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<document id="2B59ECF38FED99D5E2B09A7E39CE0C57" ID-CLB-Dataset="37609" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.193975" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4119246b-586f-46c6-8619-f0fc2e978b13" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="193975" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460182075556" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dimitrov, Dimitar &amp; Hormiga, Gustavo" docDate="2010" docId="0E3C87C9FFF1634FC0A26B71B195D3AA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02396p036.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2396" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Leucauge venusta Walckenaer 1841" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="F205FFB1FFF46340C0356D24B307D356" masterDocTitle="Mr. Darwin’s mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1732903867396" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="32FDDC37787B9C12DC9C6F8CAA6FA3E3">Mr. Darwin’s mysterious spider: on the type species of the genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D629CEC97D696729E8C9CA12782FCF3D">Dimitrov, Dimitar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C308C1231AD51F6B459898486FA4A3BB">Hormiga, Gustavo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="315953FBE3DE93FCBA640B1A9E5F9106">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DA3B9EEE68016D8C690007BF3E34EB33">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A34BEA47E6977621BF02269C2F88B758">2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="3FD375FE8E81C20D6E4CD5F2ED293E5B" type="volume">
<mods:number id="0A75FC679EB84692CDF86C3F2AC8ED23">2396</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="F68DC49C9969F8ECB12150311B8CFAE7">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="BCA08CE984424FCA43EC0E8A0BEF10B0" type="CLB-Dataset">37609</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7C3A9639362328D29EB97850271ABB01" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.193975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="688030B0663E2A826A755DFC00A5FCE6" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0E3C87C9FFF1634FC0A26B71B195D3AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6205864" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124956618" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6205864" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E3C87C9FFF1634FC0A26B71B195D3AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E3C87C9FFF1634FC0A26B71B195D3AA" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" scope_family="Tetragnathidae" scope_order="Araneae">
<subSubSection id="CE8F6554FFF16345C0A26B71B236D5C4" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF16345C0A26B71B16FD539" blockId="5.[151,616,1621,1682]" box="[151,616,1621,1647]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<heading id="DD6281B3FFF16345C0A26B71B16FD539" bold="true" box="[151,616,1621,1647]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF16345C0A26B71B16FD539" ID-CoL="723LS" authority="Walckenaer, 1841" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,616,1621,1647]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF16345C0A26B71B16FD539" bold="true" box="[151,616,1621,1647]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF16345C0A26B71B276D539" bold="true" box="[151,369,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C1B56B71B167D539" author="Walckenaer" box="[384,608,1621,1647]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Walckenaer, C. A. (1841) Histoire naturelle des Insects. Apteres. Paris 2, 1 - 549." type="journal article" year="1841">Walckenaer, 1841</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF16345C0A26B5CB236D5C4" blockId="5.[151,616,1621,1682]" box="[151,305,1656,1682]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF16345C0A26B5CB236D5C4" box="[151,305,1656,1682]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-10="FIGURE 11" captionStart-11="FIGURE 12" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStart-8="FIGURE 9" captionStart-9="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="3.[151,255,1852,1876]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionStartId-10="13.[151,257,1926,1950]" captionStartId-11="14.[151,255,1657,1681]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,255,945,969]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,255,1792,1816]" captionStartId-4="7.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionStartId-5="8.[151,255,1713,1737]" captionStartId-6="9.[151,255,1347,1371]" captionStartId-7="10.[151,256,1698,1722]" captionStartId-8="11.[151,255,1977,2001]" captionStartId-9="12.[151,256,1848,1872]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,208,1828]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1424,202,1864]" captionTargetBox-10="[151,1436,458,1904]" captionTargetBox-11="[151,1436,194,1634]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1426,401,898]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1434,1020,1770]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,530,1880]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,194,1691]" captionTargetBox-6="[151,1435,329,1322]" captionTargetBox-7="[151,1436,197,1674]" captionTargetBox-8="[151,1435,748,1955]" captionTargetBox-9="[151,1435,567,1824]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,208,1831]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1867]" captionTargetId-10="figure@13.[151,1436,458,1904]" captionTargetId-11="figure@14.[151,1436,194,1635]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1436,386,924]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[151,1436,1020,1771]" captionTargetId-4="figure@7.[151,1436,530,1882]" captionTargetId-5="figure@8.[151,1436,194,1692]" captionTargetId-6="figure@9.[151,1436,329,1325]" captionTargetId-7="figure@10.[151,1436,197,1677]" captionTargetId-8="figure@11.[151,1436,748,1956]" captionTargetId-9="figure@12.[151,1436,567,1827]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-10="13" captionTargetPageId-11="14" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionTargetPageId-4="7" captionTargetPageId-5="8" captionTargetPageId-6="9" captionTargetPageId-7="10" captionTargetPageId-8="11" captionTargetPageId-9="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Leucauge venusta live female from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): lateral A – D, F; ventral E; dorsal G." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro), palp: prolateral A; retrolateral B; ventral C; sperm duct path D; artificially expanded palp prolateral E; expanded palp retrolateral F. Scale bars: A – C 0.5 mm, D 0.2 mm." captionText-10="FIGURE 11. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Tracheal atrium caudal view A. Epigynum: dorsal B; anterior view C; lateral D. Spermathecae E. Fertilization ducts F. Spermathecae base G. Scale bars: 10 µm A, E – G; 100 µm B; 30 µm C; 20 µm D." captionText-11="FIGURE 12. Leucauge venusta (from Rio de Janeiro) female web architecture A – F." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Leucauge venusta epigynum (from Rio de Janeiro): dorsal A; ventral B. Scale bars 0.2 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Leucauge venusta male from Rio de Janeiro (in alcohol): frontal A; dorsal B; ventral C; lateral D." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Chelicerae: frontal A; lateral B; ventral C. Cephalothorax: ventral D; lateral E; dorsal F. Abdomen leteral G. Scale bars: 100 µm." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen ventral A. Epiandrous fusules B. Palp: dorsal C; prolateral D; apical F; apical details E, G. Scale bars: 100 µm A, C, D; 10 µm B, G, E; 20 µm F." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Palp details: conductor and embolus A – C; paracymbium D. Scale bars: 10 µm A, C; 20 µm B, D." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Cephalothorax: dorsal (cleared) A; ventral B; lateral C. Chelicerae: ventral D; frontal E; lateral F. Leg IV femur G. Scale bars: 100 µm." captionText-8="FIGURE 9. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen: ventral A; lateral B. Epigynum: dorsal C; caudal D; dorso-caudal E; lateral F. Scale bars: 200 µm A – B; 20 µm C – E; 10 µm F." captionText-9="FIGURE 10. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Spinnerets: ventral A; PLS B; ALS C; PMS D. Leg IV trichobothria E. Tracheae: tracheal system F; tracheal base anteriorly G. Scale bars: 100 µm A, G; 10 µm B, C, D; 2 µm E; 200 µm F." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/193976/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/193977/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/193986/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/193987/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/193978/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/193979/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/193980/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/193981/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/193982/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/193983/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/193984/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/193985/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Figures 1–12</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CE8F6554FFF16349C0A26BE6B22FD274" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF16345C0A26BE6B0A3D58F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1730,2009]" box="[151,932,1730,1753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A68511F1FFF16345C0A26BE6B0A3D58F" box="[151,932,1730,1753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF16345C0A26BE6B121D58F" authority="Walckenaer, 1841: 90" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityPageNumber="90" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,550,1730,1753]" class="Arachnida" genus="Epeira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF16345C0A26BE6B23FD58F" box="[151,312,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Epeira venusta</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF16345C10B6BE6B121D58F" author="Walckenaer" box="[318,550,1730,1753]" page="90" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" year="1841">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C10B6BE6B107D58F" author="Walckenaer" box="[318,512,1730,1753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Walckenaer, C. A. (1841) Histoire naturelle des Insects. Apteres. Paris 2, 1 - 549." type="journal article" year="1841">Walckenaer, 1841</bibRefCitation>
: 90
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see comments below about
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFF16345C36E6BE6B09FD58F" box="[859,920,1730,1753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">types</typeStatus>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF16345C0A26BC6B262D46F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1730,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A68511F1FFF16345C0A26BC6B262D46F" infered="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF16345C0A26BC6B1E2D5AF" authority="White, 1841: 473" authorityName="White" authorityPageNumber="473" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,741,1762,1785]" class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Linyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrobapta" subGenus="Leucauge">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF16345C0A26BC6B10AD5AF" box="[151,525,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Linyphia (Leucauge) argyrobapta</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF16345C22F6BC6B1E2D5AF" author="White" box="[538,741,1762,1785]" page="473" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" year="1841">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C22F6BC6B1A3D5AF" author="White" box="[538,676,1762,1785]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="White, A. (1841) Description of new or little known Arachnida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 471 - 477." type="journal article" year="1841">White, 1841</bibRefCitation>
: 473
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFF16345C2C36BC6B02CD5AF" box="[758,811,1762,1785]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
lost (
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C3416BC6B713D5AF" author="Levi" box="[884,1044,1762,1785]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Levi, H. W. (1980) The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology Harvard, 149, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980:23</bibRefCitation>
), Male
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFF16345C4476BC6B7C1D5AF" box="[1138,1222,1762,1785]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
designated herein, deposited in MNRJ col. number MNRJ 9038 (see comments below about
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFF16345C3EA6A26B71CD44F" box="[991,1051,1794,1817]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">types</typeStatus>
), from Rio de Janeiro,
<collectingCountry id="FE82764FFFF16345C5256A26B652D44F" box="[1296,1365,1794,1817]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. NEW SYNONYMY.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF16345C0A26A66B116D40F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1730,2009]" box="[151,529,1858,1881]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A68511F1FFF16345C0A26A66B116D40F" box="[151,529,1858,1881]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF16345C0A26A66B10AD40F" authority="Hentz, 1847: 477" authorityName="Hentz" authorityPageNumber="477" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,525,1858,1881]" class="Arachnida" genus="Epeira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hortorum">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF16345C0A26A66B24DD40F" box="[151,330,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Epeira hortorum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF16345C1646A66B10AD40F" author="Hentz" box="[337,525,1858,1881]" page="477" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" year="1847">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C1646A66B2DFD40F" author="Hentz" box="[337,472,1858,1881]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Hentz, N. M. (1847) Descriptions and figures of the araneides of the United States. Boston Journal of natural History, 5, 443 - 478." type="journal article" year="1847">Hentz, 1847</bibRefCitation>
: 477
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF16345C0A26A46B17DD42F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1730,2009]" box="[151,634,1890,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A68511F1FFF16345C0A26A46B17DD42F" box="[151,634,1890,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF16345C0A26A46B278D42F" box="[151,383,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF16345C0A26A46B21FD42F" ID-CoL="64744" box="[151,280,1890,1913]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tetragnatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tetragnatha</taxonomicName>
5-lineata
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF16345C1B36A46B170D42F" author="Keyserling" box="[390,631,1890,1913]" page="145" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" year="1864">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C1B36A46B146D42F" author="Keyserling" box="[390,577,1890,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Keyserling, E. (1864) Beschreibungen neuer und wenig bekannter Arten aus der Familie Orbitelae Latr. oder Epeiridae Sund. Sitzungsberichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Isis zu Dresden, 1863, 63 - 98, 119 - 154." type="journal article" year="1864">Keyserling, 1864</bibRefCitation>
: 145
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF16345C0A26AA6B757D4CF" blockId="5.[151,1436,1730,2009]" box="[151,1104,1922,1945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A68511F1FFF16345C0A26AA6B757D4CF" box="[151,1104,1922,1945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF16345C0A26AA6B169D4CF" authority="Emerton, 1884: 332" authorityName="Emerton" authorityPageNumber="332" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,622,1922,1945]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Argyroepeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hortorum">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF16345C0A26AA6B288D4CF" box="[151,399,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Argyroepeira hortorum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF16345C1A36AA6B169D4CF" author="Emerton" box="[406,622,1922,1945]" page="332" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C1A36AA6B13ED4CF" author="Emerton" box="[406,569,1922,1945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Emerton, J. H. (1884) New England spiders of the family Epeiridae. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 6, 295 - 342." type="journal article" year="1884">Emerton, 1884</bibRefCitation>
: 332
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF16345C24C6AA6B06DD4CF" author="Keyserling" box="[633,874,1922,1945]" page="333" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C24C6AA6B033D4CF" author="Keyserling" box="[633,820,1922,1945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Keyserling, E. (1893) Die Spinnen Amerikas. Epeiridae. Nurnberg, Germany 4, 209 - 377." type="journal article" year="1893">Keyserling, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 333
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF16345C3406AA6B74BD4CF" author="Emerton" box="[885,1100,1922,1945]" page="192" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" year="1902">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C3406AA6B710D4CF" author="Emerton" box="[885,1047,1922,1945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Emerton, J. H. (1902) The common spiders of the United States. Boston, pp. 1 - 225." type="book chapter" year="1902">Emerton, 1902</bibRefCitation>
: 192
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF16345C0A26A86B166D4EF" blockId="5.[151,1436,1730,2009]" box="[151,609,1954,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A68511F1FFF16345C0A26A86B166D4EF" box="[151,609,1954,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF16345C0A26A86B15BD4EF" authority="McCook, 1894: 242" authorityName="McCook" authorityPageNumber="242" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,604,1954,1977]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Argyroepeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF16345C0A26A86B27BD4EF" box="[151,380,1954,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Argyroepeira venusta</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF16345C1B66A86B15BD4EF" author="McCook" box="[387,604,1954,1977]" page="242" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" year="1894">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C1B66A86B120D4EF" author="McCook" box="[387,551,1954,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="McCook, H. C. (1894) American spiders and their spinning work. Philadelphia 3, 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1894">McCook, 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 242
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF16345C0A26AE6B71FD48F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1730,2009]" box="[151,1048,1986,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A68511F1FFF16345C0A26AE6B71FD48F" box="[151,1048,1986,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF16345C0A26AE6B1FDD48F" ID-CoL="723ZW" authority="Cambridge, 1902b: 16" authorityName="Cambridge" authorityPageNumber="16" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,762,1986,2009]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrobapta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF16345C0A26AE6B28FD48F" box="[151,392,1986,2009]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Leucauge argyrobapta</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF16345C1BA6AE6B186D48F" author="Cambridge" box="[399,641,1986,2009]" page="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" year="1902">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF16345C1BA6AE6B15ED48F" author="Cambridge" box="[399,601,1986,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" refString="Cambridge, F. O. P. -. (1902 b) A revision of the genera of Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 9, 5 - 20." type="journal article" year="1902" yearSuffix="b">Cambridge, 1902b</bibRefCitation>
: 16
</treatmentCitation>
, 1903: 438
</taxonomicName>
; Petrunkevitch, 1911: 355.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF26346C0A26DBCB1D8D259" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,335]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A68511F1FFF26346C0A26DBCB1D8D259" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C0A26DBCB12BD3F9" ID-CoL="723LS" authority="Walckenaer, 1841" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,556,152,175]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C0A26DBCB251D3F9" box="[151,342,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C1566DBCB123D3F9" author="Walckenaer" box="[355,548,152,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Walckenaer, C. A. (1841) Histoire naturelle des Insects. Apteres. Paris 2, 1 - 549." type="journal article" year="1841">Walckenaer, 1841</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
F. O. P.-
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C2B06DBCB07FD3F9" author="Cambridge" box="[645,888,152,175]" page="441" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C2B06DBCB044D3F9" author="Cambridge" box="[645,835,152,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="34" refString="Cambridge, F. O. P. -. (1903) Arachnida - Araneida and Opiliones. In Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London, 2, 425 - 464." type="journal article" year="1903">Cambridge, 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 441
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C3B66DBCB796D3F9" author="Petrunkevitch" box="[899,1169,152,175]" page="266" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1930">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C3B66DBCB75BD3F9" author="Petrunkevitch" box="[899,1116,152,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" refString="Petrunkevitch, A. (1930) The spiders of Porto Rico. Part two. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 30, 159 - 356." type="journal article" year="1930">Petrunkevitch, 1930</bibRefCitation>
: 266
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C4AE6DBCB638D3F9" author="Saito" box="[1179,1343,152,175]" page="48" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C4AE6DBCB61FD3F9" author="Saito" box="[1179,1304,152,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Saito, S. (1933) Notes on the spiders from Formosa. Transactions of the Sapporo natural History Society, 13, 32 - 61." type="journal article" year="1933">Saito, 1933</bibRefCitation>
: 48
</treatmentCitation>
; Kaston, 1948: 265;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C17C6D9CB2FBD399" author="Archer" box="[329,508,184,207]" page="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C17C6D9CB2DAD399" author="Archer" box="[329,477,184,207]" pageId="6" pageNumber="34" refString="Archer, A. F. (1951) Studies in the orbweaving spiders (Argiopidae). 1. American Museum Novitates, 1487, 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1951">Archer, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 6
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C2396D9CB1DAD399" author="Wiehle" box="[524,733,184,207]" page="193" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1967">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C2396D9CB1A4D399" author="Wiehle" box="[524,675,184,207]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Wiehle, H. (1967) Meta, - eine semientelegyne Gattung der Araneae (Arach.). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 48, 183 - 196." type="journal article" year="1967">Wiehle, 1967</bibRefCitation>
: 193
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C2D96D9CB093D399" author="Levi" box="[748,916,184,207]" page="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C2D96D9CB06ED399" author="Levi" box="[748,873,184,207]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" refString="Levi, H. W. (1980) The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology Harvard, 149, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 25
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C3906D9CB79ED399" author="Coddington" box="[933,1177,184,207]" page="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1990">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C3906D9CB76AD399" author="Coddington" box="[933,1133,184,207]" pageId="6" pageNumber="34" refString="Coddington, J. A. (1990) Ontogeny and homology in the male palpus of orb-weaving spiders and their relatives, with comments on phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 496, 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1990">Coddington, 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 17
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C49C6D9CB2C2D3B9" author="Hormiga" page="324" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C49C6D9CB28AD3B9" author="Hormiga" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" refString="Hormiga, G., Eberhard, W. G., &amp; Coddington, J. A. (1995) Web-construction behaviour in Australian Phonognatha and the phylogeny of nephiline and tetragnathid spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 43, 313 - 364." type="journal article" year="1995">Hormiga, Eberhard &amp; Coddington, 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 324
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C1E66DFCB1E7D3B9" author="Dondale" box="[467,736,216,239]" page="51" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C1E66DFCB1B1D3B9" author="Dondale" box="[467,694,216,239]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" refString="Dondale, C. D., Redner, J. H., Paquin, P., &amp; Levi, H. W. (2003) The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 23. The orbweaving spiders of Canada and Alaska (Araneae: Uloboridae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Theridiosomatidae). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Canada, 371 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Dondale
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C2036DFCB169D3B9" box="[566,622,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
: 51
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C2DB6DFCB712D3B9" author="Alvarez-Padilla" box="[750,1045,216,239]" page="291" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C2DB6DFCB0D9D3B9" author="Alvarez-Padilla" box="[750,990,216,239]" pageId="6" pageNumber="34" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F. (2007) Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151, 285 - 335." type="journal article" year="2007">Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 291
</treatmentCitation>
; Álvarez-Padilla &amp; Hormiga, 2008: 540;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C0C86DDCB1DCD259" author="Kuntner" box="[253,731,248,271]" page="177" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C0C86DDCB1A1D259" author="Kuntner" box="[253,678,248,271]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" refString="Kuntner, M., Coddington, J., &amp; Hormiga, G. (2008) Phylogeny of extant nephilid orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Nephilidae): testing morphological and ethological homologies. Cladistics, 24, 147 - 217." type="journal article" year="2008">Kuntner, Coddington &amp; Hormiga, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 177
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF26346C0A26C3CB020D279" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,335]" box="[151,807,280,303]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A68511F1FFF26346C0A26C3CB020D279" box="[151,807,280,303]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C0A26C3CB128D279" authority="Banks, 1909: 163" authorityName="Banks" authorityPageNumber="163" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,559,280,303]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hortorum">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C0A26C3CB26DD279" box="[151,362,280,303]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Leucauge hortorum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C1456C3CB128D279" author="Banks" box="[368,559,280,303]" page="163" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C1456C3CB2FED279" author="Banks" box="[368,505,280,303]" pageId="6" pageNumber="34" refString="Banks, N. (1909) Arachnida of Cuba. Estacion central agronomica de Cuba, Second Report. II: 150 - 174." type="book chapter" year="1909">Banks, 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 163
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C20F6C3CB023D279" author="Franganillo" box="[570,804,280,303]" page="85" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1936">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C20F6C3CB1FCD279" author="Franganillo" box="[570,763,280,303]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" refString="Franganillo, B., P. (1936) Los aracnidos de Cuba hasta 1936. Cultural, La Habana, Cuba, 183 pp." type="book" year="1936">Franganillo, 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 85
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF26346C0A26C1CB113D219" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,335]" box="[151,532,312,335]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A68511F1FFF26346C0A26C1CB113D219" box="[151,532,312,335]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C0A26C1CB117D219" ID-CoL="723KN" authority="Archer, 1951: 6" authorityName="Archer" authorityPageNumber="6" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,528,312,335]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mabelae">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C0A26C1CB258D219" box="[151,351,312,335]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Leucauge mabelae</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="073410CEFFF26346C1536C1CB117D219" author="Archer" box="[358,528,312,335]" page="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C1536C1CB2F2D219" author="Archer" box="[358,501,312,335]" pageId="6" pageNumber="34" refString="Archer, A. F. (1951) Studies in the orbweaving spiders (Argiopidae). 1. American Museum Novitates, 1487, 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1951">Archer, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 6
