417 lines
50 KiB
XML
417 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="3976D0B4E1972FA54550B1717C18417B" ID-DOI="10.1649/0010-065x(2000)054[0239:atootg]2.0.co;2" ID-ISSN="1938-4394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4900237" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1622827576800" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Carpaneto, Giuseppe M., Mignani, Roberto & Piattella, Emanuele" docDate="2000" docId="03DE1747D85A8B50FF6217261C56FACD" docLanguage="en" docName="TheColeopBull.54.2.239-247.pdf.imf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin 54 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:37D8AFFB4AA6BE9981973FD5310B493E.6:TheColeopBull.2000-2002.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="37D8AFFB4AA6BE9981973FD5310B493E" docStyleName="TheColeopBull.2000-2002.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Athyreus freyi Gomes Alves 1957" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="246" masterDocId="FFE76F3FD8588B57FF9B13741F23FFC0" masterDocTitle="A Taxonomic Overview Of The Genus Pseudoathyreus Howden And Martinez, And Redescription Of Two Related Species From Southern Africa (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae)" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="239" pageNumber="241" updateTime="1698955049550" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="D4336E3B08A7539A15497E28D4ED0BC9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="15CAC483B042C230E8DEBCBBF5B5A0AF">
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<mods:title id="34BB6241F985AAE0D1E88F3D2263BA94">A Taxonomic Overview Of The Genus Pseudoathyreus Howden And Martinez, And Redescription Of Two Related Species From Southern Africa (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5145E51275AC7C280DFA6CEE4B2EE78E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6C56BE939E98EDF8EF82F32AA6DF3384">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="937AFDE7E96C340E6A6FAAD9EC0FBB4B">Carpaneto, Giuseppe M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="561DEAECAA1CBF8708F009A6EA88901D">Dipartimento di Biologia Università degli Studi Roma Tre Viale G. Marconi 446 00146 Roma, ITALY</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="AE7637E623F9A96548E0F1EA5B53DCF6" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="E5C8A10D76CEC24F69066A327255C634">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A0A91E853B4835EE23D61FBF0ED01C36">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9F1E016B7040FF434EF13026E97A9F2E">Mignani, Roberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A31DBCA81780D189308204FC2E45DEE0">Dipartimento di Fisica ‘‘ E. Amaldi’ ’ Università degli Studi Roma Tre Via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Roma, ITALY</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F743B09759D5396896E5C6A6BD64A534" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="BEBB6EBB6B95A29A2245ADB2844706DD">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8EAF9103B3E79E44BB21445CFC7BA973">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D0BF6E68EA723EADE3CD7C23E3B48AC9">Piattella, Emanuele</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1556ACE0F8409D046E755589AD7A995C">Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo Università ‘‘ La Sapienza’ ’ Viale dell’Università 32 I 00185 Roma, ITALY</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="CBDBEEEA6A00A6662432BA69042DBA1C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E60B1AE37C5B8F81A18F787659DB3017">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="CB3685B8ECBF013436472830F346E69A">
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<mods:date id="15CA3738F9D58D16988C26E1AA8584CA">2000</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="20485E548B80DA0B6D70E67030B7F982" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="3FEAD826894805F14439EAFE625F0493">2000-06-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="FB48F98E78EB70C2A44C258B57632C35" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="036B3DF5AD672FCE587D11E90A2A6CCB">54</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="95F5BFF5B92790973CD7C6C69826B1AF" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="760B76FFCF19B3288F4F610A6B2989FB">2</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="D920D3209FDBABFDA71575D95053387B" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="7BDE768B0944CDBC015D80E19E8C323D">239</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="92BF7A849FFEB369C5D596D713C05B75">247</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="7119E3D4B3E763D24030FE40FD63D69F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="90B0A8E8F17D6F574F6AB2F295E80614" type="DOI">10.1649/0010-065x(2000)054[0239:atootg]2.0.co;2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1B0EF2322B86394E76BB42E03E2E748A" type="ISSN">1938-4394</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="35330B8129B1B6A30F56E5275F20B52A" type="Zenodo-Dep">4900237</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03DE1747D85A8B50FF6217261C56FACD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE1747D85A8B50FF6217261C56FACD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE1747D85A8B50FF6217261C56FACD" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">
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<subSubSection id="C36DF5DAD85A8B55FF6217261D86FBA6" box="[249,677,1105,1127]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85A8B55FF6217261D86FBA6" blockId="2.[249,677,1105,1127]" box="[249,677,1105,1127]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">
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<heading id="D080113DD85A8B55FF6217261D86FBA6" box="[249,677,1105,1127]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" reason="2">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB67817FD85A8B55FF6217261D86FBA6" box="[249,677,1105,1127]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD68040D85A8B55FF6217261D86FBA6" author="Gomes Alves" box="[249,677,1105,1127]" page=")" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" year="1957">
