342 lines
32 KiB
XML
342 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932" ID-PMC="PMC5543275" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-78-59" ID-Pensoft-UUID="465A177298655C5FFFEDA66AFF80FFF3" ID-PubMed="28781552" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576383" ModsDocID="1314-2003-78-59" checkinTime="1491465046873" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco Octavio de Oliveira & Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini" docDate="2017" docId="BDF74D8B91BE079922384A96A19FFA91" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 78: 59-81" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 78" docPubDate="2017-04-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932" docTitle="Commelina erecta L., Sp. Pl. 1: 41. 1753." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="465A177298655C5FFFEDA66AFF80FFF3" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="465A177298655C5FFFEDA66AFF80FFF3" masterDocTitle="Synopsis of Commelina L. (Commelinaceae) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, reveals a new white-flowered species endemic to Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="81" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1668141943850" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Synopsis of Commelina L. (Commelinaceae) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, reveals a new white-flowered species endemic to Brazil</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco Octavio de Oliveira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8783-1362</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Botanica, Rua do Matao 277, CEP 05508 - 900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil & Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao 915, CEP 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil & Current address: Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Department of Botany, MRC 166, P. O. Box 37012, Washington D. C. 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">marcooctavio.pellegrini@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao 915, CEP 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2017-04-05</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>78</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>59</mods:start>
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<mods:end>81</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-78-59</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">465A177298655C5FFFEDA66AFF80FFF3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576383</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="128344043" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDF74D8B91BE079922384A96A19FFA91" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BDF74D8B91BE079922384A96A19FFA91" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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3.
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<taxonomicName LSID="BDF74D8B-91BE-0799-2238-4A96A19FFA91" authority="L., Sp. Pl. 1: 41. 1753." authorityName="L., Sp. Pl. 1: 41. 1753." class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">Commelina erecta L., Sp. Pl. 1: 41. 1753.</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Commelina in the state of Rio de Janeiro. A C. benghalensis L. B C. diffusa Burm. f. C-D C. erecta L.: C detail of the inflorescence showing aborted upper cincinnus D flower E-F C. obliqua Vahl: E detail of the inflorescence showing the two developed cincinni F flower G C. rufipes var. glabrata (D. R. Hunt) Faden & D. R. Hunt H-I C. rufipes var. rufipes Seub.: H detail of the leaf-sheaths, showing the hirsute rusty hairs I mature fruits. G by Flora Virtual Estacion Biologica El Verde group, remaining field photos by M. O. O. Pellegrini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/130203" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1C-D</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina erecta subsp. var. var. angustifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="erecta" subSpecies="var." variety="angustifolia">Commelina erecta var. angustifolia</taxonomicName>
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(Michx.) Fern., Rhodora 42(503): 439.1940.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="C. B. Clarke" authorityYear="1881" baseAuthorityName="Michx." class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina virginica subsp. var. var. angustifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="virginica" subSpecies="var." variety="angustifolia">Commelina virginica var. angustifolia</taxonomicName>
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(Michx.) C.B.Clarke, in De Candolle ALPP & De Candolle ACP Monogr. Phan. 3: 183. 1881.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina angustifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">Commelina angustifolia</taxonomicName>
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Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 24. 1803. Holotype. USA. Sabulosis in
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<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Carolinae">Carolinae</taxonomicName>
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, s.dat., A. Michaux 100 (P barcode P00680427!).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Raf" authorityYear="1837" baseAuthorityName="Hook." class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Eudipetala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eudipetala deficiens" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deficiens">Eudipetala deficiens</taxonomicName>
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(Herb.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 68. 1837.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina deficiens" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deficiens">Commelina deficiens</taxonomicName>
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Herb., Bot. Mag. 53: t. 2644. 1826. Lectotype (designated here). [illustration] Original parchment plate of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Curtis’s">"Curtis's</normalizedToken>
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Botanical Magazine" at the Library of the Royal Horticultural Society, published in Hooker,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Curtis’s">Curtis's</normalizedToken>
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Bot. Mag. 53: t. 2644. 1826.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Standl & Steyerm" authorityYear="1944" baseAuthorityName="C. B. Clarke" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" form="villosa" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina erecta subsp. f." order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="erecta" subSpecies="f.">Commelina erecta f. villosa</taxonomicName>
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(C.B.Clarke) Stand. & Steyerm., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23(2): 33. 1944.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina villosa" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">Commelina villosa</taxonomicName>
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(C.B.Clarke) Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boissier,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="sér">ser</normalizedToken>