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<caption id="D2EA6657FFF26346C0A26E95B7F6D09E" box="[151,1265,945,969]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193978/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" targetBox="[160,1426,401,898]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF26346C0A26E95B7F6D09E" blockId="6.[151,1265,945,969]" box="[151,1265,945,969]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C0A26E95B21ED09F" bold="true" box="[151,281,945,969]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C1156E96B2D8D09F" ID-CoL="723LS" box="[288,479,946,969]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C1156E96B2D8D09F" box="[288,479,946,969]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
epigynum (from Rio de Janeiro): dorsal A; ventral B. Scale bars 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D2EA6657FFF26346C0A26A24B637D441" box="[151,1328,1792,1816]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193979/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" targetBox="[151,1434,1020,1770]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF26346C0A26A24B637D441" blockId="6.[151,1328,1792,1816]" box="[151,1328,1792,1816]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C0A26A24B21ED44E" bold="true" box="[151,281,1792,1816]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C1156A24B2D8D441" ID-CoL="723LS" box="[288,479,1792,1815]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C1156A24B2D8D441" box="[288,479,1792,1815]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male from Rio de Janeiro (in alcohol): frontal A; dorsal B; ventral C; lateral D.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF26349C0A26A64B22FD274" blockId="6.[151,1437,1856,2031]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,152,290]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C0A26A64B266D40C" bold="true" box="[151,353,1856,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
Notes on
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFF26346C1246A64B25DD40C" box="[273,346,1856,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">types</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF26346C15C6A64B189D40C" author="Cambridge" box="[361,654,1856,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="34" refString="Cambridge, F. O. P. -. (1903) Arachnida - Araneida and Opiliones. In Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London, 2, 425 - 464." type="journal article" year="1903">Cambridge (1903: 438)</bibRefCitation>
, in pointing out that it was not possible to settle the identity of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C0A26A42B2BBD429" ID-CoL="723ZW" box="[151,444,1894,1919]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrobapta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C0A26A42B2BBD429" box="[151,444,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Leucauge argyrobapta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“with absolute certainty” suggested that “there is a strong probability” that
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C0A26AAFB220D4F2" ID-CoL="723ZW" box="[151,295,1931,1956]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrobapta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C0A26AAFB220D4F2" box="[151,295,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">argyrobapta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C1C46AAFB0AED4F3" ID-CoL="6PRZD" authority="Blackwall, 1863" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1863" box="[497,937,1931,1957]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C1C46AAFB1CCD4F2" box="[497,715,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Leucauge formosa</emphasis>
(Blackwall, 1863)
</taxonomicName>
, the latter also collected in Rio de Janeiro. He also noted that the specimens of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C2736A94B025D49F" ID-CoL="6PRZD" box="[582,802,1968,1993]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C2736A94B025D49F" box="[582,802,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Leucauge formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that he examined (which were part of the Keyserling collection) were “specifically distinct” from
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C2FB6AF2B0F3D4B9" box="[718,1012,2006,2031]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Argyroepeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hortorum">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C2FB6AF2B0F3D4B9" box="[718,1012,2006,2031]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Argyroepeira hortorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF26346C4146AF2B7A3D4B9" ID-CoL="723LS" box="[1057,1188,2006,2031]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF26346C4146AF2B7A3D4B9" box="[1057,1188,2006,2031]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">L. venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Despite the noted uncertainty, Cambridge did explicitly equate
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF36347C2826DBCB04CD3E7" ID-CoL="723ZW" box="[695,843,152,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrobapta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF36347C2826DBCB04CD3E7" box="[695,843,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">argyrobapta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF36347C3A56DBCB0F5D3E7" ID-CoL="6PRZD" box="[912,1010,152,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF36347C3A56DBCB0F5D3E7" box="[912,1010,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(op. cit., p. 538). Fortunately, such synonymy was not followed by subsequent authors. Illustrations of the epigynum and male palp of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF36347C51F6D99B3F0D3AD" ID-CoL="6PRZD" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF36347C51F6D99B3F0D3AD" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Leucauge formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
done by H.W. Levi (and available on line at http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/levi/
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF36347C4DB6DC6B65ED3AA" ID-CoL="5DRD" box="[1262,1369,226,252]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">leucauge</taxonomicName>
.html) clearly show that this latter species is different from
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF36347C33E6C2CB09AD277" ID-CoL="723ZW" box="[779,925,264,289]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrobapta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF36347C33E6C2CB09AD277" box="[779,925,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">argyrobapta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Levi’s excellent illustrations are based on specimens from Rio de Janeiro, housed in the Keyserling Collection at the Natural History Museum in London, which according to Levi were probably borrowed from John Blackwall). Under these circumstances, the only way to settle the question of the taxonomic identity of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF36347C3426C5CB771D2C7" box="[887,1142,376,401]" class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Linyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrobapta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF36347C3426C5CB771D2C7" box="[887,1142,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Linyphia argyrobapta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is to designate a
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFF36347C50A6C5CB69BD2C4" box="[1343,1436,376,402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
collected in the
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFF36347C1516CB9B29DD2E1" box="[356,410,413,439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
locality (Rio de Janeiro), in fulfillment of the qualifying conditions for
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFF36347C50C6CB9B69AD2E1" box="[1337,1437,413,439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
designation stated in the ICZN (Art. 75.3). As it turns,
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF36347C32F6CE6B71ED28D" box="[794,1049,450,475]" class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Linyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrobapta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF36347C32F6CE6B71ED28D" box="[794,1049,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Linyphia argyrobapta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF36348C5056CE6B3F6D46E" class="Arachnida" genus="Epeira" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="27" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF36348C5056CE6B3F6D46E" italics="true" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Epeira venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFFC6348C1006A3BB260D46F" box="[309,359,1823,1849]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFC6348C1A56A3BB145D46E" box="[400,578,1823,1848]" class="Arachnida" genus="Epeira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFC6348C1A56A3BB145D46E" box="[400,578,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Epeira venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an illustration by John Abbot from his unpublished manuscript on the spiders of
<collectingCountry id="FE82764FFFFC6348C1226A60B270D408" box="[279,375,1860,1886]" name="Georgia" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Georgia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="FE82764FFFFC6348C1BD6A60B2CCD408" box="[392,459,1860,1886]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">USA</collectingCountry>
). Abbot’s original illustration is in the library of the Natural History Museum in London.
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFFC6348C13F6A4DB2FCD4D5" author="Walckenaer" box="[266,507,1897,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" refString="Walckenaer, C. A. (1841) Histoire naturelle des Insects. Apteres. Paris 2, 1 - 549." type="journal article" year="1841">Walckenaer (1841)</bibRefCitation>
used Abbot’s manuscript (p. 13, fig. 113) to describe
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFC6348C4806A4DB672D4D4" box="[1205,1397,1897,1922]" class="Arachnida" genus="Epeira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFC6348C4806A4DB672D4D4" box="[1205,1397,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Epeira venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A photocopy of Abbot’s illustration, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, was examined by
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFFC6348C4D26AABB675D4FF" author="Levi" box="[1255,1394,1935,1961]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Levi, H. W. (1980) The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology Harvard, 149, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi (1980)</bibRefCitation>
for his redescription of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFC6348C1BC6A90B166D49B" ID-CoL="723LS" box="[393,609,1972,1997]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFC6348C1BC6A90B166D49B" box="[393,609,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. That the name
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFC6348C3126A90B085D49B" ID-CoL="723LS" box="[807,898,1972,1997]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFC6348C3126A90B085D49B" box="[807,898,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was published in 1841, and before Whites’s
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFC6348C0A26AFDB22ED4A4" box="[151,297,2009,2034]" class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Linyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrobapta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFC6348C0A26AFDB22ED4A4" box="[151,297,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">argyrobapta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is clear from White’s (1841: 473) footnote about Walckenaer’s work: “
<date id="F22B101FFFFC6348C4B66AFDB7D2D4A5" box="[1155,1237,2009,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">July 2.</date>
Since this paper was written the 2nd volume of Walckenaer’s work has been published.“ It is in this second volume where the description of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFD6349C1666D99B112D380" box="[339,533,189,214]" class="Arachnida" genus="Epeira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C1666D99B112D380" box="[339,533,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Epeira venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was first published. Levi and Levi (1961: 54) also provide additional compelling evidence that Walckenaer’s description was published in 1841, and not in 1842 as stated in Bonnet (1945: 625).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D2EA6657FFF36347C0A26A4BB079D4F0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193980/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[151,1436,530,1880]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF36347C0A26A4BB079D4F0" blockId="7.[151,1437,1903,1958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF36347C0A26A4BB21BD4D1" bold="true" box="[151,284,1903,1927]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF36347C1166A54B2E1D4D1" box="[291,486,1904,1927]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF36347C1166A54B2E1D4D1" box="[291,486,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male (from Rio de Janeiro). Chelicerae: frontal A; lateral B; ventral C. Cephalothorax: ventral D; lateral E; dorsal F. Abdomen leteral G. Scale bars: 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D2EA6657FFFC6348C0A26B95B795D5BB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193981/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1691]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFFC6348C0A26B95B795D5BB" blockId="8.[151,1436,1713,1773]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFC6348C0A26B95B21CD59F" bold="true" box="[151,283,1713,1737]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFC6348C1176B96B2E3D59F" box="[290,484,1714,1737]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFC6348C1176B96B2E3D59F" box="[290,484,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen ventral A. Epiandrous fusules B. Palp: dorsal C; prolateral D; apical F; apical details E, G. Scale bars: 100 µm A, C, D; 10 µm B, G, E; 20 µm F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D2EA6657FFFD6349C0A26867B123D62C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193982/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[151,1435,329,1322]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFFD6349C0A26867B123D62C" blockId="9.[151,1436,1347,1402]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C0A26867B21ED60D" bold="true" box="[151,281,1347,1371]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFD6349C1146867B2E5D60C" box="[289,482,1347,1370]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C1146867B2E5D60C" box="[289,482,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male (from Rio de Janeiro). Palp details: conductor and embolus A–C; paracymbium D. Scale bars: 10 µm A, C; 20 µm B, D.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="CE8F6554FFFD6349C0F3688CB629D55B" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFFD6349C0F3688CB629D55B" blockId="9.[151,1437,1448,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C0F3688CB245D694" bold="true" box="[198,322,1448,1474]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFFD6349C0F3688CB23AD694" box="[198,317,1448,1474]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" type="neotype">Neotypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFFD6349C178688DB2AAD694" box="[333,429,1449,1474]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" type="neotype">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C178688DB2AAD694" box="[333,429,1449,1474]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Neotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
by present designation, male from
<collectingCountry id="FE82764FFFFD6349C357688CB0ABD694" box="[866,940,1448,1474]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Rio de Janeiro, Botanical garden of the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, lat. -22.90842, long. -43.223547
<date id="F22B101FFFFD6349C3F568E9B75AD6B1" box="[960,1117,1485,1511]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" value="2007-08-21">21 VIII 2007</date>
, leg. Abel Pérez-González, Adriano B. Kury, Thiago S. Moreira, Dimitar Dimitrov and Gustavo Hormiga (deposited in MNRJ).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CE8F6554FFFD6349C0F36B3DB7B5D4A4" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFFD6349C0F36B3DB7B5D4A4" blockId="9.[151,1437,1448,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C0F36B3DB23AD564" box="[198,317,1561,1586]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Many
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFD6349C1916B3DB111D564" box="[420,534,1561,1586]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C1916B3DB111D564" box="[420,534,1561,1586]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Leucauge</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are very similar and identification can be difficult. Males of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFD6349C5B16B3DB3F5D501" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C5B16B3DB3F5D501" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">L. venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from similar species [e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFD6349C3006B1AB79ED501" authority="Blackwall, 1863" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1863" box="[821,1177,1597,1623]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C3006B1AB0B1D501" box="[821,950,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">L. formosa</emphasis>
(Blackwall, 1863)
</taxonomicName>
] by the orientation of the conductor, which is more parallel to the tegulum (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFD6349C3236B47B05AD52B" box="[790,861,1635,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[155,1424,202,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1867]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro), palp: prolateral A; retrolateral B; ventral C; sperm duct path D; artificially expanded palp prolateral E; expanded palp retrolateral F. Scale bars: A – C 0.5 mm, D 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193977/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B–C) than in other similar species. The shape of the apical processes of the conductor is also characteristic (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFD6349C3796BACB095D5F4" box="[844,914,1672,1698]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[155,1424,202,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1867]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro), palp: prolateral A; retrolateral B; ventral C; sperm duct path D; artificially expanded palp prolateral E; expanded palp retrolateral F. Scale bars: A – C 0.5 mm, D 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193977/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–F). Other male genitalic characters which are useful to distinguish
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFD6349C1896B8AB131D591" box="[444,566,1710,1735]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C1896B8AB131D591" box="[444,566,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">L. venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from similar congeners are: the size and position of the subtegulum with relation to the tegulum and the shape and size of the paracymbium. The epigynum (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFD6349C4526BF7B7ABD5BB" box="[1127,1196,1747,1773]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,945,969]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,401,898]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,386,924]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Leucauge venusta epigynum (from Rio de Janeiro): dorsal A; ventral B. Scale bars 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193978/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B) is quite similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFD6349C0DF6BDDB26ED444" box="[234,361,1785,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C0DF6BDDB26ED444" box="[234,361,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">L. formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, size and shape of spermathecae in
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFD6349C3B46BDDB0FDD444" box="[897,1018,1785,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C3B46BDDB0FDD444" box="[897,1018,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">L. venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique to this latter species (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFD6349C5596BDCB3A2D46E" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,945,969]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,401,898]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,386,924]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Leucauge venusta epigynum (from Rio de Janeiro): dorsal A; ventral B. Scale bars 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193978/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Coloration and color pattern in both males and females of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFD6349C3B36A3AB0FFD461" box="[902,1016,1822,1847]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C3B36A3AB0FFD461" box="[902,1016,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Leucauge</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are important and diagnostic. They often vary considerably among species with similar genitalic morphology, hence, facilitating the correct identification. In live specimens, the abdomen of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFD6349C2DB6A4CB06CD4D7" box="[750,875,1896,1922]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C2DB6A4CB1F9D4D7" box="[750,766,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFD6349C33A6A4CB06CD4D7" box="[783,875,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has four distinct red-orange markings (silvery when in alcohol) (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFD6349C1476AAAB2B2D4FE" box="[370,437,1934,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,208,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,208,1831]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leucauge venusta live female from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): lateral A – D, F; ventral E; dorsal G." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193976/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A–G). Two are ventral and two are dorso-lateral. The ventral markings are parallel and placed laterally on distal third of the abdomen. They join proximally to form a U shaped pattern. The dorsal markings start around the middle of the abdomen and extend parallel to each other.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D2EA6657FFFE634AC0A26B86B0E3D58F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193983/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[151,1436,197,1674]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFFE634AC0A26B86B0E3D58F" blockId="10.[151,1436,1698,1753]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFE634AC0A26B86B21BD5EC" bold="true" box="[151,284,1698,1722]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFE634AC1116B86B2EFD5EF" box="[292,488,1698,1721]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFE634AC1116B86B2EFD5EF" box="[292,488,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female (from Rio de Janeiro). Cephalothorax: dorsal (cleared) A; ventral B; lateral C. Chelicerae: ventral D; frontal E; lateral F. Leg IV femur G. Scale bars: 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="CE8F6554FFFE634DC0F16A23B1CBD3AA" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFFE634BC0F16A23B3BFD1EA" blockId="10.[151,1436,1799,2012]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,700]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFE634AC0F16A23B267D477" bold="true" box="[196,352,1799,1825]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Description:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFE634AC15D6A2CB2A2D477" box="[360,421,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Male</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFFE634AC1806A23B112D477" box="[437,533,1799,1825]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFE634AC20B6A2CB045D477" box="[574,834,1800,1825]" class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Linyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrobapta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFE634AC20B6A2CB045D477" box="[574,834,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Linyphia argyrobapta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from Rio de Janeiro) Habitus as in
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFE634AC4C36A23B65CD477" box="[1270,1371,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1020,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,1020,1771]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Leucauge venusta male from Rio de Janeiro (in alcohol): frontal A; dorsal B; ventral C; lateral D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193979/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Figure 4</figureCitation>
A–D. When live, carapace (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFE634AC1A26A09B2DBD411" box="[407,476,1837,1863]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,530,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,530,1882]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Chelicerae: frontal A; lateral B; ventral C. Cephalothorax: ventral D; lateral E; dorsal F. Abdomen leteral G. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193980/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D–F) yellowish with green markings along edges and center dorsally. Fovea well marked (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFE634AC0CA6A76B241D43A" box="[255,326,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,530,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,530,1882]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Chelicerae: frontal A; lateral B; ventral C. Cephalothorax: ventral D; lateral E; dorsal F. Abdomen leteral G. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193980/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F). Leg coxae with yellowish bases, rest of legs bright green. Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFE634AC4946A76B7F4D43A" box="[1185,1267,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1020,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,1020,1771]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Leucauge venusta male from Rio de Janeiro (in alcohol): frontal A; dorsal B; ventral C; lateral D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193979/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
B–D; 5G; 6A) elongated, proximally with shiny silvery guanine bands and three thinner black lines dorsally – one in center, two more lateral. Two lateral dorsal lines change to red-orange coloration close to middle of abdomen and widen distally. Lateral sides of abdomen with thick shiny silver line close to its dorsal side followed by black line and another silvery line with some yellowish tones followed by bright green. Ventral side of abdomen proximally green with yellowish central mark proximally and thin yellow lateral lines. Distally with a central black area and two lateral red-orange markings forming a U-shaped pattern. Two shiny rounded spots placed just lateral to spinnerets – light yellow when alive, silvery white in alcohol. All colored lines meet on distal tip of the abdomen which is black. Total length 5.50. Cephalothorax 2.35 long, 1.95 wide, 1.16 high. Abdomen 3.15 long, 1.54 wide, 1.47 high. Clypeus height 0.7 times an AME diameter. Sternum (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFF634BC4AA6C76B7E3D23A" box="[1183,1252,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,530,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,530,1882]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Chelicerae: frontal A; lateral B; ventral C. Cephalothorax: ventral D; lateral E; dorsal F. Abdomen leteral G. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193980/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D) dark brown; 1.05 long, 0.98 wide. Eyes almost the same size. Lateral eyes juxtaposed on short elevations (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFF634BC53E6C5CB653D2C4" box="[1291,1364,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,530,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,530,1882]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Chelicerae: frontal A; lateral B; ventral C. Cephalothorax: ventral D; lateral E; dorsal F. Abdomen leteral G. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193980/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A, F). Distance between PME 1.5 times their diameter. AME-ALE distance about three AME diameters. Distance between AME almost twice their diameter. PLE-PME distance three times one PME diameter. Chelicerae (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFF634BC0956CCCB3FED154" box="[160,249,488,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1020,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,1020,1771]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Leucauge venusta male from Rio de Janeiro (in alcohol): frontal A; dorsal B; ventral C; lateral D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193979/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
A; 5A–C) yellowish, darker brown distally. Distal edge of paturon with three anterior and four posterior teeth. Femur I 1.2 times the length of cephalothorax. Pedipalp as in
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFF634BC40B6F29B7A8D171" box="[1086,1199,525,551]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[155,1424,202,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1867]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro), palp: prolateral A; retrolateral B; ventral C; sperm duct path D; artificially expanded palp prolateral E; expanded palp retrolateral F. Scale bars: A – C 0.5 mm, D 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193977/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Figures 2</figureCitation>
A–F; 6C–G; 7A–D. Palpal tibia length 0.78; cymbium length 0.58. Epiandrous fusules as in
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFF634BC3DB6F16B754D11A" box="[1006,1107,562,588]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1713,1737]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,194,1692]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen ventral A. Epiandrous fusules B. Palp: dorsal C; prolateral D; apical F; apical details E, G. Scale bars: 100 µm A, C, D; 10 µm B, G, E; 20 µm F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193981/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Figure 6</figureCitation>
B. Femur of leg IV dorsally with two parallel rows of branched trichobothria extending over more than two thirds of its length. Palp as in
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFF634BC0A26F59B202D1C1" box="[151,261,637,663]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[155,1424,202,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1867]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro), palp: prolateral A; retrolateral B; ventral C; sperm duct path D; artificially expanded palp prolateral E; expanded palp retrolateral F. Scale bars: A – C 0.5 mm, D 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193977/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Figures 2</figureCitation>
A–E; 6C–G; 7A–D. Conductor and embolus connect to tegulum with common membrane (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFF634BC5096F59B684D1C1" box="[1340,1411,637,663]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[155,1424,202,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1867]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro), palp: prolateral A; retrolateral B; ventral C; sperm duct path D; artificially expanded palp prolateral E; expanded palp retrolateral F. Scale bars: A – C 0.5 mm, D 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193977/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E, F).
</paragraph>
<caption id="D2EA6657FFFF634BC0A26A9DB0CFD4A6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193984/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[151,1435,748,1955]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFFF634BC0A26A9DB0CFD4A6" blockId="11.[151,1436,1977,2032]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFF634BC0A26A9DB21ED487" bold="true" box="[151,281,1977,2001]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFF634BC12A6A9EB2DAD487" box="[287,477,1978,2001]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFF634BC12A6A9EB2DAD487" box="[287,477,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen: ventral A; lateral B. Epigynum: dorsal C; caudal D; dorso-caudal E; lateral F. Scale bars: 200 µm A–B; 20 µm C–E; 10 µm F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF8634CC0F16DBCB0F3D154" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,514]" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF8634CC0F16DBCB21BD3E7" box="[196,284,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Female</emphasis>
(same locality and date as male
<typeStatus id="592E887DFFF8634CC2A96DBCB1F9D3E4" box="[668,766,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="31" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
). Habitus and coloration as in male (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC4996DBCB7EAD3E4" box="[1196,1261,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,208,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,208,1831]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leucauge venusta live female from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): lateral A – D, F; ventral E; dorsal G." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193976/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A–G), slightly larger than male (female total length ca. 1.3 times that of male). Total length 7.45. Cephalothorax (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC5206D99B65ED381" box="[1301,1369,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,256,1698,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,197,1677]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Cephalothorax: dorsal (cleared) A; ventral B; lateral C. Chelicerae: ventral D; frontal E; lateral F. Leg IV femur G. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193983/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A–C) 2.88 long, 2.06 wide, 1.32 high. Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC2966DC6B1EDD3AA" box="[675,746,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1977,2001]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,748,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,748,1956]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen: ventral A; lateral B. Epigynum: dorsal C; caudal D; dorso-caudal E; lateral F. Scale bars: 200 µm A – B; 20 µm C – E; 10 µm F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193984/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A–B) 4.57 long, 2.40 wide, 2.19 high. Clypeus height 0.5 times an AME diameter. Sternum (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC2186C2CB175D274" box="[557,626,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1977,2001]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,748,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,748,1956]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen: ventral A; lateral B. Epigynum: dorsal C; caudal D; dorso-caudal E; lateral F. Scale bars: 200 µm A – B; 20 µm C – E; 10 µm F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193984/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
B) dark brown; 1.39 long, 1.16 wide. Eyes sizes and distribution as in male (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC0D66C09B22BD211" box="[227,300,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1977,2001]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,748,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,748,1956]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen: ventral A; lateral B. Epigynum: dorsal C; caudal D; dorso-caudal E; lateral F. Scale bars: 200 µm A – B; 20 µm C – E; 10 µm F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193984/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A, E). Chelicerae as in male (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC2A26C09B1E7D211" box="[663,736,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1977,2001]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,748,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,748,1956]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Abdomen: ventral A; lateral B. Epigynum: dorsal C; caudal D; dorso-caudal E; lateral F. Scale bars: 200 µm A – B; 20 µm C – E; 10 µm F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193984/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
C–F). Tracheal system haplotracheate (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC48B6C09B611D211" box="[1214,1302,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,256,1848,1872]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,567,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,567,1827]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Spinnerets: ventral A; PLS B; ALS C; PMS D. Leg IV trichobothria E. Tracheae: tracheal system F; tracheal base anteriorly G. Scale bars: 100 µm A, G; 10 µm B, C, D; 2 µm E; 200 µm F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193985/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
F–G), with median tracheal trunks shorter than lateral, neither of them entering the prosoma. Tracheal atrium with numerous accessory glands (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC1DF6C5CB139D2C4" box="[490,574,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,257,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,458,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,458,1904]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Tracheal atrium caudal view A. Epigynum: dorsal B; anterior view C; lateral D. Spermathecae E. Fertilization ducts F. Spermathecae base G. Scale bars: 10 µm A, E – G; 100 µm B; 30 µm C; 20 µm D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193986/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A). Tracheal spiracle immediately anterior to spinnerets. Spinnerets as in
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC0A26CB9B200D2E1" box="[151,263,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,256,1848,1872]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,567,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,567,1827]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Spinnerets: ventral A; PLS B; ALS C; PMS D. Leg IV trichobothria E. Tracheae: tracheal system F; tracheal base anteriorly G. Scale bars: 100 µm A, G; 10 µm B, C, D; 2 µm E; 200 µm F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193985/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Figure 10</figureCitation>
A–D. Femur IV dorsally with two rows of branched trichobothria as in male (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC4976CB9B7FFD2E1" box="[1186,1272,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,256,1848,1872]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,567,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,567,1827]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Spinnerets: ventral A; PLS B; ALS C; PMS D. Leg IV trichobothria E. Tracheae: tracheal system F; tracheal base anteriorly G. Scale bars: 100 µm A, G; 10 µm B, C, D; 2 µm E; 200 µm F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193985/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
E). Epigynum as in
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC0E66CE6B246D28A" box="[211,321,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[155,1424,202,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1867]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Leucauge venusta male (from Rio de Janeiro), palp: prolateral A; retrolateral B; ventral C; sperm duct path D; artificially expanded palp prolateral E; expanded palp retrolateral F. Scale bars: A – C 0.5 mm, D 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193977/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Figures 2</figureCitation>
A–B; 9C–F; 11B–G. Spermathecae (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC2DD6CE6B03FD28A" box="[744,824,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,945,969]" captionTargetBox="[160,1426,401,898]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,386,924]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Leucauge venusta epigynum (from Rio de Janeiro): dorsal A; ventral B. Scale bars 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193978/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
A; 11B, B) membranous and elongated. Fertilization ducts also membranous with numerous accessory glands (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFF8634CC3086CCCB088D154" box="[829,911,488,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,257,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,458,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,458,1904]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Leucauge venusta female (from Rio de Janeiro). Tracheal atrium caudal view A. Epigynum: dorsal B; anterior view C; lateral D. Spermathecae E. Fertilization ducts F. Spermathecae base G. Scale bars: 10 µm A, E – G; 100 µm B; 30 µm C; 20 µm D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193986/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
C, E, F).
</paragraph>
<caption id="D2EA6657FFF8634CC0A26A1CB224D4D9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193985/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[151,1435,567,1824]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF8634CC0A26A1CB224D4D9" blockId="12.[151,1436,1848,1935]" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF8634CC0A26A1CB22FD406" bold="true" box="[151,296,1848,1872]" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF8634CC1056A1DB2F4D406" box="[304,499,1849,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF8634CC1056A1DB2F4D406" box="[304,499,1849,1872]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female (from Rio de Janeiro). Spinnerets: ventral A; PLS B; ALS C; PMS D. Leg IV trichobothria E. Tracheae: tracheal system F; tracheal base anteriorly G. Scale bars: 100 µm A, G; 10 µm B, C, D; 2 µm E; 200 µm F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF9634DC0F16DB3B1CBD3AA" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,402]" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF9634DC0F16DB3B240D3E7" bold="true" box="[196,327,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Variation:</emphasis>
Male cephalothorax length varies between 2.24 and 2.35 (n = 4). Females cephalothorax length varies between 2.30 and 3.00 (n = 117). Total body length in males varies between 5.11 and 5.50 (n = 4) and in females between 5.88 and 9.66 (n = 117).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CE8F6554FFF9634FC0F16C23B195D3AA" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF9634DC0F16C23B72AD2C4" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,402]" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF9634DC0F16C23B269D277" bold="true" box="[196,366,263,289]" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Distribution:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF9634DC1426C2CB153D277" box="[375,596,264,289]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF9634DC1426C2CB153D277" box="[375,596,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very widely distributed in the New World. Although, common in temperate areas of
<collectingCountry id="FE82764FFFF9634DC1BF6C09B2CFD211" box="[394,456,301,327]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF9634DC1EF6C09B16FD211" author="Levi" box="[474,616,301,327]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" refString="Levi, H. W. (1980) The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology Harvard, 149, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
) this species has been already found in the neotropics (
<collectingCountry id="FE82764FFFF9634DC51A6C09B69FD211" box="[1327,1432,301,327]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="FE82764FFFF9634DC0A26C76B209D23A" box="[151,270,338,364]" name="Colombia" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFF9634DC1706C76B115D23A" author="Cambridge" box="[325,530,338,364]" pageId="13" pageNumber="34" refString="Cambridge, F. O. P. -. (1903) Arachnida - Araneida and Opiliones. In Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London, 2, 425 - 464." type="journal article" year="1903">Cambridge, 1903</bibRefCitation>
) and its presence in
<collectingCountry id="FE82764FFFF9634DC3356C76B040D23A" box="[768,839,338,364]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
extends further south its known distribution range.
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF9634DC0A26C5CB26DD2C7" box="[151,362,376,401]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF9634DC0A26C5CB26DD2C7" box="[151,362,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distribution spans from southern
<collectingCountry id="FE82764FFFF9634DC2C16C5CB04BD2C4" box="[756,844,376,402]" name="Canada" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Canada</collectingCountry>
to southern
<collectingCountry id="FE82764FFFF9634DC3E86C5CB72ED2C4" box="[989,1065,376,402]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D2EA6657FFF9634DC0A26AA2B2B4D48B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193986/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[151,1436,458,1904]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFF9634DC0A26AA2B2B4D48B" blockId="13.[151,1436,1926,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF9634DC0A26AA2B22ED4C8" bold="true" box="[151,297,1926,1950]" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFF9634DC1046AA2B2F0D4CB" box="[305,503,1926,1949]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFF9634DC1046AA2B2F0D4CB" box="[305,503,1926,1949]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female (from Rio de Janeiro). Tracheal atrium caudal view A. Epigynum: dorsal B; anterior view C; lateral D. Spermathecae E. Fertilization ducts F. Spermathecae base G. Scale bars: 10 µm A, E–G; 100 µm B; 30 µm C; 20 µm D.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D2EA6657FFFA634EC0A26B5DB71BD5C6" box="[151,1052,1657,1681]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193987/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1634]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFFA634EC0A26B5DB71BD5C6" blockId="14.[151,1052,1657,1681]" box="[151,1052,1657,1681]" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFA634EC0A26B5DB221D5C7" bold="true" box="[151,294,1657,1681]" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFA634EC1186B5DB2EBD5C6" box="[301,492,1657,1680]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFA634EC1186B5DB2EBD5C6" box="[301,492,1657,1680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from Rio de Janeiro) female web architecture A–F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="862A36DFFFFA634FC0F16B9AB195D3AA" blockId="14.[151,1437,1726,2014]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,152,252]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFA634EC0F16B9AB295D58E" bold="true" box="[196,402,1726,1752]" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">Natural history:</emphasis>
The natural history of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFA634EC29D6B9BB024D58E" box="[680,803,1727,1752]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFA634EC29D6B9BB024D58E" box="[680,803,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">L. venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively well known.
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFA634EC4696B9BB635D58E" box="[1116,1330,1727,1752]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFA634EC4696B9BB635D58E" box="[1116,1330,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spins its horizontal orb web (
<figureCitation id="1EAE2A5AFFFA634EC1A06BC0B2E9D5A8" box="[405,494,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="14.[151,255,1657,1681]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1634]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,194,1635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 12. Leucauge venusta (from Rio de Janeiro) female web architecture A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193987/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A–F) in vegetation in humid tropical and temperate areas.
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFFA634EC4FA6BC0B690D5A8" author="Emerton" box="[1231,1431,1764,1790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="35" refString="Emerton, J. H. (1902) The common spiders of the United States. Boston, pp. 1 - 225." type="book chapter" year="1902">Emerton (1902)</bibRefCitation>
, Comstock (1913), Kaston (1947),
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFFA634EC2786A2DB1E3D475" author="Levi" box="[589,740,1801,1827]" pageId="14" pageNumber="35" refString="Levi, H. W. (1980) The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology Harvard, 149, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi (1980)</bibRefCitation>
and Hénaut
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFA634EC3BD6A2DB0CED474" box="[904,969,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
(2006) describe their webs. In more temperate areas it is commonly found in irrigated orchards, gardens or vegetation along river banks. The spider usually rests in the center of the web but when disturbed it hides in an off-web retreat.
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFA634EC5106A70B3F6D4C4" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFA634EC5106A70B3F6D4C4" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
webs may vary considerably and in some cases they have a mesh above the orb plane. The variability in web architecture in this species was first noted by Darwin (as quoted in
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFFA634EC4616ABAB7F2D4EE" author="White" box="[1108,1269,1950,1976]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="White, A. (1841) Description of new or little known Arachnida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 471 - 477." type="journal article" year="1841">White, 1841</bibRefCitation>
: 474): “...
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFA634EC5416ABBB77ED48B" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">but sometimes above, the concentric web, there is an irregular or thin tissue of network</emphasis>
”. The web and foraging biology of
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFB634FC1236DBCB288D3E7" box="[278,399,152,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFB634FC1236DBCB288D3E7" box="[278,399,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="34">L. venusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also studied in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFFB634FC2D06DBCB0D3D3E4" box="[741,980,152,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="35" refString="Henaut, Y., Pablo, J., Ibarra-Nunez, G., &amp; Williams, T. (2001) Retention, capture and consumption of experimental prey by orb-web weaving spiders in coffee plantations of Southern Mexico. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 98, 1 - 8." type="journal article">
Hénaut
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFB634FC3746DBCB07CD3E7" box="[833,891,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
. The courtship behavior is described in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFFB634FC13C6D99B2B2D381" author="Castro" box="[265,437,189,215]" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" refString="Castro, Teresita de Jesus. (1995) Estudio comparativo del comportamiento reproductor, en las aranas del genero Leucauge (Araneae, Tetragnathinae), del Soconusco, Chiapas. Universidad de Ciencias y Artes del Estado de Chiapas, Mexico, Thesis Lic." type="book" year="1995">Castro (1995)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="E2044B2EFFFB634FC1F46D99B017D381" author="Eberhard" box="[449,784,189,215]" pageId="15" pageNumber="35" refString="Eberhard, W. G., &amp; Huber, B. A. (1998) Courtship, copulation, and sperm transfer in Leucauge mariana (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) with implications for higher classification. Journal of Arachnology, 26, 342 - 368." type="journal article" year="1998">Eberhard and Huber (1998)</bibRefCitation>
give further details and discuss the differences in the courtship among several
<taxonomicName id="41954D5CFFFB634FC1896DC6B129D3AD" box="[444,558,226,251]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B4E1EACDFFFB634FC1896DC6B129D3AD" box="[444,558,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="34">Leucauge</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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