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<mods:title id="2A1F3C5CAF62ACCE196A98C190F4331E">Biting the bullet: revisionary notes on the Oraseminae of the Old World (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eucharitidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1A52AE6F206221FBA861DABCD59F4B28">Burks, Roger A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D2E0B287675DB9166183DE1932064EBC">Heraty, John M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3B472A7C473A33E13AC4E749C32F1964">Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E7FDD854AD66B5211BE64854FC757E82" type="email">john.heraty@ucr.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D2478EC891C5D24FCD80ABCAAF24507A">Mottern, Jason</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1854C7011CC848A0D0720051D6F23368">Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 &amp; USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F219DB321F2F8401D2F269BB64EC77B5">Dominguez, Chrysalyn</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6541B23BD59C8C91665F608165F2FB11">Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6C6DC49514BFABA1F2E3EB731910036F">Heacox, Scott</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3D447C2FD8403185D169FAB84F71D5A9">Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="9A16192FC36DCCA089E676CD1F2C38D5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128834709" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0F73EB6C-36D2-4BB8-AC07-45177DDE900B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A16192FC36DCCA089E676CD1F2C38D5" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="17" pageNumber="156" scope_family="Eucharitidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_superFamily="Chalcidoidea">
<subSubSection id="654E41A22DC9DDDE263112020E000DEF" pageId="17" pageNumber="156" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="01C69E33351E13945E43882B2084F075" pageId="17" pageNumber="156">
<taxonomicName id="5954DBBD229A66C21497472CEABD3052" LSID="http://zoobank.org/0F73EB6C-36D2-4BB8-AC07-45177DDE900B" authority="Burks" authorityName="Burks" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Hayatosema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hayatosema plicator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plicator" status="sp. n.">Hayatosema plicator Burks</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="316CF22B8C961DC217CF269A41EEB094" pageId="17" pageNumber="156">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="E94CD0AB91B382C677CA4EA3C4F43572" captionStart="Figures 2833" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 28 - 33. Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 28 habitus, lateral 29 head, anterior 30 antennae, dorsal 31 mesosoma, lateral 32 mesosoma, dorsal 33 fore wing, dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures28-33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134107" pageId="17" pageNumber="156">Figs 28-33</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="133C9D8F2848CAC22BD1E151BEAF271A" captionStart="Figures 3437" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 34 - 37. 34 - 35 Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 34 propodeum and petiole, dorsal oblique 35 ovipositor, dorsal 36 - 37: Ibitya communis. Female: 36 head, frontal 37 pupa. hcx = hind coxa; pet = petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures34-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134109" pageId="17" pageNumber="156">, 34-35</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2377082B967A0B4F5AC77B77D34217E3" pageId="18" pageNumber="157" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="7FE4E2E1B9EE0019554AB5D5576DB6BC" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">
<pageBreakToken id="A94906BB836582B2D15069B7306FBE5F" pageId="18" pageNumber="157" start="start">Etymology</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C5FE10957D4043AD61655A948B3BCBA4" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">A noun meaning &quot;one who folds clothing,&quot; derived from the Latin verb plicare (to fold). Refers to the rough propodeal and petiolar surface sculpture.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58F488DD7B1CDE716CFDC2D494A8CF38" pageId="18" pageNumber="157" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="EFC517A68A9FA525368AB4AE0059C17F" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF0C1A9BF2C688C5D457B5716AB95317" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">
Flagellum with 7 funiculars (Fig.
<figureCitation id="11674E04B4B55BD5495B02AFF1ECFBA8" captionStart="Figures 2833" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 28 - 33. Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 28 habitus, lateral 29 head, anterior 30 antennae, dorsal 31 mesosoma, lateral 32 mesosoma, dorsal 33 fore wing, dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures28-33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134107" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">30</figureCitation>
). Prepectus rugose, mostly smooth, and without evenly reticulate sculpture as in all other species. Supraclypeal area and clypeus smooth (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6EFFCC850455736470A227944DDD7DAD" captionStart="Figures 2833" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 28 - 33. Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 28 habitus, lateral 29 head, anterior 30 antennae, dorsal 31 mesosoma, lateral 32 mesosoma, dorsal 33 fore wing, dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures28-33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134107" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">29</figureCitation>
). Mesoscutal midlobe strongly elevated anteriorly; pronotum with rounded anterolateral protrusions (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E8AEDA15CADA4E5E80BBC5FA7EF2DA59" captionStart="Figures 2833" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 28 - 33. Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 28 habitus, lateral 29 head, anterior 30 antennae, dorsal 31 mesosoma, lateral 32 mesosoma, dorsal 33 fore wing, dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures28-33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134107" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">32</figureCitation>
). Propodeal disc evenly areolate, with irregular, incomplete median carina (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8E5F9423487CCE38C914588C9759D9BA" captionStart="Figures 3437" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 34 - 37. 34 - 35 Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 34 propodeum and petiole, dorsal oblique 35 ovipositor, dorsal 36 - 37: Ibitya communis. Female: 36 head, frontal 37 pupa. hcx = hind coxa; pet = petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures34-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134109" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">34</figureCitation>
). This species keys to
<taxonomicName id="4606DDD2EAC16E5D5526F4285EED0B09" lsidName="O. initiator" pageId="18" pageNumber="157" rank="species" species="initiator">
<emphasis id="44CEE6068B792C66FF43A4E9436C2DFF" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">O. initiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="7C2579058228FBA95AA14B90D4AB8AB0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53489" author="Heraty, JM" journalOrPublisher="Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum" pageId="46" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B10" refString="Heraty, JM, 1994. Classification and evolution of the Oraseminae in the Old World, with revisions of two closely related genera of Eucharitinae (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 157: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53489" title="Classification and evolution of the Oraseminae in the Old World, with revisions of two closely related genera of Eucharitinae (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53489" volume="157" year="1994">Heraty (1994)</bibRefCitation>
, but differs by having a proportionally longer antennal flagellum to head height (1.3 versus 1.1-1.2), longer F2 (2.0 versus 1.4-1.5), frenum finely rugose-reticulate (versus reticulate), and a distinctly areolate (versus finely reticulate or nearly smooth) propodeum. It will key to
<taxonomicName id="D805921C3CFE071CACEAE68AABFE11FF" lsidName="O. assectator" pageId="18" pageNumber="157" rank="species" species="assectator">
<emphasis id="AF500FC8A3B03F86CFD2D64DD3DFB730" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">O. assectator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="D718C0FA7964B41A3A1B971774A8D33B" author="Girish Kumar, P" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Systematics" pageId="46" pageNumber="185" pagination="97 - 105" refId="B6" refString="Girish Kumar, P, Sureshan, PM, 2015. Description of two species of Orasema Cameron (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) from Kerala, India. Journal of Insect Systematics 2: 97 - 105" title="Description of two species of Orasema Cameron (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) from Kerala, India." volume="2" year="2015">Girish Kumar and Sureshan (2015)</bibRefCitation>
, but differs most distinctly by the rugose versus reticulate prepectus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F11EE7E58C41BAD50CF05C33A213C4E6" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="18" pageNumber="157" type="female">
<paragraph id="496485C166C0A4027DBFF5A66FE29482" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">Female.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="017474162239B22D7D75E737DB2DF814" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">Length 3.5 mm. Head, mesosoma, and petiole black with slight metallic blue to purple luster. Antenna pale yellow. Coxae black to dark brown, with faint metallic purple luster; femora dark brown except white at tips; tibiae and tarsi pale yellow. Fore wing venation yellowish-white. Gaster dark brown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9ABBC8E20169A6A1BECC657728738A22" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis id="0F89A03A8D8308F07CB98A27C386063F" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">Head</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="2F795DB7F9A502BB22C47B38D5ACCB29" captionStart="Figures 2833" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 28 - 33. Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 28 habitus, lateral 29 head, anterior 30 antennae, dorsal 31 mesosoma, lateral 32 mesosoma, dorsal 33 fore wing, dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures28-33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134107" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">29-30</figureCitation>
) 1.4
<normalizedToken id="B158CD3FC08CCCDDBA3ED3A92C0B929A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as broad as high. Face rugose-reticulate; supraclypeal area and clypeus smooth; anteclypeus absent; vertex reticulate. Labrum with 4 digits. Palpal formula 3:3 but with minute 2nd palpomeres. Flagellum 1.3
<normalizedToken id="86D1EF9AFC57D4EEF08A8259DC4CEB91" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
height of head; anellus transverse; F2 2.0
<normalizedToken id="F99CCE9E85B202C4C65E179F001422AA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as broad, F2 1.3
<normalizedToken id="E263A1849D31974552119D6D2EE40379" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as F3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F53801E3F78E24F461E631CD7C17989" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis id="ECB7629359A31E8E812959D28EAA3FE6" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">Mesosoma</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="F2F67C10C34B67F4AC7CF5A579C764CA" captionStart="Figures 2833" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 28 - 33. Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 28 habitus, lateral 29 head, anterior 30 antennae, dorsal 31 mesosoma, lateral 32 mesosoma, dorsal 33 fore wing, dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures28-33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134107" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">31</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="91B1A411A1CAA527F4074AB55FBED005" captionStart="Figures 3437" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 34 - 37. 34 - 35 Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 34 propodeum and petiole, dorsal oblique 35 ovipositor, dorsal 36 - 37: Ibitya communis. Female: 36 head, frontal 37 pupa. hcx = hind coxa; pet = petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures34-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134109" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">34</figureCitation>
). Pronotum with small protrusion ventral to mesothoracic spiracle (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D563655896F243E4C229109EA3F662C3" captionStart="Figures 2833" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 28 - 33. Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 28 habitus, lateral 29 head, anterior 30 antennae, dorsal 31 mesosoma, lateral 32 mesosoma, dorsal 33 fore wing, dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures28-33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134107" pageId="18" pageNumber="157">32</figureCitation>
: protrusion). Mesoscutum finely rugose-reticulate, posterior margin sinuate and midlobe strongly convex posteromedially, mesoscutal midlobe abruptly elevated above lateral lobes; notauli broadly and deeply impressed anteriorly. Axilla finely rugose-reticulate; mesoscutellar disc finely rugose-reticulate; frenal line as a deep groove with a carinate edge posteriorly; frenum finely rugose-reticulate; axillular sulcus not indicated, axillula finely rugose-reticulate. Mesepisternum anteriorly with a smooth area dorsolaterally, laterally finely reticulate and ventrally smooth; not overlapping prepectus; ventrally smooth and forming a rounded horizontal surface anterior to mesocoxae; upper mesepimeron elevated and smooth; transepimeral sulcus foveate;
<pageBreakToken id="F714D526EB7FD0DAC9F4E6BC31DF23FA" pageId="19" pageNumber="158" start="start">lower</pageBreakToken>
mesepimeron glossy, shallowly irregularly sculptured. Propodeal disc medially areolate with some underlying irregular sculpture, with irregular median carina that is present only for a short distance
<taxonomicName id="D1EC0D0EF99B6EC99D6089F0B77D8C20" lsidName="near" pageId="19" pageNumber="158" rank="species" species="near">near</taxonomicName>
propodeal midlength, sublaterally rugose-reticulate; callus bare, smooth over most of surface but coarsely areolate to foveate peripherally, including foveate depression separating metapleuron from hind wing base. Metacoxa rugose-reticulate, glossy posteriorly. Fore wing 2.4
<normalizedToken id="883B2D3E2FE6E65A528BF530CE3F8A36" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as broad; costal cell with ventral row of setae apically, bare basally; basal cell with 2 ventral setae anteriorly; speculum present, partially crossed by a patch of ventral setae
<taxonomicName id="B3C7866CEA742A70D844D902B0C66754" lsidName="near" pageId="19" pageNumber="158" rank="species" species="near">near</taxonomicName>
midlength of fore
<pageBreakToken id="EA1486CB2A76C41F59F687C127697A3E" pageId="20" pageNumber="159" start="start">wing</pageBreakToken>
; cubital fold with only a single ventral seta posterior to basal cell, bare posterior to speculum; subcubital fold bare posterior to basal cell, with only some ventral setae posterior to speculum; wing disc covered by dense long setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F472872B1437366C73DDB15074A74565" captionStart="Figures 2833" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 28 - 33. Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 28 habitus, lateral 29 head, anterior 30 antennae, dorsal 31 mesosoma, lateral 32 mesosoma, dorsal 33 fore wing, dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures28-33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134107" pageId="20" pageNumber="159">33</figureCitation>
); stigmal vein 2.0
<normalizedToken id="DA4C0A9062E2B0FFBD2253E8E16A3F92" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as broad, only slightly expanded at uncus; postmarginal vein about 3.0
<normalizedToken id="D445A83D992D87F6B5A722577344A369" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell with only a few ventral setae apically.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A7140C8E27068A423EB1650BCC6E6D3" pageId="20" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="9ADEF540DC54840A20B68D47F78982C7" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="159">Metasoma</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="B839F5887E3677E53AA894C7F4159625" captionStart="Figures 3437" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 34 - 37. 34 - 35 Hayatosema plicator. Holotype female: 34 propodeum and petiole, dorsal oblique 35 ovipositor, dorsal 36 - 37: Ibitya communis. Female: 36 head, frontal 37 pupa. hcx = hind coxa; pet = petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11482.figures34-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/134109" pageId="20" pageNumber="159">34-35</figureCitation>
). Petiole 1.7
<normalizedToken id="94EC94332AA79F0878ED8BC9D46C9052" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as broad; 0.9
<normalizedToken id="A146F59825C68DD01EE8B2BA48E8703B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as metacoxa, with sharp anterior transverse carina, areolate and with a complete dorsal median carina. Antecostal sulcus of Gs1 finely sculptured laterally, becoming smooth and very shallow medially; acrosternite smooth. Hypopygium with a few short setae, and 1 slightly longer posterolateral seta on each side. Ovipositor dorsal valve with 7 medially interrupted annuli; ventral valve with 7-8 minute teeth along lateral carina, with only a rounded elevation basal to toothed apex.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1CFD95746C2C7C7DB45997A3044D579C" pageId="20" pageNumber="159" type="male">
<paragraph id="B7BB0B4B8D9B7971BDCC38CEBA948194" pageId="20" pageNumber="159">Male.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0F85D05B8A9E4BB799A7D01CE28CACF" pageId="20" pageNumber="159">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DFF68EC72F3C67D2F1FFE29D5DF165F" pageId="20" pageNumber="159" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4119DB134CFA26583EBEE0FF032E95DE" pageId="20" pageNumber="159">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9FCC136B51DE1E29299E9D6E998A519E" pageId="20" pageNumber="159">
<materialsCitation id="9DF6FB7485CFB1140E1C16277ABDD961" collectingDate="2001-05-26" collectingDateMax="2001-06-13" collectingDateMin="2001-05-26" collectingMethod="Malaise trap" collectorName="Bach Ma Natl. Pk. Parashorea Trail, D. C. Darling, N. Tatarnic, B. Hubley, Dipterocarp" country="Vietnam" elevation="100" latitude="16.200668" location="Thua Thien-Hue" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="107.847115" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Thua Thien-Hue" typeStatus="Holotype">
<emphasis id="74045118B736731AE6FA2CFB62E972C6" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="159">
<typeStatus id="F72E291E683C4BBB8C34C0D2B57ACB8F">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectingCountry id="65D4D23FC243A9319B396B47DBAA8503" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="043CE2B2027487DB94CB03657C25473E" country="Vietnam" name="Thua Thien-Hue">Thua Thien-Hue</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<collectorName id="BD0358C2BEC88B675B72855FBD8974A2">Bach Ma Natl. Pk. Parashorea Trail</collectorName>
,
<quantity id="6D233A30B8EEDEBCEFA1181942ADF902" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
from park entrance,
<quantity id="6C43FAC07683CEB3C1EDE8756FAA6BEC" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="100.0">
<elevation id="2AB49E775611A96B6E07281CD86240AB" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="100.0">100m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<geoCoordinate id="1537E8AE5407D461E03451F0B21B645B" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="02.4" value="16.200668">16°12'02.4&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8D8A4620050D3C519322EA43D6A9D101" degrees="107" direction="east" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="49.6" value="107.847115">107°50'49.6&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectingDate id="C18349633862CD9E7451D0444929F45C" value="2001-05-26" valueMax="2001-06-13" valueMin="2001-05-26">26.v-13.vi.2001</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="5670A1E00B3EE0A481405E4385DC486F">D.C. Darling</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="6B3B5D3D8A5F49324091949C8F02B72F">N. Tatarnic</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="4909BDB09B793547E68EDF00FE3C0B06">B. Hubley</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="9CE71D94E5B4D39A9630E11989412E9E">Dipterocarp</collectorName>
forest-closed canopy,
<collectingMethod id="4AC213F560B4437D996364DC5D338834">Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
(fine) [
<specimenCount id="7C32C9B52CB681D92BE3DEF37C95E980" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
, ROME 2001504], deposited in ROME.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>