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. 2, 1: 438. 1901.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="C. B. Clarke" authorityYear="1881" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina virginica subsp. var. var. villosa" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="virginica" subSpecies="var." variety="villosa">Commelina virginica var. villosa</taxonomicName>
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C.B.Clarke, Monogr. Phan. 3: 183. 1881. Lectotype (designated here). BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: "provincia de Rio Grande do Sul", 1816-1821, A. St.-Hilaire 2598 (P barcode P01742038!; isolectotype: P barcode P01742041!).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="lectotype">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Lectotype</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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(designated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Clarke, CB" editor="De Candolle, A" journalOrPublisher="3). Sumptibus G. Masson, Paris" pageId="11" pageNumber="70" pagination="113 - 324" refId="B4" refString="Clarke, CB, 1881. Commelinaceae. In: De Candolle, A, Ed., Monographiae Phanerogamarum, (Vol. 3). Sumptibus G. Masson, Paris: 113 - 324" title="Commelinaceae." volumeTitle="Monographiae Phanerogamarum, (Vol." year="1881">Clarke 1881</bibRefCitation>
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). "
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">Commelina erecta</taxonomicName>
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, ampliore subcaeruleo flore
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</emphasis>
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" in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 1: 91, t. 77, f. 88. 1732.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="selected specimens seen">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Selected specimens seen.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Araruama, 20 Apr 2008, A.C.S. Cavalcanti 139 (SPF).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Armação">Armacao</normalizedToken>
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de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Búzios">Buzios</normalizedToken>
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, loteamento de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="João">Joao</normalizedToken>
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Fernandes, quadra A, rua I, lote 10, 27 Jul 2013, M. Furtado 28 (RB). Arraial do Cabo, Praia do Pontal, 31 Jul 1953, F. Segadas Vianna s.n. (US barcode US 2283943.2455262). Cabo Frio,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Peró">Pero</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sítio">Sitio</normalizedToken>
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Guriri, 21 Jul 2003, G.S.Z. Rezende 191 (RB). Campos dos Goytacazes, Feb 1918, A.J. Sampaio 2813 (R). Carapebus, 23 Mar 1996, V. Esteves 947 (R).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Macaé">Macae</normalizedToken>
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, Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, margem da estrada principal, entre a praia e as moitas,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="próximo">proximo</normalizedToken>
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a Lagoa
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cabiúnas">Cabiunas</normalizedToken>
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, 23 Jun 2013, L.S.B. Calazans 219 (RB). Mangaratiba, Ilha da Marambaia, Praia Grande, 15 Jan 1986, E.M. Occhioni 484 (RB).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Maricá">Marica</normalizedToken>
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, 16 Feb 2005, A.T.A. Rodarte 195 (RB).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Niterói">Niteroi</normalizedToken>
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, Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, Pedra de Itacoatiara, 16 Feb 2000, M.C.F. Santos 496 (RB, RFFP). Paraty, Parati Mirim, Fazenda Parati-Mirim, propriedade da Flumitur, s.dat., C. Almeida 1931 (RB). Rio de Janeiro, Urca, 10 Jan 2012, M.O.O. Pellegrini et al. 181 (RB). Santo
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Antônio">Antonio</normalizedToken>
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de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pádua">Padua</normalizedToken>
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, Monte Alegre, Mar 1927, J. Vidal s.n. (R 205994).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gonçalo">Goncalo</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraíso">Paraiso</normalizedToken>
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, Faculdade
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Formação">Formacao</normalizedToken>
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de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20 Oct 2006, N. Coqueiro 297 (RB, RFFP).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="João">Joao</normalizedToken>
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da Barra, Restinga de Iquipari, 11 Dec 2002, M.C. Gaglione 8 (RB). Saquarema, 21 Feb 1996, A.Q.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lobão">Lobao</normalizedToken>
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76 (RB).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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Tropical and subtropical regions of the world, being common in disturbed areas of drier regions inland or near the coast, commonly found in
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">restingas</emphasis>
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or in urban areas (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map of Commelina in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Crosses C. benghalensis green dots C. diffusa var. diffusa; blue dots C. erecta; stars C. obliqua; empty square C. rufipes var. glabrata; full squares C. rufipes var. rufipes." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/130204" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">2</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="phenology">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Phenology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Throughout the year, but especially in the rainy season.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="conservation status">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Conservation status.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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Following the IUCN recommendations (
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<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="IBGE, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="12" pageNumber="71" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org" refId="B19" refString="IUCN, 2001. The IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2010.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge. http://www.iucnredlist.org" title="The IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2010.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org" year="2001">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
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), it should be considered as Least Concern (LC) in the state of the Rio de Janeiro and worldwide.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclatural and taxonomical notes">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Nomenclatural and taxonomical notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<bibRefCitation author="Clarke, CB" editor="De Candolle, A" journalOrPublisher="3). Sumptibus G. Masson, Paris" pageId="11" pageNumber="70" pagination="113 - 324" refId="B4" refString="Clarke, CB, 1881. Commelinaceae. In: De Candolle, A, Ed., Monographiae Phanerogamarum, (Vol. 3). Sumptibus G. Masson, Paris: 113 - 324" title="Commelinaceae." volumeTitle="Monographiae Phanerogamarum, (Vol." year="1881">Clarke (1881)</bibRefCitation>
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, in his revision of
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<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="family">Commelinaceae</taxonomicName>
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, erroneously considered
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<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="erecta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. erecta</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. virginica" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="virginica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. virginica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L., a species endemic to the USA (
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<bibRefCitation author="Faden, RB" journalOrPublisher="22. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York" pageId="11" pageNumber="70" pagination="170 - 197" refId="B10" refString="Faden, RB, 2000. Commelinaceae R.Brown: Spiderwort family. In: Flora of North America North of Mexico Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae, vol. 22. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York: 170 - 197" title="Commelinaceae R. Brown: Spiderwort family." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae, vol." year="2000">Faden 2000</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Thus, some names currently placed under the synonymy of
|
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<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="erecta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. erecta</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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were originally described under
|
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<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. virginica" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="virginica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. virginica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, or transferred to it at some point. According to
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399824" author="Faden, RB" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="11" pageNumber="70" pagination="208 - 218" refId="B8" refString="Faden, RB, 1993. The misconstrued and rare species of Commelina (Commelinaceae) in the eastern United States. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (1): 208 - 218, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399824" title="The misconstrued and rare species of Commelina (Commelinaceae) in the eastern United States." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399824" volume="80" year="1993">Faden (1993</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Faden, RB" journalOrPublisher="22. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York" pageId="11" pageNumber="70" pagination="170 - 197" refId="B10" refString="Faden, RB, 2000. Commelinaceae R.Brown: Spiderwort family. In: Flora of North America North of Mexico Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae, vol. 22. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York: 170 - 197" title="Commelinaceae R. Brown: Spiderwort family." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae, vol." year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Commelina erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated by its leaf-sheaths with auriculate margins, medial petal linear and hyaline, and all locules 1-seeded (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
leaf-sheaths not auriculate, medial petal blue and conspicuous, and dorsal locule 1-seeded and ventral locules 2-seeded, in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. virginica" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="virginica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. virginica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||
There seems to be some doubt regarding
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. deficiens" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="deficiens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. deficiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Herb. synonymy. According to Tropicos.org (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tropicos. org" journalOrPublisher="New York Botanical Gardens' Virtual Herbarium" pageId="12" pageNumber="71" publicationUrl="http://www.tropicos.org/" refId="B34" refString="Tropicos.org, 2014. Missouri Botanical Garden., http://www.tropicos.org/" title="Missouri Botanical Garden" url="http://www.tropicos.org/" year="2014">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this species is considered a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nevertheless, eMonocot.org (2010) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="The Plant List" journalOrPublisher="ARG Gantner Verlag, Rugell" pageId="12" pageNumber="71" publicationUrl="http://www.theplantlist.org" refId="B32" refString="The Plant List, 2013. The Plant List., http://www.theplantlist.org" title="The Plant List" url="http://www.theplantlist.org" year="2013">The Plant List (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treat
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. deficiens" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="deficiens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. deficiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. virginica" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="virginica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. virginica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As abovementioned, there is an historical confusion regarding
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. virginica" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="virginica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. virginica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If we exclusively take into account that
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. deficiens" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="deficiens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. deficiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Herbert, W" journalOrPublisher="The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew" pageId="11" pageNumber="70" refId="B15" refString="Herbert, W, 1826. Commelina deficiens: Two-petaled Commelina. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 53: 2644." title="Commelina deficiens: Two-petaled Commelina. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 53: 2644." year="1826">Herbert (1826)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the surrounding areas of Rio de Janeiro, it is impossible for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. deficiens" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="deficiens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. deficiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be conspecific to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. virginica" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="virginica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. virginica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Added to that, the watercolour presented by the author perfectly illustrates the habit, flower morphology and the inflorescence characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">C. erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with the aborted upper cincinnus). Thus, there is little doubt that
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. deficiens" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="deficiens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="62" start="start">C</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. deficiens
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a synonym of the latter. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stafleu, FA" journalOrPublisher="ARG Gantner Verlag, Rugell" pageId="12" pageNumber="71" refId="B31" refString="Stafleu, FA, Cowan, RS, 1979. Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types (2nd edn , Vol. 2). Regnum Vegetabile 94. ARG Gantner Verlag, Rugell" title="Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types (2 nd edn, Vol. 2). Regnum Vegetabile 94." year="1979">Stafleu and Cowan (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Herbert’s">Herbert's</normalizedToken>
|
||
type specimens were deposited at K, but no specimen corresponding to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. deficiens" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="deficiens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">C. deficiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found. Thus, in accordance to the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Code</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Botany" pageId="12" pageNumber="71" refId="B21" refString="McNeill, J, Barrie, FR, Buck, WR, Demoulin, V, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Marhold, K, Prado, J, Prud'Homme Van Reine, WF, Smith, GF, Wiersema, JH, Turland, NJ, 2012. (2012) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Melbourne Code). Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG, 1-240." title="(2012) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Melbourne Code). Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag KG, 1 - 240." year="2012">McNeill et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Art. 9.12), in the absence of herbarium specimens, we designate this illustration as the lectotype for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. deficiens" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="deficiens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">C. deficiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina villosa" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Commelina villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C.B.Clarke) Chodat & Hassl. has long been a name of dubious application.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clarke, CB" editor="De Candolle, A" journalOrPublisher="3). Sumptibus G. Masson, Paris" pageId="11" pageNumber="70" pagination="113 - 324" refId="B4" refString="Clarke, CB, 1881. Commelinaceae. In: De Candolle, A, Ed., Monographiae Phanerogamarum, (Vol. 3). Sumptibus G. Masson, Paris: 113 - 324" title="Commelinaceae." volumeTitle="Monographiae Phanerogamarum, (Vol." year="1881">Clarke (1881)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had already noticed that its morphological concept overlapped with the one of the highly variable
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">C. erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and that the difference between them relied solely on the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="plant’s">plant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
indumenta. The observation of a great number of natural populations and specimens kept in greenhouses showed that most of the morphological variation known for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">C. erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an environmental background. Large flowered specimens developed into small flowered specimens after being transplanted from sunny to shady areas. The same thing happened to narrow-leafed and erect plants (which would represent
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta subsp. var. var. angustifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="variety" species="erecta" subSpecies="var." variety="angustifolia">C. erecta var. angustifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
), developing into creeping and small to wide-leafed plants. The indumenta also varied when specimens were transplanted from the field to the greenhouse. Regarding growth form and position of the stem of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">C. erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the plants can vary from creeping to sub-scandent (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
stems leaning generally on bushes or any other kind of support) to partially or completely erect. The only morphological characters, constant in all areas and environmental conditions were: the auriculate leaf-sheath margins; terminal to apparently terminal inflorescences (1-3 per stem), broadly sagittate to subcordate spathes with connate margin, aborted upper cincinnus (generally completely absent, but sometimes only vestigial); hyaline, linear and involute medial petal (almost invisible at blind sight); capsules with 1-seeded locules; and smooth seed testa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
||
After analyzing the original descriptions and the type specimens, it became clear that
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. villosa" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="villosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">C. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta subsp. var. var. angustifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="variety" species="erecta" subSpecies="var." variety="angustifolia">C. erecta var. angustifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
are conspecific to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">C. erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, no varieties or subspecies are accepted in Brazil for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. erecta" order="Commelinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">C. erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |