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<mods:title id="294BE6D31E7465EAFB1985B3A07052F1">The first molecular phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Lixinae (Coleoptera Curculionidae) casts doubts on the monophyly of its tribes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EFC84676DB86D77809656CB9018F73AA">Boldgiv, Bazartseren</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D5FB30BA6B14D6B3587536687449A493">Ecology Group, Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ikh Surguuliin Gudamj 1, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia. boldgiv @ num. edu. mn &amp; mglbinder 25 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0015 - 8142</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6075C7CE54804AA5C2354673C02F05FA">Iderzorig, Badamnyambuu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B85F1B2E1B2AF31CC7735D5708F38318">Ecology Group, Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ikh Surguuliin Gudamj 1, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia. boldgiv @ num. edu. mn &amp; mglbinder 25 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0015 - 8142</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="94E930661EF036E4A3643445173540FF">Zabaluev, Ilya A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="631312EE14EB3F688E1E900BA2C8A9C8">Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect 33, Moscow, Russia. fatsiccor 66 @ mail. ru; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1558 - 5502</mods:affiliation>
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Sampling of
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Most herein analysed specimens of
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were sampled during our fieldwork in
<collectingCountry id="F340764F035D7723FBA1FEA07AA95101" box="[1052,1186,284,310]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
,
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,
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and
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; the remaining specimens were accumulated through a network of correspondents (see Acknowledgements). All
<taxonomicName id="4C574D5C035D7723FF7EFED87F285149" baseAuthorityName="Arzanov &amp; Grebennikov" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[195,291,356,382]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cleonini">Cleonini</taxonomicName>
specimens sampled by us were either hand-picked during the daytime from under items lying on the ground (mainly dry dung of domesticated ungulates,
<figureCitation id="136C2A5A035D7723FD56FE347D4B5194" box="[747,832,392,419]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1811,1835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-27@2.[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cleonini weevils. A: Asproparthenis sp.; BD: Bothynoderes declivis adult (B), larva (C) and pupa (D) in Salsola sp.; E: Cleonis pigra on Carduus sp.; F: Conorhynchus sp.; G: Cyphocleonus sp.; H: Cyphocleonus achates in pupal cell in Centaurea diffusa; I: Eumecops fasciculifer; J: Leucomigus candidatus root gall on Artemisia sp.; KL: Microcleonus panderi (K) and its habitat (L); M: Pleurocleonus sp.; N: Scaphomorphus vibex; O: Stephanocleonus sp. Localities: A, F, G, I, KN: Mongolia; BE, H: Ukraine; O: Kazakhstan. Images and copyright: Badamnyambuu Iderzorig (A, F, G, I, KN) and Semyon Volovnik (BE, H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10113055" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10113055/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 2L</figureCitation>
)), or caught in unbaited pitfall traps; a few specimens were picked when walking on the ground or reared from root galls (
<figureCitation id="136C2A5A035D7723FC3BFE107DDC51F0" box="[902,983,428,455]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1811,1835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-27@2.[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cleonini weevils. A: Asproparthenis sp.; BD: Bothynoderes declivis adult (B), larva (C) and pupa (D) in Salsola sp.; E: Cleonis pigra on Carduus sp.; F: Conorhynchus sp.; G: Cyphocleonus sp.; H: Cyphocleonus achates in pupal cell in Centaurea diffusa; I: Eumecops fasciculifer; J: Leucomigus candidatus root gall on Artemisia sp.; KL: Microcleonus panderi (K) and its habitat (L); M: Pleurocleonus sp.; N: Scaphomorphus vibex; O: Stephanocleonus sp. Localities: A, F, G, I, KN: Mongolia; BE, H: Ukraine; O: Kazakhstan. Images and copyright: Badamnyambuu Iderzorig (A, F, G, I, KN) and Semyon Volovnik (BE, H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10113055" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10113055/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 2J</figureCitation>
). Conversely, all
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and
<taxonomicName id="4C574D5C035D7723FAADFE107B9751F1" authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1863" box="[1296,1436,428,454]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhinocyllini">Rhinocyllini</taxonomicName>
specimens were swept or hand-picked from vegetation. All specimens sequenced herein (including the outgroup) are deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes (Ottawa). Images and geographic data of each specimen reported in this work, either of
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or non-Lixinae, are available online in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B2E035D7723FDF5FD807D905260" author="Ratnasingham &amp; Hebert" box="[584,923,572,599]" firstAuthor="Ratnasingham" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="355 - 364" refId="ref11121" refString="Ratnasingham, S. &amp; Hebert, P. D. N. (2007) BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System (www. barcodinglife. org). Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 355 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 8286.2007.01678. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Ratnasingham &amp; Hebert 2007</bibRefCitation>
; dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-VGDS21).
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