treatments-xml/data/0E/06/9D/0E069DFA4C6851DBAAB294C157EB9832.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534" ID-GBIF-Dataset="99227923-2ef2-4efb-a8ea-7080b665cf7e" ID-PMC="PMC6787106" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-132-111" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4772EB67445F54F5843E51C038BE0BA8" ID-PubMed="31619937" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3479944" ModsDocID="1314-2003-132-111" checkinTime="1570112537072" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Calvo, Joel, Granda, Arturo &amp; Funk, Vicki A." docDate="2019" docId="0E069DFA4C6851DBAAB294C157EB9832" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 132: 111-130" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 132" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534" docTitle="Senecio pygmophyllus J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk 2019, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="4772EB67445F54F5843E51C038BE0BA8" lastPageNumber="125" masterDocId="4772EB67445F54F5843E51C038BE0BA8" masterDocTitle="New combinations and synonyms in discoid caespitose Andean Senecio (Senecioneae, Compositae)" masterLastPageNumber="130" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="120" updateTime="1668139505810" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New combinations and synonyms in discoid caespitose Andean Senecio (Senecioneae, Compositae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Calvo, Joel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Granda, Arturo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Funk, Vicki A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>132</mods:number>
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<mods:start>111</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159628834" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E069DFA4C6851DBAAB294C157EB9832" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E069DFA4C6851DBAAB294C157EB9832" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="9" pageNumber="120">
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="120" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="120">
2. 
<taxonomicName LSID="0E069DFA-4C68-51DB-AAB2-94C157EB9832" authority="(S. F. Blake) J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" authorityName="J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" baseAuthorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio pygmophyllus" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus" status="comb. nov.">Senecio pygmophyllus (S.F. Blake) J.Calvo, A.Granda &amp; V.A.Funk</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="9" pageNumber="120">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. A, B Senecio melanandrus (pilose form) C, D Senecio pygmophyllus E, F Senecio digitatus A habit (Peru, Cusco, Sibinacocha; Meneses et al. 6968) B leaves (Bolivia, Potosi, Kari Kari; Calvo &amp; Zarate 7872) C habit (Chile, Tarapaca, Colchane; Moreira-Munoz 2876) D leaves (Chile, Arica-Parinacota, Las Cuevas; Moreira-Munoz &amp; Luebert 2470) E habit F leaves (Chile, Antofagasta, Pacana; Calvo 7926). Picture A by Jim Farfan B, E, F by Joel Calvo C, D by Andres Moreira-Munoz." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344479" pageId="9" pageNumber="120" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure3">Figs 3C, D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A, B Senecio melanandrus (glabrous form) C, D Senecio pygmophyllus A habit B leaves (Peru, Puno, pr. Ananea; Funk et al. 13184) C habit D leaves (Peru, Moquegua, pr. Anillune; Funk et al. 13153). Pictures by Mauricio Diazgranados." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344480" pageId="9" pageNumber="120" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure4">, 4C, D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Senecio pygmophyllus A habit (drawn from Funk et al. 13153) B leaf (drawn from Weberbauer 7358). Illustration by Alice Tangerini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344482" pageId="9" pageNumber="120" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure6">, 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" type="reference_group">
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1928" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Werneria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Werneria pygmophylla" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmophylla">
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="121" start="start">Werneria</pageBreakToken>
pygmophylla
</taxonomicName>
S.F. Blake, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 18: 491. 1928. Type: Peru. Moquegua: cordillera East of Carumas, 4500-4600 m, 7-8 Mar 1925, A. We 
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="122" start="start">berbauer</pageBreakToken>
7358 (holotype: F [F-552587]; isotypes: CONC [CONC-28864], G [G00356025], US [US00622822]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ricardi &amp; Marticor" authorityYear="1964" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio laucanus" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laucanus">Senecio laucanus</taxonomicName>
Ricardi &amp; Martic., Gayana, Bot. 11: 17. 1964. Type: Chile. Arica-Parinacota: camino de Putre a Chucuyo, km 17, 4250 m, 12 Feb 1964, C. Marticorena, O. Matthei &amp; M. Quezada 208 (holotype: CONC [CONC-29864]; isotype: CONC), syn. nov.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
Caespitose perennial herb. Leaves long pseudopetiolate; leaf lamina 2.5-5.5 mm long, 2.4-5.5 mm wide, ovate to suborbiculate, obtuse at the apex, rounded to truncate at the base, typically crenate-lobate with 3-9 rounded lobes, revolute, usually strongly conduplicate downwards, pilose on both surfaces, somewhat fleshy, glaucous; pseudopetiole 5-25 mm long, flat, slightly broadened at the base, marginally ciliate. Capitulum discoid, solitary, terminal, sessile or subsessile; involucre 6-8 mm long, 7-10 mm wide. Involucral bracts 16-21, oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm long, 0.7-1.7 mm wide, partially fused at the base, smooth, with trichomes on the abaxial surface 0.5-0.8 mm long, dark purple- or blackish-tipped. Supplementary bracts ca. 3, linear, 6-7.5 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, smooth, three-quarters to as long as the involucral bracts, with trichomes on the margins, dark purple- or blackish-tipped. Disc florets 50-82, 3.5-5.1 mm long, 0.6-1 mm wide, 5-lobed, conspicuously differentiated in a distinct tube and campanulate limb, whitish. Anther bases auriculate, clearly acute, dark purple to blackish; filament collar balusterform. Style branches truncate with a crown of sweeping hairs, dark purple to blackish. Achenes 1.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.8(–">-1.8(-</normalizedToken>
2.5) mm long, ca. 0.5 mm wide, brownish, covered by dense indumentum of obtuse whitish myxogenic twin trichomes ca. 0.2 mm long; pappus 3-4.5 mm long, barbellate, whitish. Chromosome number: unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="additional iconography">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Additional iconography.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
<bibRefCitation author="Blake, SF" journalOrPublisher="Arnaldoa" pageId="17" pageNumber="128" refId="B3" refString="Blake, SF, 1928. New South American species of Werneria. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 18: 485-498." title="New South American species of Werneria. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 18: 485 - 498." year="1928">Blake (1928</bibRefCitation>
: pg. 496, fig. 1F, G, sub 
<taxonomicName lsidName="W. pygmophylla" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="pygmophylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">W. pygmophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<bibRefCitation author="Ricardi, M" journalOrPublisher="Botanica" pageId="18" pageNumber="129" pagination="3 - 28" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28854300" refId="B21" refString="Ricardi, M, Marticorena, C, 1964. Compuestas nuevas o interesantes para Chile. Gayana. Botanica 11: 3 - 28, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28854300" title="Compuestas nuevas o interesantes para Chile. Gayana." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28854300" volume="11" year="1964">Ricardi and Marticorena (1964</bibRefCitation>
: pg. 19, fig. 6, sub 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. laucanus" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="laucanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">S. laucanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
Chile (Arica-Parinacota, N 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tarapacá">Tarapaca</normalizedToken>
) and Peru (Moquegua) (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution map of Senecio melanandrus (black circle), S. pygmophyllus (red circle), and S. digitatus (blue circle)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344481" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure5">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The species is also expected in the Peruvian department of Tacna and in the Bolivian region bordering northern Chile, although no collections have been studied from there. It grows in exposed places on sandy soils, between elevations of 4100-4700 m.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3479972" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344482" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" baseAuthorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio pygmophyllus" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Senecio pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">A</emphasis>
habit (drawn from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Funk et al. 13153</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">B</emphasis>
leaf (drawn from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Weberbauer 7358</emphasis>
). Illustration by Alice Tangerini.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Collected in bloom from January to June, although full bloom probably takes place between March and April.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">The epithet refers to the resemblance of the leaves to a fist.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
<bibRefCitation author="Blake, SF" journalOrPublisher="Arnaldoa" pageId="17" pageNumber="128" refId="B3" refString="Blake, SF, 1928. New South American species of Werneria. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 18: 485-498." title="New South American species of Werneria. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 18: 485 - 498." year="1928">Blake (1928)</bibRefCitation>
placed his new species within 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Werneria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Werneria" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Werneria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
arguing that the involucral bracts were connate half way. Otherwise, he assumed a close similarity between it and a 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Senecio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species collected by Pennell here identified as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. moqueguensis" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="moqueguensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">S. moqueguensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Montesinos (see protologue of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="W. pygmophylla" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="pygmophylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">W. pygmophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It is certain that the involucral bracts of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pygmophyllus" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">S. pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually partially fused at the base; however, this character alone cannot be used as diagnostic to place a species in one or another genus. Rather, we prefer to base a decision on a set of characters, i.e., presence or absence of genuine supplementary bracts, involucral bracts free or fused at the base, achene trichomes 
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="123" start="start">myxogenic</pageBreakToken>
or not, and rosettiform or caespitose habit. Accordingly, we consider that this species should be placed within 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Senecio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of the following characters: presence of supplementary bracts, myxogenic achene trichomes, and caespitose habit. This decision is also supported by the fact that it was inaccurately considered a synonym of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. digitatus" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="digitatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">S. digitatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for a long time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">
<bibRefCitation author="Rockhausen, M" journalOrPublisher="Botanica" pageId="18" pageNumber="129" refId="B23" refString="Rockhausen, M, 1939. Verwandtschaft und Gliederung der Compositen-Gattung Werneria. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 70: 273-342." title="Verwandtschaft und Gliederung der Compositen-Gattung Werneria. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 70: 273 - 342." year="1939">Rockhausen (1939)</bibRefCitation>
was the first author who treated 
<taxonomicName lsidName="W. pygmophylla" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="pygmophylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">W. pygmophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a heterotypic synonym of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. digitatus" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="digitatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">S. digitatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Since then, most authors followed his treatment (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation author="Cabrera, AL" journalOrPublisher="Lilloa" pageId="17" pageNumber="128" pagination="27 - 501" refId="B4" refString="Cabrera, AL, 1949. El genero &quot; Senecio &quot; en Chile. Lilloa 15: 27 - 501" title="El genero &quot; Senecio &quot; en Chile." volume="15" year="1949">Cabrera 1949</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Freire, SE" editor="Zuloaga, FO" journalOrPublisher="7 (3). Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Argentina" pageId="18" pageNumber="129" pagination="27 - 220" refId="B11" refString="Freire, SE, Ariza Espinar, L, Salomon, L, Hernandez, MP, 2014. Senecio L. In: Zuloaga, FO, Belgrano, MJ, Anton, AM, Eds., Flora vascular de la Republica Argentina, vol. 7(3). Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Argentina: 27 - 220" title="Senecio L." volumeTitle="Flora vascular de la Republica Argentina, vol." year="2014">Freire et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="Ricardi, M" journalOrPublisher="Botanica" pageId="18" pageNumber="129" pagination="3 - 29" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28854740" refId="B22" refString="Ricardi, M, Marticorena, C, 1966. Plantas interesantes o nuevas para Chile. Gayana. Botanica 14: 3 - 29, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28854740" title="Plantas interesantes o nuevas para Chile. Gayana." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28854740" volume="14" year="1966">Ricardi and Marticorena (1966)</bibRefCitation>
, in disagreement, concluded that they correspond to two distinct taxonomic entities. We agree with Ricardi and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Marticorena’s">Marticorena's</normalizedToken>
treatment after studying the respective type materials, further collections from southern Peru and northern Chile, and living plants. The two species can be differentiated by their leaf shape and indumentum type. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" baseAuthorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio pygmophyllus" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Senecio pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a lamina clearly differentiated from the pseudopetiole (petioliform base); usually the lamina is remarkably reduced when compared with the pseudopetiole length (at least in the more basal leaves). The lamina we observed were ovate to suborbicular, typically crenate-lobate with 3-9 rounded lobes and revolute margins (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A, B Senecio melanandrus (glabrous form) C, D Senecio pygmophyllus A habit B leaves (Peru, Puno, pr. Ananea; Funk et al. 13184) C habit D leaves (Peru, Moquegua, pr. Anillune; Funk et al. 13153). Pictures by Mauricio Diazgranados." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344480" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure4">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). In contrast, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. digitatus" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="digitatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">S. digitatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="124" start="start">has</pageBreakToken>
linear to slightly spatulate leaves narrowed at the base (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. A, B Senecio melanandrus (pilose form) C, D Senecio pygmophyllus E, F Senecio digitatus A habit (Peru, Cusco, Sibinacocha; Meneses et al. 6968) B leaves (Bolivia, Potosi, Kari Kari; Calvo &amp; Zarate 7872) C habit (Chile, Tarapaca, Colchane; Moreira-Munoz 2876) D leaves (Chile, Arica-Parinacota, Las Cuevas; Moreira-Munoz &amp; Luebert 2470) E habit F leaves (Chile, Antofagasta, Pacana; Calvo 7926). Picture A by Jim Farfan B, E, F by Joel Calvo C, D by Andres Moreira-Munoz." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344479" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure3">Fig. 3E, F</figureCitation>
). This latter species is extremely variable with regard to the leaf margin, which can be dentate, pinnatipartite or distantly pinnatisect, with clearly acute teeth; however, specimens with entire leaves and even individuals displaying both entire and dentate leaves were occasionally observed. The leaf apex is acute and usually shows a whitish callus-like tip, whereas in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pygmophyllus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the apex is always plainly obtuse and unadorned (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. A, B Senecio melanandrus (pilose form) C, D Senecio pygmophyllus E, F Senecio digitatus A habit (Peru, Cusco, Sibinacocha; Meneses et al. 6968) B leaves (Bolivia, Potosi, Kari Kari; Calvo &amp; Zarate 7872) C habit (Chile, Tarapaca, Colchane; Moreira-Munoz 2876) D leaves (Chile, Arica-Parinacota, Las Cuevas; Moreira-Munoz &amp; Luebert 2470) E habit F leaves (Chile, Antofagasta, Pacana; Calvo 7926). Picture A by Jim Farfan B, E, F by Joel Calvo C, D by Andres Moreira-Munoz." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344479" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure3">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A, B Senecio melanandrus (glabrous form) C, D Senecio pygmophyllus A habit B leaves (Peru, Puno, pr. Ananea; Funk et al. 13184) C habit D leaves (Peru, Moquegua, pr. Anillune; Funk et al. 13153). Pictures by Mauricio Diazgranados." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344480" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure4">4D</figureCitation>
). Both species usually have abundant indumentum on the leaves, involucre, and supplementary bracts but the type of trichomes differs and is useful to separate them from one other. The indumentum of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pygmophyllus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is pilose whereas in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. digitatus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="digitatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. digitatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the trichomes are clearly arachnoid, longer, and intermingled. Moreover, the indumentum of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. digitatus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="digitatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. digitatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is essentially concentrated on the adaxial surface, whereas in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pygmophyllus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the leaf lamina has trichomes on both surfaces. Their distribution areas do not overlap (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution map of Senecio melanandrus (black circle), S. pygmophyllus (red circle), and S. digitatus (blue circle)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344481" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure5">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" baseAuthorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio pygmophyllus" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">Senecio pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be confused with those forms of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. melanandrus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="melanandrus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. melanandrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
displaying pilose, dentate leaves. A useful character to discriminate them from each other is the leaf shape, although some overlap has been detected in a few specimens. In 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pygmophyllus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the leaves are clearly pseudopetiolate and the ratio lamina/pseudopetiole length usually is very low in the more basal leaves (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A, B Senecio melanandrus (glabrous form) C, D Senecio pygmophyllus A habit B leaves (Peru, Puno, pr. Ananea; Funk et al. 13184) C habit D leaves (Peru, Moquegua, pr. Anillune; Funk et al. 13153). Pictures by Mauricio Diazgranados." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344480" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure4">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). In contrast, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. melanandrus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="melanandrus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. melanandrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
displays a lamina progressively narrowed at the base (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. A, B Senecio melanandrus (pilose form) C, D Senecio pygmophyllus E, F Senecio digitatus A habit (Peru, Cusco, Sibinacocha; Meneses et al. 6968) B leaves (Bolivia, Potosi, Kari Kari; Calvo &amp; Zarate 7872) C habit (Chile, Tarapaca, Colchane; Moreira-Munoz 2876) D leaves (Chile, Arica-Parinacota, Las Cuevas; Moreira-Munoz &amp; Luebert 2470) E habit F leaves (Chile, Antofagasta, Pacana; Calvo 7926). Picture A by Jim Farfan B, E, F by Joel Calvo C, D by Andres Moreira-Munoz." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344479" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.132.38534.figure3">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). The distinctive pseudopetiole length of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pygmophyllus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be an adaptation to the sandy soils where this species thrives because the plants usually appear to be partially sunken. Additionally, the number of disc florets tends to be higher in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pygmophyllus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(50-82 vs. 20-45), as well as the number of involucral bracts (16-21 vs. 11-16). Since the mentioned morphology coincides with geographical separation, we consider it appropriate to recognize it as a distinct species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="124">
The name 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. laucanus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="laucanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. laucanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ricardi &amp; Martic. was described from northern Chile (Arica-Parinacota) and it was hitherto considered endemic to this country (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432016000200226" author="Moreira-Munoz, A" journalOrPublisher="Botanica" pageId="18" pageNumber="129" pagination="226 - 267" refId="B18" refString="Moreira-Munoz, A, Munoz-Schick, M, Marticorena, A, Morales, V, 2016. Catalogo de Asteraceae (Compositae) de la Region de Arica y Parinacota, Chile. Gayana. Botanica 73 (2): 226 - 267, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432016000200226" title="Catalogo de Asteraceae (Compositae) de la Region de Arica y Parinacota, Chile. Gayana." url="https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432016000200226" volume="73" year="2016">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Moreira-Muñoz">Moreira-Munoz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). It is included in the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pygmophyllus" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">S. pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since we failed to identify any diagnostic character to differentiate them. In some specimens from Chile the more basal leaves are not so long pseudopetiolate as in the typical forms (e.g., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Moreira-Muñoz">Moreira-Munoz</normalizedToken>
&amp; Luebert 2470
</emphasis>
), but it is considered as part of the variability encompassed by this species; indeed, this morphology probably responds to the fact that these plants grow on less sandy soils.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="124">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio digitatus" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="digitatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">Senecio digitatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. ARGENTINA. Salta
</emphasis>
: Los Andes, Huaitiquina, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.733334">23°44'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.2">67°12'W</geoCoordinate>
, 27 Feb 1972, Cabrera et al. 22559 (LP). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">
BOLIVIA. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Potosí">Potosi</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Sud 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lípez">Lipez</normalizedToken>
, a 1 km al W de salar Chalviri, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-22.5">22°30'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.63333">67°38'W</geoCoordinate>
, 7 May 1999, N. Massi &amp; C. Salles 726 (LPB) [first record for Bolivia]. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">CHILE. Antofagasta</emphasis>
: El Loa, camino entre 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ascotán">Ascotan</normalizedToken>
y San Pedro de Conchi, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-21.966667">21°58'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.433334">68°26'W</geoCoordinate>
, 4 Apr 1985, M. Arroyo 85-606 (CONC); El Loa, cerro Losloyo, ladera SE, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="9" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.15">23°9'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.25">67°15'W</geoCoordinate>
, 9 Apr 1997, M. Arroyo, L. Cavieres &amp; A. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Humaña">Humana</normalizedToken>
97331 (CONC); El Loa, cerro Nevados de Poquis, ladera SO, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="4" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.066668">23°4'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="5" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.083336">67°5'W</geoCoordinate>
, 9 Apr 1997, M. Arroyo, L. Cavieres &amp; A. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Humaña">Humana</normalizedToken>
97343 (CONC); El Loa, pampa Laguna Helada, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="6" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.1">23°6'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="5" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.083336">67°5'W</geoCoordinate>
, 9 Apr 1997, M. Arroyo, L. Cavieres &amp; A. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Humaña">Humana</normalizedToken>
97403 (CONC); El Loa, pampa Loyoques, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="11" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.183332">23°11'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.2">67°12'W</geoCoordinate>
, 9 Apr 1997, M. Arroyo, L. Cavieres &amp; A. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Humaña">Humana</normalizedToken>
97408 (CONC); El Loa, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="cordón">cordon</normalizedToken>
cerro de la Pacana, cuesta entre salar de Aguas Calientes y quebrada Quepiaco, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="3" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.05">23°3'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.48333">67°29'W</geoCoordinate>
, 11 Apr 1997, M. Arroyo, L. 
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="125" start="start">Cavieres</pageBreakToken>
&amp; A. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Humaña">Humana</normalizedToken>
97477 (CONC); El Loa, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="cordón">cordon</normalizedToken>
cerro de la Pacana, cuesta entre salar de Aguas Calientes y quebrada Quepiaco, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="4" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.066668">23°4'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.5">67°30'W</geoCoordinate>
, 11 Apr 1997, M. Arroyo, L. Cavieres &amp; A. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Humaña">Humana</normalizedToken>
97498 (CONC); El Loa, Toconao, camino a Tara, monjes de La Pacana, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="3" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.05">23°3'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.48333">67°29'W</geoCoordinate>
, 6 Mar 2019, J. Calvo 7926 (SGO); cruce camino internacional Paso Jama con camino a salar de Tara, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="3" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.05">23°3'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.48333">67°29'W</geoCoordinate>
, 19 Dec 1996, A. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Moreira-Muñoz">Moreira-Munoz</normalizedToken>
317 (SGO); Machuca-Copacoya, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-22.466667">22°28'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="2" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.03333">68°2'W</geoCoordinate>
, 18 Feb 1885, F. Philippi s.n. (LP, SGO); laguna de Llaillai, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-21.916666">21°55'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.2">68°12'W</geoCoordinate>
, 23 Feb 1885, F. Philippi s.n. (CONC, LP, SGO, SI); El Loa, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ascotán">Ascotan</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-21.45">21°27'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.35">68°21'W</geoCoordinate>
, 23 Jan 1943, E. Pisano &amp; J. Venturelli 1753 (SGO); El Loa, entre Machuca y Tatio, 15 Feb 1943, E. Pisano &amp; J. Venturelli 1866 (CONC, SGO); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="125">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tarapacá">Tarapaca</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: [without locality], Feb 1885, F. Philippi s.n. (K); Iquique, Collaguasi, San Carlos, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.966667">20°58'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="41" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.683334">68°41'W</geoCoordinate>
, 22 Jan 1994, S. Teillier 3286A (CONC).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="J. Calvo, A. Granda &amp; V. A. Funk" baseAuthorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio pygmophyllus" order="Asterales" pageId="14" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmophyllus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="125">Senecio pygmophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. CHILE. Arica-Parinacota
</emphasis>
: cerca de laguna de Cotacotani, camino a Guane Guane, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-18.166666">18°10'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-69.23333">69°14'W</geoCoordinate>
, 9 Mar 1984, M. Arroyo 84-724 (CONC); portezuelo entre cerro Guane Guane y cerro Larancagua, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="9" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-18.15">18°9'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-69.316666">69°19'W</geoCoordinate>
, 22 Apr 1984, M. Arroyo 84-935 (CONC); Las Cuevas, antes del Chaku, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="11" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-18.183332">18°11'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-69.416664">69°25'W</geoCoordinate>
, 20 Mar 2015, A. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Moreira-Muñoz">Moreira-Munoz</normalizedToken>
&amp; F. Luebert 2470 (SGO); camino de Putre a Portezuelo de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chapiquiña">Chapiquina</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-18.333334">18°20'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-69.5">69°30'W</geoCoordinate>
, 28 Mar 1961, M. Ricardi, C. Marticorena &amp; O. Matthei 277 (CONC); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="125">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tarapacá">Tarapaca</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Colchane, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="géiser">geiser</normalizedToken>
Puchultiza, 100 m antes del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="géiser">geiser</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="19" direction="south" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-19.4">19°24'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.95">68°57'W</geoCoordinate>
, 16 Jun 2018, A. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Moreira-Muñoz">Moreira-Munoz</normalizedToken>
2876 (SGO). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="125">PERU. Moquegua</emphasis>
: minera Quellaveco, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="6" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-17.1">17°6'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-70.6">70°36'W</geoCoordinate>
, 8 Apr 1999, ESCO 7238 (US); area between the carretera-binacional and the interoceanica sur, on unpaved road that connects the two main roads and borders a large bofedal, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-16.85">16°51'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-70.53333">70°32'W</geoCoordinate>
, 12 Mar 2014, V.A. Funk, M. Diazgranados &amp; E. Cochachin 13153 (US, USM); Mariscal Nieto, Carumas, Ancolacaya, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-16.633333">16°38'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-70.316666">70°19'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mar–Apr">Mar-Apr</normalizedToken>
2018, V. Morales 140 (USM); 5 km East of lago Suche, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-16.916666">16°55'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-70.316666">70°19'W</geoCoordinate>
, 19 Jan 1952, O.P. Pearson 5 (CONC, UC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>