treatments-xml/data/21/25/D9/2125D91F1B2E296B7ED9C35FF611FEC9.xml

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<mods:title>Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Łukowiak, Magdalena</mods:namePart>
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Family 
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[246,532,870,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
Geodiidae 
<bibRefCitation author="Gray" box="[380,532,870,896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867 a) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="a">
Gray, 
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a
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Subfamily 
<taxonomicName box="[685,814,870,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geodiinae">Geodiinae</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[151,1437,941,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
A great number of studied spicules belong to the astrophorid family 
<taxonomicName box="[1011,1130,941,966]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
. Their morphology is so characteristic that there are no doubts about their affinity. These are ovoid to subspherical cortical microscleres with short outgrowths with stellate tips, called sterrasters (
<figureCitation box="[814,893,1013,1038]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,193,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[150,1436,193,1820]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A – E—Sterraster microscleres of Geodia sp. 1, family Geodiidae; F – I—Sterraster microscleres of Geodia sp. 2, family Geodiidae; J – P—Different types of pynakids of the hypothetical species Dactylocalycites callodiscus, family? Geodiidae; Q – T—Spicules of the family Geodiidae; U – W—Triaenes of Penares cf. sclerobesa, family Geodiidae (subfamily Erylinae); X—Triaenes of Penares sp., family Geodiidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287789/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Figs. 
<number box="[879,893,1014,1038]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="4.0">4</number>
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A–I) that are diagnostic for this one astrophorid family. Their globular shape suggests that they do not belong to the subfamily 
<taxonomicName box="[1079,1174,1049,1074]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Erylinae">Erylinae</taxonomicName>
(because erylinids are characterised by having usually more or less flattened, disc-shaped spicules called aspidasters), but to the subfamily 
<taxonomicName box="[274,393,1121,1146]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geodiinae">Geodiinae</taxonomicName>
. At least two different morphological 
<typeStatus box="[843,902,1122,1146]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">types</typeStatus>
of sterrasters have been found in the studied samples that may prove the presence of several different taxa. Their sculpture differs significantly—there are spicules with well developed, astrose or stellate outgrowths and others with nipple-shaped, densely packed and more numerous outgrowths (compare e.g., 
<figureCitation box="[631,708,1229,1254]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,193,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[150,1436,193,1820]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A – E—Sterraster microscleres of Geodia sp. 1, family Geodiidae; F – I—Sterraster microscleres of Geodia sp. 2, family Geodiidae; J – P—Different types of pynakids of the hypothetical species Dactylocalycites callodiscus, family? Geodiidae; Q – T—Spicules of the family Geodiidae; U – W—Triaenes of Penares cf. sclerobesa, family Geodiidae (subfamily Erylinae); X—Triaenes of Penares sp., family Geodiidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287789/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Figs. 
<number box="[693,708,1230,1254]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="4.0">4</number>
</figureCitation>
A, B and 
<figureCitation box="[813,889,1229,1254]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,193,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[150,1436,193,1820]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A – E—Sterraster microscleres of Geodia sp. 1, family Geodiidae; F – I—Sterraster microscleres of Geodia sp. 2, family Geodiidae; J – P—Different types of pynakids of the hypothetical species Dactylocalycites callodiscus, family? Geodiidae; Q – T—Spicules of the family Geodiidae; U – W—Triaenes of Penares cf. sclerobesa, family Geodiidae (subfamily Erylinae); X—Triaenes of Penares sp., family Geodiidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287789/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Figs. 
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F, H), but that may be due also to the ontogenetic effect of changes during the development of a spicule. Although this differentiation in form of outgrowths may be an effect of the preservation as well as different stages of ontogenetic development, the presence of two different species of geodiids is here postulated. Unfortunately, more precise taxonomic assignment of the described spicules is not possible because today the taxonomical assignment of spicules of the family 
<taxonomicName box="[1088,1203,1373,1398]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
is based not only on the spicule morphology but chiefly on the arrangement of spicules within a sponge body (
<bibRefCitation author="Uriz" box="[1167,1288,1409,1434]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Uriz, M. J. (2002) Family Geodiidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 134 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Uriz 
<number box="[1227,1288,1410,1434]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2002.0">2002</number>
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). The lack of articulated individuals precludes more precise attributions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[151,1437,941,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Today, geodiids are common and distributed worldwide (
<bibRefCitation author="Hooper" box="[839,1185,1481,1506]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melbourne, 624 pp." type="book" year="1994">
Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer 
<number box="[1125,1185,1482,1506]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1994.0">1994</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), also along 
<collectingCountry box="[1327,1432,1481,1506]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Australia</collectingCountry>
, e.g., 
<taxonomicName authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[205,553,1517,1542]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Eosaster">
<emphasis box="[205,387,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Geodia eosaster</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas" box="[402,544,1517,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25 (63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">
Sollas, 
<number box="[485,544,1518,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1888.0">1888</number>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis box="[564,686,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">G. a re o l a t a</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[695,834,1518,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Carter, H. J. (1880) Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 6 (31), 35 - 61, 129 - 156. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938009458893" type="journal article" year="1880">
Carter, 
<number box="[778,834,1518,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1880.0">1880</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[847,1112,1517,1542]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Berryi">
<emphasis box="[847,946,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">G. berryi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas" box="[961,1103,1517,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25 (63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">
Sollas, 
<number box="[1044,1103,1518,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1888.0">1888</number>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Lindgren, 1897" authorityName="Lindgren" authorityYear="1897" box="[1123,1432,1517,1542]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Distincta">
<emphasis box="[1123,1250,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">G. distincta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Lindgren" box="[1257,1432,1517,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Lindgren, N. G. (1897) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Spongienfauna des Malaiischen Archipels und der Chinesischen Meere. Zoologische Anzeiger, 547, 480 - 487." type="journal article" year="1897">
Lindgren, 
<number box="[1373,1432,1518,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1897.0">1897</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Kieschnick, 1896" authorityName="Kieschnick" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,555,1553,1578]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Sphaeroides">
<emphasis box="[151,321,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">G. sphaeroides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Kieschnick" box="[340,547,1553,1578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Kieschnick, O. (1896) Silicispongiae von Ternate nach den Sammlungen von Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Kukenthal. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 19 (520), 526 - 534." type="journal article" year="1896">
Kieschnick, 
<number box="[487,547,1553,1578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1896.0">1896</number>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1880" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1880" box="[572,988,1553,1578]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Globostellifera">
<emphasis box="[572,830,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Geodia globostellifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[841,988,1554,1578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Carter, H. J. (1880) Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 6 (31), 35 - 61, 129 - 156. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938009458893" type="journal article" year="1880">
Carter, 
<number box="[929,988,1554,1578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1880.0">1880</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authority="Hentschel, 1909" authorityName="Hentschel" authorityYear="1909" box="[1057,1390,1553,1578]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Punctata">
<emphasis box="[1057,1190,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">G. punctata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Hentschel" box="[1203,1390,1553,1578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hentschel, E. (1909) Tetraxonida. I. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. &amp; Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905, 2, pp. 347 - 402. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7416" type="journal article" year="1909">
Hentschel, 
<number box="[1334,1390,1554,1578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1909.0">1909</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are recorded from the Australian waters (Atlas of Living 
<collectingCountry box="[750,858,1589,1614]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Australia</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[151,1437,941,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
There was one microsclere noted (
<figureCitation box="[589,671,1625,1650]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1811,1833]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,517,1789]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1436,517,1790]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 29. Other demosponge spicules and their hypothetical assignment; A, B—Bold triods of unidentified sponge; C, D—Triods of unidentified sponge; E—Acanthotriod of Stelletta splendens - type, family Ancorinidae (order Astrophorida); F, G—Acanthocalthrops of unidentified sponge; H—Spicule of unidentified sponge; I— Crambe- like spicule, family Crambeidae (order Poecilosclerida); J—Spicule of unidentified sponge; K—Spicule of unidentified sponge; L—Spherical spicules of unidentified sponge / s; M—Spicule of unidentified sponge; N – Q—Different types of spined spicules of unidentified sponge / s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287814/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig. 
<number box="[642,671,1626,1650]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="29.0">29</number>
</figureCitation>
Q) that strongly resemble tylasters of 
<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1880" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Globostellifera">
<emphasis box="[1099,1353,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Geodia globostellifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Carter" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Carter, H. J. (1880) Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 6 (31), 35 - 61, 129 - 156. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938009458893" type="journal article" year="1880">
Carter, 
<number box="[151,207,1662,1686]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1880.0">1880</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(compare with van 
<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[428,698,1661,1686]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van &amp; Beglinger, E. J. (2008) Tetractinellid and hadromerid sponges from the Sultanate of Oman. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 82, 749 - 790." type="journal article" year="2008">
Soest &amp; Beglinger 
<number box="[640,698,1662,1686]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2008.0">2008</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 
<number box="[754,783,1662,1686]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="10.0">10</number>
F). It may prove that some of the studied sterrasters belong also to 
<taxonomicName box="[233,429,1697,1722]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Globostellifera">
<emphasis box="[233,429,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">G. globostellifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as they are identical in morphology (compare 
<figureCitation box="[957,1023,1697,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,193,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[150,1436,193,1820]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A – E—Sterraster microscleres of Geodia sp. 1, family Geodiidae; F – I—Sterraster microscleres of Geodia sp. 2, family Geodiidae; J – P—Different types of pynakids of the hypothetical species Dactylocalycites callodiscus, family? Geodiidae; Q – T—Spicules of the family Geodiidae; U – W—Triaenes of Penares cf. sclerobesa, family Geodiidae (subfamily Erylinae); X—Triaenes of Penares sp., family Geodiidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287789/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig. 
<number box="[1009,1023,1698,1722]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="4.0">4</number>
</figureCitation>
A with van 
<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[1157,1432,1697,1722]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van &amp; Beglinger, E. J. (2008) Tetractinellid and hadromerid sponges from the Sultanate of Oman. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 82, 749 - 790." type="journal article" year="2008">
Soest &amp; Beglinger 
<number box="[1373,1432,1698,1722]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2008.0">2008</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 
<number box="[196,226,1734,1758]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="10.0">10</number>
C). But the studied sterrasters may belong to other species of 
<taxonomicName box="[916,999,1733,1758]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[916,999,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Geodia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well. Generally, most species of the family 
<taxonomicName box="[231,346,1769,1794]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
have bathyal distribution and live predominantly on soft bottoms but some representatives occur in dark habitats in the littoral and shallow sublittoral zones, such as caves and overhangs (
<bibRefCitation author="Uriz" box="[1197,1317,1805,1830]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Uriz, M. J. (2002) Family Geodiidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 134 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Uriz 
<number box="[1258,1317,1806,1830]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2002.0">2002</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Cardenas" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Cardenas, P., Xavier, J. R., Reveillaud, J., Schander, C. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2011) Molecular Phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae) Reveals an Unexpected High Level of Spicule Homoplasy. PLoS ONE, 6 (4), e 18318. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018318" type="journal article" year="2011">
Cárdenas 
<number box="[151,210,1842,1866]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2011.0">2011</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), which is clearly not the studied case.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[151,1437,941,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
It is worth mentioning that very similar (both, in morphology and size) microsclere spicules called selenasters occur in the hadromerid family 
<taxonomicName box="[513,696,1913,1938]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Placospongiidae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[714,1021,1913,1938]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[714,868,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Placospongia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Gray" box="[877,1021,1913,1938]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867 b) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="b">
Gray, 
<number box="[946,1005,1913,1938]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1867.0">1867</number>
b
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). However, in contrast to sterrasters, selenasters are characterized by short outgrows connected one to the other by ridges creating polygonal surface (see for example, 
<figureCitation box="[351,431,1985,2010]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="27.[151,250,799,821]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,777]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1437,193,778]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 13. Spicules of sponges of the order Hadromerida; A – D—Different types of selenasters of Placospongia sp., family Placospongiidae; E—Micraster of the Tethya cf. omanensis, family Tethyidae; F – H—Oxyasters of the Tethyastra oxyaster, family Tethyidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287798/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig. 
<number box="[403,431,1986,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="13.0">13</number>
</figureCitation>
A), and are modified rhabds (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Vosmaer" box="[805,1107,1985,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Vosmaer, G. C. J. &amp; Vernhout, J. H. (1902) The Porifera of the Siboga-Expedition. I. The genus Placospongia. In: Weber, M. (Ed.), Siboga-Expeditie. Uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-lndie 1899 - 1900 aan boord H. M. ' Siboga' onder commando van Luitenant ter Zee 1 e kl. G. F. Tydeman 9 (Monographie VIa). E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1902">
Vosmaer &amp; Vernhout 
<number box="[1048,1107,1986,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1902.0">1902</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 
<number box="[1153,1169,1986,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="4.0">4</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[1226,1242,1985,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="5.0">5</number>
).
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287789/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[150,1435,193,1819]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1437,1841,1955]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,275,1841,1863]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Spicules of sponges of the order 
<taxonomicName box="[620,757,1841,1863]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Astrophorida</taxonomicName>
; A–E—Sterraster microscleres of 
<taxonomicName box="[1107,1182,1841,1863]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1107,1182,1841,1863]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Geodia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 1, family 
<taxonomicName box="[1325,1432,1841,1863]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
; F–I—Sterraster microscleres of 
<taxonomicName box="[479,554,1871,1893]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[479,554,1871,1893]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Geodia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2, family 
<taxonomicName box="[696,803,1871,1893]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
; J–P—Different types of pynakids of the hypothetical species 
<taxonomicName box="[151,444,1902,1924]" class="Demospongea" genus="Dactylocalycites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Metazoa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Callodiscus">
<emphasis box="[151,444,1902,1924]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dactylocalycites callodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, family? 
<taxonomicName box="[547,656,1902,1924]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
; Q–T—Spicules of the family 
<taxonomicName box="[987,1094,1902,1924]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
; U–W—Triaenes of 
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Sclerobesa">
<emphasis box="[1317,1399,1903,1924]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Penares</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis box="[151,258,1933,1955]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sclerobesa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, family 
<taxonomicName box="[343,447,1933,1955]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
(subfamily 
<taxonomicName box="[569,659,1933,1955]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Erylinae">Erylinae</taxonomicName>
); X—Triaenes of 
<taxonomicName box="[841,923,1934,1955]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[841,923,1934,1955]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Penares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., family 
<taxonomicName box="[1043,1150,1933,1955]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="16.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fossil sterrasters have been described so far in numerous papers from the Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits (for more detail see Wiedenmayer 
<number box="[491,551,188,212]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1994.0">1994</number>
), as well from the Miocene of 
<collectingCountry box="[895,990,188,213]" name="Portugal" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Pisera" box="[1004,1205,188,213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Pisera, A., Cachao, M. &amp; da Silva, C. (2006) Siliceous sponge spicules from the Miocene Mem Moniz marls (Portugal) and their environmental significance. Rivista Italiana de Paleontologia, 112, 287 - 299." type="journal article" year="2006">
Pisera 
<emphasis box="[1081,1130,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 
<number box="[1145,1205,188,213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2006.0">2006</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry box="[1224,1322,188,213]" name="Slovakia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Pisera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Pisera, A. &amp; Hladilova, S. [2003 (2004)] Siliceous sponge spicules from Karpatian of the Carpathian Foredeep in Moravia. In: Brzobohaty, R., Cicha, I., Kovac, M. &amp; Rogl, F. (Eds.), The Karpatian. A lower Miocene stage of the Central Paratethys, Brno, pp. 189 - 191." type="book chapter" year="2003">
Pisera &amp; Hladilová 
<number box="[268,328,224,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2003.0">2003</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Lukowiak" box="[339,580,223,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Lukowiak, M., Pisera, A. &amp; Schlogl, J. (2014) Bathyal sponges from the late Early Miocene of the Vienna Basin (central Paratethys, Slovakia). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 88 (3), 263 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 013 - 0197 - x" type="journal article" year="2014">
Łukowiak 
<emphasis box="[459,508,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 
<number box="[521,580,224,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2014.0">2014</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 
<number box="[647,662,224,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="4.0">4</number>
M, N, Q), and the Central Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation author="Bukry" box="[1059,1198,223,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Bukry, D. (1978) Cenozoic coccolith, silicoflagellate, and diatom stratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 44. In: Benson, W. E., Sheridan, R. E. et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 44, pp. 807 - 864. [U. S. Goverment Printing Office, Washington] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 44.137.1978" type="journal article" year="1978">
Bukry 
<number box="[1138,1198,224,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1978.0">1978</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). They are also noted from the Paleocene of W Alabama, North 
<collectingCountry box="[630,726,260,285]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">America</collectingCountry>
by 
<bibRefCitation author="Rigby" box="[769,1140,260,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Rigby, J. K. &amp; Smith, C. C. (1992) Microscleres of a Paleocene Geodia from western Alabama. Journal of Paleontology, 66 (3), 406 - 413." type="journal article" year="1992">
Rigby &amp; Smith (
<number box="[957,1017,260,284]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1992.0">1992</number>
, figs. 
<number box="[1086,1129,260,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="4.5">4, 5</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, and the Late Cenozoic of 
<collectingCountry box="[151,301,295,320]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Rich" box="[315,505,295,320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Rich, C. C. (1958) Occurrence of sterrasters of the Geodiidae (Demospongea, Choristida) in late Cenozoic strata of western Wellington Province, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1, 641 - 646. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288306.1958.10423172" type="journal article" year="1958">
Rich 
<number box="[377,436,295,320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1958.0">1958</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[492,505,296,320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1.0">1</number>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>