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<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85A8B55FF6217261D86FBA6" authority="Gomes Alves (1957: 671)" authorityName="Gomes Alves" authorityPageNumber="671" authorityYear="1957" box="[249,677,1105,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Athyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
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<emphasis id="B9037A43D85A8B55FF6217261EACFBA7" box="[249,399,1106,1127]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Athyreus freyi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE6DBA0D85A8B55FE0317251D86FBA6" author="Gomes Alves" box="[408,677,1105,1126]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" pagination="671 - 673" refId="ref3790" refString="Gomes Alves, M. L. 1957. Um escarabideo novo de Mocambique (subfam. Geotrupinae). Revista da Junta das Missoes Geograficas e de Investigacoes do Ultramar 5: 671 - 673." type="journal article" year="1957">Gomes Alves (1957:671)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36DF5DAD85A8B55FE88170E1D58FA8A" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85A8B55FE88170E1E4CFB6A" blockId="2.[249,1081,1146,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">
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<materialsCitation id="3B1FAC0CD85A8B55FE88170E1E48FB6A" county="In" location="Lisboa" municipality="Zool. da Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Centre" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B9037A43D85A8B55FE88170E1E70FB4F" bold="true" box="[275,339,1146,1167]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">
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<typeStatus id="54CC18F3D85A8B55FE88170E1E6EFB4F" box="[275,333,1146,1167]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCounty id="62A9DEDDD85A8B55FEC7170E1E51FB4F" box="[348,370,1146,1167]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">In</collectingCounty>
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<collectingRegion id="49B368B3D85A8B55FEE7170E1EE0FB4F" box="[380,451,1146,1167]" country="France" name="Centre" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Centro</collectingRegion>
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BAC3C2BD85A8B55FE56170E1C92FB4F" box="[461,945,1146,1167]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Zool. da Junta de Investigaçoes do Ultramar</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<location id="8EA8F08AD85A8B55FC25170E1B26FB4F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE1747D85A8B50FF6217261C56FACD:8EA8F08AD85A8B55FC25170E1B26FB4F" box="[958,1029,1146,1167]" county="In" municipality="Zool. da Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar" name="Lisboa" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" stateProvince="Centre">Lisboa</location>
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(not examined)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85A8B55FE8817DB1D58FA8A" blockId="2.[249,1081,1146,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">
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<emphasis id="B9037A43D85A8B55FE8817DB1ED0FB04" bold="true" box="[275,499,1199,1220]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Material Examined.</emphasis>
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1 (unsexed) (
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<typeStatus id="54CC18F3D85A8B55FD1817DB1DC0FB04" box="[643,739,1199,1220]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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), ‘‘S. Martinho do Bilene’’ (near Macia),
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<date id="FFC98091D85A8B55FEC017BE1D2DFB1F" box="[347,526,1226,1247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" value="1955-11">November 1955</date>
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED663E94D85A8B55FDBC17BE1D5CFB1F" box="[551,639,1226,1247]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kt43-hjs1" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Bale" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">MHNB</collectionCode>
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).1?:
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<materialsCitation id="3B1FAC0CD85A8B55FD4B17BE1C27FB39" collectingDate="1991-03-22" collectorName="R. Minetti" country="Mozambique" location="Inhaca Island" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" specimenCount="1">
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<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85A8B55FD4B17BE1C7EFB1F" box="[720,861,1226,1247]" name="Mozambique" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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,
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<location id="8EA8F08AD85A8B55FCEA17BE1B29FB1F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE1747D85A8B50FF6217261C56FACD:8EA8F08AD85A8B55FCEA17BE1B29FB1F" box="[881,1034,1226,1247]" country="Mozambique" name="Inhaca Island" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Inhaca Island</location>
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,
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<date id="FFC98091D85A8B55FB8417BE1E57FB3A" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" value="1991-03-22">
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<collectingDate id="EF8D7979D85A8B55FB8417BE1E57FB3A" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" value="1991-03-22">22 March1991</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName id="2682C387D85A8B55FE1C17911EC8FB3A" box="[391,491,1253,1274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">R.Minetti</collectorName>
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leg. (Carpaneto). 2 ??
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</materialsCitation>
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:
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<materialsCitation id="3B1FAC0CD85A8B55FC8117911DDFFAD4" collectingDate="1991-03-20" collectorName="R. Minetti" country="Mozambique" location="Maputo" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maputo">
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<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85A8B55FC8117911C84FB3A" box="[794,935,1253,1274]" name="Mozambique" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49B368B3D85A8B55FC2217911B2EFB3A" box="[953,1037,1253,1274]" country="Mozambique" name="Maputo" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Maputo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<date id="FFC98091D85A8B55FB8417911E5EFAD4" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" value="1991-03-20">
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<collectingDate id="EF8D7979D85A8B55FB8417911E5EFAD4" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" value="1991-03-20">20 March 1991</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName id="2682C387D85A8B55FE11178B1ECCFAD4" box="[394,495,1279,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">R.Minetti</collectorName>
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leg. (Mignani). 4 ??, 1
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</materialsCitation>
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/:
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<materialsCitation id="3B1FAC0CD85A8B55FCB2178B1D5BFA8A" collectingDate="1984-11-10" collectionCode="SAM" collectorName="H. & A. Howden & Xalosi" country="South Africa" location="Sodwana Bay" municipality="Natal" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" specimenCount="1">
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<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85A8B55FCB2178B1C97FAD4" box="[809,948,1279,1300]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BAC3C2BD85A8B55FC5B178B1CD8FAD4" box="[960,1019,1279,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Natal</collectingMunicipality>
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||
,
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<location id="8EA8F08AD85A8B55FB93178B1E47FAEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE1747D85A8B50FF6217261C56FACD:8EA8F08AD85A8B55FB93178B1E47FAEF" country="South Africa" municipality="Natal" name="Sodwana Bay" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Sodwana Bay</location>
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,
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<date id="FFC98091D85A8B55FEEB166E1D1FFAEF" box="[368,572,1306,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" value="1984-11-10">
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<collectingDate id="EF8D7979D85A8B55FEEB166E1D1FFAEF" box="[368,572,1306,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" value="1984-11-10">10 November 1984</collectingDate>
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</date>
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<collectorName id="2682C387D85A8B55FDDF166E1DD8FAEF" box="[580,763,1306,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">H. & A. Howden</collectorName>
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leg. (Howden). 1?: ‘‘
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<collectorName id="2682C387D85A8B55FC72166E1B16FAEF" box="[1001,1077,1306,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Xalosi</collectorName>
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, 7405’’ (handwritten label) (
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<collectionCode id="ED663E94D85A8B55FDA916411D53FA8A" box="[562,624,1333,1354]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">SAM</collectionCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36DF5DAD85A8B52FE8B162B1E90FABC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="244" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85A8B52FE8B162B1DAFFB28" blockId="2.[249,1082,1375,1658]" lastBlockId="5.[241,1075,277,1256]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="244" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">
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<emphasis id="B9037A43D85A8B55FE8B162B1E83FAB2" bold="true" box="[272,416,1375,1394]" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Redescription.</emphasis>
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Size small (approximate maximum length:
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<quantity id="4C8F0BB4D85A8B55FCA4162B1CA6FAB2" box="[831,901,1375,1394]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
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; approximate maximum width:
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<quantity id="4C8F0BB4D85A8B55FEE616031E98FA4A" box="[381,443,1399,1418]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="241" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
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). Habitus in figure 1. Upper surface of body shining, with sparse and short whitish setae. Colour of upperparts sometimes entirely black (2 of the 5 examined specimens from Natal), but more often light yellowish brown, marked with black as follows: entire head surface, anterior pronotal margin in middle and in narrow adjacent area, posterior part of inner carinae, with ‘‘butterflylike’’ area extending between and over them, posterior pronotal margin, scutellum, elytral margins, large area adjacent to anterior margin of elytra (including umbone), sutural and juxtasutural intervals, large median spot reaching elytral apex and extending laterally up to seventh interval (
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||
<figureCitation id="134CBAD4D85A8B55FB8F156B1E27F98A" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[264,298,1607,1626]" captionTargetBox="[268,1037,296,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-11@3.[249,1065,272,1587]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Habitus of Pseudoathyreus freyi Gomes Alves, male." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900241/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="241">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Remaining pronotal margins, anterior inner carinae, lateral foveae, tarsi, apex of tibiae, terminal spurs and external teeth of tibiae brown. Underparts entirely black except for anterior area of prosternum. A small degree of variation in extension of black mark ings: black spot on posterior part of inner carinae often more or less reduced. Labrum dorsally concave, not carinate, anteriorly rounded with a small median tip. Mandibles asymmetrical with two angulate lateral laminate processes on external sides. Right mandible with deep indentation before apex; left one distinctly sinuate before apex. Clypeus (
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<figureCitation id="134CBAD4D85D8B52FF6312011E17FE48" box="[248,308,373,392]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[272,315,780,799]" captionTargetBox="[257,1073,272,760]" captionTargetId="figure-12@4.[257,1073,272,760]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 2–3. Head and pronotum of: 2) P.freyi Gomes Alves; 3) P.rhodesianus Peringuey, type." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900243/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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) with anterior carina regularly rising from sides to a high pyramidal tooth in middle, with anterior face nearly vertical. Clypeofrontal carina elevated, distinctly angulate anteriorly in middle, with two lateral teeth almost as high as anterior one, and connected to anterior clypeal carina by longitudinal ridge. Frontovertex slightly concave, almost flat, rising upwards to clypeofrontal carina, its surface with distinct and wellspaced punctures, almost absent on small discal (roughly Vshaped) area. Genae concave, almost impunctate, sharply angulate, with anterior margin almost straight. Clypeogenal angles with careniform tubercle. Upper surface of eye extremely reduced, sunken below genal surface. Pronotum (
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<figureCitation id="134CBAD4D85D8B52FE7C11411D03FD88" box="[487,544,565,584]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[272,315,780,799]" captionTargetBox="[257,1073,272,760]" captionTargetId="figure-12@4.[257,1073,272,760]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 2–3. Head and pronotum of: 2) P.freyi Gomes Alves; 3) P.rhodesianus Peringuey, type." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900243/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) entirely margined, with small superficial fossa (fovea) on each side, contiguous with anterior marginal bead behind eye. Margin between fossae gradually elevated to large, erect, pointed tubercle on midline, posterior to and contiguous with marginal bead. Anterior half of pronotum with wide concavity sloping anteriorly and edged on each side by inner carina. A median longitudinal groove extending from base of anterior tubercle to posterior pronotal margin. Inner carina formed by two unaligned fragments: anterior one short and rising to sharp, elevated angle; posterior one longer, lower, sinuate and enlarged at posterior end. Outer carina also formed by two unaligned fragments: anterior one well marked, sinuate above lateral fovea and almost reaching anterolateral margin of pronotum; posterior one almost obsolete, flat and wider. Posterior part of pronotum, in middle, with two small, flat elevations aligned with posterior fragments of inner carinae. Surface of all carinae smooth, surface of pronotum with dense and granulate punctures, each puncture with fine seta, punctures less granulate in excavation. Along posterior pronotal margin, two multiserial rows of setae present on each side of midline. Lateral pronotal margin below fovea with sharp indentation where margin interrupted. Scutellum sunken, very elongate, almost twice as long as wide, feebly punctate. Elytral base marginate. Bead of humeral angle lacking tooth. Suture strongly carinate and enlarged. Eight striae between suture and humeral umbone: first two striae indicated by row of punctures from about apex of scutellum to basal margin of elytra, and merging together at about posterior third of elytra; eighth stria not impressed and only consisting of irregular row of punctures; all other striae distinctly impressed, irregularly punctate, each puncture bearing long, whitish seta; intervals distinctly convex, smooth and shining. Metasternum largely pyriform, irregularly and sparsely punctate, with narrow groove on midline, deeper in anterior part, finer posteriorly, with long hairs sparser in basal part. Sternites and femora covered by dense, long, whitish hair, visible from above. Fore tibia with four external teeth, size decreasing towards base; tibial spur slightly arcuate, extending approximately to end of first tarsal segment. Superior spur of hind tibia shorter than first two tarsal segments. Parameres in figures 4 and 6, genital capsule in figure 8.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF08F6D9D85B8B54FE9315331C7AF99A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900241" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4900241" box="[264,857,1607,1626]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900241/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="242" startId="3.[264,298,1607,1626]" targetBox="[268,1037,296,1550]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85B8B54FE9315331C7AF99A" blockId="3.[264,857,1607,1626]" box="[264,857,1607,1626]" pageId="3" pageNumber="242">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85B8B54FE9315331E64F99A" bold="true" box="[264,327,1607,1626]" pageId="3" pageNumber="242">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85B8B54FE5115331C3AF99A" authority="Gomes Alves" authorityName="Gomes Alves" box="[458,793,1607,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85B8B54FE5115331DB3F99A" box="[458,656,1607,1626]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="242">Pseudoathyreus freyi</emphasis>
|
||
Gomes Alves
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF08F6D9D85C8B53FE8B10781E57FCF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900243" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4900243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900243/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="243" startId="4.[272,315,780,799]" targetBox="[257,1073,272,760]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85C8B53FE8B10781E57FCF8" blockId="4.[249,1082,780,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FE8B10781E52FCDF" bold="true" box="[272,369,780,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">Figs. 2–3.</emphasis>
|
||
Head and pronotum of:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FDEF10781DA3FCDF" bold="true" box="[628,640,780,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">2</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85C8B53FD0A10791C7FFCE0" authority="Gomes Alves" authorityName="Gomes Alves" box="[657,860,781,800]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FD0A10791DECFCE0" box="[657,719,781,800]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">P.freyi</emphasis>
|
||
Gomes Alves
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FCF210781C56FCDF" bold="true" box="[873,885,780,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">3</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85C8B53FC1D10791E19FCF8" authority="Peringuey" authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Athyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FC1D10791B28FCE0" box="[902,1035,781,800]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">P.rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
Peringuey
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, type.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF08F6D9D85C8B53FE8B15431C43F9BA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900247" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4900247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900247/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="243" startId="4.[272,315,1591,1610]" targetBox="[257,1073,933,1570]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85C8B53FE8B15431C43F9BA" blockId="4.[249,1082,1591,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FE8B15431E53F98A" bold="true" box="[272,368,1591,1610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">Figs. 4–9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85C8B53FE1315431DFEF98A" authority="Gomes Alves" authorityName="Gomes Alves" box="[392,733,1591,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FE1315431D73F98A" box="[392,592,1591,1610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">Pseudoathyreus freyi</emphasis>
|
||
Gomes Alves
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FD7315431DD7F98A" bold="true" box="[744,756,1591,1610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">4</emphasis>
|
||
) aedeagus, anterodorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FBBD15431B11F98A" bold="true" box="[1062,1074,1591,1610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">6</emphasis>
|
||
) aedeagus, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FE42153B1EC6F9A2" bold="true" box="[473,485,1615,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">8</emphasis>
|
||
) genital capsule.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85C8B53FD15153B1CA0F9A2" authority="Peringuey" authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1908" box="[654,899,1615,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Athyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FD15153B1C38F9A2" box="[654,795,1615,1634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">P. rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
Peringuey
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, type:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FC5F153B1CF3F9A2" bold="true" box="[964,976,1615,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">5</emphasis>
|
||
) aedeagus, anterodorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FE2D15131EE1F9BA" bold="true" box="[438,450,1639,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">7</emphasis>
|
||
) aedeagus, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85C8B53FD2A15131D9EF9BA" bold="true" box="[689,701,1639,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="243">9</emphasis>
|
||
) genital capsule.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85D8B52FE9017881E90FABC" blockId="5.[241,1074,1276,1404]" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85D8B52FE9017881E5DFAD1" bold="true" box="[267,382,1276,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D716DD8D85D8B52FE2F17881D77FAD1" box="[436,596,1276,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="244" type="generic">nine specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
examined do not show a significant variation in morphology because they are fundamentally uniform in clypeal and pronotal ornamentation as well as in body size. On the other hand two distinct colour patterns occur in this species:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D716DD8D85D8B52FDB416381DE9FAA1" box="[559,714,1356,1377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="244" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D716DD8D85D8B52FD4016381C02FAA1" box="[731,801,1356,1377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="244" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D716DD8D85D8B52FCCF16381C92FAA1" box="[852,945,1356,1377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="244" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
) from Natal are entirely black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36DF5DAD85D8B52FE9016E41E2EF9BA" pageId="5" pageNumber="244" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85D8B52FE9016E41E2EF9BA" blockId="5.[241,1074,1424,1658]" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85D8B52FE9016E41E5BFA65" bold="true" box="[267,376,1424,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This species differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85D8B52FD0C16E41C14FA65" authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1908" box="[663,823,1424,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Athyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="244" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85D8B52FD0C16E41C14FA65" box="[663,823,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">P. rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following characters: (1) colour usually light yellowish with black markings on head, pronotum, elytra and legs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134CBAD4D85D8B52FE7616B11D0EFA1A" box="[493,557,1477,1498]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[264,298,1607,1626]" captionTargetBox="[268,1037,296,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-11@3.[249,1065,272,1587]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Habitus of Pseudoathyreus freyi Gomes Alves, male." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900241/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) (sometimes entirely black); (2) clypeofrontal carina anteriorly angulate (not straight) in the middle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134CBAD4D85D8B52FCAF16941CB9FA35" box="[820,922,1504,1525]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Figs" captionStartId-0="3.[264,298,1607,1626]" captionStartId-1="4.[272,315,780,799]" captionTargetBox-0="[268,1037,296,1550]" captionTargetBox-1="[257,1073,272,760]" captionTargetId-0="figure-11@3.[249,1065,272,1587]" captionTargetId-1="figure-12@4.[257,1073,272,760]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Habitus of Pseudoathyreus freyi Gomes Alves, male." captionText-1="Figs. 2–3. Head and pronotum of: 2) P.freyi Gomes Alves; 3) P.rhodesianus Peringuey, type." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900241" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900243" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4900241/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4900243/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
|
||
); (3) posterior part of pronotal inner carina distinctly separated from the anterior one (not appearing as an extension of it), narrow and distinctly elongated (not shortened and reduced to a small droplike elevation) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134CBAD4D85D8B52FD4215441C62F985" box="[729,833,1584,1605]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Figs" captionStartId-0="3.[264,298,1607,1626]" captionStartId-1="4.[272,315,780,799]" captionTargetBox-0="[268,1037,296,1550]" captionTargetBox-1="[257,1073,272,760]" captionTargetId-0="figure-11@3.[249,1065,272,1587]" captionTargetId-1="figure-12@4.[257,1073,272,760]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Habitus of Pseudoathyreus freyi Gomes Alves, male." captionText-1="Figs. 2–3. Head and pronotum of: 2) P.freyi Gomes Alves; 3) P.rhodesianus Peringuey, type." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900241" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900243" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4900241/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4900243/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
|
||
); (4) humerus lacking a small but distinct tooth; (5) parameres (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134CBAD4D85D8B52FD2A153F1C39F9A0" box="[689,794,1611,1632]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[272,315,1591,1610]" captionTargetBox="[257,1073,933,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[257,1073,933,1570]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 4–9. Pseudoathyreus freyi Gomes Alves: 4) aedeagus, anterodorsal view; 6) aedeagus, lateral view; 8) genital capsule. P. rhodesianus Peringuey, type: 5) aedeagus, anterodorsal view; 7) aedeagus, lateral view; 9) genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900247/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">Figs. 4, 6</figureCitation>
|
||
); (6) genital capsule (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134CBAD4D85D8B52FB9C153F1E23F9BA" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[272,315,1591,1610]" captionTargetBox="[257,1073,933,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[257,1073,933,1570]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 4–9. Pseudoathyreus freyi Gomes Alves: 4) aedeagus, anterodorsal view; 6) aedeagus, lateral view; 8) genital capsule. P. rhodesianus Peringuey, type: 5) aedeagus, anterodorsal view; 7) aedeagus, lateral view; 9) genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900247/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="244">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36DF5DAD85E8B51FE8812611E8AFC3B" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FE8812611EDAFEBA" blockId="6.[249,1082,277,1181]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FE8812611D12FEEA" bold="true" box="[275,561,277,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Distribution and Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The geographical distribution of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FC2212621B1AFEEB" authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1908" box="[953,1081,278,299]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Athyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FC2212621B1AFEEB" box="[953,1081,278,299]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group seems to be restricted to the eastern part of southern Africa (from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85E8B51FEB8123F1E79FEA0" box="[291,346,331,352]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Zaire</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Natal, through
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85E8B51FD84123F1D8EFEA0" box="[543,685,331,352]" name="Mozambique" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
), while the genus is widespread from western Africa to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85E8B51FE2712111ED6FEBA" box="[444,501,357,378]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FE8812F41CC8FD30" blockId="6.[249,1082,277,1181]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1FAC0CD85E8B51FE8812F41CCBFD30" collectorName="According & Natal & Inhaca & S. Martinho do Bilene" country="Mozambique" county="Martinho do Bilene" location="East Africa" municipality="Sodwana Bay" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maputo">
|
||
<collectorName id="2682C387D85E8B51FE8812F41EA2FE55" box="[275,385,384,405]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">According</collectorName>
|
||
to our present knowledge,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FD2212F41C2FFE55" box="[697,780,384,405]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FD2212F41C2FFE55" box="[697,780,384,405]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be endemic to a restricted area along the coast from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85E8B51FD7A12EF1C48FE70" box="[737,875,411,432]" name="Mozambique" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectorName id="2682C387D85E8B51FC0A12EF1CEDFE70" box="[913,974,411,432]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Natal</collectorName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectorName id="2682C387D85E8B51FC4212EF1B3CFE70" box="[985,1055,411,432]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Inhaca</collectorName>
|
||
is a well known tourist island near
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B368B3D85E8B51FDC012C11D8CFE0A" box="[603,687,437,458]" country="Mozambique" name="Maputo" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Maputo</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the capital of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85E8B51FCCB12C11CFEFE0A" box="[848,989,437,458]" name="Mozambique" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="2682C387D85E8B51FC7212C11E81FE25" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
S.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62A9DEDDD85E8B51FB9D12C11E81FE25" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Martinho do Bilene</collectingCounty>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
(the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC18F3D85E8B51FE7B12A41D2EFE25" box="[480,525,464,485]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality) is an old name for a locality near Macia (258029S/338069E), at the mouth of the Limpopo on the right bank of the river;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAC3C2BD85E8B51FF6211711EAFFDDA" box="[249,396,517,538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Sodwana Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
lies on the Natal coast. As for the place called ‘‘Xalosi,’’ it has not been traced on any map. However, the latter locality was quoted by Wheel er (1922), in the gazetteer enclosed to his checklist of Afrotropical ants, as located in ‘‘Portoguese
|
||
<location id="8EA8F08AD85E8B51FE6F11211D50FDAA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE1747D85A8B50FF6217261C56FACD:8EA8F08AD85E8B51FE6F11211D50FDAA" box="[500,627,597,618]" country="Mozambique" county="Martinho do Bilene" municipality="Sodwana Bay" name="East Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" stateProvince="Maputo">East Africa</location>
|
||
,’’
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FD1211221D8CFDAB" box="[649,687,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">i.e.,</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85E8B51FD2C11211C67FDAA" box="[695,836,597,618]" name="Mozambique" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
, among those localities which ‘‘have not been found on any map’’. Moreover,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6DBA0D85E8B51FCC711041CCFFD45" author="Louw" box="[860,1004,624,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" pagination="1 - 331" refId="ref3989" refString="Louw, S. 1986. Revision of the Microcerinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with an analysis of their phylogeny and zoogeography. Memoirs van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 21: 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1986">Louw (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in his revision of Microcerine weevils, reported ‘‘Xalasi’’ as ‘‘not traced’’ locality. Even though there is a good probability that this mysterious site does actually occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85E8B51FEC111B41EC4FD15" box="[346,487,704,725]" name="Mozambique" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the correct spelling of its name and its location needs to be verified, together with the identification of the original collector
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FE8811811DB2FCE5" blockId="6.[249,1082,277,1181]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FE6B11821DB1FCCB" authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1908" box="[496,658,758,779]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Athyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FE6B11821DB1FCCB" box="[496,658,758,779]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows an inland range from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85E8B51FF6210641E13FCE5" box="[249,304,784,805]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Zaire</collectingCountry>
|
||
(W
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B368B3D85E8B51FEFF10641ECFFCE5" box="[356,492,784,805]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Kasai-Oriental" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Kasai region</collectingRegion>
|
||
) to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360E6C1D85E8B51FD8110641DAEFCE5" box="[538,653,784,805]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FE88105F1E8AFC3B" blockId="6.[249,1082,277,1181]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
Due to the scarcity of collecting data, little is known about ecology and behaviour of these species. As stressed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6DBA0D85E8B51FD4C10311CADFC9A" author="Howden" box="[727,910,837,858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref3864" refString="Howden, H. F. 1985 b. A revision of the South American species in the genus Neoathyreus Howden and Martinez (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Geotrupinae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 21: 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1985">Howden (1985b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for some Neotropical Bolboceratinae, bicoloured species are not only crepuscular but also fly during the day (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6DBA0D85E8B51FE51100F1D5AFC50" author="Howden" box="[458,633,891,912]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref3864" refString="Howden, H. F. 1985 b. A revision of the South American species in the genus Neoathyreus Howden and Martinez (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Geotrupinae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 21: 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1985">Howden, 1985b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Indeed, diel activity was observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FBB8100F1E0AFC6B" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FBB8100F1E0AFC6B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: all
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D716DD8D85E8B51FEC510E11EDFFC6A" box="[350,508,917,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from Sodwana
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B368B3D85E8B51FD3010E11DF4FC6A" box="[683,727,917,938]" country="Somalia" name="Bay" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Natal, were collected flying between 9–10 am (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FE2710C41D22FC05" box="[444,513,944,965]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">in litt.</emphasis>
|
||
H. F. Howden). No detailed information has been obtained on the collecting techniques, habitat and time for the specimens collected at Inhaca.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36DF5DAD85E8B50FE8817751C56FACD" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FE8817751CBEFBA7" blockId="6.[249,1082,277,1181]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FE8817751D17FBD6" bold="true" box="[275,564,1025,1046]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Discussion and Affinities.</emphasis>
|
||
Within the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FC9F17751C91FBD6" box="[772,946,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FC9F17751C8DFBD6" authorityName="Howden & Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[772,942,1025,1046]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoathyreus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
we preliminarily identify two phylogenetic units: – a southern African group, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FF6217431EBAFB8C" authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1908" box="[249,409,1079,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Athyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FF6217431EBAFB8C" box="[249,409,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FE4B17431D3CFB8C" box="[464,543,1079,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FE4B17431D3CFB8C" box="[464,543,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; – a group widespread throughout tropical Africa to the Indian subcontinent, including all the remaining species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FE8817191D24FB5D" blockId="6.[249,1082,277,1181]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
Such coarse subdivision is supported by several characters shared by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FBB817191E5AFB5D" authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Athyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FBB817191E5AFB5D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FE2A17FC1D23FB5D" box="[433,512,1160,1181]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FE2A17FC1D23FB5D" box="[433,512,1160,1181]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FF6217C31D8EFAC1" blockId="6.[249,1082,1207,1658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
(1) the elytra with distinctly impressed striae; this character was already point ed out by Howden & Martinez (1963) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FC9A17A61C81FB27" authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1908" box="[769,930,1234,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Athyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FC9A17A61C81FB27" box="[769,930,1234,1255]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and we have observed the same status in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FDCD17991D85FAC2" box="[598,678,1261,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FDCD17991D85FAC2" box="[598,678,1261,1282]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FF6216731C65FAF7" blockId="6.[249,1082,1207,1658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
(2) the small size, not exceeding
|
||
<quantity id="4C8F0BB4D85E8B51FDFA16731D8EFADC" box="[609,685,1287,1308]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8F0BB4D85E8B51FCD216731CABFADC" box="[841,904,1287,1308]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width; all the other species we examined are larger than
|
||
<quantity id="4C8F0BB4D85E8B51FD6916561C61FAF7" box="[754,834,1314,1335]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FF6216491EC3FAAD" blockId="6.[249,1082,1207,1658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">(3) upper surface of eyes clearly reduced; these are mostly covered by the protruding genae;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FF6216071CEEFA19" blockId="6.[249,1082,1207,1658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
(4) the distinctive colour patterns and variation; as described above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FC7016071EA3FA63" authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Athyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FC7016071EA3FA63" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is wholly black or brown, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85E8B51FD7516FA1C1DFA63" box="[750,830,1422,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85E8B51FD7516FA1C1DFA63" box="[750,830,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">P. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually shows a bicoloured (black and yellow) pattern even though some entirely black specimens occur; all the other species are brown, more or less dark;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B51FF6216AB1DDEF9A0" blockId="6.[249,1082,1207,1658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">
|
||
(5) the shape of male genital apparatus; differences mainly occur in the genital capsule (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134CBAD4D85E8B51FE1E168E1ECEF9CF" box="[389,493,1530,1551]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[272,315,1591,1610]" captionTargetBox="[257,1073,933,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[257,1073,933,1570]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 4–9. Pseudoathyreus freyi Gomes Alves: 4) aedeagus, anterodorsal view; 6) aedeagus, lateral view; 8) genital capsule. P. rhodesianus Peringuey, type: 5) aedeagus, anterodorsal view; 7) aedeagus, lateral view; 9) genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900247/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
) which shows a pair of symmetric elevations lacking in all the other species we examined; (6) the shape of clypeofrontal transversal carina, typically Vshaped, with a small but well defined longitudinal carina extending forwards (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134CBAD4D85E8B51FD12153F1DD2F9A0" box="[649,753,1611,1632]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[272,315,780,799]" captionTargetBox="[257,1073,272,760]" captionTargetId="figure-12@4.[257,1073,272,760]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 2–3. Head and pronotum of: 2) P.freyi Gomes Alves; 3) P.rhodesianus Peringuey, type." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900243/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">Figs. 2–3</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85E8B50FF6215111DECFB7E" blockId="6.[249,1082,1207,1658]" lastBlockId="7.[285,1074,1165,1214]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="6" pageNumber="245">(7) the geographic distribution extending throughout the Zambezian regional centre of endemism; the other African species occur in the SudanoSahelian subregion or in southwestern Africa.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF08F6D9D85F8B50FE9310801EE1FBF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4900249" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4900249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4900249/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="246" startId="7.[264,298,1012,1031]" targetBox="[273,1041,272,992]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85F8B50FE9310801EE1FBF8" blockId="7.[241,1074,1012,1080]" pageId="7" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85F8B50FE9310801E70FBC7" bold="true" box="[264,339,1012,1031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="246">Fig. 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85F8B50FDB710811C1BFBC8" baseAuthorityName="Peringuey" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[556,824,1013,1032]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85F8B50FDB710811C1BFBC8" box="[556,824,1013,1032]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="246">Pseudoathyreus rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(stars) (Zaire: Luebo, Kananga; Zimbabwe: Harare) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C77DDD2D85F8B50FDBB17791D44FBE0" box="[544,615,1037,1056]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Pseudoathyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9037A43D85F8B50FDBB17791D44FBE0" box="[544,615,1037,1056]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="246">P. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(circles) (Mozambique: Macia, Maputo, Inhaca; Natal: Sodwana Bay).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8A651D85F8B50FE9017A81C56FACD" blockId="7.[241,1073,1244,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="246">However, only a taxonomic revision of the whole genus will allow us to decide if these two species warrant a subgeneric separation.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |