977 lines
116 KiB
XML
977 lines
116 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CEA3B7C1BDFAFCCBDDAC00BFAE21C8C3">Hyla vigilans Solano, 1971, a second species for the genus Scarthyla, redescription and distribution in Venezuela and Colombia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ED7ACD7F8A25D1B83C99B4EE5AE77447">Barrio-Amorós, César Luis</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFC3A772CFC65" blockId="2.[264,888,964,1025]" box="[264,888,964,990]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFC3A772CFC65" bold="true" box="[264,888,964,990]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B8355386FFC3A76CEFC65" ID-CoL="4V3F3" authority="Solano, 1971" authorityName="Solano" authorityYear="1971" box="[264,666,964,990]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFC3A75B5FC65" bold="true" box="[264,481,964,990]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB3B83553896FC3A76C6FC65" author="Solano" box="[497,658,964,990]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Solano, H. (1971) Una nueva especie del genero Hyla (Amphibia: Anura) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 7 (2), 211 - 218." type="journal article" year="1971">Solano, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21257EDAB3B83553BC5FC3A772CFC65" box="[674,888,964,990]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">new combination</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFC197510FBBA" blockId="2.[264,888,964,1025]" box="[264,324,999,1025]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<figureCitation id="136E2A01AB3B8355386FFC197510FBBA" box="[264,324,999,1025]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1285,1309]" captionTargetBox="[267,1319,472,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[267,1319,472,1260]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Male of Scarthyla nov. from Ologá, southwestern side of the Maracaibo lake. Photo by C. L. Barrio-Amorós." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174504/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig 1</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34F650FAB3B8355386FFBC9773DFAD6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFBC9778DFBF6" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" box="[264,985,1078,1102]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511AAAB3B8355386FFBC9778DFBF6" box="[264,985,1078,1102]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B8355386FFBC9775BFBF6" ID-CoL="3NDC7" authority="Cochran and Goin 1970: 236" authorityName="Cochran and Goin" authorityPageNumber="236" authorityYear="1970" box="[264,783,1078,1102]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="squalirostris">
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<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFBC9759CFBF5" box="[264,456,1079,1102]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hyla squalirostris</emphasis>
|
||
:
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF41095AB3B835538B1FBC8775BFBF6" author="Cochran" box="[470,783,1078,1101]" page="236" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1970">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB3B835538B1FBC8768EFBF6" author="Cochran" box="[470,730,1078,1101]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" refString="Cochran, D. & Goin, C. (1970) Frogs of Colombia. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 288, 1 - 655." type="journal article" year="1970">Cochran and Goin 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 236
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Misidentification.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFBA9776AFBD6" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" box="[264,830,1110,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511AAAB3B8355386FFBA9776AFBD6" box="[264,830,1110,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B8355386FFBA976EDFBD6" ID-CoL="6MM8X" authority="Solano 1971: 212 Original" authorityName="Solano 1971: 212 Original" box="[264,697,1110,1134]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
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<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFBA975C3FBD5" box="[264,407,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hyla vigilans</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF41095AB3B835538F9FBA8760EFBD6" author="Solano" box="[414,602,1110,1133]" page="212" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1971">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB3B835538F9FBA87673FBD6" author="Solano" box="[414,551,1110,1133]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Solano, H. (1971) Una nueva especie del genero Hyla (Amphibia: Anura) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 7 (2), 211 - 218." type="journal article" year="1971">Solano 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 212
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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Original
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</taxonomicName>
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description.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFB897741FB16" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511AAAB3B8355386FFB897741FB16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B8355386FFB89768CFB36" ID-CoL="6MM8X" authority="Frost 1985: 157 Association" authorityName="Frost 1985: 157 Association" box="[264,728,1142,1166]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
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<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFB8975C3FB35" box="[264,407,1143,1166]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
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:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF41095AB3B835538C0FB887606FB36" author="Frost" box="[423,594,1142,1165]" page="157" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1985">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB3B835538C0FB88764BFB36" author="Frost" box="[423,543,1142,1165]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Frost, D. R. (1985) Amphibian Species of the World. Allen Press Inc. and Association of Systematic Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. 732 pp." type="book" year="1985">Frost 1985</bibRefCitation>
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: 157
|
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</treatmentCitation>
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Association
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the species with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B83553AD5FB887043FB36" box="[946,1047,1142,1165]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Ololygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ololygon</taxonomicName>
|
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(La Marca, pers. com. to Frost) but new combination never presented.
|
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFB497022FB76" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" box="[264,1142,1206,1230]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511AAAB3B8355386FFB497022FB76" box="[264,1142,1206,1230]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B8355386FFB497620FB76" ID-CoL="6MM8X" authority="La Marca 1992: 57" authorityName="La Marca" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1992" box="[264,628,1206,1230]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFB4975C3FB75" box="[264,407,1207,1230]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
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:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF41095AB3B835538C2FB487620FB76" author="La" box="[421,628,1206,1229]" page="57" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1992">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB3B835538C2FB487618FB76" author="La" box="[421,588,1206,1229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="La Marca, E. (1992) Catalogo taxonomico, biogeografico y bibliografico de las ranas de Venezuela. Cuadernos Geograficos U. L. A., Merida (9), 197 pp." type="book" year="1992">La Marca 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 57
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Venezuelan listing and geographic distribution.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFB29705BFB56" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" box="[264,1039,1238,1262]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511AAAB3B8355386FFB29705BFB56" box="[264,1039,1238,1262]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B8355386FFB29777FFB56" ID-CoL="6MM8X" authority="Mijares-Urrutia and Hero 1997: 585" authorityName="Mijares-Urrutia and Hero" authorityPageNumber="585" authorityYear="1997" box="[264,811,1238,1262]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
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<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFB2975C3FB55" box="[264,407,1239,1262]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
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:
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF41095AB3B835538C2FB28777FFB56" author="Mijares-Urrutia" box="[421,811,1238,1261]" page="585" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1997">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB3B835538C2FB2876A1FB56" author="Mijares-Urrutia" box="[421,757,1238,1261]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Mijares-Urrutia, A. E. & Hero, J. (1997) Los renacuajos de Hyla luteoocellata e H. vigilans (Anura: Hylidae) de Venezuela. Revista Biologia Tropical, 44 (3) / 45 (1), 585 - 592." type="journal article" year="1997">Mijares-Urrútia and Hero 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 585
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Tadpole description.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFB0970E5FAB6" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" box="[264,1201,1270,1294]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511AAAB3B8355386FFB0970E5FAB6" box="[264,1201,1270,1294]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B8355386FFB0976E4FAB6" ID-CoL="6MM8X" authority="Barrio-Amoros 1998: 34" authorityName="Barrio-Amoros" authorityPageNumber="34" authorityYear="1998" box="[264,688,1270,1294]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
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<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFB0975C3FAB5" box="[264,407,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
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:
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF41095AB3B835538C2FB0876E4FAB6" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[421,688,1270,1293]" page="34" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1998">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB3B835538C2FB0876DCFAB6" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[421,648,1270,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (1998) Sistematica y Biogeografia de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 18 (2), 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1998">Barrio-Amorós 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 34
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Venezuelan listing and geographic distribution.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFAE97071FA96" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" box="[264,1061,1302,1326]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511AAAB3B8355386FFAE97071FA96" box="[264,1061,1302,1326]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B8355386FFAE97715FA96" ID-CoL="6MM8X" authority="Suarez-Mayorga and Lynch 2001: 116" authorityName="Suarez-Mayorga and Lynch" authorityPageNumber="116" authorityYear="2001" box="[264,833,1302,1326]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFAE975C3FA95" box="[264,407,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
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:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF41095AB3B835538C2FAE87715FA96" author="Suarez-Mayorga" box="[421,833,1302,1325]" page="116" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB3B835538C2FAE87759FA96" author="Suarez-Mayorga" box="[421,781,1302,1325]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Suarez-Mayorga, A. & Lynch, J. (2001) Redescription of the tadpole of Hyla vigilans (Anura: Hylidae) and notes about possible taxonomic relationships. Caribbean Journal of Science, 37 (1 - 2), 116 - 119." type="journal article" year="2001">Suárez-Mayorga and Lynch 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 116
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Tadpole description.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFAC970E5FAF6" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" box="[264,1201,1334,1358]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B8355386FFAC976FBFAF6" ID-CoL="6MM8X" authority="Barrio-Amoros 2004: 16" authorityName="Barrio-Amoros" authorityPageNumber="16" authorityYear="2004" box="[264,687,1334,1358]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFAC975C3FAF5" box="[264,407,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
: Barrio-Amorós 2004: 16
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Venezuelan listing and geographic distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFAA9773DFAD6" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" box="[264,873,1366,1390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511AAAB3B8355386FFAA9773DFAD6" box="[264,873,1366,1390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B8355386FFAA97618FAD5" ID-CoL="6MM8X" authority="Faivovich et al." authorityName="Faivovich et al." box="[264,588,1366,1390]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFAA975C3FAD5" box="[264,407,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF41095AB3B835538C2FAA87618FAD5" author="Faivovich" box="[421,588,1366,1390]" page="111" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="2005">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB3B835538C2FAA87618FAD5" author="Faivovich" box="[421,588,1366,1390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Faivovich, J., Haddad, C. F. B., Garcia, P. C. A., Frost, D. R., Campbell, J. A. & Wheeler, W. C. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysys and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 294: 1 - 240." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Faivovich
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B83553B71FAA97618FAD5" box="[534,588,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 2005: 111. Incertae sedis.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34F650FAB3B8355386FFA89766EFA02" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFA89717EFA2A" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" box="[264,1322,1399,1425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE8826AB3B8355386FFA89752EFA2A" box="[264,378,1399,1425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED44AE41AB3B835538E8FA8975AFFA2A" box="[399,507,1399,1425]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7nxg-etxt" name="Museo de Biologia de la Universidad Central de Venezuela" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MBUCV</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED44AE41AB3B83553B6BFA897660FA2A" box="[524,564,1399,1425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">IV-</collectionCode>
|
||
6163, from the road Coloncito to El Vigía, estado Zulia
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFA61766EFA02" blockId="2.[264,1323,1078,1465]" box="[264,570,1439,1465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
[sic!=Mérida],
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB3B835538DDFA617662FA02" box="[442,566,1439,1465]" name="Venezuela" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34F650FAB3B8355386FFA10702DF8CA" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3B8355386FFA10702DF8CA" blockId="2.[264,1323,1518,1905]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B8355386FFA1075DEF9B3" bold="true" box="[264,394,1518,1544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B835538FBFA11762FF9B3" box="[412,635,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B835538FBFA11762FF9B3" box="[412,635,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from other hylids by the following combination of characters: (1) small SVL (up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B61AB3B83553A37F9E977FCF98A" box="[848,936,1559,1585]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
|
||
); (2) acuminate snout projecting beyond margin of lip, (3) tympanum distinct, approximately half diameter of ED; (4) hind limbs long, reaching nostrils when adpressed to saggital plane; (5) fingers unwebbed; (6) toes nearly fully webbed; (7) coloration in preservative pale brown to dark brown dorsally with darker longitudinal markings and dark brown upper lateral stripes; in life, lime green at night, at day pale brownish with contrasting or not longitudinal stripes; bones green in life and in recently preserved specimens. Differences between the two species of the genus are highlighted in the discussion. All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B83553BA1F8D17740F8F3" box="[710,788,1839,1864]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B83553BA1F8D17740F8F3" box="[710,788,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scinax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a reduced or complete lack of webbing between Toes I and II, whereas Toes I and II are fully webbed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3B83553D65F8A97026F8CB" box="[1026,1138,1879,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3B83553D65F8A97026F8CB" box="[1026,1138,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scarthyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34F650FAB3A835D385FFEE5752CFEE5" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3A8354385FFEE5750BFB75" blockId="3.[264,1323,283,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3A8354385FFEE57586FE8E" bold="true" box="[312,466,283,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
We base our description on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D53FD0DAB3A83543A5EFEE277FDFE8D" box="[825,937,284,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="adult">21 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
(SVL=
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B61AB3A83543D6FFEE2700AFE8D" box="[1032,1118,284,310]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
) (see Appendix) from the Maracaibo Basin, where the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE8826AB3A83543BA7FEBA76A7FEE5" box="[704,755,324,350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality is. Body elongate, slender; head as wide as body, longer than wide; head length 33–42 % of SVL; head width 26–30.8 % of SVL; snout long, acuminate in dorsal and lateral views, projecting well beyond margin of lip; nostrils about 2/3 distance from orbit to tip of snout, slightly protuberant laterally; internarial area slightly concave to flat; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region barely concave; lips rounded; interorbital area flat, much wider than UEW; IOD 38–46 % of HW; UEW 32–46 % of HW; eye moderately large, protuberant; pupil round, palpebrum clear, tympanum round, TD 42–66% of ED, situated posteroventral to eye, separated from eye by distance equal to half TD; tympanic annulus distinct except on the supero-posterior part, obscured by a diffuse supratympanic fold. Axillary membrane absent; arm moderately slender; ulnar fold and tubercles absent; fingers slender with narrow lateral fringes extending to small round discs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A01AB3A83543BB3FD027740FCAD" box="[724,788,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1007,1031]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hand of preserved Scarthyla vigilans, MBLUZ – 287." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig 3</figureCitation>
|
||
); FD equal to 45–70 % TD; relative length of fingers 1<2<4<3; webbing absent; subarticular tubercles small, round, largest on Finger IV; supernumerary tubercles minute, round, in single rows from subarticular tubercles; palmar tubercle low, flat, deeply bifid distally; thenar tubercle low, flat, elliptical; nuptial excrescences absent.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB3A83543B77FC62761FFC0D" box="[528,587,924,950]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limbs slender; tibia length 50–55 % of SVL; foot length 45–50% of SVL; inner tarsal fold absent; outer metatarsal tubercle small, round, flat, half size of inner metatarsal tubercle, indistinct in some specimens; inner metatarsal tubercle small, nearly round; toes slender with small round discs, slightly smaller than those of fingers; relative lengths of toes 1<2<3=5<4; webbing extending to bases of discs on all toes except only to base of penultimate phalange of Toe IV; subarticular tubercles small, round; supernumerary tubercles indistinct, minute, present only on proximal segments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A01AB3A83543877FB4A7506FB75" box="[272,338,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1879,1903]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Foot of preserved Scarthyla vigilans, MBLUZ – 287." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3A8354385FFB22768EFA05" blockId="3.[264,1323,283,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs; cloacal sheath and anal tubercles absent; skin on belly and proximal posteroventral surfaces of thighs granular; skin on other surfaces smooth. Tongue oval to slightly cordiform, not notched posteriorly, free behind for about 1/3 of its length; dentigerous processes of vomers small, each bearing 3–5 teeth; in males, vocal slit extending from midlateral base of tongue to angle of jaw; vocal sac single, median, subgular.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3A8354385FFA327652F89D" blockId="3.[264,1323,283,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Coloration in preservative: dorsum pale brown or pale gray to dark brown or bluish brown, without apparent longitudinal stripes (15%) or with more or less distinct stripes (85%). Three longitudinal stripes, darker than background, usually dark brown, one vertebral, two dorsolateral. Dark brown (sometimes blackish) canthal and supratympanic stripes; supratympanic stripe can extend to above arm or continue to near groin.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB3A83543D97F992717FF93D" box="[1264,1323,1644,1670]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limbs can be patternless or bearing diffuse markings, like faint spots. Ventral parts creamy white in males, in females white with a few black melanophores (only distinguished by microscope) on throat and chest, immaculate on belly. Iris black or golden, depending on preservation artifacts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3A8353385FF8CA77C2FE15" blockId="3.[264,1323,283,1870]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1322,284,430]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Coloration in life: At night, lime green, stripes indistinct, bones pale green; ventral parts transparent. During the day (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A01AB3D83533BFFFEE27688FE8D" box="[664,732,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1285,1309]" captionTargetBox="[267,1319,472,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[267,1319,472,1260]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Male of Scarthyla nov. from Ologá, southwestern side of the Maracaibo lake. Photo by C. L. Barrio-Amorós." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174504/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) the colour is more contrasting. The vertebral line is usually narrower than the dorsolateral ones, and can be surrounded by a narrow whitish line. On the head, the vertebral line can open and form a triangle with the widest part between the interorbital region. Iris bronze, pupil black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2A660CAB3D8353386FFAFB75BBFA84" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174504/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[267,1319,472,1260]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3D8353386FFAFB75BBFA84" blockId="4.[264,1323,1285,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3D8353386FFAFB75DEFAA6" bold="true" box="[264,394,1285,1309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3D8353388DFAFB7604FAA7" box="[490,592,1285,1308]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3D8353388DFAFB7604FAA7" box="[490,592,1285,1308]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scarthyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nov. from Ologá, southwestern side of the Maracaibo lake. Photo by C. L. Barrio-Amorós.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3D8353385FFA8C75AEFA67" blockId="4.[264,1323,1394,1900]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3D8353385FFA8C75E0FA37" bold="true" box="[312,436,1394,1420]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Variation:</emphasis>
|
||
Little variation has been observed. Specimens from Santa María de Caparo (Los Llanos bioregion) have smaller tympanum (30% of ED vs. 50% of individuals from the Maracaibo lake).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3D8353385FFA14706AF997" blockId="4.[264,1323,1394,1900]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3D8353385FFA1475E9F9BF" bold="true" box="[312,445,1514,1540]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Osteology:</emphasis>
|
||
The osteological description is based on MBLUZA–295, a male from Laguna Los Palitos, Sur del lago, Municipio Catatumbo, estado Zulia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3D8352385FF9C47052FEE5" blockId="4.[264,1323,1394,1900]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1322,284,350]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The skull is longer than wide, well ossified; the dorsal surfaces (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A01AB3D83533D44F9C4703DF9EF" box="[1059,1129,1594,1620]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[373,1100,1096,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[362,1226,1081,1837]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dorsal view of skull of Scarthyla vigilans, MBLUZ – 295. Scale equal to 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174506/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) are smooth and lack exostosis, casquing or co-ossification with the overlying dermis. The nasals are moderately large, triangular, anteriorly separated from the alary processes of the premaxillae by the nasal cartilages. The nasals converge, but do not meet, anteriomedially. Medially, the nasals overlap the lateral margin of the sphenethmoid, and they are almost completely fused with the sphenethmoid. Posteriorly, the nasals are widely separated from the frontoparietals by the ossified sphenethmoid. The frontoparietals are well developed, rectangular, and lack a supraorbital shelf. The medial margins of the frontoparietals are narrowly separated from one another. The frontoparietal fontanelle is covered by the frontoparietals. Posteriorly, the frontoparietals cover the prootics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2A660CAB3C8352386FFB647084FB09" box="[264,1232,1178,1202]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174505/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[264,1323,406,1154]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3C8352386FFB647084FB09" blockId="5.[264,1232,1178,1202]" box="[264,1232,1178,1202]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3C8352386FFB6475DDFB09" bold="true" box="[264,393,1178,1202]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3C835238F6FB657632FB09" box="[401,614,1179,1202]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3C835238F6FB657632FB09" box="[401,614,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scarthyla goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from Leticia, Colombian Amazon, photo by J. D. Lynch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3C8352385FFB1B7711FA24" blockId="5.[264,1323,1253,1839]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The sphenethmoid is well ossified; not fused posterolaterally with the prootic like in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3C83523C73FB18752EFA9C" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3C83523C73FB18752EFA9C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The prootics are well ossified and fused with the exoccipitals. The prootic foramen is moderately large and has a complete bony margin. One smaller foramina lies between the optic and prootic foramina. The exoccipitals are well ossified. The crista parotica is short and seems cartilaginous distally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3C8352385FFA5376B7F894" blockId="5.[264,1323,1253,1839]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A01AB3C835238D4FA5375AFFA7C" box="[435,507,1453,1479]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[445,1087,362,1014]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[411,1175,326,1082]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Ventral view of skull of Scarthyla vigilans, MBLUZ – 295. Scale same as Fig 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174507/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), the parasphenoid is triradiate and smooth. The cultriform process is long and terminates in a sharp tip at the same level of palatines. The parasphenoid alae are narrowly triangular, sharp, and oriented horizontally. The parasphenethmoid is covered anteriorly by the sphenethmoid, and covered posteriorly by the prootic and exoccipitals. The vomers are moderately large and have ovoid, straight odontophores, bearing four teeth each. The neopalatines are sharp and moderately long (barely surpassing the sphenethmoid). The pterygoids are triradiate and slender; the anterior ramus articulates with the maxilla, and the posterior ramus articulates with the squamosal at the level of the angle of the jaw. The medial ramus of the pterygoid has a ligamentous attachment to the anteroventral surface of the otic capsule.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2A660CAB3F8351386FFC117791FBBD" box="[264,965,1007,1031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3F8351386FFC117791FBBD" blockId="6.[264,965,1007,1031]" box="[264,965,1007,1031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3F8351386FFC1175DDFBBC" bold="true" box="[264,393,1007,1031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Hand of preserved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3F83513B3BFC0E7749FBBC" box="[604,797,1008,1031]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3F83513B3BFC0E7749FBBC" box="[604,797,1008,1031]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MBLUZ–287.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2A660CAB3F8351386FF8A977E8F8D5" box="[264,956,1879,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3F8351386FF8A977E8F8D5" blockId="6.[264,956,1879,1903]" box="[264,956,1879,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3F8351386FF8A975DDF8D4" bold="true" box="[264,393,1879,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Foot of preserved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3F83513B34F8A67740F8D4" box="[595,788,1880,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3F83513B34F8A67740F8D4" box="[595,788,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MBLUZ–287.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3E8350385FFEE27681FE6D" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,990]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The maxillary arches are complete. The premaxillae are separated medially and bear well-developed alary processes that are slightly inclined anteriorly. The partes palatinae and palatine processes are moderately well developed. The maxillae lack pre- and postorbital processes. The quadratojugal is well ossified. Anteriorly, the dentaries are fused, with the Mentomeckelian bones.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3E8350385FFE1A753FFCDD" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,990]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The presacral vertebrae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A01AB3E83503B01FE1A76E4FE45" box="[614,688,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[264,367,1029,1053]" captionTargetBox="[305,1275,322,977]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[300,1292,298,1000]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ventral (bottom) and dorsal (top) views of vertebral columnae of Scarthyla vigilans, MBLUZ – 295. Scale equal to 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174508/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) lack neural arches. The transverse processes of all vertebrae are subequal in length, those on presacrals II, III, and VII are oriented transversely, whereas those on presacrals IV –VI are inclined posteriorly, and those on presacral VIII are curved anteriorly. The sacral diapophyses are dilated slightly and in section are more or less cylindrical. The urostyle is moderately short (just a bit less than the total length of column without urostyle) and has a low ridge dorsally basal. Compared with the vertebral columna of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3E83503B13FD2A7751FD56" box="[628,773,724,749]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3E83503B13FD2A7751FD56" box="[628,773,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in which the figures of Duellman and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB3E83503D85FD2A7150FD55" box="[1250,1284,724,750]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB3E83503C6AFD2A7503FCAD" author="Sa" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Duellman, W. E. & de Sa, R. O. (1988) A new genus and species of South American Hylid frog with a highly modified tadpole. Tropical Zoology, 1, 117 - 136." type="journal article" year="1988">Sá (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are reversed), the principal difference is the length of the transverse processes of the vertebrae, being in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3E83503B78FCDA76C8FC86" box="[543,668,804,829]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3E83503B78FCDA76C8FC86" box="[543,668,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
much longer and the vertebrae much more robust and ossified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3E8350385FFC8A753FFC65" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,990]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The phalangeal formula for the hand and foot is 2-2-3-3 and 2-2-3-4-3, respectively. The intercalary element between the penultimate and distal phalanges is completely ossified.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2A660CAB3E8350386FF8BB7089F8E7" box="[264,1245,1861,1885]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174506/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[373,1100,1096,1793]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB3E8350386FF8BB7089F8E7" blockId="7.[264,1245,1861,1885]" box="[264,1245,1861,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3E8350386FF8BB75DDF8E6" bold="true" box="[264,393,1861,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view of skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3E83503BEAF8BB771AF8E7" box="[653,846,1861,1884]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3E83503BEAF8BB771AF8E7" box="[653,846,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MBLUZ–295. Scale equal to 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2A660CAB31835F386FFBAC708EFBD2" box="[264,1242,1106,1130]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174507/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[445,1087,362,1014]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB31835F386FFBAC708EFBD2" blockId="8.[264,1242,1106,1130]" box="[264,1242,1106,1130]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB31835F386FFBAC75DDFBD1" bold="true" box="[264,393,1106,1130]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view of skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB31835F3BF4FBAC7700FBD2" box="[659,852,1106,1129]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB31835F3BF4FBAC7700FBD2" box="[659,852,1106,1129]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MBLUZ–295. Scale same as Fig 5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB31835F385FFB3B774DF95C" blockId="8.[264,1323,1221,1767]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB31835F385FFB3B76B4FB64" bold="true" box="[312,736,1221,1247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Vocalization and calling behavior:</emphasis>
|
||
We analysed two series of calls, one from close to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE8826AB31835F3853FB137532FABC" box="[308,358,1261,1287]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB31835F3895FB13769CFABD" box="[498,712,1261,1286]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB31835F3895FB13769CFABD" box="[498,712,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A01AB31835F3BBEFB137775FABC" box="[729,801,1261,1287]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[264,368,1525,1549]" captionTargetBox="[284,1322,1141,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[264,1323,1141,1501]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Audiospectrogram of Scarthyla vigilans calling at Finca Onia, near El Vigia, the type locality of the species. One call of the series is encircled to be distinguished from calls of other species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174509/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
), and other from Los Llanos region, east of the Andes (unfortunately, this last call is too dirty to provide a clear audiospectrogram). The call from the Maracaibo lake area (Finca Onia,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B61AB31835F3A12FAC377E6FAEC" box="[885,946,1341,1367]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
|
||
from El Vigía to Colón, estado Mérida) is like a cricket chirp, very low in intensity, each call has between 5 to 6 notes, the first three or four notes have a duration from 0.273 to 0.290 sec, the two other notes are separated by 0.094 sec from the first group of four; the duration of the entire call is 0.35 sec. The separation between calls emitted by the same frog vary from 0.5 sec to 2 sec. The dominant frequency is at 4700 Hz, and the fundamental at 3800 Hz. Another recording from Ologá (not represented), also in the Maracaibo lake, is interesting for showing two more different call
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE8826AB31835F3880F9AB767DF9D4" box="[487,553,1621,1647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">types</typeStatus>
|
||
. One is consisting in only two notes, with a total duration of 0.088 sec, with a dominant frequency of 4000 Hz (fundamental at 3400); and another call consisting in four notes, with a total duration of 0.42 sec, a dominant frequency of 4800 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 3800 Hz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2A660CAB30835E386FFBFB76DDFB84" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174508/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[305,1275,322,977]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB30835E386FFBFB76DDFB84" blockId="9.[264,1323,1029,1087]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB30835E386FFBFB75D8FBA6" bold="true" box="[264,396,1029,1053]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral (bottom) and dorsal (top) views of vertebral columnae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB30835E3D06FBF87177FBA6" box="[1121,1315,1030,1053]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB30835E3D06FBF87177FBA6" box="[1121,1315,1030,1053]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MBLUZ–295. Scale equal to 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2A660CAB30835E386FFA0B7508F9EA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174509/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[284,1322,1141,1492]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB30835E386FFA0B7508F9EA" blockId="9.[264,1323,1525,1617]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB30835E386FFA0B75D8F9B6" bold="true" box="[264,396,1525,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Audiospectrogram of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB30835E3B19FA0B7715F9B7" box="[638,833,1525,1548]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB30835E3B19FA0B7715F9B7" box="[638,833,1525,1548]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calling at Finca Onia, near El Vigia, the type locality of the species. One call of the series is encircled to be distinguished from calls of other species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB30835D385FF973752CFEE5" blockId="9.[264,1323,1677,1903]" lastBlockId="10.[264,1323,284,1906]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">The call from near Santa María de Caparo, estado Mérida, in Los Llanos bioregion, is very similar to the one from Finca Onia, with the following variations: the sequence of a single call is a series of six to seven notes, with a duration of about 0.2 sec. There is a group of five notes close together barely separated from the last two. The dominant frequency is lower than the Finca Onia sample, but equal to Ologá sample, at 4000 Hz, and the fundamental frequency is at 3400 Hz. Because the animals of both populations are identical, we consider that the differences between the calls represent intraspecific variation.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34F650FAB33835D385FFE9270DDFC87" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB33835D385FFE92768DFDF6" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D385FFE927645FE3E" ID-CoL="4V3F3" box="[312,529,364,389]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D385FFE927645FE3E" box="[312,529,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been unknown from Los Llanos region for a long time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB33835D3C6DFE9275C9FE16" author="La" pageId="10" pageNumber="16" refString="La Marca, E. (1992) Catalogo taxonomico, biogeografico y bibliografico de las ranas de Venezuela. Cuadernos Geograficos U. L. A., Merida (9), 197 pp." type="book" year="1992">La Marca 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB33835D38C8FE6D76F8FE16" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[431,684,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (1998) Sistematica y Biogeografia de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 18 (2), 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1998">Barrio-Amorós 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB33835D3BD9FE6D77BEFE16" author="Pefaur" box="[702,1002,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="16" refString="Pefaur, J. & Rivero, J. A. (2000) Distribution, species-richness, endemism, and conservation of Venezuelan amphibians and reptiles. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 2 (2), 42 - 40." type="journal article" year="2000">Péfaur and Rivero 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although Barrio-Amorós (2004) mentioned it from there without precise locations, we believe this is due mainly because of its low call, seemingly like a cricket to untrained ears, and obscured by other sympatric hylids (
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3887FDF5705CFD9F" box="[480,1032,523,548]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3887FDF5771BFD9F" ID-CoL="34S66" box="[480,847,523,548]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Dendropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microcephalus">Dendropsophus microcephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3A3AFDF5705CFD9F" ID-CoL="34S69" box="[861,1032,523,548]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Dendropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minusculus">D. minusculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3D23FDF5714DFD9F" ID-CoL="4NNNV" box="[1092,1305,523,548]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3D23FDF5714DFD9F" box="[1092,1305,523,548]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pseudis paradoxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), all calling with a much higher intensity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB33835D385FFDA570DDFC87" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRef id="52F5A272AB33835D385FFDA570DDFC87" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="book">
|
||
<author id="53E8DE61AB33835D385FFDA5759EFDCF" box="[312,458,603,629]" fns="I" npo="LF" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
However,
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D38D3FDA5759EFDCF" box="[436,458,603,628]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S.</emphasis>
|
||
</author>
|
||
<title id="F951DDB2AB33835D38B3FDA57506FD26" jopScore="0.008651955" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">vigilans is easily detectable some nights when other species are not so active</title>
|
||
. For instance, the night of 16 of July
|
||
<year id="FFFD77D7AB33835D3A6EFD7D7713FD26" box="[777,839,643,669]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2002</year>
|
||
,
|
||
<journalOrPublisher id="51943C48AB33835D3A34FD7D70D1FC87" jopScore="0.6879739" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="_" typeScore="36">
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB33835D3A16FD7D7055FD26" box="[881,1025,643,669]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">San Vicente</collectingCountry>
|
||
, estado Apure, just a few
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D386FFD557583FD7F" box="[264,471,683,708]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D. microcephalus</emphasis>
|
||
and no
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3B50FD5576B4FD7F" box="[567,736,683,708]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D. minusculus</emphasis>
|
||
were calling in a pool where
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3D59FD5570EEFD7F" box="[1086,1210,683,708]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
was very active.
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3839FD2D758DFD57" box="[350,473,723,748]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
also calls actively during the day, as we observed in pools and marshes around
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB33835D3805FD0575BBFCAE" box="[354,495,763,789]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">San Vicente</collectingCountry>
|
||
(estado Apure) during the wet season (June to November), and along the channels of Puerto Concha (estado Zulia) (also from June to November)
|
||
</journalOrPublisher>
|
||
.
|
||
</bibRef>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34F650FAB33835D385FFCB47500F912" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB33835D385FFCB47794FBC7" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D385FFCB4765FFCDF" bold="true" box="[312,523,842,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Natural History:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3B73FCB576BEFCDF" box="[532,746,843,868]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3B73FCB576BEFCDF" box="[532,746,843,868]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a small, inconspicuous species, despite being very abundant. It inhabits marshes, channels, ditches, slow-movement rivers and streams, lakes and even brackish coastal areas of the Maracaibo lake. Calling males are more often seen, as they call from high in the grasses or leafs on floating plants (water hyacinths, water lettuces, etc.), and jump quickly to escape. Females are larger and stay at lower stages on the same plants.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3B20FBEC7696FB90" box="[583,706,1042,1067]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3B20FBEC7696FB90" box="[583,706,1042,1067]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3A6FFBEC77CDFB90" box="[776,921,1042,1067]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3A6FFBEC77CDFB90" box="[776,921,1042,1067]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, can escape jumping to the water and skittering on the surface (Duellman and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB33835D3A72FBC47763FBEF" box="[789,823,1082,1108]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB33835D3A58FBC477F6FBEF" author="Sa" box="[831,930,1082,1108]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" refString="Duellman, W. E. & de Sa, R. O. (1988) A new genus and species of South American Hylid frog with a highly modified tadpole. Tropical Zoology, 1, 117 - 136." type="journal article" year="1988">Sá 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB33835D3AC8FBC4703EFBEF" author="Duellman" box="[943,1130,1082,1108]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico. The lives of Reptiles and Amphibians in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press: 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One ovigerous female at
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB33835D381BFB9C765FFBC7" box="[380,523,1122,1148]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">San Vicente</collectingCountry>
|
||
, estado Apure, laid 95 bicolored ova.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB33835D385FFB74763EFAA0" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
During dry season they usually remain undetectable (not calling at all), but the first author, while searching for anacondas (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3BBEFB4C77FFFB70" box="[729,939,1202,1227]" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3BBEFB4C77FFFB70" box="[729,939,1202,1227]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eunectes murinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on
|
||
<date id="FFEB1044AB33835D3A85FB4C7021FB77" box="[994,1141,1202,1228]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2006-03">March 2006</date>
|
||
, at 1300 h, in a dry pond with still green water hyacinths, observed uncountable
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3D77FB2470D8FB48" box="[1040,1164,1242,1267]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3D77FB2470D8FB48" box="[1040,1164,1242,1267]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
jumping and escaping through all the pond.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB33835D385FFAD77754FA00" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In La Acequia, Barinas, the species is micro-sympatric with
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3D15FAD775F8FA29" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3D15FAD775E2FAD1" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Dendropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microcephalus">Dendropsophus microcephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D38A8FAAF769AFAD1" box="[463,718,1361,1386]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hypsiboas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepitans">Hypsiboas crepitans</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3B80FAAF77D9FAD1" box="[743,909,1361,1386]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hypsiboas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">H. punctatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3AC1FAAF70D0FAD1" box="[934,1156,1361,1386]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="x-signatus">Scinax x-signatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3DFAFAAF7172FAD1" box="[1181,1318,1361,1386]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wandae">S. wandae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D386FFA8775F8FA29" box="[264,428,1401,1426]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Elachistocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovalis">Elachistocleis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3891FA877668FA29" box="[502,572,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ovalis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3B33FA877770FA29" box="[596,804,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3B33FA8776ACFA29" box="[596,760,1401,1426]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Leptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leptodactylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3A24FA87717EFA29" authority="Engystomops" authorityName="Engystomops" box="[835,1322,1401,1427]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3A24FA87778AFA29" box="[835,990,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Physalaemus</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3D79FA87717EFA29" box="[1054,1322,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fischeri, Engystomops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D386FFA5F75D0FA01" box="[264,388,1441,1466]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosus">pustulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D38A3FA5F76ADFA01" box="[452,761,1441,1466]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D38A3FA5F76ADFA01" box="[452,761,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Trachycephalus venulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB33835D385FFA377781F9B1" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB33835D3830FA3775B2FA58" box="[343,486,1481,1507]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">San Vicente</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Apure, it is only micro-sympatric with
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3ADFFA377695F9B1" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3ADFFA377173FA59" box="[952,1319,1481,1506]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Dendropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microcephalus">Dendropsophus microcephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D386FFA0F7614F9B1" authority="Hypsoboas" authorityName="Hypsoboas" box="[264,576,1521,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Dendropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minusculus">D. minusculus, Hypsoboas</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3B2FFA0F76E9F9B1" box="[584,701,1521,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hypsiboas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">punctatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3B9DFA0F7781F9B1" box="[762,981,1521,1546]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3B9DFA0F7785F9B1" box="[762,977,1521,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">Pseudis paradoxa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB33835D385FF9E77500F912" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In the Maracaibo lake, Zulia, it is micro-sympatric with
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3D15F9E7767AF93A" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3D15F9E775E2F9E1" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Dendropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microcephalus">Dendropsophus microcephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D38A4F9BF76F5F9E1" box="[451,673,1601,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hypsiboas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pugnax">Hypsiboas pugnax</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3BC9F9BF77D1F9E1" box="[686,901,1601,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">Pseudis paradoxa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3AF5F9BF7062F9E1" box="[914,1078,1601,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Leptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leptodactylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3D16F9BF752AF93A" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venulosus">Trachycephalus venulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D38EDF996767AF93A" box="[394,558,1640,1665]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Elachistocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovalis">Elachistocleis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3B01F99676E0F93A" box="[614,692,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ovalis,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3B8AF996705EF93A" box="[749,1034,1640,1665]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3B8AF996705EF93A" box="[749,1034,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Physalaemus pustulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and syntopic with
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3D94F9967500F912" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3D94F9967504F912" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" genus="Pipa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parva">Pipa parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34F650FAB33835B385FF9467784FB4F" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB33835C385FF94676E7FD7E" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1906]" lastBlockId="11.[264,1323,284,789]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D385FF946769BF969" bold="true" box="[312,719,1720,1746]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution and biogeography:</emphasis>
|
||
Since its description to very recently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3DDDF9467531F942" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3DDDF9467531F942" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was conceived to be an endemism of the Maracaibo lake basin in NW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB33835D3DCCF91E7173F941" box="[1195,1319,1760,1786]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and reported formerly only in 1996 from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB33835D3A45F8F677C2F899" box="[802,918,1800,1826]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB33835D3AB6F8F6717EF899" box="[977,1322,1800,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="16" refString="Ruiz-Carranza, P. M., Ardila-Robayo, M. C. & Lynch, J. D. (1996) Lista actualizada de la fauna de Amphibia de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias, 20 (77), 365 - 415." type="journal article">
|
||
Ruíz-Carranza
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3DECF8F67099F89A" box="[1163,1229,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1996)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(although it was mentioned already as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB33835D3B80F8CE77EBF8F2" box="[743,959,1840,1865]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="squalirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB33835D3B80F8CE77EBF8F2" box="[743,959,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hyla squalirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB33835D3A93F8CE714AF8F1" author="Cochran" box="[1012,1310,1840,1866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" refString="Cochran, D. & Goin, C. (1970) Frogs of Colombia. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 288, 1 - 655." type="journal article" year="1970">Cochran and Goin 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where it is widely distributed especially in its northern part.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB33835D3D7EF8A6717FF8C9" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[1049,1323,1880,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (1998) Sistematica y Biogeografia de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 18 (2), 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1998">Barrio-Amorós (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided the distribution in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3B37FEE2769CFE8D" box="[592,712,284,310]" name="Venezuela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
based on Maracaibo lake basin registers. Mijares
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB32835C3C72FEE27572FEE6" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1998) reported the species from Falcon state, further east than previously expected, and H.P. Reinthaler (in an unpublished thesis) cited it from Caparo, Estado Mérida (eastern side of the Cordillera de Mérida), in Los Llanos bio-region. We recorded the species from Santa Maria de Caparo, and note herein its presence at
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3ACDFE457068FE6E" box="[938,1084,443,469]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">San Vicente</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Estado Apure, and from río Acequias, and Sabanas de Anaro, Estado Barinas, as first state records (see appendix).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB32835C38EBFDF57637FD9E" author="Uribe" box="[396,611,523,549]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" refString="Uribe, C., Castro, F. & Garces, D. M. (1994) Anfibios y Reptiles del Llano. Ser. Naturaleza de la Orinoquia. Cristina Uribe Edit. Bogota: 96 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Uribe
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB32835C38B0FDF57647FD9F" box="[471,531,523,548]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 36) show a photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB32835C3AC1FDF57076FD9F" box="[934,1058,523,548]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB32835C3AC1FDF57076FD9F" box="[934,1058,523,548]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB32835C3D2DFDF5717FFD9F" box="[1098,1323,523,548]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microcephala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB32835C3D2DFDF5717FFD9F" box="[1098,1323,523,548]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hyla microcephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from somewhere in the Colombian Llanos. Finally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB32835C3A1DFDCD708DFDF6" author="Renjifo" box="[890,1241,563,589]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" refString="Renjifo, J. M. & Lundberg, M. (1999) Guia de campo Anfibios y reptiles de Urra. Skanska. Edit Colina, Colombia: 96 pp." type="book" year="1999">Renjifo and Lundberg (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report the species from the Urrá dam area, at Departmento de Córdoba,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3D2AFDA57091FDCE" box="[1101,1221,603,629]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Barrio-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB32835C386FFD7D75E8FD26" author="Amoros" box="[264,444,643,669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="15" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (1998) Sistematica y Biogeografia de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 18 (2), 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1998">Amorós (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in assigning the first Trujillo specimens, missed that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB32835C3D40FD7D709AFD26" author="Solano" box="[1063,1230,643,669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" refString="Solano, H. (1971) Una nueva especie del genero Hyla (Amphibia: Anura) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 7 (2), 211 - 218." type="journal article" year="1971">Solano (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
already mentioned
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE8826AB32835C38ECFD5575AFFD7E" box="[395,507,683,709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
from that state.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB32835C385FFD2D7573FCAE" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
We present herein 46 localities for this species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3AE1FD2D77ADFD56" box="[902,1017,723,749]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B61AB32835C3D53FD2D7025FD56" box="[1076,1137,723,749]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.874" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="31.0">31 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3D1EFD2D70A5FD56" box="[1145,1265,723,749]" name="Venezuela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Fig 9).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB32835C386FFA9877F3FA5D" blockId="11.[264,1323,1382,1510]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB32835C386FFA98750AFAC5" bold="true" box="[264,350,1382,1406]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGUR</emphasis>
|
||
E 9. Distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB32835C3B01FA997773FAC5" box="[614,807,1383,1406]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB32835C3B01FA997773FAC5" box="[614,807,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northern South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3A8BFA99701FFAC5" box="[1004,1099,1383,1406]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The black line is the approximate border between
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3B27FA7776FDFA1B" box="[576,681,1417,1440]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(to the west) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3A0DFA77778FFA1B" box="[874,987,1417,1440]" name="Venezuela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The black bar scale is equal to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B61AB32835C386FFA527509FA78" box="[264,349,1452,1475]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="km" value="200.0">200 km</quantity>
|
||
. One dot can represent more than one locality. Map of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3A9BFA52700CFA78" box="[1020,1112,1452,1475]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
elaborated by JPL. Available at http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03388
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB32835C385FF9C27078F8A6" blockId="11.[264,1323,1596,1901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
So far, the general distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB32835C3B81F9C27733F9EE" box="[742,871,1596,1621]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB32835C3B81F9C27733F9EE" box="[742,871,1596,1621]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes the NW part of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3DD5F9C2717EF9ED" box="[1202,1322,1596,1622]" name="Venezuela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(estados Zulia, Mérida, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, and Falcón) and north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3DD0F99A717FF9C5" box="[1207,1323,1636,1662]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(departamentos Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Norte de Santander, and Sucre); and Los Llanos of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3895F94A763EF975" box="[498,618,1716,1742]" name="Venezuela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3BCCF94A774BF975" box="[683,799,1716,1742]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Apure, Barinas and Mérida in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C3DCDF94A7172F975" box="[1194,1318,1716,1742]" name="Venezuela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Arauca in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB32835C38E2F92275AAF94D" box="[389,510,1756,1782]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Barrio-Amorós (2004) gave an altitude range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B61AB32835C3D13F92270ADF94D" box="[1140,1273,1756,1782]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="100.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="0.0">0 to 200 m</quantity>
|
||
; the locality “Hacienda Tesoro Escondido” in Mérida state lays at
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D53FD0DAB32835C3ABDF8FD7078F8A6" box="[986,1068,1795,1821]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B61AB32835C3ABDF8FD707CF8A6" box="[986,1064,1795,1821]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB32835B385FF8D575D0FD9E" blockId="11.[264,1323,1596,1901]" lastBlockId="12.[264,1323,284,1906]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Because its apparent inconspicuousness, it is evident that the species has been missed in many herpetological surveys in Los Llanos (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB32835C3A58F8AD77AAF8D6" author="Fouquette" box="[831,1022,1875,1901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" refString="Fouquette, M. J. (1968) Some frogs from the Venezuelan Llanos, and the status of Hyla misera Werner. Herpetologica, 24 (4), 321 - 325." type="journal article" year="1968">Fouquette 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB32835C3D6BF8AD7171F8D6" author="Staton" box="[1036,1317,1875,1901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" refString="Staton, M. A. & Dixon, J. R. (1977) The herpetofauna of the central Llanos of Venezuela: noteworthy records, a tentative checklist and ecological notes. Journal of Herpetology, 11, 17 - 24." type="journal article" year="1977">Staton and Dixon 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB35835B386FFEE2764CFE8D" author="Ramo" box="[264,536,284,310]" pageId="12" pageNumber="16" refString="Ramo, C. & Busto, B. (1989 - 1990) Inventario herpetologico (Anfibios y Reptiles) de las sabanas inundables del Modulo Fernando Corrales (Mantecal), Estado Apure. Memoria Sociedad Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 49 (131 - 132), 50 (133 - 134), 287 - 308." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Ramo and Busto
|
||
<date id="FFEB1044AB35835B38BAFEE2764CFE8D" box="[477,536,284,310]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1989" valueMax="1990">1989</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–1990; Péfaur and Díaz de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB35835B3A00FEE2705DFE8D" author="Pascual" box="[871,1033,284,310]" pageId="12" pageNumber="16" refString="Pefaur, J. E. & Diaz De Pascual, A. (1987) Distribucion ecologica y variacion temporal de los anfibios del estado Barinas, Venezuela. Revista de Ecologia Latino Americana, 1 (3 - 4), 9 - 19." type="journal article" year="1987">Pascual 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and that in the future, many new localities will be reported. We presume the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3D53FEBA70A5FEE6" box="[1076,1265,324,349]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigila">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3D53FEBA70A5FEE6" box="[1076,1265,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scarthyla vigila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ns at least through the western Llanos (Táchira, Portuguesa, Guárico, Cojedes states), and north-western states (Carabobo, Lara). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB35835B3A67FE6D7723FE16" box="[768,887,403,429]" name="Colombia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, its distribution must be continue to the Colombian Llanos (at least in Departamentos Casanare, Vichada, and Meta). In some part of the Amazon-Llanos ecotone in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB35835B3B93FE1D7733FE46" box="[756,871,483,509]" name="Colombia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
both species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3D26FE1A70E6FE46" box="[1089,1202,484,509]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3D26FE1A70E6FE46" box="[1089,1202,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scarthyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be sympatric.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB35835B385FFDCD7784FB4F" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
A few amphibian species are known to occur at both sides of the Cordillera de Mérida in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB35835B3842FDA575F5FDCE" box="[293,417,603,629]" name="Venezuela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3B83FDA577ECFDCF" box="[740,952,603,628]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3B83FDA577ECFDCF" box="[740,952,603,628]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has no parallel in other species. Only widespread species like
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3BCFFD7D7766FD57" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3BCFFD7D77DFFD27" box="[680,907,643,668]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Chaunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marinus">Chaunus marinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3AC0FD7D7171FD27" box="[935,1317,643,668]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Dendropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microcephalus">Dendropsophus microcephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B386FFD5575B2FD7F" box="[264,486,683,708]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hypsiboas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pugnax">Hypsiboas pugnax</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3894FD55769FFD7F" box="[499,715,683,708]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">Pseudis paradoxa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3BBFFD557772FD7F" box="[728,806,683,708]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scinax</taxonomicName>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3A5DFD557794FD7F" box="[826,960,683,708]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="x-signatus">x-signatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
”,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3ABEFD557030FD7F" box="[985,1124,683,708]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">S. rostratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3D16FD55752AFD57" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venulosus">Trachycephalus venulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B38ECFD2D76E1FD57" box="[395,693,723,748]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Leptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">Leptodactylus bolivianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3BA6FD2D777AFD57" box="[705,814,723,748]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Leptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">L. fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3A0AFD2D702BFD57" box="[877,1151,723,748]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3A0AFD2D7045FD57" box="[877,1041,723,748]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Elachistocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Elachistocleis</taxonomicName>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3D42FD2D7020FD57" box="[1061,1140,723,748]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Elachistocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovalis">ovalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, are known to inhabit the Maracaibo lake basin as well as Los Llanos or further east (Barrio-Amorós 2004). Two biogeographical cases are of interest.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3A16FCDD702AFC87" box="[881,1150,803,828]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Leptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lineatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3A16FCDD702AFC87" box="[881,1150,803,828]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Leptodactylus lineatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was formerly known from the Amazon basin and Guianas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB35835B3A50FCB47061FCDF" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[823,1077,842,868]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (1998) Sistematica y Biogeografia de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 18 (2), 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1998">Barrio-Amorós 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB35835B3D22FCB47513FC37" author="Lescure" pageId="12" pageNumber="16" refString="Lescure, J. & Marty, C. (2000) Atlas des Amphibiens de Guyane. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Patrimoines Naturels, Paris 45, 388 pp." type="book" year="2000">Lescure and Marty 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but recently reported from the Maracaibo basin by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB35835B3ADFFC8C70B1FC37" author="Barros" box="[952,1253,882,908]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" refString="Barros, T. & Barrio, C. L., (2001) Geographic Distribution: Anura: Lithodytes lineatus. Herpetological Review. 32 (2), 114 - 115." type="journal article" year="2001">Barros and Barrio (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Both populations are clearly conspecific and we can not argue at this point about the biogeographic reasons for such distribution.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3A22FC3C700EFC60" box="[837,1114,962,987]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3A22FC3C700EFC60" box="[837,1114,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ceratophrys calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB35835B38CEFC147670FBBF" box="[425,548,1002,1028]" name="Venezuela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the Maracaibo lake basin, (usually in arid habitat), and further west to at least departamento de Córdoba in Caribbean
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB35835B3A95FBEC7032FB97" box="[1010,1126,1042,1068]" name="Colombia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB35835B3D12FBEC7511FBEF" author="Barrio-Amoros" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (1998) Sistematica y Biogeografia de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 18 (2), 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1998">Barrio-Amorós 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB35835B38FCFBC476B0FBEF" author="Renjifo" box="[411,740,1082,1108]" pageId="12" pageNumber="16" refString="Renjifo, J. M. & Lundberg, M. (1999) Guia de campo Anfibios y reptiles de Urra. Skanska. Edit Colina, Colombia: 96 pp." type="book" year="1999">Renjifo and Lundberg 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); a relict population occurs in the surroundings of Puerto Ayacucho, close to the shore of the Orinoco river (estado Amazonas,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3427614AB35835B3DC6FB9C714BFBC7" box="[1185,1311,1122,1148]" name="Venezuela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
). This last species (excluding the Orinoquian locality) has the most similar distribution pattern to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B38EAFB4C763DFB70" box="[397,617,1202,1227]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B38EAFB4C763DFB70" box="[397,617,1202,1227]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, even though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3A42FB4C7063FB70" box="[805,1079,1202,1227]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3A42FB4C7063FB70" box="[805,1079,1202,1227]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ceratophrys calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent from los Llanos, and that each species inhabit different microhabitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34F650FAB35835A385FFAFF77CEFA28" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB35835B385FFAFF77C3F941" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B385FFAFF7591FAA0" bold="true" box="[312,453,1281,1307]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B38ABFAFF76F4FAA1" box="[460,672,1281,1306]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B38ABFAFF76F4FAA1" box="[460,672,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically and osteologically very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3C73FAFF752EFAF9" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3C73FAFF752EFAF9" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B38ECFAD77635FAF9" box="[395,609,1321,1346]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B38ECFAD77635FAF9" box="[395,609,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3B89FAD7772BFAF9" box="[750,895,1321,1346]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3B89FAD7772BFAF9" box="[750,895,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the following characters: (1) nasals large, rounded, with maxillary processes not articulating with maxillae; (2) sphenethmoid ossified, separating nasals and frontoparietals; (3) frontoparietals narrowly separated medially, obscuring frontoparietal fontanelle; (4) squamosal slender; (5) alary processes of premaxillae inclined anteriorly; (6) maxillary arch complete; (7) transverse processes on presacral IV moderately long, inclined posteriorly; (8) sacral diaphyses moderately expanded; (9) intercalary elements between distal and penultimate phalanges ossified.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB35835B386FF9BF7647F9E0" box="[264,531,1601,1627]" pageId="12" pageNumber="16" refString="Faivovich, J., Haddad, C. F. B., Garcia, P. C. A., Frost, D. R., Campbell, J. A. & Wheeler, W. C. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysys and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 294: 1 - 240." type="journal article">
|
||
Faivovich
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B38E3F9BF75EAF9E1" box="[388,446,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not presented any synapomorphy for the then monotypic genus. Adding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B380EF9967653F93A" box="[361,519,1640,1665]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B380EF9967653F93A" box="[361,519,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3B48F99676CBF93A" box="[559,671,1640,1665]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3B48F99676CBF93A" box="[559,671,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scarthyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we either are aware of any synapomorphy within this genus. Even though no synapomorphies are shared by both species, the fact that both are virtually indistinguishable morphologically and osteologically, makes a convincing case to consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3814F91E7644F942" box="[371,528,1760,1785]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3814F91E7644F942" box="[371,528,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a second species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3A78F91E77DBF942" box="[799,911,1760,1785]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3A78F91E77DBF942" box="[799,911,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scarthyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB35835A385FF8F6701AFE3D" blockId="12.[264,1323,284,1906]" lastBlockId="13.[264,1323,284,1906]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Although the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3A4DF8F67019F89A" box="[810,1101,1800,1825]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostinodactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB35835B3A4DF8F67019F89A" box="[810,1101,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scarthyla ostinodactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB35835B3D1DF8F670A4F899" box="[1146,1264,1800,1826]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">goinorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by Duellman and de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB35835B38BEF8CE7619F8F1" author="Sa" box="[473,589,1840,1866]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" refString="Duellman, W. E. & de Sa, R. O. (1988) A new genus and species of South American Hylid frog with a highly modified tadpole. Tropical Zoology, 1, 117 - 136." type="journal article" year="1988">Sá (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is clear in observing the presence of an “inner tarsal fold […] on distal 2/3 of tarsus”, one of us (JMC) did not observed this character in Colombian specimens assigned to the species (see appendix). These can be due to the fact of the specimens from Colombian Amazonia also could represent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3AACFEBA7012FEE6" box="[971,1094,324,349]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3AACFEBA7012FEE6" box="[971,1094,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and then, the only striking difference between both species would be the larval characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB34835A385FFE6D750CFDF6" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Only calls and tadpoles are enough dissimilar between the two species. Call in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3C73FE6A752EFE6E" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3C73FE6A752EFE6E" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A38D7FE42763FFE6E" box="[432,619,444,469]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostinodastyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A38D7FE42763FFE6E" box="[432,619,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. ostinodastyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was described as series of 8–10 short, whistle-like notes, being the interval between notes of 0.3 sec, and the duration of each note 0.04 sec. The dominant frequency is at 6000 Hz (Duellman and de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A3AE4FDF577B1FD9E" author="Sa" box="[899,997,523,549]" pageId="13" pageNumber="15" refString="Duellman, W. E. & de Sa, R. O. (1988) A new genus and species of South American Hylid frog with a highly modified tadpole. Tropical Zoology, 1, 117 - 136." type="journal article" year="1988">Sá 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (see the call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3DC8FDF5717FFD9F" box="[1199,1323,523,548]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3DC8FDF5717FFD9F" box="[1199,1323,523,548]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
above)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB34835A385FFDA57637FC67" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3890FDA57622FDCF" box="[503,630,603,628]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3890FDA57622FDCF" box="[503,630,603,628]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A3A07FDA570DBFDCE" author="Mijares" box="[864,1167,603,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" refString="Mijares-Urrutia, A. E. & Hero, J. (1997) Los renacuajos de Hyla luteoocellata e H. vigilans (Anura: Hylidae) de Venezuela. Revista Biologia Tropical, 44 (3) / 45 (1), 585 - 592." type="journal article" year="1997">Mijares and Hero (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Suárez-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A386FFD7D7607FD26" author="Mayorga" box="[264,595,643,669]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" refString="Suarez-Mayorga, A. & Lynch, J. (2001) Redescription of the tadpole of Hyla vigilans (Anura: Hylidae) and notes about possible taxonomic relationships. Caribbean Journal of Science, 37 (1 - 2), 116 - 119." type="journal article" year="2001">Mayorga and Lynch (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Its principal characteristics are: larvae small (TL mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B61AB34835A3D90FD7D756DFD7E" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6399999999999997" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="26.4">26.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, maximum TL 31.5), body short, globular, anteriorly subacuminate in lateral view and rhomboidal anteriorly, rounded from above; spiracle sinistral, directed ventrolaterally, attached to body; vent tube medial; tail moderately long, compressed, distally forming a long, rounded tip; dorsal fin shallower than ventral fin, but fin shapes making tail apparently symmetrical; tail musculature weak. Oral disk small, with labial papillae prominent; labial tooth formula 2 (2) / 3 (1); jaw beaks well keratinised, finely serrated. Coloration in life with a remarkable zebra-like pattern of black or dark brown bars separated by translucent bars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB34835A385FFC147705FAA0" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A388FFC147622FBB8" box="[488,630,1002,1027]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A388FFC147622FBB8" box="[488,630,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite unusual, small (TL up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B61AB34835A3A98FC14703FFBBF" box="[1023,1131,1002,1028]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.37" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="23.7">23.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
), body elongate, twice as long as wide, abruptly terminating posteriorly, eyes large; snout rounded in profile, body shallower than wide; spiracle sinistral, short, directed dorsally; vent tube dextral, short; tail very long, acutely rounded tip, dorsal fin shallower than ventral fin, but both much shallower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3B05FB74768AFB18" box="[610,734,1162,1187]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3B05FB74768AFB18" box="[610,734,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, oral disk with flaplike labia with a single row of pointed serrations; labial tooth formula 2 (1+2)/ 2(1) (following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A3D21FB4C7085FB77" author="Altig" box="[1094,1233,1202,1228]" pageId="13" pageNumber="15" refString="Altig, R. (1970) A key to the tadpoles of the continental United States and Canada. Herpetologica, 26, 180 - 207." type="journal article" year="1970">Altig 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Beak moderately slender, V-shaped, with pointed serrations. Coloration in life, body yellowish green, tail pale green, both with brown markings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB34835A385FFAD777CEFA28" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1906]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Tadpoles of
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A38B1FAD77020FAF9" box="[470,1140,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A38B1FAD776E6FAF9" box="[470,690,1321,1346]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">Pseudis paradoxa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3BA2FAD77705FAF9" box="[709,849,1321,1346]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cardosoi">P. cardosoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3AF9FAD77020FAF9" box="[926,1140,1321,1346]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Lysapsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limellus">Lysapsus limellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are in overall dissimilar from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3B5AFAAF7685FAD1" box="[573,721,1361,1386]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3B5AFAAF7685FAD1" box="[573,721,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3A72FAAF77C0FAD1" box="[789,916,1361,1386]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3A72FAAF77C0FAD1" box="[789,916,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(respectively
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A3D23FAAF70A0FAD0" author="Emerson" box="[1092,1268,1361,1387]" pageId="13" pageNumber="15" refString="Emerson, S. B. (1988) The giant tadpole of Pseudis paradoxa. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 34, 93 - 104." type="journal article" year="1988">Emerson 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A386FFA877594FA28" author="Duellman" box="[264,448,1401,1427]" pageId="13" pageNumber="15" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico. The lives of Reptiles and Amphibians in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press: 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A38ABFA877605FA28" author="Kwet" box="[460,593,1401,1427]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" refString="Kwet, A. (2000) The genus Pseudis (Anura: Pseudidae) in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, with description of a new species. Amphibia-Reptilia, 21, 39 - 55." type="journal article" year="2000">Kwet 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A3BE9FA8777D9FA28" author="Kehr" box="[654,909,1401,1427]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" refString="Kehr, A. I., and Basso, N. G. (1990) Description of the tadpole of Lysapsus limellus (Anura: Psudidae) and some considerations on its biology. Copeia, 1990 (2), 573 - 575." type="journal article" year="1990">Kehr and Basso 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34F650FAB348359385FFA5F7761FE3D" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA3684AB348359385FFA5F7761FE3D" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1906]" lastBlockId="14.[264,1323,284,390]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A38E9FA5F75BAFA00" ID-CoL="B9H" box="[398,494,1441,1467]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A389EFA5F763DFA01" ID-CoL="7D75" box="[505,617,1441,1466]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A389EFA5F763DFA01" box="[505,617,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scarthyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares ossified intercalary elements with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3D28FA5F70FEFA01" ID-CoL="6438K" box="[1103,1194,1441,1466]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3D28FA5F70FEFA01" box="[1103,1194,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pseudis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3DDEFA5F7170FA01" box="[1209,1316,1441,1466]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Lysapsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3DDEFA5F7170FA01" box="[1209,1316,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lysapsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A386FFA37758CFA59" ID-CoL="7KD4" box="[264,472,1481,1506]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Sphaenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A386FFA37758CFA59" box="[264,472,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphaenorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3B70FA3776EEFA59" ID-CoL="YQ2" box="[535,698,1481,1506]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aplastodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3B70FA3776EEFA59" box="[535,698,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Aplastodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The former family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3AD2FA3770BAFA58" ID-CoL="B9H" authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[949,1262,1481,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pseudidae Fitzinger, 1843</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was recently considered as a subfamily within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3B93FA0F7705F9B0" ID-CoL="B9H" box="[756,849,1521,1547]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A3A07FA0F704EF9B0" author="Duellman" box="[864,1050,1521,1547]" pageId="13" pageNumber="15" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2001) The Hylid Frogs of Middle America, Vol. 3. SSAR, Ithaca, pp. 695 - 1159." type="book" year="2001">Duellman 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A3D42FA0F70F3F9B0" author="Haas" box="[1061,1191,1521,1547]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" refString="Haas, A. (2003) Phylogeny of frogs as inferred from primarily larval characters (Amphibia: Anura). Cladistics, 19, 23 - 89." type="journal article" year="2003">Haas 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Darst and Cannatella (2004) link closely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3BE5F9E77689F989" ID-CoL="6438K" box="[642,733,1561,1586]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3BE5F9E77689F989" box="[642,733,1561,1586]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pseudis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3A6DF9E7772EF989" ID-CoL="7D75" box="[778,890,1561,1586]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3A6DF9E7772EF989" box="[778,890,1561,1586]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scarthyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on mitochondrial sequences.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B75AB34835A386FF9BF7679F9E0" box="[264,557,1601,1627]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" refString="Faivovich, J., Haddad, C. F. B., Garcia, P. C. A., Frost, D. R., Campbell, J. A. & Wheeler, W. C. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysys and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 294: 1 - 240." type="journal article">
|
||
Faivovich
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A38EAF9BF759BF9E1" box="[397,463,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
corroborates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3A7EF9BF705FF9E1" ID-CoL="6XW9W" box="[793,1035,1601,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3A7EF9BF705FF9E1" box="[793,1035,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scarthyla goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nested with former pseudines within Hylinae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3B2DF99676F1F93A" ID-CoL="6438K" box="[586,677,1640,1665]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3B2DF99676F1F93A" box="[586,677,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pseudis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3B83F9967702F93A" box="[740,854,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3B83F9967706F93A" box="[740,850,1640,1665]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Lysapsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lysapsus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with ossified intercalary elements, are otherwise completely dissimilar in external adult and tadpole morphology. The only external similarity between the tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3A7AF946702CF96A" ID-CoL="5KQCS" box="[797,1144,1720,1745]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="paradoxa" subSpecies="caribensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3A7AF946702CF96A" box="[797,1144,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pseudis paradoxa caribensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3DDDF9467531F942" ID-CoL="4V3F3" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigilans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3DDDF9467531F942" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scarthyla vigilans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the coloration of black transverse bands. It is outstanding the great difference between the tadpoles of both species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3BBDF8F6771EF89A" ID-CoL="7D75" box="[730,842,1800,1825]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3BBDF8F6771EF89A" box="[730,842,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scarthyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and to date is not possible to discern the reason for that difference. In order to know if some confusion was made during the description of the tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB34835A3B03F8A676A2F8CA" ID-CoL="6XW9W" box="[612,758,1880,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goinorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB34835A3B03F8A676A2F8CA" box="[612,758,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. goinorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the senior author asked William E. Duellman, who explained that tapoles were raised through its metamorphosis to confirm its identity. Genetic data is required to see how close are the two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D07AB3783593D59FEBA70FAFEE6" ID-CoL="7D75" box="[1086,1198,324,349]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scarthyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EA96AB3783593D59FEBA70FAFEE6" box="[1086,1198,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Scarthyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with each other and in relation with the former pseudines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |