250 lines
32 KiB
XML
250 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="B4F885F9237CB5DE1A8C8893702778E5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5352660" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5352660" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630208527114" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Dunford, James C." docDate="2009" docId="03FC87C67B24FFBBFF6CFE35FCD2DEAD" docLanguage="en" docName="0090.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2009 (90)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Speyeria carolae" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FFC5FFBE7B32FFADFFACFFD0FFFED816" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic overview of the greater fritillary genus Speyeria Scudder and the atlantis - hesperis species complexes, with species accounts, type images, and relevant literature (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)" masterLastPageNumber="74" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1699186102529" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:mods id="EF7E82AFF8F58A7EC9FDF89C1BD2AC26" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="33A2CEE817E00F4531B497681CCD22CE">
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<mods:title id="56FB18B1B01FFD62D8B2680654A51A62">Taxonomic overview of the greater fritillary genus Speyeria Scudder and the atlantis - hesperis species complexes, with species accounts, type images, and relevant literature (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="2B1F55A579C0B3D37DD7B1EADDE4B70A" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="80CF83D159D00CFAB3EC96E042FDBB36">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FF3583B97B50AE22E4413BEFCD6AD9EA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="866C2B30472BC5026897ADFDFA5395E1">Dunford, James C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C1BB34EA7529E575EE873344A58301D9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="AAF8E617E873B3AB07B0B87133EDD4D6">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="EEB1E35D38C96BE41FFF950153C270F7">
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<mods:date id="D72E6E306C0149A3F3D2E054E93ADAA1">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="73836097B31BF589F49EEB75014A3D74" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="1D6263C4FE7B12BDCF5030827502F168">2009-09-26</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="F083A1C1B646ADADCD099F4634498067" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F65FBEA24C6228A080756B863718F1E1">2009</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="472D5FB51296FECED65B58945E573F12" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="C65C234FC69C4D0E19409DF9C8C48D3F">90</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="EE05D038F5242D4DD9376951838F8D2F" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="5215AFE6AC28985FF240B1A00999299F">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="211A7AF1F3FEAFE11CBA88B0B7758074">74</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="EDFDFB7B2E0B082D8CDA575D35ABFCE5">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7B1C8D76C711C8B1273B79CADDCA4AF8" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5352660</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="147AF101A26C3F15B9D080DD4A4AC6ED" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="440A774B42BFD00979EBF696945FFD81" type="Zenodo-Dep">5352660</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FC87C67B24FFBBFF6CFE35FCD2DEAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5450557" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5450557" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC87C67B24FFBBFF6CFE35FCD2DEAD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC87C67B24FFBBFF6CFE35FCD2DEAD" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B24FFBBFF6CFE35FCDED9ED" box="[192,800,483,508]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFE35FCDED9ED" blockId="22.[192,800,483,539]" box="[192,800,483,508]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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<heading id="D0A281BC7B24FFBBFF6CFE35FCDED9ED" bold="true" box="[192,800,483,508]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFF6CFE35FCDED9ED" ID-CoL="99W2D" authority="(dos Passos and Grey, 1942)" baseAuthorityName="dos Passos and Grey" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[192,800,483,508]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolae">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFE35FCDED9ED" bold="true" box="[192,800,483,508]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFE35FE5AD9EA" bold="true" box="[192,420,485,508]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Speyeria carolae</emphasis>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFE18FE33FCE9D9ED" author="dos Passos, C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[436,791,483,507]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref35781" refString="dos Passos, C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1942. Two new North American subspecies of Argynnis, with some revisional notes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). American Museum Novitates 1214. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1942">dos Passos and Grey, 1942</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B24FFBBFF6CFDD3FEBADA0D" box="[192,324,515,539]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFDD3FEBADA0D" blockId="22.[192,800,483,539]" box="[192,324,515,539]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="136E2A557B24FFBBFF64FDD3FEC5DA0D" box="[200,315,515,539]" captionStart="Figure 11-15" captionStartId="67.[192,276,1672,1694]" captionTargetBox="[192,1443,197,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-14@67.[192,1443,192,1646]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 11-15. Type images for Speyeria spp.; dorsal, ventral, and label images. 11) Speyeria nokomis lectotype, described as Argynnis Nokomis, male, AMNH. This specimen is not recognized as the name bearing type. 12) Speyeria edwardsii lectotype, described as Argynnis edwardsii, male, FMNH. 13) Speyeria coronis neotype, described as Argynnis Coronis, male, CMNH. 14) Speyeria zerene lectotype, described as Argynnis Zerene, male, NMNH. 15) Speyeria carolae holotype, described as Argynnis coronis carolae, male, CMNH. Images 11-13 and 15 by James C. Dunford; 14 by Robert Robbins." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5352674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5352674/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Figure 15</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B24FFBBFF6CFD94FBB8DA6D" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFD94FCA8DA4D" blockId="22.[192,1094,579,699]" box="[192,854,579,603]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511FE7B24FFBBFF6CFD94FCA8DA4D" box="[192,854,579,603]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF410C17B24FFBBFF6CFD94FCACDA4D" author="dos Passos, C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[192,850,579,603]" page="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" year="1942">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFF6CFD94FCACDA4D" authority="dos Passos and Grey, 1942: 2" authorityName="dos Passos and Grey" authorityPageNumber="2" authorityYear="1942" box="[192,850,579,603]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronis" subSpecies="carolae">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFD94FE15DA4D" box="[192,491,579,603]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Argynnis coronis carolae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFE5DFD93FCACDA4D" author="dos Passos, C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[497,850,579,603]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref35781" refString="dos Passos, C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1942. Two new North American subspecies of Argynnis, with some revisional notes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). American Museum Novitates 1214. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1942">dos Passos and Grey, 1942: 2</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFDB4FBB8DA6D" blockId="22.[192,1094,579,699]" box="[192,1094,611,635]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFF6CFDB4FD0FDA6D" ID-CoL="5L8QR" authority="(dos Passos and Grey)" baseAuthorityName="dos Passos and Grey" box="[192,753,611,635]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronis" subSpecies="carolae">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFDB4FE1BDA6D" box="[192,485,611,635]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Speyeria coronis carolae</emphasis>
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(dos Passos and Grey)
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFD51FDB3FBC4DA6D" author="dos Passos C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[765,1082,611,635]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref35903" refString="dos Passos C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1947. Systematic catalogue of Speyeria (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with designations of types and fixations of the type localities. American Museum Novitates 1370: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1947">dos Passos and Grey 1947</bibRefCitation>
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].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B24FFBBFF6CFD54FD88DAED" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFD54FC32DA8D" blockId="22.[192,1094,579,699]" box="[192,972,643,667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFF6CFD54FD14DA8D" authority="(dos Passos and Grey)" baseAuthorityName="dos Passos and Grey" box="[192,746,643,667]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zerene" subSpecies="carolae">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFD54FE25DA8D" box="[192,475,643,667]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Speyeria zerene carolae</emphasis>
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(dos Passos and Grey)
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFD5BFD53FC3EDA8D" author="dos Passos, C. F." box="[759,960,643,667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="209 - 225" refId="ref35724" refString="dos Passos, C. F. 1961. Taxonomic notes on some Nearctic Rhopalocera. 2. Papilionoidea. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 15: 209 - 225." type="journal article" year="1961">dos Passos 1961</bibRefCitation>
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].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFD74FC22DAAD" blockId="22.[192,1094,579,699]" box="[192,988,675,699]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFF6CFD74FD69DAAD" authority="(dos Passos and Grey)" baseAuthorityName="dos Passos and Grey" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[192,663,675,699]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolae">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFD74FE76DAAD" box="[192,392,675,699]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Speyeria carolae</emphasis>
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(dos Passos and Grey)
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFD0FFD73FC2EDAAD" author="Emmel, T. C. & G. T. Austin" box="[675,976,675,699]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="443 - 450" refId="ref37849" refString="Emmel, T. C., and G. T. Austin. 1998. What is Argynnis carolae? The cytotaxonomy and systematic position of a Speyeria relic from Nevada (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). p. 443 - 450. In: T. C. Emmel (ed.). Systematics of western North American butterflies. Mariposa Press; Gainesville, Florida. 878 p." type="book chapter" year="1998">Emmel and Austin 1998</bibRefCitation>
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||
].
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFD33FD88DAED" blockId="22.[192,630,739,763]" box="[192,630,739,763]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFD33FE5DDAED" bold="true" box="[192,419,739,763]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Common names.</emphasis>
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Carol’s fritillary.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B24FFBBFF6CFCF3FCD2DEAD" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFCF3FB1BDB2D" blockId="22.[192,1253,803,827]" box="[192,1253,803,827]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFCF3FE66DB2D" bold="true" box="[192,408,803,827]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Type deposited.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B3D3C8D7B24FFBBFE32FCF3FB1BDB2D" box="[414,1253,803,827]" location="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54EE88727B24FFBBFE32FCF3FDF3DB2D" box="[414,525,803,827]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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(male) at
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<location id="8E8A600B7B24FFBBFD28FCF3FBACDB2D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC87C67B24FFBBFF6CFE35FCD2DEAD:8E8A600B7B24FFBBFD28FCF3FBACDB2D" box="[644,1106,803,827]" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">American Museum of Natural History</location>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="136E2A557B24FFBBFBCCFCF3FB26DB2D" box="[1120,1240,803,827]" captionStart="Figure 11-15" captionStartId="67.[192,276,1672,1694]" captionTargetBox="[192,1443,197,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-14@67.[192,1443,192,1646]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 11-15. Type images for Speyeria spp.; dorsal, ventral, and label images. 11) Speyeria nokomis lectotype, described as Argynnis Nokomis, male, AMNH. This specimen is not recognized as the name bearing type. 12) Speyeria edwardsii lectotype, described as Argynnis edwardsii, male, FMNH. 13) Speyeria coronis neotype, described as Argynnis Coronis, male, CMNH. 14) Speyeria zerene lectotype, described as Argynnis Zerene, male, NMNH. 15) Speyeria carolae holotype, described as Argynnis coronis carolae, male, CMNH. Images 11-13 and 15 by James C. Dunford; 14 by Robert Robbins." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5352674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5352674/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Figure 15</figureCitation>
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||
).
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFCB3FC8CDB6D" blockId="22.[192,882,867,891]" box="[192,882,867,891]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFCB3FE84DB6D" bold="true" box="[192,378,867,891]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B24FFBBFF6CFCB3FEFBDB6D" box="[192,261,867,891]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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Charleston Park, Clark County,
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<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B24FFBBFCA0FCB3FC91DB6D" box="[780,879,867,891]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFC73FB8ADBCD" blockId="22.[192,1440,931,987]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
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||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFC73FE71DBAD" bold="true" box="[192,399,931,955]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Type label data</emphasis>
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||
. “Charleston Park, Clark Co., Nev., 8-9, VII, 1928,
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||
<quantity id="4CAD9B357B24FFBBFC40FC73FBB1DBAD" box="[1004,1103,931,955]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4384" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" unit="ft" value="8.0">8,000 ft.</quantity>
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||
;
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFBF6FC73FB10DBAD" authorityName="Idalia-Infumata Oberthur" authorityYear="1912" box="[1114,1262,931,955]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">ARGYNNIS</taxonomicName>
|
||
C. CAROLAE, C. F. dos Passos and L. P. Grey; J. D. Gunder Collection Ac. 34998;
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B24FFBBFC5EFC13FB9BDBCD" box="[1010,1125,963,987]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CFBD3FD22DDCD" blockId="22.[192,1441,1027,1499]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CFBD3FD2DDC0D" bold="true" box="[192,723,1027,1051]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Identification, taxonomy, and variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Average wingspan is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B357B24FFBBFB2EFBD3FB28DC0D" box="[1154,1238,1027,1051]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="56.0">56 mm</quantity>
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||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFB72FBD4FA5EDC0D" baseAuthorityName="dos Passos and Grey" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[1246,1440,1027,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolae">
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||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFB72FBD4FA5EDC0D" box="[1246,1440,1027,1051]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Speyeria carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is generally darker and bears slightly different wing shape and coloration than those of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFB74FBF4FAB0DC2D" baseAuthorityName="Behr" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1240,1358,1060,1083]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFB74FBF4FAB0DC2D" box="[1240,1358,1060,1083]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">S. coronis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFA2BFBF4FEF3DC4D" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerene">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFA2BFBF4FEF3DC4D" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">S. zerene</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dorsal color of both sexes is bright reddish-orange; the ventral forewing is heavily flushed with reddish-orange anteriorly to or beyond vein M3, and this is usually more extensive than on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFA9BFBB4FA5EDC6D" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1335,1440,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerene">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFA9BFBB4FA5EDC6D" box="[1335,1440,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">S. zerene</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFF58FB54FE95DC8D" baseAuthorityName="Behr" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[244,363,1156,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF58FB54FE95DC8D" box="[244,363,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">S. coronis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ventral hindwing disc varies from reddish-brown to brown and the spots are moderately large. The spots range from silvered to mostly unsilvered.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFC02FB74FB8CDCAD" baseAuthorityName="dos Passos and Grey" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[942,1138,1187,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFC02FB74FB8CDCAD" box="[942,1138,1187,1211]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Speyeria carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been hypothesized to be an intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFDBEFB14FD78DCCD" baseAuthorityName="Behr" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[530,646,1220,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFDBEFB14FD78DCCD" box="[530,646,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">S. coronis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFD13FB14FC35DCCD" authority="(Scott 1986 b)" baseAuthorityName="Scott" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[703,971,1219,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zerene">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFD13FB14FCD6DCCD" box="[703,808,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">S. zerene</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFC9AFB13FC3ADCCD" author="Scott, J. A." box="[822,964,1219,1243]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" refId="ref44819" refString="Scott, J. A. 1986 b. The butterflies of North America: A natural history and field guide. Stanford University Press; Stanford, California. 583 p." type="book" year="1986">Scott 1986b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and may represent an extant, remnant form of the ancestral lineage between both of these species. Formerly recognized as a subspecies within the coronis complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFE16FAD3FD0DDD0D" author="dos Passos, C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[442,755,1283,1307]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref35781" refString="dos Passos, C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1942. Two new North American subspecies of Argynnis, with some revisional notes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). American Museum Novitates 1214. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1942">dos Passos and Grey 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFD51FAD3FCC5DD0D" author="dos Passos C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[765,827,1283,1307]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref35903" refString="dos Passos C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1947. Systematic catalogue of Speyeria (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with designations of types and fixations of the type localities. American Museum Novitates 1370: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1947">1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and later the zerene complex by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFB62FAD3FA5FDD0D" author="dos Passos, C. F." box="[1230,1441,1283,1307]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="209 - 225" refId="ref35724" refString="dos Passos, C. F. 1961. Taxonomic notes on some Nearctic Rhopalocera. 2. Papilionoidea. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 15: 209 - 225." type="journal article" year="1961">dos Passos (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFF58FAF3FE63DD2D" author="Austin, G. T." box="[244,413,1315,1339]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="66 - 74" refId="ref33857" refString="Austin, G. T. 1981. The montane butterfly fauna of the Spring Range, Nevada. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 35: 66 - 74." type="journal article" year="1981">Austin (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFE0BFAF4FDE1DD2D" baseAuthorityName="dos Passos and Grey" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[423,543,1315,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFE0BFAF4FDE1DD2D" box="[423,543,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">S. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was considered a distinct species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFC77FAF3FAEDDD2D" author="Emmel, T. C. & G. T. Austin" box="[987,1299,1315,1339]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="443 - 450" refId="ref37849" refString="Emmel, T. C., and G. T. Austin. 1998. What is Argynnis carolae? The cytotaxonomy and systematic position of a Speyeria relic from Nevada (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). p. 443 - 450. In: T. C. Emmel (ed.). Systematics of western North American butterflies. Mariposa Press; Gainesville, Florida. 878 p." type="book chapter" year="1998">Emmel and Austin (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFAE1FAF3FEF2DD4D" author="Austin, G. T." pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="629 - 640" refId="ref33956" refString="Austin, G. T. 1998. Type data for butterflies described from Nevada. p. 629 - 640. In: T. C. Emmel (ed.). Systematics of western North American butterflies. Mariposa Press; Gainesville, Florida. 878 p." type="book chapter" year="1998">Austin (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based on differences in wing patterns and chromosome numbers (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFBD0FA93FE40DD6D" author="North American Butterfly Association" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" refId="ref43208" refString="North American Butterfly Association. 2001. North American Butterfly Association (NABA) checklist and English names of North American butterflies, 2 nd Edition. North American Butterfly Association; Morristown, New Jersey. 36 p." type="book" year="2001">North American Butterfly Association 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFE67FAB3FD9FDD6D" author="Scott, J. A." box="[459,609,1379,1403]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref45004" refString="Scott, J. A. 2008 a. Corrections / reviews of 58 North American butterfly books. Papilio 19: 1 - 129." type="journal article" year="2008">Scott 2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p.54). The nearest
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFCF6FAB4FC3BDD6D" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" box="[858,965,1380,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFCF6FAB4FC3BDD6D" box="[858,965,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Speyeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFB4AFAB4FA9FDD6D" baseAuthorityName="dos Passos and Grey" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[1254,1377,1379,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFB4AFAB4FA9FDD6D" box="[1254,1377,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">S. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in southwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B24FFBBFEC0FA53FE50DD8D" box="[364,430,1411,1435]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B357B24FFBBFDDDFA53FD35DD8D" box="[625,715,1411,1435]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" unit="km" value="225.0">225 km</quantity>
|
||
to the northeast. The geographic isolation and the low probability of present-day gene flow and probable, precinctive larval host plant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFB91FA73FAC3DDAD" baseAuthorityName="Emmel and Austin" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1085,1341,1443,1467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charlestonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFB91FA73FAC3DDAD" box="[1085,1341,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Viola charlestonensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
support full species status (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFE0AFA13FD31DDCD" author="Emmel, T. C. & G. T. Austin" box="[422,719,1475,1499]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="443 - 450" refId="ref37849" refString="Emmel, T. C., and G. T. Austin. 1998. What is Argynnis carolae? The cytotaxonomy and systematic position of a Speyeria relic from Nevada (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). p. 443 - 450. In: T. C. Emmel (ed.). Systematics of western North American butterflies. Mariposa Press; Gainesville, Florida. 878 p." type="book chapter" year="1998">Emmel and Austin 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CF9D3FB30DE4D" blockId="22.[192,1440,1539,1628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CF9D3FEE1DE0D" bold="true" box="[192,287,1539,1563]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
Isolated in southern Nevada’s Spring Mountains (Clark County).
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B24FFBBFB81F9D4FB97DE0A" box="[1069,1129,1540,1564]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material was taken in the Charleston Range between elevations of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B357B24FFBBFCDEF9F3FBCDDE2D" box="[882,1075,1571,1595]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5908" metricValueMax="3.3528" metricValueMin="1.8288" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" unit="ft" value="8.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="6.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6150177B24FFBBFCDEF9F3FC49DE2D" box="[882,951,1571,1595]" degrees="6,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" precision="55" value="6.0">6,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6150177B24FFBBFC1BF9F3FBEFDE2D" box="[951,1041,1571,1595]" degrees="11,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" precision="55" value="-11.0">-11,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
ft.
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
It is regarded as the most restricted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B24FFBBFE88F994FE14DE4D" box="[292,490,1603,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFE88F994FE70DE4D" box="[292,398,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Speyeria</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in geographical range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFCA8F993FC70DE4D" author="Howe, W. H." box="[772,910,1603,1627]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" refId="ref41056" refString="Howe, W. H. 1975. The butterflies of North America. Doubleday and Company, Inc.; Garden City, New York. 633 p." type="book" year="1975">Howe 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFC34F993FB3FDE4D" author="Emmel, T. C. & G. T. Austin" box="[920,1217,1603,1627]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="443 - 450" refId="ref37849" refString="Emmel, T. C., and G. T. Austin. 1998. What is Argynnis carolae? The cytotaxonomy and systematic position of a Speyeria relic from Nevada (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). p. 443 - 450. In: T. C. Emmel (ed.). Systematics of western North American butterflies. Mariposa Press; Gainesville, Florida. 878 p." type="book chapter" year="1998">Emmel and Austin 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B24FFBBFF6CF953FCD2DEAD" blockId="22.[192,1440,1667,1724]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B24FFBBFF6CF953FE9BDE8D" bold="true" box="[192,357,1667,1691]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults occur in dry forests, hillsides, meadows, and riparian habitats above
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B357B24FFBBFB58F953FAA8DE8D" box="[1268,1366,1667,1691]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" unit="ft" value="6.0">6,000 ft.</quantity>
|
||
in the Spring Range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFED8F973FDF2DEAD" author="Austin, G. T." box="[372,524,1699,1723]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="66 - 74" refId="ref33857" refString="Austin, G. T. 1981. The montane butterfly fauna of the Spring Range, Nevada. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 35: 66 - 74." type="journal article" year="1981">Austin 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B24FFBBFDBAF973FCE1DEAD" author="Fleishman, E. & D. D. Murphy & G. T. Austin" box="[534,799,1699,1723]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="89 - 95" refId="ref38924" refString="Fleishman, E., D. D. Murphy, and G. T. Austin. 2005. Biodiversity patterns of spring-associated butterflies in a Mojave desert mountain range. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 59: 89 - 95." type="journal article" year="2005">Fleishman et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |