ID-CoL="4S7NW" box="[578,770,1085,1110]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFA21FBB8FC95FBBA" box="[578,770,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by smaller SVL in females, less developed supraorbital crest and absence of vertebral apophyses (
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFAF3FBE7FCA8FB90" box="[656,831,1122,1148]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.95" metricValueMax="7.29" metricValueMin="4.61" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="59.5" valueMax="72.9" valueMin="46.1">46.1–72.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL in females, supraorbital crests hypertrophied and vertebral apophyses present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFA51FB0DFD67FB4D" ID-CoL="4S7NW" box="[562,752,1160,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFA51FB0DFD67FB4D" box="[562,752,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFB63FB0DFC51FB4E" author="Hoogmoed" box="[768,966,1160,1186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1989) South American bufonids (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), an enigma for taxonomists. In: Fontanet, X. & Horta, N. (Eds.), Treballs d'Ictiologia i Herpetologia. Barcelona, pp. 167 - 180." type="book chapter" year="1989">Hoogmoed 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFBB1FB0DFB9AFB4E" author="Hoogmoed" box="[978,1037,1160,1186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1990) Biosystematics of South American Bufonidae, with special reference to the Bufo " typhonius " group. In: Peters, G. & Hutterer, R. (Eds), Vertebrates in the Tropics. Museum Alexander Koening, Bonn, pp. 113 - 123." type="book chapter" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and examined specimens listed in Appendix); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BF90EFB28FD95FB2A" ID-CoL="4S7PL" box="[365,514,1197,1222]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roqueana">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF90EFB28FD95FB2A" box="[365,514,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. roqueana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of a dorsolateral line of tubercles and absence of vertebral apophyses (absence of dorsolateral line of tubercles and presence of vertebral apophyses in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFC96FB56FA1EFB00" ID-CoL="4S7PL" box="[1269,1417,1235,1260]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roqueana">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFC96FB56FA1EFB00" box="[1269,1417,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. roqueana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BF8B9FB7DFE07FAFD" ID-CoL="4S7PH" box="[218,400,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proboscidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF8B9FB7DFE07FAFD" box="[218,400,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. proboscidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the rounded snout and the presence of a dorsolateral line of tubercles (absence of dorsolateral line of tubercles and; snout pointed extending far beyond nostrils in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFC34FA98FA9EFADA" ID-CoL="4S7PH" box="[1111,1289,1309,1334]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proboscidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFC34FA98FA9EFADA" box="[1111,1289,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. proboscidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFD7AFA98FF40FAB0" author="Hoogmoed" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1986) Biosystematic studies of the Bufo " typhonius " group. A preliminary progress report. In: Rocek, Z. (Ed.), Studies in Herpetology. Charles University, Prague, pp. 147 - 150." type="book chapter" year="1986">Hoogmoed 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BF887FAC7FEB2FAB0" author="Hoogmoed" box="[228,293,1346,1372]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1990) Biosystematics of South American Bufonidae, with special reference to the Bufo " typhonius " group. In: Peters, G. & Hutterer, R. (Eds), Vertebrates in the Tropics. Museum Alexander Koening, Bonn, pp. 113 - 123." type="book chapter" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BF91CFAC6FE64FAB0" ID-CoL="4S7PT" box="[383,499,1347,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scitula">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF91CFAC6FE64FAB0" box="[383,499,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. scitula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the larger SVL, rounded snout in lateral view, well developed and larger postorbital crest, and more granulose skin on dorsum (
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFB4DFAEDFC48FA6E" box="[814,991,1384,1410]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.995" metricValueMax="4.61" metricValueMin="3.38" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="39.95" valueMax="46.1" valueMin="33.8">33.8–46.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in males,
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFC3DFAEDFA99FA6E" box="[1118,1294,1384,1410]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.82" metricValueMax="5.05" metricValueMin="4.59" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="48.2" valueMax="50.5" valueMin="45.9">45.9–50.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in females, subacuminate snout in lateral view, postorbital crest not developed with
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFB81FA08FBF8FA4B" box="[994,1135,1421,1447]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="3.6" valueMax="4.4" valueMin="2.8">2.8–4.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
length and smoother skin on dorsum in
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF924FA36FE4DFA20" box="[327,474,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BF924FA36FE56FA20" ID-CoL="4S7PT" box="[327,449,1459,1484]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scitula">R. scitula</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2321B2BF981FA37FDC7FA20" box="[482,592,1458,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1561,1585]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,198,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,197,1540]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A) living male of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. observed at Paraguay river margin in 22 December 2006. Photo by Robson W. Ávila; B) living male of Rhinella scitula collected at Serra da Bodoquena. Photo by Masao Uetanabaro; C) preserved specimens of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. (right) and Rhinella scitula (left)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193267/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFA3CFA37FC74FA20" author="Caramaschi" box="[607,995,1458,1484]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Caramaschi, U. & Niemeyer, H. (2003) Nova especie do complexo de Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Rio de Janeiro, 501, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2003">Caramaschi & Niemeyer 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and examined specimens listed in appendix); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BF938FA5DFD90FA1D" ID-CoL="4S7NS" box="[347,519,1496,1521]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnussoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF938FA5DFD90FA1D" box="[347,519,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. magnussoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the greater SVL and the snout rounded in dorsal view (SVL 36.0–
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFD57FA5DFA0BFA1E" box="[1332,1436,1496,1522]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.529999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="45.3">45.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in males,
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BF96FFA78FE2DF9FB" box="[268,442,1533,1559]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.82" metricValueMax="5.33" metricValueMin="4.31" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="48.2" valueMax="53.3" valueMin="43.1">43.1–53.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in females and snout pointed in dorsal view, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFC63FA78FB26F9FA" ID-CoL="4S7NS" box="[1024,1201,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnussoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFC63FA78FB26F9FA" box="[1024,1201,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. magnussoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFCA2FA78FA18F9FB" author="Lima" box="[1217,1423,1533,1559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Lima, A. P., Menin, M. & Araujo, M. C. (2007) A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa, 1663, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lima
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFD6AFA78FAD1F9FA" box="[1289,1350,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BF8B5F9A6FED4F9D0" ID-CoL="4S7NZ" box="[214,323,1571,1596]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF8B5F9A6FED4F9D0" box="[214,323,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. martyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by smaller SVL, absence of vertebral apophyses and less developed cephalic crest (SVL 55.3 ±
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BF8F4F9CDFF66F98E" box="[151,241,1608,1634]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in males, 64.7 ±
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BF9D9F9CDFD82F98E" box="[442,533,1608,1634]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in females, presence of vertebral apophyses and prominent cephalic crests in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BF8F4F9E8FE90F96A" ID-CoL="4S7NZ" box="[151,263,1645,1670]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF8F4F9E8FE90F96A" box="[151,263,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. martyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BF974F9E8FD81F96B" author="Fouquet" box="[279,534,1645,1671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Fouquet, A., Gaucher, P., Blanc, M. & Velez-Rodriguez, C. M. (2007 b) Description of two new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the lowlands of the Guiana shield. Zootaxa, 1663, 17 - 32." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Fouquet
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF9E2F9E8FE2AF96A" box="[385,445,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFA0FF9E8FD7CF96A" ID-CoL="4S7NM" box="[620,747,1645,1670]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lescurei">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFA0FF9E8FD7CF96A" box="[620,747,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. lescurei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by greater SVL, developed postorbital crest and rounded snout (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BF946F917FE1AF940" box="[293,397,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.46" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="34.6">34.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in males and
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFA4EF917FD02F940" box="[557,661,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.37" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="43.7">43.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in females, postorbital crest not developed and snout pointed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFDE0F916FF63F93D" ID-CoL="4S7NM" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lescurei">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFDE0F916FF63F93D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. lescurei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BF967F93DFD96F93E" author="Fouquet" box="[260,513,1720,1746]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Fouquet, A., Gaucher, P., Blanc, M. & Velez-Rodriguez, C. M. (2007 b) Description of two new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the lowlands of the Guiana shield. Zootaxa, 1663, 17 - 32." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Fouquet
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF90EF93DFE3DF93D" box="[365,426,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFA3BF93DFC88F93D" ID-CoL="6WTM7" box="[600,799,1720,1745]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sclerocephala">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFA3BF93DFC88F93D" box="[600,799,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. sclerocephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by smaller SVL, and absence of vertebral apophyses (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BF885F958FE37F91B" box="[230,416,1757,1783]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.135" metricValueMax="6.7299999999999995" metricValueMin="5.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="61.349999999999994" valueMax="67.3" valueMin="55.4">55.4–67.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in males and
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFA3BF958FC85F91B" box="[600,786,1757,1783]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.295" metricValueMax="7.74" metricValueMin="6.85" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="72.95" valueMax="77.4" valueMin="68.5">68.5–77.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in females, and vertebral apophyses present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFDE2F958FEACF8F0" ID-CoL="6WTM7" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sclerocephala">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFDE2F958FEACF8F0" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. sclerocephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Mijares-Urrutia &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFA4FF887FD5EF8F0" author="Arends" box="[556,713,1794,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Mijares-Urritia, A. & Arends, A. (2001) A new toad of the Bufo margaritifer complex (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from northwestern Venezuela. Herpetologica, 57 (4), 523 - 531." type="journal article" year="2001">Arends 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFB5DF886FB9BF8F0" ID-CoL="6WTLV" box="[830,1036,1795,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFB5DF886FB9BF8F0" box="[830,1036,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2321B2BFC77F887FBE4F8F0" box="[1044,1139,1794,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFC77F887FBE4F8F0" bold="true" box="[1044,1139,1794,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFD41F886FA0BF8F0" ID-CoL="4S7PZ" box="[1314,1436,1795,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stanlaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFD41F886FA0BF8F0" box="[1314,1436,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. stanlaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by smaller SVL in females, and supraorbital crest not developed (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFC7EF8ADFB45F8AE" box="[1053,1234,1832,1858]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.83" metricValueMax="5.9399999999999995" metricValueMin="5.72" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="58.3" valueMax="59.4" valueMin="57.2">57.2–59.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in females, and hypertrophied supraorbital crest in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2321B2BFA50F8C8FD3CF88A" ID-CoL="4S7PZ" box="[563,683,1869,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stanlaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BFA50F8C8FD3CF88A" box="[563,683,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R. stanlaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2321B2BFAD8F8C8FC5BF88B" author="Lotters" box="[699,972,1869,1895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Lotters, S. & Kohler, J. (2000) A new toad of the Bufo typhonius complex from humid montane forests of Bolivia. Spixiana, 23 (3), 293 - 303." type="journal article" year="2000">Lötters & Köhler 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8CC45FF5E2321B2FF8A7F8F7FDBFF8F7" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2321B2CF8A7F8F7FA0AFDEE" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,514]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2321B2BF8A7F8F7FDB6F860" bold="true" box="[196,545,1906,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
|
||
Description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="1B65B2DCE2321B2BF9D0F8F7FDB6F860" box="[435,545,1906,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. UFMT 7430 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2321B2BFAB9F8F7FCD6F860" box="[730,833,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1974,1998]" captionTargetBox="[363,1223,1063,1961]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[363,1223,1063,1962]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. (UFMT 7430): A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile of head; D. ventral view of right hand; E. ventral view of right foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193266/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Snout vent length
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFC58F8F7FB3DF860" box="[1083,1194,1906,1932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.04" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="50.4">50.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; head as wide (
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BFD05F8F7FF50F85E" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="17.1">17.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) as long (
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2321B2BF95DF81DFE3BF85E" box="[318,428,1944,1970]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.72" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="17.2">17.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) at the angle of jaws. Other measurements are presented in
|
||
<tableCitation id="895C39C5E2321B2BFC1FF81DFB41F85E" box="[1148,1238,1944,1970]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,242,556,580]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,672,1377]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements (mm) of holotype and of specimens in the type series of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. Means are ± 1 standard deviation, ranges are in parentheses. Abbreviations are defined in the material and methods section." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/90A15CF6E2351B2CF8F4FDA9FF7DFD68" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" tableUuid="90A15CF6E2351B2CF8F4FDA9FF7DFD68">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. Snout rounded, both in lateral and dorsal view, with a distinct fleshy vertical apical ridge that gives it a nearly mucronate aspect. Cephalic crests weakly developed, except from postorbital crests; paratoid glands small, elliptical; nostrils lateral, protuberant; distance from eye to nostril slightly larger than eye diameter and than internarial distance; upper eyelid width about 90% than eye diameter. Presence of a bony knob at the lower angle of jaws. Tympanum distinct, large, elliptical; its horizontal diameter representing 75% of the vertical diameter and of the upper eyelid width. A dorsolateral line of tubercles extend from the posterior border of the paratoid gland to the groin. Vertebral apophyses absent. Vocal slits present, lateral to the tongue. Skin on dorsal and ventral surfaces granulose, with scattered tubercles. Forearms and forelimbs robust, covered with small tubercles of the same size of those in the dorsum. A line of small tubercles along the external border of the forearms; fingers free, with tips slightly enlarged; length of fingers 4<2<1<3. Palmar tubercle oval, large, smooth; thenar tubercle oval, about one third of the palmar tubercle; subarticular and supranumerary tubercles present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="90A15CF6E2351B2CF8F4FDA9FF7DFD68" ID-Table-UUID="90A15CF6E2351B2CF8F4FDA9FF7DFD68" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/90A15CF6E2351B2CF8F4FDA9FF7DFD68" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[151,1436,672,1377]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2351B2CF8F4FDA9FF7DFD68" blockId="4.[151,1436,556,644]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2351B2CF8F4FDA9FE9AFDA8" bold="true" box="[151,269,556,580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements (mm) of holotype and of specimens in the type series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2351B2CFC56FDA8FAABFDA8" box="[1077,1340,557,580]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2351B2CFC56FDA8FAABFDA8" box="[1077,1340,557,580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2351B2CFD20FDA9FA0BFDA8" box="[1347,1436,556,580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2351B2CFD20FDA9FA0BFDA8" bold="true" box="[1347,1436,556,580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Means are ± 1 standard deviation, ranges are in parentheses. Abbreviations are defined in the material and methods section.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2351B2CF8FCFD25FA86FA8D" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<table id="B6DEFEDEE235E4D7F8F4FD25FA0BFA8D" box="[151,1436,672,1377]" gridcols="3" gridrows="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FD25FA0BFD0D" box="[151,1436,672,737]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FD25FE90FD0D" box="[151,263,672,737]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Character SVL</th>
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFD25FC1CFD0D" box="[479,907,672,737]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Holotype Male (n = 6) 50.4 47.5 ± 3.5 (42.3–52.6)</th>
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FD25FA0BFD0D" box="[1058,1436,672,737]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Female (n = 5) 52.4 ± 1.0 (51–53.3)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FD70FA0BFCE0" box="[151,1436,757,780]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FD70FE90FCE0" box="[151,263,757,780]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">HL</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFD70FC1CFCE0" box="[479,907,757,780]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">17.2 16.6 ± 1.3 (14–18.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FD70FA0BFCE0" box="[1058,1436,757,780]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">17.8 ± 0.9 (16.9–18.9)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FCA5FA0BFC8D" box="[151,1436,800,865]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FCA5FE90FC8D" box="[151,263,800,865]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">HW IND</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFCA5FC1CFC8D" box="[479,907,800,865]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">17.1 18.0 ± 1.4 (16.6–20.1) 4.0 3.1 ± 0.5 (3.2–3.5)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FCA5FA0BFC8D" box="[1058,1436,800,865]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">17.8 ± 2.0 (15.5–20.2) 3.3 ± 0.2 (2.9–3.5)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FCF0FA0BFC60" box="[151,1436,885,908]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FCF0FE90FC60" box="[151,263,885,908]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">END</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFCF0FC1CFC60" box="[479,907,885,908]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">4.1 4.8 ± 0.6 (3.8–5.6)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FCF0FA0BFC60" box="[1058,1436,885,908]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">4.7 ± 1.0 (3.5–6)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FC25FA0BFC0D" box="[151,1436,928,993]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FC25FE90FC0D" box="[151,263,928,993]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">ED UEW</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFC25FC1CFC0D" box="[479,907,928,993]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">4.0 4.6 ± 0.6 (4–5.4) 3.7 3.4 ± 0.2 (3–3.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FC25FA0BFC0D" box="[1058,1436,928,993]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">4.7 ± 0.5 (4–5.3) 3.2 ± 0.6 (2.4–3.9)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FC70FA0BFBE0" box="[151,1436,1013,1036]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FC70FE90FBE0" box="[151,263,1013,1036]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">IOD</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFC70FC1CFBE0" box="[479,907,1013,1036]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">16 14.6 ± 1.1 (13–16.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FC70FA0BFBE0" box="[1058,1436,1013,1036]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">15.5 ± 0.5 (15.2–16)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FBA5FA0BFB8D" box="[151,1436,1056,1121]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FBA5FE90FB8D" box="[151,263,1056,1121]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">POCL HTD</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFBA5FC1CFB8D" box="[479,907,1056,1121]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">5.2 4.7 ± 0.5 (4.2–5.2) 2.8 2.4 ± 0.6 (1.6–3.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FBA5FA0BFB8D" box="[1058,1436,1056,1121]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">5.6 ± 0.3 (5.3–6) 2.7 ± 0.6 (1.9–3.3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FBF0FA0BFB60" box="[151,1436,1141,1164]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FBF0FE90FB60" box="[151,263,1141,1164]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">VTD</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFBF0FC1CFB60" box="[479,907,1141,1164]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">3.7 3.1 ± 0.4 (2.5–3.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FBF0FA0BFB60" box="[1058,1436,1141,1164]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">3.2 ± 0.4 (2.8–3.7)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FB25FA0BFB0D" box="[151,1436,1184,1249]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FB25FE90FB0D" box="[151,263,1184,1249]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">PGL HAL</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFB25FC1CFB0D" box="[479,907,1184,1249]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">9.2 7.8 ± 1.3 (6–9.2) 14.2 13.3 ± 1.0 (12–14.3)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FB25FA0BFB0D" box="[1058,1436,1184,1249]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">7.9 ± 1.3 (6.8–9.9) 14.0 ± 0.5 (13.5–14.8)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FB70FA0BFAE0" box="[151,1436,1269,1292]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FB70FE90FAE0" box="[151,263,1269,1292]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">THL</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFB70FC1CFAE0" box="[479,907,1269,1292]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">13 11.1 ± 1.6 (8.8–13)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FB70FA0BFAE0" box="[1058,1436,1269,1292]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">13.1 ± 2.0 (11–15.5)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE235E4D7F8F4FAA5FA0BFA8D" box="[151,1436,1312,1377]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E235E4D7F8F4FAA5FE90FA8D" box="[151,263,1312,1377]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">TL FL</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7F9BCFAA5FC1CFA8D" box="[479,907,1312,1377]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">18 16.3 ± 1.6 (14.7–19) 22.3 24.9 ± 2.0 (22.3–28)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E235E4D7FC41FAA5FA0BFA8D" box="[1058,1436,1312,1377]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">17.9 ± 1.8 (16.5–20.3) 26.4 ± 2.9 (21.6–29.2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2351B2CF8A7FA2DFEF1F9BB" blockId="4.[151,1437,1448,1996]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Hindlimbs robust, thigh length smaller than tibia length, thigh+tibia length approximately 62% of the SVL; tarsus+foot length longer than tibia and thigh length; a line of tubercles on external and internal borders of tarsus. Inner metatarsal tubercle oval, two times larger than the outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular and supernumerary tubercles present, small, round. Length of toes 1<5<2<3<4, webbing formula:
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2351B2CFC91F99DFF29F9BB" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">I 1-2 II 1-3 III 1-2</date>
|
||
½
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2351B2CF880F9B8FE8FF9BB" box="[227,280,1597,1623]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">IV 2</date>
|
||
½-
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2351B2CF922F9B8FEF1F9BB" box="[321,358,1597,1623]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">1V.</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2351B2CF8A7F9E7FEA7F8FE" blockId="4.[151,1437,1448,1996]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Colour in preservative: dorsum light brown, dark brown on legs and head; a yellowish vertebral line from the snout to cloaca, surrounded by three black triangular spots at midbody and a pair of triangular black spots at the level of the parietal crest. Venter uniform brown; throat, hand, foot and legs dark brown; an irregular dark brown band in the forearm. Color in life (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2351B2CFAD8F957FCA0F900" box="[699,823,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1561,1585]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,198,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,197,1540]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A) living male of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. observed at Paraguay river margin in 22 December 2006. Photo by Robson W. Ávila; B) living male of Rhinella scitula collected at Serra da Bodoquena. Photo by Masao Uetanabaro; C) preserved specimens of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. (right) and Rhinella scitula (left)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193267/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Figure 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
) similar to that in preservative. Iris gold, with black reticulations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2351B2CF8A7F898FDDFF820" blockId="4.[151,1437,1448,1996]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2351B2CF8A7F898FDB4F8DB" bold="true" box="[196,547,1821,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Variation within
|
||
<typeStatus id="1B65B2DCE2351B2CF9FAF898FE58F8DB" box="[409,463,1821,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="1B65B2DCE2351B2CFA03F898FD04F8DB" box="[608,659,1821,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series include
|
||
<specimenCount id="D2D8C7F7E2351B2CFB20F898FC75F8DB" box="[835,994,1821,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="generic">20 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="D2D8C7F7E2351B2CFB90F898FBD2F8DB" box="[1011,1093,1821,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="adult">6 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males,
|
||
<specimenCount id="D2D8C7F7E2351B2CFCC3F898FB66F8DB" box="[1184,1265,1821,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="adult">5 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
females and
|
||
<specimenCount id="D2D8C7F7E2351B2CFDEEF898FE98F8B0" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="juvenile">9 juveniles</specimenCount>
|
||
). Dorsal coloration varies a lot among individuals in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="1B65B2DCE2351B2CFBBEF8C7FB84F8B0" box="[989,1043,1858,1884]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2351B2CFC16F8C7FB75F8B0" box="[1141,1250,1858,1884]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1986,2010]" captionTargetBox="[243,1344,194,1963]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[243,1345,194,1965]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Variation in dorsal and ventral color pattern of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193268/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), with the fine vertebral line present in 75% of the individuals and only one individual (
|
||
<typeStatus id="1B65B2DCE2351B2CFB88F8EDFBC2F86E" box="[1003,1109,1896,1922]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) have a wide vertebral line. Few specimens don’t have the triangular spots in the midbody. The ventral coloration is also variable, from the uniform brown to spotted bellies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="90A15CF6E2341B2DF8F4F847FBFAF836" box="[151,1133,1986,2010]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193268/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[243,1344,194,1963]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2341B2DF8F4F847FBFAF836" blockId="5.[151,1133,1986,2010]" box="[151,1133,1986,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2341B2DF8F4F847FE8EF836" bold="true" box="[151,281,1986,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Variation in dorsal and ventral color pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2341B2DFB77F847FB87F835" box="[788,1040,1986,2009]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2341B2DFB77F847FB87F835" box="[788,1040,1986,2009]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2341B2DFC74F847FBFAF836" box="[1047,1133,1986,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="90A15CF6E2371B2EF8F4FCF8FDD0FC38" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193269/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[163,1434,200,865]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2371B2EF8F4FCF8FDD0FC38" blockId="6.[151,1436,893,980]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EF8F4FCF8FE8FFC79" bold="true" box="[151,280,893,917]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Oscillogram (A–B) and audio spectrogram (C) of the advertisement calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2371B2EFC26FCFBFAD6FC79" box="[1093,1345,894,917]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFC26FCFBFAD6FC79" box="[1093,1345,894,917]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2371B2EFD24FCF8FA0BFC79" box="[1351,1436,893,917]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFD24FCF8FA0BFC79" bold="true" box="[1351,1436,893,917]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(UFMT 7430), recorded on 15 May 2001 in the Parque Nacional do Pantanal, Poconé municipality, Mato Grosso state, Brazil (18:00 h, air temperature 21,5ºC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2371B2EF8A7FB87FAD2FACE" blockId="6.[151,1437,1026,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EF8A7FB87FE2FFBF0" bold="true" box="[196,440,1026,1052]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Advertisement call.</emphasis>
|
||
The call of the new species is composed by 18.4 ± 8.7 call series (9–30 calls, n=5), with duration of call series of 16.5 ±
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2371B2EFA2FFBADFDEAFBAE" box="[588,637,1064,1090]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" precision="5555" value="-7.2">7.2s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(n=5), emitted at regular intervals of 10.4 ±
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2371B2EFCEFFBADFB2BFBAE" box="[1164,1212,1064,1090]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" precision="5555" value="-0.8">0.8s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(n= 5). The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2371B2EF8F4FBCBFEF4FB8B" box="[151,355,1102,1127]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EF8F4FBCBFEF4FB8B" box="[151,355,1102,1127]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">R. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2371B2EF909FBC8FE5FFB8B" box="[362,456,1101,1127]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EF909FBC8FE5FFB8B" bold="true" box="[362,456,1101,1127]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is composed by mean 6.5 ± 0.65 notes (5–8 notes, n=77), with a mean duration of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2371B2EF8F4FBF6FF50FB61" box="[151,199,1139,1165]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" precision="5555" value="-0.3">0.3s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
±
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2371B2EF885FBF6FEB3FB61" box="[230,292,1139,1165]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" precision="555" value="-0.04">0.04s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(0.2–0.42, n=82), followed by intercall intervals of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2371B2EFBE5FBF6FC21FB61" box="[902,950,1139,1165]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" precision="5555" value="-0.5">0.5s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
±
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2371B2EFBB6FBF6FBB5FB61" box="[981,1058,1139,1165]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" precision="55" value="-0.015">0.015s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(0.22–0.98, n=82). The average rate of call per minute was 39.3 ± 6.4. The mean duration of note was
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2371B2EFB98FB1DFBAAFB5E" box="[1019,1085,1176,1202]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" precision="555" value="-0.03">0.03s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
±
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2371B2EFC3DFB1DFB08FB5E" box="[1118,1183,1176,1202]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" precision="555" value="-0.01">0.01s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(0.01–0.07, n=163), followed by inter-notes intervals of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2371B2EFA26FB38FD13FB3B" box="[581,644,1213,1239]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" precision="555" value="-0.02">0.02s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
±
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2371B2EFAC6FB38FD72FB3B" box="[677,741,1213,1239]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" precision="555" value="-0.01">0.01s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(0.01–0.04, n=163). The average rate of notes per minute was 504.8 ± 113 (262.4–792.4). Frequency ranges from 618.9–1771.8 Hz (n=125); mean dominant frequency was 1438.7 ± 70.5 Hz (1113.7–1568.5, n=125), displayed between the fourth and fifth note (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2371B2EFCB3FA8DFAAFFACE" box="[1232,1336,1288,1314]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,893,917]" captionTargetBox="[163,1434,200,865]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,194,872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Oscillogram (A – B) and audio spectrogram (C) of the advertisement calls of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. (UFMT 7430), recorded on 15 May 2001 in the Parque Nacional do Pantanal, Poconé municipality, Mato Grosso state, Brazil (18: 00 h, air temperature 21,5 ºC)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193269/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2371B2EF8A7FAA8FC7EFA5B" blockId="6.[151,1437,1026,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EF8A7FAA8FE04FAAB" bold="true" box="[196,403,1325,1351]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
In the Upper
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2371B2EFA22FAA8FD25FAAB" box="[577,690,1325,1351]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
River Basin, individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2371B2EFC6CFAABFAA6FAAB" box="[1039,1329,1326,1351]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFC6CFAABFAA6FAAB" box="[1039,1329,1326,1351]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2371B2EFD59FAA8FA0BFAAB" box="[1338,1436,1325,1351]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFD59FAA8FA0BFAAB" bold="true" box="[1338,1436,1325,1351]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
inhabit the leaf litter of gallery forests, and of forests established over paleo-levees throughout the Pantanal wetlands. Riparian systems are used as reproductive sites by individuals in this new species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2371B2EFCB4FAFDFAABFA7E" box="[1239,1340,1400,1426]" captionStart="FIGURE 5. A" captionStartId="7.[151,259,1440,1464]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,455,1418]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,455,1419]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. General view of a riparian system along the margins of the Paraguay River near Acurizal Ranch (17 ° 49 ’ 51 ” S; 57 ° 33 ’ 06 ” W), in the western border of the Brazilian Pantanal, Poconé municipality, Mato Grosso state. This kind of riparian system, formed by gallery forests and dense stands of macrophytes anchored along the margins of river, is used by individuals of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. as a reproductive site, in the peak of the dry season." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193270/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), which apparently presents a unimodal pattern of reproduction, as shown below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2371B2EF8A5FA46FEB2F90E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1026,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
During the peak of the floods, in April-May, which are coincident with the beginning of the dry season, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2371B2EF8A0FA6DFEA6F9EE" box="[195,305,1512,1538]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
River discharges increased (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2371B2EFAE9FA6DFCFFF9EE" author="Barros" box="[650,872,1512,1538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Barros, V., Chamorro, L., Coronel, G. & Baez, J. (2004) The Major Discharge Events in the Paraguay River: Magnitudes, Source Regions, and Climate Forcings. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 5 (6), 1161 - 1170." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Barros
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFA80FA6CFCB7F9EE" box="[739,800,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), facilitating the movements of dense stands of macrophytes (particularly the water hyacinth
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2371B2EFAD8F98BFC0DF9CB" box="[699,922,1550,1575]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="azurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFAD8F98BFC0DF9CB" box="[699,922,1550,1575]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Eichhornia azurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2371B2EFBC8F988FB84F9CB" box="[939,1043,1549,1575]" captionStart="FIGURE 5. A" captionStartId="7.[151,259,1440,1464]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,455,1418]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,455,1419]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. General view of a riparian system along the margins of the Paraguay River near Acurizal Ranch (17 ° 49 ’ 51 ” S; 57 ° 33 ’ 06 ” W), in the western border of the Brazilian Pantanal, Poconé municipality, Mato Grosso state. This kind of riparian system, formed by gallery forests and dense stands of macrophytes anchored along the margins of river, is used by individuals of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov. as a reproductive site, in the peak of the dry season." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193270/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). These macrophyte stands offer both vocalization perches for calling males and lentic habitats for the deposition of egg clutches, as well as protection for the tadpoles. Additionally, the displacement of macrophyte stands downriver may facilitate the transport and dispersal of tadpoles, juveniles and also adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2371B2EFB1DF9FBFBDDF97B" box="[894,1098,1662,1687]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFB1DF9FBFBDDF97B" box="[894,1098,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">R. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2371B2EFC32F9F8FB39F97B" box="[1105,1198,1661,1687]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFC32F9F8FB39F97B" bold="true" box="[1105,1198,1661,1687]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, as already reported for several amphibian species using macrophytes as rafts in others river systems (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2371B2EFC30F926FAB3F951" author="Hoogmoed" box="[1107,1316,1699,1725]" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1993) The Herpetofauna of Floating Meadows. 199 - 213 p. In: Ouboter, P. E. (Ed, Freshwater Ecossystems of Suriname. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp 199 - 213." type="book chapter" year="1993">Hoogmoed, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2371B2EFD53F926FE8EF90E" author="Schiesari" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="Schiesari, L., Zuanon, J., Azevedo-Ramos, C., Garcia, M., Gordo, M., Messias, M. & Vieira, E. M. (2003) Macrophyte rafts as dispersal vectors for fishes and amphibians in the lower Solimoes River, Central Amazon. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 19 (3), 333 - 336." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Schiesari
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EF8F4F94CFF46F90E" box="[151,209,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2371B2FF8A7F968FE3AFE7E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1026,2023]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,402]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Observations of calling males occurred on seven occasions. In
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2371B2EFBA1F968FBF4F8EB" box="[962,1123,1773,1799]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" value="1989-06-10">10 June 1989</date>
|
||
a male calling from nude ground at “Rodovia Transpantaneira”, Poconé, Mato Grosso. In
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2371B2EFBDAF896FB2DF8C1" box="[953,1210,1811,1837]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" value="2001-04" valueMax="2001-05-31" valueMin="2001-04-00">April and May 2001</date>
|
||
, males of the new species were observed calling on floating stems and leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2371B2EFBE6F8BCFC60F8BE" box="[901,1015,1849,1874]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="azurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFBE6F8BCFC60F8BE" box="[901,1015,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">E. azurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at “Parque Nacional do Pantanal”, Poconé municipality, Mato Grosso. From
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2371B2EFAECF8D8FCA0F89B" box="[655,823,1885,1911]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" value="2002-03-04">4 March 2002</date>
|
||
males were observed calling (a male was recorded and used in the call description) in a flooded swampy areas in the left margin of the Sepotuba River, Cáceres municipality, Mato Grosso. Between
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2371B2EFA05F82DFCAEF82E" box="[614,825,1960,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" value="2002-05-14" valueMax="2002-05-17" valueMin="2002-05-14">14–17 May 2002</date>
|
||
several males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2371B2EFC76F82CFB7CF82E" box="[1045,1259,1961,1986]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFC76F82CFB7CF82E" box="[1045,1259,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">R. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2371B2EFC97F82DFACFF82E" box="[1268,1368,1960,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2371B2EFC97F82DFACFF82E" bold="true" box="[1268,1368,1960,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
were observed calling on nude ground in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2371B2EFA08F848FD4FF80B" box="[619,728,1997,2023]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
River banks, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2371B2EFC4EF848FBE7F80B" box="[1069,1136,1997,2023]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
|
||
from the river margin, in sites where the availability of floating mats of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2361B2FFA97FF1DFCF9FF5D" box="[756,878,152,177]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="azurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FFA97FF1DFCF9FF5D" box="[756,878,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">E. azurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was low, in the Serra do Amolar, Corumbá municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul. In
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2361B2FFA33FF38FD63FF3B" box="[592,756,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" value="2002-10">October 2002</date>
|
||
, males were observed calling from riparian systems of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2361B2FF8F4FF67FE90FF10" box="[151,263,226,252]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
River, in the Serra do Amolar, Corumbá municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul. In
|
||
<date id="B0602ABEE2361B2FFCA4FF67FF41FECE" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" value="2003-08-11" valueMax="2003-08-12" valueMin="2003-08-11">11 and 12 August 2003</date>
|
||
, during the dry season, several males of the new species were observed calling on floating stems and leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2361B2FF968FEA8FEEAFEAA" box="[267,381,301,326]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="azurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FF968FEA8FEEAFEAA" box="[267,381,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">E. azurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as far as
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2361B2FF99BFEA8FDB1FEAB" box="[504,550,301,327]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2361B2FFAFEFEA8FC9BFEAB" box="[669,780,301,327]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
River bank. River width in this locality, near Acurizal ranch (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2361B2FF88BFED7FEE7FE80" box="[232,368,338,364]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" precision="15" value="-17.830833">17º49'51”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2361B2FF91FFED7FD98FE80" box="[380,527,338,364]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" precision="15" value="-57.548054">57º32'53”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), is near
|
||
<specimenCount id="D2D8C7F7E2361B2FFA1BFED7FD5DFE80" box="[632,714,338,364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE2361B2FFA1BFED7FD51FE80" box="[632,710,338,364]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
Vocalizations were heard from around 15:00 h, in full sun, to 21:00h, with full moon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="90A15CF6E2361B2FF8F4FA25FAF0F9F4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193270/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[151,1435,455,1418]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2361B2FF8F4FA25FAF0F9F4" blockId="7.[151,1437,1440,1560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FF8F4FA25FEB6FA54" bold="true" box="[151,289,1440,1464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
A. General view of a riparian system along the margins of the Paraguay River near Acurizal Ranch (17°49’51” S; 57°33’06” W), in the western border of the Brazilian Pantanal, Poconé municipality, Mato Grosso state. This kind of riparian system, formed by gallery forests and dense stands of macrophytes anchored along the margins of river, is used by individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2361B2FF982F984FD49F9F4" box="[481,734,1537,1560]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FF982F984FD49F9F4" box="[481,734,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2361B2FFA87F985FCAEF9F4" box="[740,825,1536,1560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FFA87F985FCAEF9F4" bold="true" box="[740,825,1536,1560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
as a reproductive site, in the peak of the dry season.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2361B2FF8A7F9C3FBA4F969" blockId="7.[151,1437,1606,1968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Therefore, calling activities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2361B2FFA4EF9C2FCD5F98C" box="[557,834,1607,1632]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FFA4EF9C2FCD5F98C" box="[557,834,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2361B2FFB2AF9C3FC31F98C" box="[841,934,1606,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FFB2AF9C3FC31F98C" bold="true" box="[841,934,1606,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in the Pantanal were recorded from March to October and seems to be correlated with the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2361B2FFADCF9EEFCBBF969" box="[703,812,1643,1669]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
River flooding cycle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2361B2FF8A7F914FDBFF8F7" blockId="7.[151,1437,1606,1968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2361B2FF8A7F914FE7DF946" box="[196,490,1681,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FF8A7F914FE7DF946" box="[196,490,1681,1706]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2361B2FF990F915FDC1F946" box="[499,598,1680,1706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FF990F915FDC1F946" bold="true" box="[499,598,1680,1706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is usually abundant in the localities where the species was already recorded. In a field study in the Parque Nacional do Pantanal, it was the third most abundant among the 13 anuran species recorded by pitfall trapping (http://www.ibama.gov.br/siucweb/unidades/parna/ planos_de_manejo/78/index.htm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8CC45FF5E2361B2FF8A5F8A3FCA8F889" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2361B2FF8A5F8A3FCA8F889" blockId="7.[151,1437,1606,1968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FF8A5F8A3FEF0F8AC" bold="true" box="[198,359,1830,1856]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The new species occurs along the western drainages of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2361B2FFC47F8A3FB06F8AC" box="[1060,1169,1830,1856]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
River, in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2361B2FFAA9F8CEFCA6F889" box="[714,817,1867,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1972,1996]" captionTargetBox="[152,1426,1114,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[152,1437,1105,1939]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Geographical distribution map of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov (triangles) and R. scitula (circles). Star = type locality of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov and square = type locality of R. scitula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193272/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8CC45FF5E2361B21F8A5F8F5FDDEFF23" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2361B2FF8A5F8F5FE0EF85C" blockId="7.[151,1437,1606,1968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2361B2FF8A5F8F5FEC4F866" bold="true" box="[198,339,1904,1930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet is an adjective, derived from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="1B65B2DCE2361B2FFB84F8F4FB8EF867" box="[999,1049,1905,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of the new species: the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2361B2FF8F4F813FE93F85C" box="[151,260,1942,1968]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
River basin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="90A15CF6E2391B20F8F4FC3AFEBBFBDB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193271/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[167,1387,194,927]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2391B20F8F4FC3AFEBBFBDB" blockId="8.[151,1436,959,1079]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2391B20F8F4FC3AFE89FC3B" bold="true" box="[151,286,959,983]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Mean monthly discharges of the Paraguay River near Acurizal Ranch from 1968–2003, in the western border of the Brazilian Pantanal. Bar indicates the calling period based on our observations. Data were taken from ANA – Agência Nacional de Águas. Sistema de Informações Hidrológicas. Available at http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br/. Accessed 25 May 2009.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="90A15CF6E2391B20F8F4F831FBAFF807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193272/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[152,1426,1114,1939]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2391B20F8F4F831FBAFF807" blockId="8.[151,1436,1972,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2391B20F8F4F831FE8EF820" bold="true" box="[151,281,1972,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Geographical distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2391B20FAEFF831FC1EF827" box="[652,905,1972,1995]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2391B20FAEFF831FC1EF827" box="[652,905,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2391B20FBF3F831FC77F820" bold="true" box="[912,992,1972,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2391B20FBF3F831FC77F820" box="[912,992,1972,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(triangles) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2391B20FCE9F831FB78F827" box="[1162,1263,1972,1995]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scitula">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2391B20FCE9F831FB78F827" box="[1162,1263,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">R. scitula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(circles). Star = type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2391B20F95CF851FDABF807" box="[319,572,2004,2027]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2391B20F95CF851FDABF807" box="[319,572,2004,2027]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2391B20FA21F851FD18F807" box="[578,655,2004,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and square = type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2391B20FBAEF851FBA6F807" box="[973,1073,2004,2027]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scitula">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2391B20FBAEF851FBA6F807" box="[973,1073,2004,2027]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">R. scitula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="90A15CF6E2381B21F8F4FF12FA0AFF43" ID-Table-UUID="90A15CF6E2381B21F8F4FF12FA0AFF43" box="[151,1437,151,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/90A15CF6E2381B21F8F4FF12FA0AFF43" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[151,1437,234,1197]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2381B21F8F4FF12FA0AFF43" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,207]" box="[151,1437,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F8F4FF12FE87FF43" bold="true" box="[151,272,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements of acoustic parameters for males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FB3BFF1DFBF5FF43" box="[856,1122,152,175]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FB3BFF1DFBF5FF43" box="[856,1122,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Rhinella paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2381B21FC09FF12FB52FF43" box="[1130,1221,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FC09FF12FB52FF43" bold="true" box="[1130,1221,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Values are mean ±
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2381B21F8F4FF3DFDDEFF23" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,207]" box="[151,585,184,207]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">standard deviation, range in parentheses.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2381B21FA7FFF6FFE8CFB41" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<table id="B6DEFEDEE238E4D7F8F4FF6FFA0AFB41" box="[151,1437,234,1197]" gridcols="4" gridrows="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FF6FFA0AFEED" box="[151,1437,234,257]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFF6FFD5CFEED" box="[540,715,234,257]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">UFMT 7430</th>
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FF6FFC6EFEED" box="[839,1017,234,257]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">UFMT 2112</th>
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FF6FFA0AFEED" box="[1139,1437,234,257]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Mean</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FE90FA0AFEA0" box="[151,1437,277,332]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FE90FE25FEA0" box="[151,434,277,332]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Call series</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFE90FD5CFEA0" box="[540,715,277,332]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">19.3 ± 9.3 (13–30)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FE90FC6EFEA0" box="[839,1017,277,332]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">17 ± 11.3 (9–25)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FE90FA0AFEA0" box="[1139,1437,277,332]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">18.4 ± 8.7 (9–30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FEE5FA0AFE9B" box="[151,1437,352,375]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FEE5FE25FE9B" box="[151,434,352,375]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Call series duration</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFEE5FD5CFE9B" box="[540,715,352,375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">16.3 ± 9.1</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FEE5FC6EFE9B" box="[839,1017,352,375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">16.9 ± 6.4</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FEE5FA0AFE9B" box="[1139,1437,352,375]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">16.5 ± 7.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FE0EFA0AFE4E" box="[151,1437,395,418]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FE0EFE25FE4E" box="[151,434,395,418]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Intervals call series</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFE0EFD5CFE4E" box="[540,715,395,418]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">10.6 ± 0.9</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FE0EFC6EFE4E" box="[839,1017,395,418]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">10.1 ± 0.4</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FE0EFA0AFE4E" box="[1139,1437,395,418]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">10.4 ± 0.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FE33FA0AFE01" box="[151,1437,438,493]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FE33FE25FE01" box="[151,434,438,493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Call notes</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFE33FD5CFE01" box="[540,715,438,493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">6.5 ± 0.6 (5–7)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FE33FC6EFE01" box="[839,1017,438,493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">6.3 ± 0.7 (5–8)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FE33FA0AFE01" box="[1139,1437,438,493]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">6.5 ± 0.6 (5–8)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FD84FA0AFDD4" box="[151,1437,513,568]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FD84FE25FDD4" box="[151,434,513,568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Call duration (s)</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFD84FD5CFDD4" box="[540,715,513,568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.33 ± 0.20 (0.26–0.42)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FD84FC6EFDD4" box="[839,1017,513,568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.27 ± 0.03 (0.2–0.32)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FD84FA0AFDD4" box="[1139,1437,513,568]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.30 ± 0.04 (0.2–0.42)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FDC8FA0AFD68" box="[151,1437,589,644]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FDC8FE25FD68" box="[151,434,589,644]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Intercall interval (s)</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFDC8FD5CFD68" box="[540,715,589,644]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.48 ± 0.16 (0.22–0.98)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FDC8FC6EFD68" box="[839,1017,589,644]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.5 ± 0.15 (0.38–0.97)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FDC8FA0AFD68" box="[1139,1437,589,644]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.5 ± 0.15 (0.22–0.98)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FD1CFA0AFD5C" box="[151,1437,665,688]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FD1CFE25FD5C" box="[151,434,665,688]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Call minute</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFD1CFD5CFD5C" box="[540,715,665,688]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">39.3 ± 10</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FD1CFC6EFD5C" box="[839,1017,665,688]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">35.7 ± 16</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FD1CFA0AFD5C" box="[1139,1437,665,688]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">39.3 ± 6.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FD46FA0AFD16" box="[151,1437,707,762]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FD46FE25FD16" box="[151,434,707,762]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Note duration (s)</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFD46FD5CFD16" box="[540,715,707,762]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.03 ± 0.01 (0.02–0.07)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FD46FC6EFD16" box="[839,1017,707,762]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.02 ± 0.01 (0.01–0.04)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FD46FA0AFD16" box="[1139,1437,707,762]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.03 ± 0.01 (0.01–0.07)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FC8AFA0AFCAA" box="[151,1437,783,838]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FC8AFE25FCAA" box="[151,434,783,838]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Inter–notes interval (s)</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFC8AFD5CFCAA" box="[540,715,783,838]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.02 ± 0.01 (0.01–0.04)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FC8AFC6EFCAA" box="[839,1017,783,838]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.02 ± 0.01 (0.01–0.04)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FC8AFA0AFCAA" box="[1139,1437,783,838]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">0.02 ± 0.01 (0.01–0.04)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FCDEFA0AFC7E" box="[151,1437,859,914]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FCDEFE25FC7E" box="[151,434,859,914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Notes minute</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFCDEFD5CFC7E" box="[540,715,859,914]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">499.8 ± 118.7 (262.4–792.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FCDEFC6EFC7E" box="[839,1017,859,914]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">515.3 ± 102 (323.4–728.3</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FCDEFA0AFC7E" box="[1139,1437,859,914]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">504.8 ± 113 (262.4–792.4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FC20FA0AFC30" box="[151,1437,933,988]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FC20FE25FC30" box="[151,434,933,988]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Frequency ranges (Hz)</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFC20FD5CFC30" box="[540,715,933,988]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">615.3 – 1813.7 n= 68</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FC20FC6EFC30" box="[839,1017,933,988]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">647.5 – 1750.4 n= 56</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FC20FA0AFC30" box="[1139,1437,933,988]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">618.9 – 1771.8 n=125</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FC75FA0AFBCB" box="[151,1437,1008,1063]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FC75FE25FBCB" box="[151,434,1008,1063]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Dominant frequency (Hz)</th>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FA7FFC75FD5CFBCB" box="[540,715,1008,1063]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">1411.9 ± 73.8 (1113.7–1482.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FB24FC75FC6EFBCB" box="[839,1017,1008,1063]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">1470.6 ± 50.9 (1315.8–1568.5)</td>
|
||
<td id="393F6740E238E4D7FC10FC75FA0AFBCB" box="[1139,1437,1008,1063]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">1438.7 ± 70.5 (1113.7–1568.5)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7AEE0E3CE238E4D7F8F4FB16FA0AFB41" box="[151,1437,1171,1197]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="393F6740E238E4D7F8F4FB16FE25FB41" box="[151,434,1171,1197]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Discussion</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8CC45FF5E2381B21F8F4FB5EFACEF8EC" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2381B21F8F4FB5EFE0CFA5C" blockId="9.[151,1437,1243,2016]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21F8B3FB59FE7AFB19" ID-CoL="4S7NW" box="[208,493,1244,1269]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F8B3FB59FE7AFB19" box="[208,493,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Rhinella margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex remains as one of the major problems in South American anuran taxonomy (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21F931FA84FDC3FAF7" author="Fouquet" box="[338,596,1281,1307]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="Fouquet, A., Vences, M., Salducci, M. - D., Meyer, A., Marty, C., Blanc, M. & Gilles, A. (2007 a) Revealling cryptic diversity using molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography in frogs of the Scinax ruber and Rhinella margaritifera species groups. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 567 - 582." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Fouquet
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F9DDFA84FE63FAF6" box="[446,500,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are several undescribed species, and the cryptic morphology amongst representatives of the group turns difficult the systematic arrangement even of the species already described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21F978FACEFE7DFA89" author="Hoogmoed" box="[283,490,1355,1381]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1989) South American bufonids (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), an enigma for taxonomists. In: Fontanet, X. & Horta, N. (Eds.), Treballs d'Ictiologia i Herpetologia. Barcelona, pp. 167 - 180." type="book chapter" year="1989">Hoogmoed 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21F994FACEFDA0FA89" author="Hoogmoed" box="[503,567,1355,1381]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1990) Biosystematics of South American Bufonidae, with special reference to the Bufo " typhonius " group. In: Peters, G. & Hutterer, R. (Eds), Vertebrates in the Tropics. Museum Alexander Koening, Bonn, pp. 113 - 123." type="book chapter" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21FA27FACEFC83FA89" author="Lima" box="[580,788,1355,1381]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Lima, A. P., Menin, M. & Araujo, M. C. (2007) A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa, 1663, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lima
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FAEFFAC9FD56FA89" box="[652,705,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, recent studies have demonstrated that genetic and acoustic differences can be useful tools for differentiating species in this group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21FCB3FAF4FA00FA67" author="Lima" box="[1232,1431,1393,1419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Lima, A. P., Menin, M. & Araujo, M. C. (2007) A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa, 1663, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lima
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FD74FAF4FAC5FA66" box="[1303,1362,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21F8F4FA13FE19FA5C" author="Fouquet" box="[151,398,1430,1456]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="Fouquet, A., Gaucher, P., Blanc, M. & Velez-Rodriguez, C. M. (2007 b) Description of two new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the lowlands of the Guiana shield. Zootaxa, 1663, 17 - 32." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Fouquet
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F89DFA13FEA5FA43" box="[254,306,1430,1455]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2381B21F8A7FA3EFACEF8EC" blockId="9.[151,1437,1243,2016]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
The dominant frequency in calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FA0AFA39FCA2FA39" ID-CoL="6WTLV" box="[617,821,1468,1493]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FA0AFA39FCA2FA39" box="[617,821,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2381B21FB5FFA3EFC0CFA39" box="[828,923,1467,1493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FB5FFA3EFC0CFA39" bold="true" box="[828,923,1467,1493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is similar to what was recorded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FD5AFA39FA0BFA39" ID-CoL="78MK" box="[1337,1436,1468,1493]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FD5AFA39FA0BFA39" box="[1337,1436,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Rhinella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. clade E (1407 Hz), and higher than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FAF2FA64FC95FA16" ID-CoL="4S7NZ" box="[657,770,1505,1530]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FAF2FA64FC95FA16" box="[657,770,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. martyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1169 Hz),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FBF0FA64FB83FA16" ID-CoL="4S7NM" box="[915,1044,1505,1530]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lescurei">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FBF0FA64FB83FA16" box="[915,1044,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. lescurei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1161 Hz), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FCBBFA64FA0BFA16" ID-CoL="4S7NW" box="[1240,1436,1505,1530]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FCBBFA64FA0BFA16" box="[1240,1436,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1265 Hz) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21F941F983FDB5F9CC" author="Fouquet" box="[290,546,1542,1568]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="Fouquet, A., Gaucher, P., Blanc, M. & Velez-Rodriguez, C. M. (2007 b) Description of two new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the lowlands of the Guiana shield. Zootaxa, 1663, 17 - 32." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Fouquet
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F9ECF983FE53F9F3" box="[399,452,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in a representative of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FBF8F983FB3BF9F3" ID-CoL="4S7NW" box="[923,1196,1542,1567]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FBF8F983FB3BF9F3" box="[923,1196,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Rhinella margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2381B21FD27F983FA0AF9CC" box="[1348,1437,1542,1568]" name="Bolivia" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1332 Hz;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2381B21F97BF9AEFEACF9A9" box="[280,315,1579,1605]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
la
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21F902F9AEFDB1F9A9" author="Riva" box="[353,550,1579,1605]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="De la Riva, I., Bosch, J. & Marquez, R. (1996) Advertisement calls of two Bolivian toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo). Herpetological Journal, 6, 59 - 61." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Riva
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F9C2F9A9FE41F9A9" box="[417,470,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Dominant frequency is considerably lower in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FC07F9A9FAA4F9A9" ID-CoL="6WTLV" box="[1124,1331,1580,1605]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FC07F9A9FAA4F9A9" box="[1124,1331,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2381B21FD5FF9AEFA0BF9A9" box="[1340,1436,1579,1605]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FD5FF9AEFA0BF9A9" bold="true" box="[1340,1436,1579,1605]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21F892F9D4FE3EF986" ID-CoL="4S7MM" box="[241,425,1617,1642]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F892F9D4FE3EF986" box="[241,425,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. castaneotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1650 Hz;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21FA52F9D4FCD0F987" author="Kohler" box="[561,839,1617,1643]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Kohler, J. & Lotters, S. (1999) Annotated list of amphibian records from the Departamento Pando, Bolivia, with description of some advertisement calls. Bonner Zoologische Beitraege, 48, 259 - 273." type="journal article" year="1999">Köhler & Lötters 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Frequency range is lower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FC8EF9D4FA0BF986" ID-CoL="4S7NS" box="[1261,1436,1617,1642]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnussoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FC8EF9D4FA0BF986" box="[1261,1436,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. magnussoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1600–2820 Hz;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21F911F9F3FDC7F97C" author="Lima" box="[370,592,1654,1680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Lima, A. P., Menin, M. & Araujo, M. C. (2007) A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa, 1663, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lima
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F9DDF9F3FE6FF963" box="[446,504,1654,1679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FA04F9F3FCB8F963" ID-CoL="4S7MM" box="[615,815,1654,1679]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FA04F9F3FCB8F963" box="[615,815,1654,1679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. castaneotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(900–2600 Hz;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21FC67F9F3FAA5F97C" author="Kohler" box="[1028,1330,1654,1680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Kohler, J. & Lotters, S. (1999) Annotated list of amphibian records from the Departamento Pando, Bolivia, with description of some advertisement calls. Bonner Zoologische Beitraege, 48, 259 - 273." type="journal article" year="1999">Köhler & Lötters 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FDE2F9F3FEB0F959" ID-CoL="4S7PH" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proboscidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FDE2F9F3FEB0F959" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. proboscidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1620–3200 Hz;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21F997F91EFCABF959" author="Zimmerman" box="[500,828,1691,1717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Zimmerman, B. L. & Bogart, J. P. (1988) Ecology and calls of four species of Amazonian forest frogs. Journal of Herpetology, 22 (1), 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1988">Zimmerman & Bogart 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and similar to the Bolivian populations assigned to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21F8A7F944FE4FF936" ID-CoL="4S7NW" box="[196,472,1729,1754]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F8A7F944FE4FF936" box="[196,472,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Rhinella margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (500–1500;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCC94CEEE2381B21FA85F944FC9EF937" box="[742,777,1729,1755]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
la
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21FB53F944FC6DF937" author="Riva" box="[816,1018,1729,1755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="De la Riva, I., Bosch, J. & Marquez, R. (1996) Advertisement calls of two Bolivian toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo). Herpetological Journal, 6, 59 - 61." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Riva
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FB11F944FC3FF936" box="[882,936,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Note duration was lower than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FDE1F944FEB4F913" ID-CoL="4S7NS" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnussoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FDE1F944FEB4F913" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. magnussoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.06 ±
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2381B21F9E6F963FE5AF8EC" box="[389,461,1766,1792]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" precision="555" value="-0.01">0.01 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21F986F963FD3FF8EC" author="Lima" box="[485,680,1766,1792]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Lima, A. P., Menin, M. & Araujo, M. C. (2007) A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa, 1663, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lima
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FA49F963FDC9F913" box="[554,606,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FA8AF963FC0DF913" ID-CoL="4S7PH" box="[745,922,1766,1791]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proboscidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FA8AF963FC0DF913" box="[745,922,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. proboscidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A1EA6AB9E2381B21FBCAF963FC65F8EC" box="[937,1010,1766,1792]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" precision="555" value="-0.12">0.12 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21FC63F963FADAF8EC" author="Zimmerman" box="[1024,1357,1766,1792]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Zimmerman, B. L. & Bogart, J. P. (1988) Ecology and calls of four species of Amazonian forest frogs. Journal of Herpetology, 22 (1), 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1988">Zimmerman & Bogart 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8CC45FF5E2381B22F8A7F88EFAB9FCBE" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE2381B21F8A7F88EFD63F80C" blockId="9.[151,1437,1243,2016]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Moreover, there are clear ecological differences between some of the species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FCF0F889FA0BF8C9" box="[1171,1436,1804,1829]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FCF0F889FA0BF8C9" box="[1171,1436,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Rhinella margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, including geographic distribution, reproductive habitat, and vocalization microhabitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21FD23F8B4FF6AF89C" author="Lima" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Lima, A. P., Menin, M. & Araujo, M. C. (2007) A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa, 1663, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lima
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FDE4F8B4FF39F883" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21F9D8F8D3FDEDF883" box="[443,634,1878,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F9D8F8D3FDEDF883" box="[443,634,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex are distributed mainly in the Amazonia Biome, with a few species occurring in other forested (e.g. Atlantic Forest –
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FB01F8F9FAE5F879" authority="Caramaschi & Pombal 2006" authorityName="Caramaschi & Pombal" authorityYear="2006" box="[866,1394,1915,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoogmoedi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FB01F8F9FB9BF879" box="[866,1036,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. hoogmoedi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21FC76F8FEFAE5F879" author="Caramaschi" box="[1045,1394,1915,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="Caramaschi, U. & Pombal Jr, J. P. (2006) A new species of Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 from the Atlantic rain forest, eastern Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 46 (23), 251 - 259." type="journal article" year="2006">Caramaschi & Pombal 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or opened ecosystems (e.g. Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) –
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21FB4FF824FA84F857" authority="Caramaschi & Niemeyer 2003" authorityName="Caramaschi & Niemeyer" authorityYear="2003" box="[812,1299,1953,1979]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scitula">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21FB4FF824FC0AF856" box="[812,925,1953,1978]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. scitula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE2381B21FBC6F824FA84F857" author="Caramaschi" box="[933,1299,1953,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="Caramaschi, U. & Niemeyer, H. (2003) Nova especie do complexo de Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Rio de Janeiro, 501, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2003">Caramaschi & Niemeyer 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Pantanal –
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE2381B21F8F4F843FEF5F833" box="[151,354,1990,2015]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F8F4F843FEF5F833" box="[151,354,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">R. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E2381B21F909F843FE50F80C" box="[362,455,1990,2016]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE2381B21F909F843FE50F80C" bold="true" box="[362,455,1990,2016]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, present study;
|
||
<figureCitation id="5CE510FBE2381B21FAE2F843FD72F80C" box="[641,741,1990,2016]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1972,1996]" captionTargetBox="[152,1426,1114,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[152,1437,1105,1939]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Geographical distribution map of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov (triangles) and R. scitula (circles). Star = type locality of Rhinella paraguayensis sp. nov and square = type locality of R. scitula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193272/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE23B1B22F8A7FF1DFCA7FE30" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,850]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The calling and reproductive site of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FA1BFF1DFCD1FF5D" box="[632,838,152,178]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FA1BFF1DFD1DFF5D" box="[632,650,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FAFAFF1DFCD1FF5D" box="[665,838,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E23B1B22FB2CFF12FC38FF5D" box="[847,943,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FB2CFF12FC38FF5D" bold="true" box="[847,943,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(Leaves of floating macrophyte or in the ground of river margins) contrasts with several species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FB00FF38FBB6FF3A" box="[867,1057,189,214]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FB00FF38FBB6FF3A" box="[867,1057,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. For instance, males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22F8F4FF67FED2FF17" box="[151,325,226,251]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnussoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22F8F4FF67FED2FF17" box="[151,325,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. magnussoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
call from leaf litter or bellow fallen leaves distant from streams or terrestrial ponds, with egg deposition in fallen tree trunks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22FA68FE8DFD45FECE" author="Lima" box="[523,722,264,290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Lima, A. P., Menin, M. & Araujo, M. C. (2007) A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa, 1663, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Lima
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FA31FE8DFD12FECD" box="[594,645,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FB67FE8DFC2FFECD" box="[772,952,264,289]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FB67FE8DFC2FFECD" box="[772,952,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. castaneotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, calling and egg deposition site occurs in the empty fruit capsules of Brazilian nut trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22FAA2FEA8FCE3FEAB" author="Caldwell" box="[705,884,301,327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Caldwell, J. P. (1991) A new species of toad in the genus Bufo from Para, Brasil, with an unusual breeding site. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 37 (26), 389 - 400." type="journal article" year="1991">Caldwell 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FB95FEA8FB30FEAA" box="[1014,1191,301,326]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proboscidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FB95FEA8FB30FEAA" box="[1014,1191,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. proboscidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
use shallow puddles bordering small streams or temporary pools (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22FABCFED7FBDBFE80" author="Zimmerman" box="[735,1100,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Zimmerman, B. L. & Bogart, J. P. (1988) Ecology and calls of four species of Amazonian forest frogs. Journal of Herpetology, 22 (1), 97 - 108." type="journal article" year="1988">Zimmerman & Bogart 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22FC39FED7FADFFE80" author="Menin" box="[1114,1352,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Menin, M., Rodrigues, D. J. & Lima, A. P. (2006). The tadpole of Rhinella proboscidea (Anura: Bufonidae) with notes on adult reproductive behavior. Zootaxa, 1258, 47 - 56." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Menin
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FCD5FED7FB67FE87" box="[1206,1264,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FDE2FED7FEA2FE7D" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FDE2FED7FEA2FE7D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, males call from the leaf litter surrounding permanent pools, swamps and artificial ponds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22FD3BFEFDFF42FE5B" author="Wells" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Wells, K. D. (1979) Reproductive behavior and male mating success in a Neotropical toad, Bufo typhonius. Biotropica, 11 (4), 301 - 307." type="journal article" year="1979">Wells 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22F9C2FE18FD92FE5A" box="[417,517,413,438]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22F9C2FE18FD92FE5A" box="[417,517,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Rhinella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. use shallow pools on top of large flat boulder with concave surface in the middle of creek beds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22F9F9FE47FCB3FE30" author="Hoogmoed" box="[410,804,450,476]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. & Avila-Pires, T. C. S. (1991) Annotated checklist of the herpetofauna of Petit Saut, Sinnamary river, French Guiana. Zoologische Mededelingen, 65, 53 - 88." type="journal article" year="1991">Hoogmoed and Ávila-Pires 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE23B1B22F8A7FE6DFF5DFCEB" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,850]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The calling site of the new species bears resemblance with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FB84FE6DFB27FDED" box="[999,1200,488,513]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sclerocephala">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FB84FE6DFB27FDED" box="[999,1200,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. sclerocephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose males were observed calling perched on leaf axis of vegetation (Mijares-Urrutia &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22FC6EFD88FB27FDCB" author="Arends" box="[1037,1200,525,551]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Mijares-Urritia, A. & Arends, A. (2001) A new toad of the Bufo margaritifer complex (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from northwestern Venezuela. Herpetologica, 57 (4), 523 - 531." type="journal article" year="2001">Arends 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FC89FD88FA02FDCA" box="[1258,1429,525,550]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoogmoedi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FC89FD88FA02FDCA" box="[1258,1429,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. hoogmoedi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, observed perched in tree trunks at
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE23B1B22FA4EFDB7FDE0FDA0" box="[557,631,562,588]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
|
||
from the ground (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22FB2EFDB7FBF6FDA0" author="Pombal" box="[845,1121,562,588]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Pombal Jr., J. P. & Gordo, M. (2004) Anfibios anuros da Jureia. In: Marques, O. A. V. & Duleba, W. (Eds), Estacao Ecologica Jureia-Itatins: Ambiente fisico, flora e fauna. Holos Editora, Ribeirao Preto, pp. 243 - 256." type="book chapter" year="2004">Pombal & Gordo 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FCABFDB7FAD2FDA7" box="[1224,1349,562,587]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lescurei">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FCABFDB7FAD2FDA7" box="[1224,1349,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. lescurei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which calls on dead trunks, vines and roots distant about
|
||
<quantity id="0326A19BE23B1B22FA9BFDDDFCA2FD9E" box="[760,821,600,626]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
from slowly running water (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22FCECFDDDFA07FD9E" author="Fouquet" box="[1167,1424,600,626]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Fouquet, A., Gaucher, P., Blanc, M. & Velez-Rodriguez, C. M. (2007 b) Description of two new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the lowlands of the Guiana shield. Zootaxa, 1663, 17 - 32." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Fouquet
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FC98FDDDFAAFFD9D" box="[1275,1336,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males calling on the ground near river margins were also observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FBB4FDF8FBD1FD7A" box="[983,1094,637,662]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scitula">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FBB4FDF8FBD1FD7A" box="[983,1094,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. scitula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FCE2FDF8FAB2FD7A" box="[1153,1317,637,662]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoogmoedi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FCE2FDF8FAB2FD7A" box="[1153,1317,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. hoogmoedi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although these species were recorded using small streams inside riparian forest until now (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22FC0DFD27FF40FD0E" author="Caramaschi" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Caramaschi, U. & Niemeyer, H. (2003) Nova especie do complexo de Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Rio de Janeiro, 501, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2003">Caramaschi & Niemeyer 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A04F718FE23B1B22F887FD4DFE6CFD0E" author="Pombal" box="[228,507,712,738]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Pombal Jr., J. P. & Gordo, M. (2004) Anfibios anuros da Jureia. In: Marques, O. A. V. & Duleba, W. (Eds), Estacao Ecologica Jureia-Itatins: Ambiente fisico, flora e fauna. Holos Editora, Ribeirao Preto, pp. 243 - 256." type="book chapter" year="2004">Pombal & Gordo 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), instead of the margins of larger rivers, as observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FCFCFD4DFAE7FD0D" box="[1183,1392,712,737]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FCFCFD4DFAE7FD0D" box="[1183,1392,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED996D17E23B1B22FD1BFD42FF5DFCEB" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FD1BFD42FF5DFCEB" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4610C7EE23B1B22F8A7FC97FAB9FCBE" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,850]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
|
||
In spite of several recent contributions, much work is still needed to evaluate species composition, as well as understanding the geographical distribution and ecological diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03DE77FDE23B1B22FB98FCBDFB2DFCBD" box="[1019,1210,824,849]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6AAD06CE23B1B22FB98FCBDFB2DFCBD" box="[1019,1210,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">R. margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |