treatments-xml/data/03/F8/4C/03F84C419D5AFFABFE4DF9D2FB94FC79.xml

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<subSubSection id="C34BAEDC9D5AFFA5FE4DF9D2FA04F9A3" box="[498,1448,1541,1571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5AFFA5FE4DF9D2FA04F9A3" blockId="2.[498,1542,1494,1935]" box="[498,1448,1541,1571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0A64A3B9D5AFFA5FE4DF9D2FA04F9A3" bold="true" box="[498,1448,1541,1571]" fontSize="12" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="0">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FE4DF9D2FA04F9A3" bold="true" box="[498,1448,1541,1571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
A continental summary of the distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5AFFA5FB27F9D2FA04F9A3" ID-CoL="75F72" box="[1176,1448,1541,1571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FB27F9D2FA04F9A3" bold="true" box="[1176,1448,1541,1571]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BAEDC9D5AFFABFE4DF9E6FB94FC79" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5AFFA5FE4DF9E6FCEEF9CD" blockId="2.[498,1542,1494,1935]" box="[498,834,1585,1613]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0A64A3B9D5AFFA5FE4DF9E6FCEEF9CD" bold="true" box="[498,834,1585,1613]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FE4DF9E6FCEEF9CD" bold="true" box="[498,834,1585,1613]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Europe and North Africa</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5AFFA4FE4DF989FD46FED4" blockId="2.[498,1542,1494,1935]" lastBlockId="3.[498,1542,234,1934]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Europe has five extant species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5AFFA5FCC4F98AFB17F9F7" box="[891,1211,1629,1655]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FCC4F98AFC68F9F7" box="[891,964,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Oxalis</emphasis>
section 
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FB98F98AFB17F9F7" box="[1063,1211,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5AFFA5FB74F98AFADCF9F7" box="[1227,1392,1629,1655]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FB74F98AFADCF9F7" box="[1227,1392,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5AFFA5FAC0F98AFA71F9F7" box="[1407,1501,1629,1655]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="exilis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FAC0F98AFA71F9F7" box="[1407,1501,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O. exilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5AFFA5FE4DF952FDF1F91F" baseAuthorityName="Morison" baseAuthorityYear="1680" box="[498,605,1669,1695]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FE4DF952FDF1F91F" box="[498,605,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5AFFA5FDD3F952FD73F91F" box="[620,735,1669,1695]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FDD3F952FD73F91F" box="[620,735,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5AFFA5FCA2F952FC57F91F" authority="Kunth" authorityName="Kunth" box="[797,1019,1669,1695]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FCA2F952FC04F91F" box="[797,936,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O. filiformis</emphasis>
Kunth
</taxonomicName>
(syn. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5AFFA5FBFAF952FA5EF920" authority="L. Llorens, Gil &amp; C. Cardona" authorityName="L. Llorens, Gil &amp; C. Cardona" box="[1093,1522,1669,1696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FBFAF952FB0DF91F" box="[1093,1185,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O. ferae</emphasis>
L.Llorens, Gil &amp; C.Cardona
</taxonomicName>
). Of these, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5AFFA5FDDBF97AFD6EF947" box="[612,706,1709,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="exilis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FDDBF97AFD6EF947" box="[612,706,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O. exilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5AFFA5FD40F97AFC26F947" box="[767,906,1709,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FD40F97AFC26F947" box="[767,906,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are 20th century introductions with relatively narrow distributions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5AFFA5FD4AF903FC7CF96F" author="Llorens L &amp; Gil L &amp; Cardona C &amp; Franquesa M &amp; Boi M." box="[757,976,1748,1775]" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="489 - 493" part="148" refId="ref10139" refString="Llorens L, Gil L, Cardona C, Franquesa M, Boi M. 2005. A new species of Oxalis section Corniculatae (Oxalidaceae) from the Balearic islands. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 148 (4): 489 - 493 DOI 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2005.00408. x." title="A new species of Oxalis section Corniculatae (Oxalidaceae) from the Balearic islands" type="journal article" year="2005">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FD4AF903FC7CF96F" box="[757,976,1748,1775]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Llorens et al., 2005</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5AFFA5FC60F902FBC3F96E" author="Young DP" box="[991,1135,1748,1774]" editor="Valentine DH" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge: Cambridge University Press" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="192 - 193" refId="ref11958" refString="Young DP. 1968. Oxalidaceae. In: Valentine DH, ed. Flora Europeae 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 192 - 193." title="Oxalidaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Flora Europeae 2" year="1968">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5AFFA5FC60F902FBC3F96E" box="[991,1135,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Young, 1968</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Owing to the presence of closely related species in Europe it is necessary to consider confusion of their identification in observations. Unless a complete specimen is available it is difficult to distinguish these taxa from one another, particularly if only fragments, such as seeds, are available. Taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion is a constant theme in the literature of this section (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FDE8FF3CFD75FE84" author="Eiten G." box="[599,729,234,260]" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="99 - 105" part="4" refId="ref8961" refString="Eiten G. 1955. The Typification of the Names &quot; Oxalis corniculata L. &quot; and &quot; Oxalis stricta L. &quot;. Taxon 4 (5): 99 - 105 DOI 10.2307 / 1216643." title="The Typification of the Names &quot; Oxalis corniculata L. &quot; and &quot; Oxalis stricta L" type="journal article" year="1955">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FDE8FF3CFD75FE84" box="[599,729,234,260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Eiten, 1955</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FD57FF3CFC24FE84" author="Watson MF" box="[744,904,234,260]" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="347 - 362" part="101" refId="ref11771" refString="Watson MF. 1989. Nomenclatural aspects of Oxalis section Corniculatae in Europe. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 101: 347 - 362 DOI 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1989. tb 00169. x." title="Nomenclatural aspects of Oxalis section Corniculatae in Europe" type="journal article" year="1989">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FD57FF3CFC24FE84" box="[744,904,234,260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Watson, 1989</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, before investigating the situation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FE4DFEC4FD34FEAC" box="[498,664,274,301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FE4DFEC4FD34FEAC" box="[498,664,274,301]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is important to establish the time of introduction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FA99FEC4FA3DFEAC" baseAuthorityName="Morison" baseAuthorityYear="1680" box="[1318,1425,275,301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FA99FEC4FA3DFEAC" box="[1318,1425,275,301]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FE4DFEEDFDC9FED4" box="[498,613,314,340]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FE4DFEEDFDC9FED4" box="[498,613,314,340]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to Europe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5BFFA4FDADFEB5FBC9FD3B" blockId="3.[498,1542,234,1934]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
It was not until 1680 that Morison described a species with an upright habit that we now refer to as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FDCDFE5DFC0DFE24" authority="(Morison, 1680)" baseAuthorityName="Morison" baseAuthorityYear="1680" box="[626,929,394,420]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FDCDFE5DFD70FE23" box="[626,732,394,420]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. stricta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FD50FE5DFC3BFE24" author="Morison R." box="[751,919,394,420]" journalOrPublisher="Oxford: Theathro Sheldoniano" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10346" refString="Morison R. 1680. Plantarum Historiae Universalis Oxoniensis pars Secunda. Oxford: Theathro Sheldoniano." title="Plantarum Historiae Universalis Oxoniensis pars Secunda" type="book" year="1680">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FD50FE5DFC3BFE24" box="[751,919,394,420]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Morison, 1680</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However, this upright species was described from seed sent to him from Virginia and was not from Europe. By the mid-19th century the upright species (
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FD5DFE0DFCE1FE73" baseAuthorityName="Morison" baseAuthorityYear="1680" box="[738,845,474,500]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FD5DFE0DFCE1FE73" box="[738,845,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was so well established in Europe that 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FA96FE0EFA65FE73" author="Jordan A." box="[1321,1481,473,499]" journalOrPublisher="Friedr. Bitche, Haguenau, Deux-Ponts" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="304 - 325" refId="ref9862" refString="Jordan A. 1854. Notes sur diverses especes. Archives de la Flore de France d' Allemagne: Publies par Friedr. Schultz; eds Schultz, Friedr. Bitche, Haguenau, Deux-Ponts, 304 - 325." title="Notes sur diverses especes. Archives de la Flore de France d' Allemagne: Publies par Friedr. Schultz; eds Schultz" type="book chapter" year="1854">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FA96FE0EFA65FE73" box="[1321,1481,473,499]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Jordan (1854)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
considered that it must be a native species and described 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FB3FFDD5FADEFD9C" authority="Jord. He" authorityName="Jord. He" box="[1152,1394,513,540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="europaea">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FB3FFDD5FAA7FD9B" box="[1152,1291,514,540]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. europaea</emphasis>
Jord. He
</taxonomicName>
did so based purely on the geographic grounds that the Linnaean 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FBDCFDFEFB61FDC3" baseAuthorityName="Morison" baseAuthorityYear="1680" box="[1123,1229,553,579]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FBDCFDFEFB61FDC3" box="[1123,1229,553,579]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was North American. He did not give any morphological characters that separate them. Herbarium specimens do exist of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FDCEFDAEFD76FD12" baseAuthorityName="Morison" baseAuthorityYear="1680" box="[625,730,633,659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FDCEFDAEFD76FD12" box="[625,730,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in Europe before 1854, but these are few and only date from earlier in the 19th century (
<tableCitation id="C6D3C8EC9D5BFFA4FC85FD76FC3DFD3B" box="[826,913,673,699]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1524,290,1527]" captionText="Table 1 Notable early specimens of Oxalis corniculata and O. stricta." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" tableUuid="DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E">Table 1</tableCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FC11FD76FBF8FD3B" author="Lourteig A." box="[942,1108,673,699]" journalOrPublisher="Phytologia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="57 - 198" part="42" refId="ref10241" refString="Lourteig A. 1979. Oxalidaceae extra-austroamericanae: 2. Oxalis L. Sectio Corniculatae DC. Phytologia 42: 57 - 198." title="Oxalidaceae extra-austroamericanae: 2. Oxalis L. Sectio Corniculatae DC" type="journal article" year="1979">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FC11FD76FBF8FD3B" box="[942,1108,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lourteig, 1979</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5BFFA4FDADFD1EFC90FC7A" blockId="3.[498,1542,234,1934]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FDADFD1EFD29FD62" box="[530,645,712,739]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FDADFD1EFD29FD62" box="[530,645,712,739]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described and illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FBAFFD1FFB65FD62" author="Dillenius JJ" box="[1040,1225,712,738]" journalOrPublisher="Plantarum rariorum horti Elthamensis tomus alter. London" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" publicationUrl="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=1386" refId="ref8866" refString="Dillenius JJ. 1732. Hortus Elthamensis seu Plantarum rariorum quas in horto suo Elthami in Cantio coluit vir ornatissimus et praestantissimus Jacobus Sherard MD Soc. Reg. et Coll. Med. Lond. Soc. Guilielmi P. M. frater, delineationes et descriptiones quarum historia vel plane non, vel imperfecte a rei herbariae scriptoribus tradita fuit. Plantarum rariorum horti Elthamensis tomus alter. London. Available at http: // bibdigital. rjb. csic. es / ing / Libro. php? Libro = 1386." title="Hortus Elthamensis seu Plantarum rariorum quas in horto suo Elthami in Cantio coluit vir ornatissimus et praestantissimus Jacobus Sherard MD Soc. Reg. et Coll. Med. Lond. Soc. Guilielmi P. M. frater, delineationes et descriptiones quarum historia vel plane non, vel imperfecte a rei herbariae scriptoribus tradita fuit" type="url" year="1732">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FBAFFD1FFB65FD62" box="[1040,1225,712,738]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dillenius (1732)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
and was formally named later by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FDEFFD26FD54FC8A" author="Jacquin NJ" box="[592,760,752,778]" journalOrPublisher="Vienna: Christianum F. Wappler" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref9843" refString="Jacquin NJ. 1794. Oxalis. Monographia, iconibus illustrata. Vienna: Christianum F. Wappler." title="Oxalis. Monographia, iconibus illustrata" type="book" year="1794">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FDEFFD26FD54FC8A" box="[592,760,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Jacquin (1794)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
with direct reference to Dillenius. However, this was from material of North American origin. It was not until later that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FBDBFCCEFB7BFCB2" box="[1124,1239,792,819]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FBDBFCCEFB7BFCB2" box="[1124,1239,792,819]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recognised as naturalized in Europe. Perhaps the first record is that of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FB2FFC97FA9DFCDA" author="Jordan A." box="[1168,1329,832,858]" journalOrPublisher="Friedr. Bitche, Haguenau, Deux-Ponts" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="304 - 325" refId="ref9862" refString="Jordan A. 1854. Notes sur diverses especes. Archives de la Flore de France d' Allemagne: Publies par Friedr. Schultz; eds Schultz, Friedr. Bitche, Haguenau, Deux-Ponts, 304 - 325." title="Notes sur diverses especes. Archives de la Flore de France d' Allemagne: Publies par Friedr. Schultz; eds Schultz" type="book chapter" year="1854">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FB2FFC97FA9DFCDA" box="[1168,1329,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Jordan (1854)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
who named 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FE4DFCBFFD06FC02" authority="Jord." authorityName="Jord." box="[498,682,872,898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="navieri">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FE4DFCBFFDCBFC02" box="[498,615,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. navieri</emphasis>
Jord.
</taxonomicName>
, which is now considered a synonym for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FB28FCBFFAA6FC02" box="[1175,1290,872,898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FB28FCBFFAA6FC02" box="[1175,1290,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, we agree with all modern authors that both 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FC3AFC47FC43FC29" baseAuthorityName="Morison" baseAuthorityYear="1680" box="[901,1007,912,938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FC3AFC47FC43FC29" box="[901,1007,912,938]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FB96FC47FB37FC2A" box="[1065,1179,912,938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FB96FC47FB37FC2A" box="[1065,1179,912,938]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are 19th century introductions and we can assume that earlier European observations of caulescent yellow-flowered 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FE4DFC08FD97FC79" box="[498,571,991,1017]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FE4DFC08FD97FC79" box="[498,571,991,1017]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Oxalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FD2FFC37FC9AFC79" box="[656,822,991,1018]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FD2FFC37FC9AFC79" box="[656,822,991,1018]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5BFFA4FDADFBD0FCF5FAB9" blockId="3.[498,1542,234,1934]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The earliest clear mention of a yellow-flowered caulescent 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FB09FBD0FB53FBA1" box="[1206,1279,1031,1057]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FB09FBD0FB53FBA1" box="[1206,1279,1031,1057]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Oxalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in European literature is from northern Italy in the 16th century (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FC4DFBE7FB26FBC9" author="Turner W." box="[1010,1162,1071,1097]" journalOrPublisher="part 2: Cologne: Arnold Birckmann" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref11533" refString="Turner W. 1568. The first and second partes of the herbal of William Turner in phisick. part 2: Cologne: Arnold Birckmann." title="The first and second partes of the herbal of William Turner in phisick" type="book" year="1568">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FC4DFBE7FB26FBC9" box="[1010,1162,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Turner, 1568</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). The earliest herbarium specimens are also from northern Italy, from Florence in 1600 and Bologna between 1551 and 1600 (
<tableCitation id="C6D3C8EC9D5BFFA4FD0DFBA8FCA6FB19" box="[690,778,1151,1177]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1524,290,1527]" captionText="Table 1 Notable early specimens of Oxalis corniculata and O. stricta." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" tableUuid="DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E">Table 1</tableCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FC9CFB57FC63FB19" author="Watson MF" box="[803,975,1151,1177]" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="347 - 362" part="101" refId="ref11771" refString="Watson MF. 1989. Nomenclatural aspects of Oxalis section Corniculatae in Europe. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 101: 347 - 362 DOI 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1989. tb 00169. x." title="Nomenclatural aspects of Oxalis section Corniculatae in Europe" type="journal article" year="1989">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FC9CFB57FC63FB19" box="[803,975,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Watson (1989)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
reviewed the taxonomic situation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FE4DFB70FD3AFB41" box="[498,662,1191,1217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FE4DFB70FD3AFB41" box="[498,662,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Europe and cites Renaissance botanists of the 16th and 17th century from Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland. Therefore, there is good evidence, including accurate drawings, that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FB87FB20FB72FA90" box="[1080,1246,1270,1297]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FB87FB20FB72FA90" box="[1080,1246,1270,1297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurred in Europe at least from the 16th century.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5BFFA3FDADFA91FA70F8AF" blockId="3.[498,1542,234,1934]" lastBlockId="4.[498,1541,1653,1919]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Earlier than this the information in literature is ambiguous. We have found six illustrations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FD1AFAB9FD42FA08" box="[677,750,1390,1416]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FD1AFAB9FD42FA08" box="[677,750,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Oxalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FCBFFAB9FCF5FA08" box="[768,857,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Alleluia</emphasis>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FC3AFAB8FBB4FA08" authority="Cuculi" authorityName="Cuculi" box="[901,1048,1390,1416]" class="Bivalvia" family="Bakevelliidae" genus="Panis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FC3AFAB8FBB4FA08" box="[901,1048,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Panis Cuculi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Latin) in medieval herbals from the 13th to 15th centuries. In each case only one taxa is illustrated. In Europe we would expect at least one taxon, the native 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FCF1FA69FB96FA58" authority="L. This" authorityName="L. This" box="[846,1082,1470,1496]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acetosella">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FCF1FA69FC73FA58" box="[846,991,1470,1496]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. acetosella</emphasis>
L. This
</taxonomicName>
species is quite distinct from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FE4DFA31FD34FA7F" box="[498,664,1509,1536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FE4DFA31FD34FA7F" box="[498,664,1509,1536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having white flowers, short globular pods, a scaly creeping rhizome and no stem. The illustration in the 15th century Codex Bellunensis and an unnamed codex have no flowers, but depict the scaly rhizome and the lack of stem, which suggests this is 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FDFEF98AFD7EF9F7" box="[577,722,1629,1655]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acetosella">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FDFEF98AFD7EF9F7" box="[577,722,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. acetosella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FD5BF98AFC48F9F7" accessDate="2019-01-12" author="British Library" box="[740,996,1629,1655]" journalOrPublisher="Add MS" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="14" part="41623" publicationUrl="http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_41623_f014v" refId="ref8296" refString="British Library. 2019 a. Codex Bellunensis. Add MS 41623 f. 14 v. Available at http: // www. bl. uk / manuscripts / Viewer. aspx? ref = add _ ms _ 41623 _ f 014 v (accessed 12 January 2019)." title="Codex Bellunensis" type="journal article" year="2019">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FD5BF98AFC48F9F7" box="[740,996,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">British Library, 2019a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FC4CF98AFAA3F9F7" accessDate="2019-01-12" author="Schoenberg Center" box="[1011,1295,1629,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" publicationUrl="http://sceti.library.upenn.edu/sceti/ljs/PageLevel/index.cfm?ManID=ljs419&amp;Page=10" refId="ref11377" refString="Schoenberg Center. 2019. Anonymous 15 th century herbal from northern Italy. Available at http: // sceti. library. upenn. edu / sceti / ljs / PageLevel / index. cfm? ManID = ljs 419 &amp; Page = 10 (accessed 12 January 2019)." title="Anonymous 15 th century herbal from northern Italy" type="url" year="2019">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FC4CF98AFAA3F9F7" box="[1011,1295,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schoenberg Center, 2019</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). The illustration in Giovanni Cadamosto’ s manuscript of the late 15th or early 16th century ambiguously shows a part caulescent and part acaulescent plant, (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FBF1F97AFAE5F947" accessDate="2019-01-12" author="British Library" box="[1102,1353,1709,1735]" journalOrPublisher="Harley MS" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="2" part="3736" publicationUrl="http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=harley_ms_3736_f002v" refId="ref8348" refString="British Library. 2019 b. Giovanni Cadamosto' s manuscript c. 1475 - c. 1525. Harley MS 3736 f. 2 v. Available at http: // www. bl. uk / manuscripts / Viewer. aspx? ref = harley _ ms _ 3736 _ f 002 v (accessed 12 January 2019)." title="Giovanni Cadamosto' s manuscript c. 1475 - c. 1525" type="journal article" year="2019">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FBF1F97AFAE5F947" box="[1102,1353,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">British Library, 2019b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). The flowers of this illustration are in bud and are of little diagnostic use. A similarly ambiguous picture is in a codex dated 1475–1525, also from Italy (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FBB4F92AFA68F896" accessDate="2019-01-12" author="University of Vermont Libraries" box="[1035,1476,1788,1814]" journalOrPublisher="uvmcdi: 55290" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" publicationUrl="http://cdi.uvm.edu/book/uvmcdi-55290#page/42/mode/1up" refId="ref11560" refString="University of Vermont Libraries. 2019. Italian Herbal, c. 1475 - c. 1525. uvmcdi: 55290 - 042. Available at http: // cdi. uvm. edu / book / uvmcdi- 55290 # page / 42 / mode / 1 up (accessed 12 January 2019)." title="Italian Herbal" type="url" year="2019">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FBB4F92AFA68F896" box="[1035,1476,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">University of Vermont Libraries, 2019</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Another herbal from circa 1440 shows a caulescent 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FBE8F8F3FB0CF8BE" box="[1111,1184,1828,1854]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FBE8F8F3FB0CF8BE" box="[1111,1184,1828,1854]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Oxalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with small yellow flowers in umbels. This illustration is close to the characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5BFFA4FBDDF89AFAA4F8E6" box="[1122,1288,1868,1895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FBDDF89AFAA4F8E6" box="[1122,1288,1868,1895]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and originates from Lombardy in northern Italy (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5BFFA4FC38F8A3FB2CF80E" accessDate="2019-01-12" author="British Library" box="[903,1152,1908,1934]" journalOrPublisher="Sloane MS" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="15" part="4016" publicationUrl="http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=sloane_ms_4016_f015r" refId="ref8409" refString="British Library. 2019 c. An Italian Herbal, classified by Baumann as one of the ' North Italian group. ' Sloane MS 4016 f. 15 r. Available at http: // www. bl. uk / manuscripts / Viewer. aspx? ref = sloane _ ms _ 4016 _ f 015 r (accessed 12 January 2019)." title="An Italian Herbal, classified by Baumann as one of the ' North Italian group." type="journal article" year="2019">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5BFFA4FC38F8A3FB2CF80E" box="[903,1152,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">British Library, 2019c</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Finally, the oldest illustration is in the 
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FDFFF9A1FCB3F910" box="[576,799,1654,1680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tractatus de herbis</emphasis>
(circa 1280–1350) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5CFFA3FBB2F9A1FAA1F910" accessDate="2019-01-12" author="British Library" box="[1037,1293,1654,1680]" journalOrPublisher="Egerton MS" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" part="747" publicationUrl="http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=egerton_ms_747_f012r" refId="ref8475" refString="British Library. 2019 d. Tractatus de herbis, attributed to Bartholomaeus Mini de Senis (c. 1280 - 1350). Egerton MS 747 f. 12 r. Available at http: // www. bl. uk / manuscripts / Viewer. aspx? ref = egerton _ ms _ 747 _ f 012 r (accessed 12 January 2019)." title="Tractatus de herbis, attributed to Bartholomaeus Mini de Senis (c. 1280 - 1350)" type="journal volume" year="2019">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FBB2F9A1FAA1F910" box="[1037,1293,1654,1680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">British Library, 2019d</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). This is a rather confusing illustration. It shows a horizontal creeping plant, rooting at the nodes, which could be 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FD13F911FC90F95F" box="[684,828,1733,1760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acetosella">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD13F911FC90F95F" box="[684,828,1733,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. acetosella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FCDAF911FBA4F95F" box="[869,1032,1733,1760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FCDAF911FBA4F95F" box="[869,1032,1733,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The presumed flowers are small and erect, like 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FD9BF93AFD66F887" box="[548,714,1773,1799]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD9BF93AFD66F887" box="[548,714,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but solitary like those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FC40F93AFB3CF887" box="[1023,1168,1773,1799]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acetosella">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FC40F93AFB3CF887" box="[1023,1168,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. acetosella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There are other four-pointed structures, which are presumably fruits. However, they do not resemble 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FAF9F8C2FA23F8AF" box="[1350,1423,1813,1839]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FAF9F8C2FA23F8AF" box="[1350,1423,1813,1839]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fruits.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" ID-Table-UUID="DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" box="[117,811,248,270]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[117,172,248,269]" targetBox="[108,1524,290,1527]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" blockId="4.[117,811,248,270]" box="[117,811,248,270]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Table 1 Notable early specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FE5FFF2FFD39FE8E" box="[480,661,248,270]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FE5FFF2FFD39FE8E" bold="true" box="[480,661,248,270]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FD76FF2FFC8BFE8E" baseAuthorityName="Morison" baseAuthorityYear="1680" box="[713,807,248,270]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">O. stricta</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5CFFA3FFD3FEF4FA9BFA77" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<table id="F9510FF79D5C0058FFD3FEF5FA58FA77" box="[108,1524,290,1527]" gridcols="7" gridrows="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FEF5FA58FED5" box="[108,1524,290,341]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FEF5FE99FED5" box="[108,309,290,341]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Taxon</th>
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FEF5FDBFFED5" box="[326,531,290,341]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Collector name</th>
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFEF5FDD2FED5" box="[547,638,290,341]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Collector number</th>
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFEF5FD50FED5" box="[656,764,290,341]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Date</th>
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FEF5FC2BFED5" box="[781,903,290,341]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Country</th>
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FEF5FB79FED5" box="[919,1237,290,341]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Catalogue number &amp; 
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FC28FE97FBA4FED5" bold="true" box="[919,1032,320,341]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">HTTP URI</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FEF5FA58FED5" box="[1255,1524,290,341]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FB58FEF4FA8CFEB8" bold="true" box="[1255,1312,291,312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Notes</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FEBEFA58FE57" box="[108,1524,361,471]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FEBEFE99FE57" box="[108,309,361,471]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FEBEFF44FEFF" authority="C. E. Broome" authorityName="C. E. Broome" box="[108,232,361,383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FEBEFF44FEFF" box="[108,232,361,383]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FEBEFDBFFE57" box="[326,531,361,471]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C.E.Broome</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFEBEFDD2FE57" box="[547,638,361,471]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD9CFEBDFDE8FEFF" box="[547,580,362,383]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">s.n.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFEBEFD50FE57" box="[656,764,361,471]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1836</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FEBEFC2BFE57" box="[781,903,361,471]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Belgium</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FEBEFB79FE57" box="[919,1237,361,471]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/ E00874849</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FEBEFA58FE57" box="[1255,1524,361,471]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
An example of a European specimen collected before 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FB48FE73FAC6FE39" box="[1271,1386,420,441]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="europaea">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FB48FE73FAC6FE39" box="[1271,1386,420,441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. europaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was described.
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FE31FA58FDD4" box="[108,1524,486,596]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FE31FE99FDD4" box="[108,309,486,596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FE31FF44FE7C" box="[108,232,486,508]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">Oxalis stricta</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FE31FDBFFDD4" box="[326,531,486,596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">s.c.</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFE31FDD2FDD4" box="[547,638,486,596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD9CFE30FDE8FE7C" box="[547,580,487,508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">s.n.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFE31FD50FDD4" box="[656,764,486,596]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1835</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FE31FC2BFDD4" box="[781,903,486,596]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Germany</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FE31FB79FDD4" box="[919,1237,486,596]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/ E00874850</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FE31FA58FDD4" box="[1255,1524,486,596]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
An example of a European specimen collected before 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FB48FDF6FAC6FDB7" box="[1271,1386,545,567]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="europaea">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FB48FDF6FAC6FDB7" box="[1271,1386,545,567]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. europaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was described.
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FDB3FA58FD51" box="[108,1524,612,721]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FDB3FE99FD51" box="[108,309,612,721]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FDB3FEB4FDF9" authority="Joachim Burser" authorityName="Joachim Burser" box="[108,280,612,633]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FDB3FEB4FDF9" box="[108,280,612,633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FDB3FDBFFD51" box="[326,531,612,721]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Joachim Burser</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFDB3FDD2FD51" box="[547,638,612,721]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD9CFDB3FDE8FDF9" box="[547,580,612,633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">s.n.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFDB3FD50FD51" box="[656,764,612,721]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1600</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FDB3FC2BFD51" box="[781,903,612,721]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Italy</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FDB3FB79FD51" box="[919,1237,612,721]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">UPS:BOT:V-175221 http://www.gbif.org/ occurrence/328193149/ verbatim</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FDB3FA58FD51" box="[1255,1524,612,721]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An early specimen from Europe.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FD36FA58FC93" box="[108,1524,737,787]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FD36FE99FC93" box="[108,309,737,787]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FD36FEB4FD76" authority="Ulisse Aldrovandi" authorityName="Ulisse Aldrovandi" box="[108,280,737,758]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FD36FEB4FD76" box="[108,280,737,758]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FD36FDBFFC93" box="[326,531,737,787]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ulisse Aldrovandi</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFD36FDD2FC93" box="[547,638,737,787]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD9CFD35FDE8FD77" box="[547,580,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">s.n.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFD36FD50FC93" box="[656,764,737,787]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1551–1600</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FD36FC2BFC93" box="[781,903,737,787]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Italy</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FD36FB79FC93" box="[919,1237,737,787]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Volume 8, page 134</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FD36FA58FC93" box="[1255,1524,737,787]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An early specimen from Europe.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FCF3FA58FC12" box="[108,1524,804,914]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FCF3FE99FC12" box="[108,309,804,914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FCF3FEB4FCB9" authority="Carl Peter Thunberg" authorityName="Carl Peter Thunberg" box="[108,280,804,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FCF3FEB4FCB9" box="[108,280,804,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FCF3FDBFFC12" box="[326,531,804,914]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Carl Peter Thunberg</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFCF3FDD2FC12" box="[547,638,804,914]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11118</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFCF3FD50FC12" box="[656,764,804,914]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1772–1775</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FCF3FC2BFC12" box="[781,903,804,914]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FCF3FB79FC12" box="[919,1237,804,914]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">UPS:BOT:V-086842</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FCF3FA58FC12" box="[1255,1524,804,914]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The earliest specimen from sub-Saharan Africa (Lectotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FAC2FC88FA93FC12" authority="Thunb." authorityName="Thunb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FAC2FC88FA7AFCF4" box="[1405,1494,863,884]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. repens</emphasis>
Thunb.
</taxonomicName>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FC76FA58FC71" box="[108,1524,929,1009]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FC76FE99FC71" box="[108,309,929,1009]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FC76FEB4FC36" authority="Christian Friedrich Ecklon &amp; Carl L. P. Zeyher" box="[108,280,929,950]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FC76FEB4FC36" box="[108,280,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FC76FDBFFC71" box="[326,531,929,1009]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Christian Friedrich Ecklon &amp; Carl L.P. Zeyher</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFC76FDD2FC71" box="[547,638,929,1009]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD9CFC75FDE8FC37" box="[547,580,930,951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">s.n.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFC76FD50FC71" box="[656,764,929,1009]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1830</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FC76FC2BFC71" box="[781,903,929,1009]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FC76FB79FC71" box="[919,1237,929,1009]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">PRE0453493-0 https://www.gbif. org/occurrence/462122048</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FC76FA58FC71" box="[1255,1524,929,1009]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An early specimen from South Africa.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FBD6FA58FB97" box="[108,1524,1025,1047]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FBD6FE99FB97" box="[108,309,1025,1047]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FBD6FEB4FB96" authority="Wilhelm Schimper 1165" authorityName="Wilhelm Schimper" authorityYear="1165" box="[108,280,1025,1046]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FBD6FEB4FB96" box="[108,280,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FBD6FDBFFB97" box="[326,531,1025,1047]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Wilhelm Schimper</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFBD6FDD2FB97" box="[547,638,1025,1047]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1165</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFBD6FD50FB97" box="[656,764,1025,1047]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1838-02-05</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FBD6FC2BFB97" box="[781,903,1025,1047]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ethiopia</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FBD6FB79FB97" box="[919,1237,1025,1047]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TUB-001752 http://id.snsb.info/</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FBD6FA58FB97" box="[1255,1524,1025,1047]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An early specimen from</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FBC9FA58FBD1" box="[108,1524,1054,1105]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FBC9FE99FBD1" box="[108,309,1054,1105]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FF21FBC8FE80FBB3" box="[158,300,1054,1076]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FF21FBC8FE80FBB3" box="[158,300,1054,1076]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FBC9FB79FBD1" box="[919,1237,1054,1105]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">snsb/collection/20919/29698/ 20739</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FBC9FA58FBD1" box="[1255,1524,1054,1105]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">East Africa.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FBB6FA58FB31" box="[108,1524,1121,1201]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FBB6FE99FB31" box="[108,309,1121,1201]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FBB6FEB4FBF6" authority="Wilhelm Schimper" authorityName="Wilhelm Schimper" box="[108,280,1121,1142]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FBB6FEB4FBF6" box="[108,280,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FBB6FDBFFB31" box="[326,531,1121,1201]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Wilhelm Schimper</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFBB6FDD2FB31" box="[547,638,1121,1201]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD9CFBB5FDE8FBF7" box="[547,580,1122,1143]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">s.n.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFBB6FD50FB31" box="[656,764,1121,1201]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1837-06</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FBB6FC2BFB31" box="[781,903,1121,1201]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ethiopia</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FBB6FB79FB31" box="[919,1237,1121,1201]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TUB-001748 http://id.snsb.info/ snsb/collection/112371/171149/ 113437</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FBB6FA58FB31" box="[1255,1524,1121,1201]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An early specimen from East Africa.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FB16FA58FB74" box="[108,1524,1217,1268]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FB16FE99FB74" box="[108,309,1217,1268]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FB16FEB4FB56" authority="Carlo L. G. Bertero" box="[108,280,1217,1238]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FB16FEB4FB56" box="[108,280,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FB16FDBFFB74" box="[326,531,1217,1268]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Carlo L.G. Bertero</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFB16FDD2FB74" box="[547,638,1217,1268]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">494</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFB16FD50FB74" box="[656,764,1217,1268]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1827–1830</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FB16FC2BFB74" box="[781,903,1217,1268]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chili</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FB16FB79FB74" box="[919,1237,1217,1268]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MO-1063304</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FB16FA58FB74" box="[1255,1524,1217,1268]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An early specimen from South America.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FAD3FA58FAD4" box="[108,1524,1284,1364]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FAD3FE99FAD4" box="[108,309,1284,1364]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FAD3FEB4FA99" authority="Prince Maximilian" authorityName="Prince Maximilian" box="[108,280,1284,1305]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FAD3FEB4FA99" box="[108,280,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FAD3FDBFFAD4" box="[326,531,1284,1364]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFAD3FDD2FAD4" box="[547,638,1284,1364]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD9CFAD3FDE8FA99" box="[547,580,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">s.n.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFAD3FD50FAD4" box="[656,764,1284,1364]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1815–12</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FAD3FC2BFAD4" box="[781,903,1284,1364]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Brazil</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FAD3FB79FAD4" box="[919,1237,1284,1364]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M-0153326</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FAD3FA58FAD4" box="[1255,1524,1284,1364]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An early specimen from South America, São Bento Monastery, Brazil.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FAB3FA58FA34" box="[108,1524,1380,1460]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FAB3FE99FA34" box="[108,309,1380,1460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FAB3FEB4FAF9" authority="George Gardner" authorityName="George Gardner" box="[108,280,1380,1401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FAB3FEB4FAF9" box="[108,280,1380,1401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FAB3FDBFFA34" box="[326,531,1380,1460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">George Gardner</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFAB3FDD2FA34" box="[547,638,1380,1460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">345</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFAB3FD50FA34" box="[656,764,1380,1460]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1837–08</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FAB3FC2BFA34" box="[781,903,1380,1460]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Brazil</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FAB3FB79FA34" box="[919,1237,1380,1460]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MO-1063334</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FAB3FA58FA34" box="[1255,1524,1380,1460]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An early specimen from South America. Cultivated.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FF159D5C0058FFD3FA13FA58FA77" box="[108,1524,1476,1527]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76B096699D5C0058FFD3FA13FE99FA77" box="[108,309,1476,1527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FFD3FA13FEB4FA59" authority="Pehr Osbeck" authorityName="Pehr Osbeck" box="[108,280,1476,1497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFD3FA13FEB4FA59" box="[108,280,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FEF9FA13FDBFFA77" box="[326,531,1476,1527]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pehr Osbeck</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD9CFA13FDD2FA77" box="[547,638,1476,1527]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD9CFA12FDE8FA5A" box="[547,580,1477,1498]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">s.n.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FD2FFA13FD50FA77" box="[656,764,1476,1527]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1751</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FCB2FA13FC2BFA77" box="[781,903,1476,1527]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">China</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FC28FA13FB79FA77" box="[919,1237,1476,1527]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">SBT:H:2.4.9.67</td>
<td id="76B096699D5C0058FB58FA13FA58FA77" box="[1255,1524,1476,1527]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">An early specimen from China.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote id="76B7FCD99D5CFFA3FFE5F9D2FC47F9C5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[108,1524,290,1527]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5CFFA3FFE5F9D2FF3FF998" blockId="4.[90,1503,1541,1605]" box="[90,147,1541,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FFE5F9D2FF3FF998" bold="true" box="[90,147,1541,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Notes:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5CFFA3FFC5F9CCFA73F9AF" blockId="4.[90,1503,1541,1605]" box="[122,1503,1563,1583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Cited and early specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FEC7F9CCFDCDF9AE" box="[376,609,1563,1582]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FEC7F9CCFE01F9AE" box="[376,429,1563,1582]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis</emphasis>
section 
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FE4AF9CCFDCDF9AE" box="[501,609,1563,1582]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Europe, Africa, South America and China. N.B. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FB8AF9CBFB37F9AE" box="[1077,1179,1564,1583]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="europaea">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FB8AF9CBFB37F9AE" box="[1077,1179,1564,1583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. europaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was described from European
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5CFFA3FFC5F9E5FC47F9C5" blockId="4.[90,1503,1541,1605]" box="[122,1003,1586,1605]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
specimens, is considered a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FE72F9E5FDB7F9C4" box="[461,539,1586,1605]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FE72F9E5FDB7F9C4" box="[461,539,1586,1605]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was described from North American material.
</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5CFFA2FDADF8EAFBE4FD62" blockId="4.[498,1541,1653,1919]" lastBlockId="5.[498,1542,234,1775]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
A considerable number of archaeobotanical studies have been conducted in Europe, but remains of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5CFFA3FD17F8B2FC44F8FF" box="[680,1000,1893,1919]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FD17F8B2FD5DF8FF" box="[680,753,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oxalis</emphasis>
section 
<emphasis id="B92521459D5CFFA3FCEBF8B2FC44F8FF" box="[852,1000,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remain rare. The RADAR database in the Netherlands contains four records, the earliest of which are from a site that spans the 17th and 18th centuries (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FC80FEC4FB63FEAC" author="Van Haaster H &amp; Brinkkemper O." box="[831,1231,274,301]" journalOrPublisher="Vegetation History and Archaeobotany" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="117 - 125" part="4" refId="ref11702" refString="Van Haaster H, Brinkkemper O. 1995. RADAR, a relational archaeobotanical database for advanced research. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 4 (2): 117 - 125 DOI 10.1007 / BF 00206920." title="RADAR, a relational archaeobotanical database for advanced research" type="journal article" year="1995">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FC80FEC4FB63FEAC" box="[831,1231,274,301]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Van Haaster &amp; Brinkkemper, 1995</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). In Ferrara, Italy, remains of a single seed were found in a waste pit dating from the second half of the 15th century, which is notable because of the pre-Columbian dating (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FB3CFEB4FB56FEFC" author="Bosi G." box="[1155,1274,354,380]" journalOrPublisher="Italy: University of Florence" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref8188" refString="Bosi G. 2000. Flora e ambiente vegetale a Ferrara tra il X e il XV secolo attraverso i reperti carpologici dello scavo di corso Porta Reno - via Vaspergolo nell' attuale centro storico. PhD thesis. Italy: University of Florence." title="Flora e ambiente vegetale a Ferrara tra il X e il XV secolo attraverso i reperti carpologici dello scavo di corso Porta Reno - via Vaspergolo nell' attuale centro storico" type="book" year="2000">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FB3CFEB4FB56FEFC" box="[1155,1274,354,380]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bosi, 2000</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FAB6FEB4FA6DFEFC" author="Bosi G &amp; Mercuri AM &amp; Guarnieri C &amp; Bandini Mazzanti M." box="[1289,1473,354,380]" journalOrPublisher="Vegetation History and Archaeobotany" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="389 - 402" part="18" refId="ref8233" refString="Bosi G, Mercuri AM, Guarnieri C, Bandini Mazzanti M. 2009. Luxury food and ornamental plants at the 15 th century AD Renaissance court of the Este family (Ferrara, northern Italy). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 18 (5): 389 - 402 DOI 10.1007 / s 00334 - 009 - 0220 - z." title="Luxury food and ornamental plants at the 15 th century AD Renaissance court of the Este family (Ferrara, northern Italy)" type="journal article" year="2009">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FAB6FEB4FA6DFEFC" box="[1289,1473,354,380]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bosi et al., 2009</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Although a single seed, its location is close to the specimen, illustration and literature reports from the 15th and 16th centuries, giving credence to this isolated observation. We have found no earlier archaeological evidence, even though some extensive studies have been conducted. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FCF4FDD6FB6EFD9B" author="Rinaldi R &amp; Mazzanti MB &amp; Bosi G." box="[843,1218,513,540]" journalOrPublisher="Annali di Botanica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="217 - 230" part="3" refId="ref11145" refString="Rinaldi R, Mazzanti MB, Bosi G. 2013. Archaeobotany in urban sites: the case of Mutina. Annali di Botanica 3: 217 - 230 DOI 10.4462 / annbotrm- 10292." title="Archaeobotany in urban sites: the case of Mutina" type="journal article" year="2013">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FCF4FDD6FB6EFD9B" box="[843,1218,513,540]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rinaldi, Mazzanti &amp; Bosi (2013)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
summarize the seeds found in excavations in Modena, in northern Italy from the 2nd century BC to the 6th century AD. They list more than 400 taxa from 200,000 remains, including many weeds, but did not find 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FD07FDAEFCF2FD13" box="[696,862,633,659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FD07FDAEFCF2FD13" box="[696,862,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Likewise a similar study in Lleida, Spain, covering the period between the 2nd century BC and the 11th century AD report no 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FAF5FD76FA43FD3B" box="[1354,1519,673,699]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FAF5FD76FA43FD3B" box="[1354,1519,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, despite recovering almost 600,000 seeds and fruits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5DFFA2FDADFD26FBFFFC52" blockId="5.[498,1542,234,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
We have found two other archaeological reports of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FBD3FD26FABDFC8A" box="[1132,1297,752,779]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FBD3FD26FABDFC8A" box="[1132,1297,752,779]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Europe, one from Neolithic Germany in the 6th century BC and the other from Visigothic Spain in the 6th-7th century AD (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FD58FC97FC19FCDA" author="Herbig C &amp; Maier U &amp; Stauble H &amp; Elburg R." box="[743,949,832,858]" editor="Von Carnap-Bornheim C &amp; Dorfler W &amp; Kirleis W &amp; Muller J &amp; Muller U" journalOrPublisher="Offa: Festschrift Kroll" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="265 - 293" refId="ref9602" refString="Herbig C, Maier U, Stauble H, Elburg R. 2013. Neolithische Fullhorner. Archaobotanische Untersuchungen an funf linienbandkeramischen Brunnen in Westsachsen. In: Von Carnap-Bornheim C, Dorfler W, Kirleis W, Muller J, Muller U, eds. Von Sylt bis Kastanas. Vol. 69. Offa: Festschrift Kroll, 265 - 293." title="Neolithische Fullhorner. Archaobotanische Untersuchungen an funf linienbandkeramischen Brunnen in Westsachsen" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Von Sylt bis Kastanas. Vol. 69" year="2013">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FD58FC97FC19FCDA" box="[743,949,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Herbig et al., 2013</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FC7DFC97FB2AFCDA" author="Ollich I &amp; Cubero C &amp; Ocana M &amp; Rocafiguera MD" box="[962,1158,832,858]" journalOrPublisher="Tribuna d' Arqueologia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="295 - 316" part="20" refId="ref10649" refString="Ollich I, Cubero C, Ocana M, Rocafiguera MD. 2014. Arqueobotanica i Arqueologia Experimental. 20 anys de recerca agricola a l' Esquerda (Roda de Ter, Osona). Tribuna d' Arqueologia 20: 295 - 316 ISSN 1130 - 7781." title="Arqueobotanica i Arqueologia Experimental. 20 anys de recerca agricola a l' Esquerda (Roda de Ter, Osona)" type="journal article" year="2014">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FC7DFC97FB2AFCDA" box="[962,1158,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ollich et al., 2014</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). The reports are only of two and one seed, respectively, and there are no illustrations. Given the small number of seeds, the lack of supporting evidence and the potential for later contamination or misidentification, we have discounted these reports.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5DFFA2FDADFC37FA97FA08" blockId="5.[498,1542,234,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
In all, we found no convincing evidence for the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FB74FC37FAC1FC79" box="[1227,1389,991,1018]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FB74FC37FAC1FC79" box="[1227,1389,991,1018]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Europe earlier than the 15th century. Neither is there much information from North Africa, which has been in constant communication with southern Europe for many centuries. Preserved 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FDD7FB80FD1CFBF1" box="[616,688,1111,1137]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FDD7FB80FD1CFBF1" box="[616,688,1111,1137]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Oxalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seeds have been reported from late neolithic Hyrax middens in the Hoggar Mountains in the Sahara (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FC9FFBA8FC13FB19" author="Barakat HN" box="[800,959,1151,1177]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeobotanica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="99 - 103" part="1" refId="ref8154" refString="Barakat HN. 1995. Plant macroremains from Z' bib N Elias. A subfossil middens from a prehistoric cave in the Hoggar Central Sahara. Acta Palaeobotanica 1: 99 - 103." title="Plant macroremains from Z' bib N Elias. A subfossil middens from a prehistoric cave in the Hoggar Central Sahara" type="journal article" year="1995">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FC9FFBA8FC13FB19" box="[800,959,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Barakat, 1995</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). However, no illustration is provided and there is no way to verify this unlikely claim. A more reliable source is from excavations at ancient Carthage in modern day Tunisia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FC6EFB18FA19FB69" author="Van Zeist W &amp; Bottema S &amp; Van Der Veen M." box="[977,1461,1231,1257]" journalOrPublisher="Groningen: Groningen Institute of Archaeology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11739" refString="Van Zeist W, Bottema S, Van Der Veen M. 2001. Diet and vegetation at ancient Carthage: the Archaeobotanical evidence. Groningen: Groningen Institute of Archaeology." title="Diet and vegetation at ancient Carthage: the Archaeobotanical evidence" type="book" year="2001">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FC6EFB18FA19FB69" box="[977,1461,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Van Zeist, Bottema &amp; Van Der Veen, 2001</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Here, preserved 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FD19FB21FD40FA90" box="[678,748,1270,1296]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FD19FB21FD40FA90" box="[678,748,1270,1296]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Oxalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seeds were reported from sediment from approximately the 4th century BC to the mid-6th century AD. However, there is again no illustration and we have been unable to access vouchers. The earliest direct observation from North Africa is from 1751 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FD85FAB9FD56FA08" author="Hasselquist F." box="[570,762,1390,1416]" editor="Davis L &amp; Reymers C" journalOrPublisher="London: Charles Linnaeus." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="52" part="50" refId="ref9432" refString="Hasselquist F. 1766. Voyages and travels in the Levant. In: Davis L, Reymers C, eds. Voyages and Travels in the Levant; In the years 1749, 50, 51, 52. London: Charles Linnaeus." type="journal article" volumeTitle="Voyages and travels in the Levant" year="1766">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FD85FAB9FD56FA08" box="[570,762,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hasselquist, 1766</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). This was near Damietta, Egypt, in the Nile delta.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5DFFA2FDADFA41FA16F96F" blockId="5.[498,1542,234,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
In conclusion, there is good evidence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FC5DFA41FB2DFA30" box="[994,1153,1430,1456]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FC5DFA41FB2DFA30" box="[994,1153,1430,1456]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being in Europe from the 16th century onward. Despite considerable taxonomic confusion, there is no evidence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FA1FFA69F9AAFA57" box="[1440,1542,1470,1496]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FA1FFA69F9AAFA57" box="[1440,1542,1470,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FD9BFA31FD3EFA7F" box="[548,658,1509,1536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FD9BFA31FD3EFA7F" box="[548,658,1509,1536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring here much before the beginning of the 19th century, presumably as an introduction from North America, as is generally assumed. Earlier than this, despite a copious corpus of botanical, medicinal and archaeobotanical literature, the evidence is weak, leaving an open question about the long-term existence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FB2BF98AFA98F9F7" box="[1172,1332,1629,1655]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FB2BF98AFA98F9F7" box="[1172,1332,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Europe. The observation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FD74F952FCC5F91F" box="[715,873,1669,1695]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FD74F952FCC5F91F" box="[715,873,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Carthage may indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FB7EF952FAF3F91F" box="[1217,1375,1669,1695]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FB7EF952FAF3F91F" box="[1217,1375,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was present in the Mediterranean basin during the Iron Age, though more evidence than this would be preferable. Therefore there is little support for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FBB8F902FB0BF96E" box="[1031,1191,1748,1775]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FBB8F902FB0BF96E" box="[1031,1191,1748,1775]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being native to Europe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5DFFA2FE4DF8D9FD53F8AA" blockId="5.[498,1479,1806,1916]" box="[498,767,1806,1834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D0A64A3B9D5DFFA2FE4DF8D9FD53F8AA" bold="true" box="[498,767,1806,1834]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FE4DF8D9FD53F8AA" bold="true" box="[498,767,1806,1834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sub-Saharan Africa</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5DFFA1FE4DF8EEFA7BFD9B" blockId="5.[498,1479,1806,1916]" lastBlockId="6.[498,1542,234,1257]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Today 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5DFFA2FDFAF8EDFD47F8D3" box="[581,747,1849,1876]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FDFAF8EDFD47F8D3" box="[581,747,1849,1876]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a common weed in sub-Saharan Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FB52F8EEFA1BF8D4" author="Holm LG &amp; Pancho JV &amp; Herberger JP &amp; Plucknett DL" box="[1261,1463,1849,1876]" journalOrPublisher="Malabar: Krieger Publishing Company" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref9696" refString="Holm LG, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, Plucknett DL. 1991. A geographic Atlas of world weeds. Malabar: Krieger Publishing Company." title="A geographic Atlas of world weeds" type="book" year="1991">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FB52F8EEFA1BF8D4" box="[1261,1463,1849,1876]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holm et al., 1991</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5DFFA2FDD7F8B6FC36F8FB" author="Hooker JD &amp; Bentham G." box="[616,922,1889,1916]" editor="Hooker WJ" journalOrPublisher="DOI" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="201 - 577" refId="ref9723" refString="Hooker JD, Bentham G. 1849. Flora Nigritiana; catalogue of plants of the river Niger, the island of Fernando Po, and adjacent parts of western tropical Africa; from the collections of [J. R.] T. Vogel, to which are added those of Mr. G. Don and other travellers. In: Hooker WJ, ed. Niger Flora. London: Hippolyte Bailliere, 201 - 577 DOI 10.5962 / bhl. title. 594." title="Flora Nigritiana; catalogue of plants of the river Niger, the island of Fernando Po, and adjacent parts of western tropical Africa; from the collections of [J. R.] T. Vogel, to which are added those of Mr. G. Don and other travellers" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Niger Flora. London: Hippolyte Bailliere" year="1849">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5DFFA2FDD7F8B6FC36F8FB" box="[616,922,1889,1916]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hooker &amp; Bentham (1849)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
specifically noted its absence from the western intertropical coast, where it is present today (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FC4EFF3DFA86FE84" author="Hutchinson J &amp; Dalziel JM" box="[1009,1322,234,261]" journalOrPublisher="London: Part 1, Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref9812" refString="Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM. 1954. Flora of West tropical Africa. Vol. 1. London: Part 1, Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations." title="Flora of West tropical Africa. Vol. 1" type="book" year="1954">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FC4EFF3DFA86FE84" box="[1009,1322,234,261]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hutchinson &amp; Dalziel, 1954</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FA89FF3DFA5AFE84" author="Holm LG &amp; Pancho JV &amp; Herberger JP &amp; Plucknett DL" box="[1334,1526,234,260]" journalOrPublisher="Malabar: Krieger Publishing Company" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref9696" refString="Holm LG, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, Plucknett DL. 1991. A geographic Atlas of world weeds. Malabar: Krieger Publishing Company." title="A geographic Atlas of world weeds" type="book" year="1991">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FA89FF3DFA5AFE84" box="[1334,1526,234,260]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Holm et al., 1991</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). The earliest sub-Saharan records are of Thunberg from near Cape Town, South Africa, circa 1772 (
<tableCitation id="C6D3C8EC9D5EFFA1FD83FEEDFD3EFED4" box="[572,658,314,340]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1524,290,1527]" captionText="Table 1 Notable early specimens of Oxalis corniculata and O. stricta." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Thunberg described its habitat as “ 
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FB82FEEDFDFEFEFC" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Crescit prope urbem locis aquosis et in hortis</emphasis>
” (Growing in wet ground near the city gardens) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FB28FEB5FAE5FEFC" author="Thunberg CP" box="[1175,1353,354,380]" journalOrPublisher="Uppsala: J. F. Edman" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref11513" refString="Thunberg CP. 1823. Flora capensis. Vol. 2. Uppsala: J. F. Edman." title="Flora capensis. Vol. 2" type="book" year="1823">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FB28FEB5FAE5FEFC" box="[1175,1353,354,380]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Thunberg, 1823</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Thunberg described 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FDD8FE5DFC82FE24" authority="Thunb." authorityName="Thunb." box="[615,814,394,420]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FDD8FE5DFD7EFE23" box="[615,722,394,420]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. repens</emphasis>
Thunb.
</taxonomicName>
from these specimens, which has subsequently been synonymized with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FD71FE65FB83FE4C" authority="(Lourteig, 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[718,1071,433,460]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FD71FE65FCDCFE4B" box="[718,880,433,460]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FC3DFE65FB88FE4C" author="Lourteig A." box="[898,1060,434,460]" journalOrPublisher="Phytologia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="57 - 198" part="42" refId="ref10241" refString="Lourteig A. 1979. Oxalidaceae extra-austroamericanae: 2. Oxalis L. Sectio Corniculatae DC. Phytologia 42: 57 - 198." title="Oxalidaceae extra-austroamericanae: 2. Oxalis L. Sectio Corniculatae DC" type="journal article" year="1979">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FC3DFE65FB88FE4C" box="[898,1060,434,460]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lourteig, 1979</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The next specimens are from the 1830s from South Africa and Ethiopia (
<tableCitation id="C6D3C8EC9D5EFFA1FCD8FE0EFC16FE73" box="[871,954,473,499]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1524,290,1527]" captionText="Table 1 Notable early specimens of Oxalis corniculata and O. stricta." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E">Table 1</tableCitation>
), but there are few records from sub-Saharan Africa until the 20th century and many records are of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FBA3FDD5FB12FD9B" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1052,1214,513,540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FBA3FDD5FB12FD9B" box="[1052,1214,513,540]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an agricultural weed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5EFFA1FDADFDFDFD39FBC9" blockId="6.[498,1542,234,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
In Ethiopia 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FD24FDFEFBF7FDC3" author="Richard A &amp; Petit A &amp; Quartin-Dillon M." box="[667,1115,553,579]" journalOrPublisher="Paris: Arthus Bertrand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="122 - 124" refId="ref11096" refString="Richard A, Petit A, Quartin-Dillon M. 1847. Tentamen florae Abyssinicae. Vol. 1. Paris: Arthus Bertrand, 122 - 124." title="Tentamen florae Abyssinicae. Vol. 1" type="book chapter" year="1847">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FD24FDFEFBF7FDC3" box="[667,1115,553,579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Richard, Petit &amp; Quartin-Dillon (1847)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
claimed three species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FADDFDFEF9AAFDC3" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1378,1542,553,579]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FADDFDFEF9AAFDC3" box="[1378,1542,553,579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two new species 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FD52FD86FC36FDEB" box="[749,922,593,619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FD52FD86FC36FDEB" box="[749,922,593,619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FC67FD86FBF0FDEB" box="[984,1116,593,619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radicosa">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FC67FD86FBF0FDEB" box="[984,1116,593,619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. radicosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FBD4FD85FAB1FDEB" author="Lourteig A." box="[1131,1309,593,619]" journalOrPublisher="Phytologia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="57 - 198" part="42" refId="ref10241" refString="Lourteig A. 1979. Oxalidaceae extra-austroamericanae: 2. Oxalis L. Sectio Corniculatae DC. Phytologia 42: 57 - 198." title="Oxalidaceae extra-austroamericanae: 2. Oxalis L. Sectio Corniculatae DC" type="journal article" year="1979">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FBD4FD85FAB1FDEB" box="[1131,1309,593,619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lourteig (1979)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
accepted 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FE4DFDAEFD0CFD13" box="[498,672,633,659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FE4DFDAEFD0CFD13" box="[498,672,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FD61FDAEFCCEFD13" box="[734,866,633,659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radicosa">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FD61FDAEFCCEFD13" box="[734,866,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. radicosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FBF5FDAEFA8AFD13" box="[1098,1318,633,659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FBF5FDAEFA8AFD13" box="[1098,1318,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Oxalis procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is said to grow in fields and fallow land at altitudes above 1,000 m in tropical Africa and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FA83FD76FA6CFD3B" box="[1340,1472,673,699]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radicosa">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FA83FD76FA6CFD3B" box="[1340,1472,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. radicosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a larger distribution spanning much of Africa, Asia and Australasia. Examples of specimens are in 
<tableCitation id="C6D3C8EC9D5EFFA1FD04FD27FCBCFC8A" box="[699,784,752,778]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1524,290,1527]" captionText="Table 1 Notable early specimens of Oxalis corniculata and O. stricta." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Many other authors, at least in Africa, have treated these species as synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FD11FCCEFCFFFCB2" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[686,851,792,819]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FD11FCCEFCFFFCB2" box="[686,851,792,819]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FCDBFCCFFC5EFCB2" author="Engler A." box="[868,1010,792,818]" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="33" part="19" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/204594" refId="ref9040" refString="Engler A. 1894. Diagnosen neuer Arten verschiedener Familien. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 19: 33. Available at https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 204594." title="Diagnosen neuer Arten verschiedener Familien" type="journal article" year="1894">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FCDBFCCFFC5EFCB2" box="[868,1010,792,818]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Engler, 1894</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FBBFFCCFFAE2FCB2" author="Madagascar Catalogue" box="[1024,1358,792,818]" journalOrPublisher="St. Louis &amp; Antananarivo, Madagascar: Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10265" refString="Madagascar Catalogue. 2017. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Madagascar. St. Louis &amp; Antananarivo, Madagascar: Missouri Botanical Garden." title="Catalogue of the vascular plants of Madagascar" type="book" year="2017">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FBBFFCCFFAE2FCB2" box="[1024,1358,792,818]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Madagascar Catalogue, 2017</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). If one accepts that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FD96FC97FD7BFCDA" box="[553,727,832,858]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FD96FC97FD7BFCDA" box="[553,727,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FCAAFC97FC34FCDA" box="[789,920,832,858]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radicosa">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FCAAFC97FC34FCDA" box="[789,920,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. radicosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinct species in Africa, then there is little reason to think that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FD5AFCBFFC27FC02" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[741,907,872,898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FD5AFCBFFC27FC02" box="[741,907,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2169C3E9D5EFFA1FC2BFCBFFC1AFC02" box="[916,950,872,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is native to sub-Saharan Africa. However, if these species are considered to be part of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FC2AFC47FB96FC2A" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[917,1082,912,938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FC2AFC47FB96FC2A" box="[917,1082,912,938]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2169C3E9D5EFFA1FBFDFC47FBC8FC2A" box="[1090,1124,912,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
then it is perhaps native to the east coast of Africa and Madagascar and also to high altitude areas of tropical Africa. However, the lack of systematic collecting in Africa before the 20th century means that the indigenousness of specimens attributed to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FC56FBDFFB3BFBA1" box="[1001,1175,1031,1058]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FC56FBDFFB3BFBA1" box="[1001,1175,1031,1058]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FB6BFBDFFAF4FBA1" box="[1236,1368,1031,1058]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radicosa">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FB6BFBDFFAF4FBA1" box="[1236,1368,1031,1058]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. radicosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can also not be confirmed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5EFFA1FDADFB80FCCEFB68" blockId="6.[498,1542,234,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The lack of data from much of Africa make it difficult to draw conclusions and this is further complicated by the ambiguity of the species concept of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FB71FBA8FADDFB19" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1230,1393,1151,1177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FB71FBA8FADDFB19" box="[1230,1393,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The history of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FDADFB70FD14FB41" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[530,696,1191,1217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FDADFB70FD14FB41" box="[530,696,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in sub-Saharan Africa will probably remain obscure without further evidence or discoveries.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5EFFA1FE4DFADFFD21FAA4" blockId="6.[498,1542,1288,1916]" box="[498,653,1288,1316]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="D0A64A3B9D5EFFA1FE4DFADFFD21FAA4" bold="true" box="[498,653,1288,1316]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FE4DFADFFD21FAA4" bold="true" box="[498,653,1288,1316]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Australasia</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5EFFA1FE4DFAE4F9AAF884" blockId="6.[498,1542,1288,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Australasia has several native species in section 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FB98FAE4FB17FACD" box="[1063,1211,1331,1357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FB98FAE4FB17FACD" box="[1063,1211,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FB45FAE3FA0CFACD" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1274,1440,1331,1358]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FB45FAE3FA0CFACD" box="[1274,1440,1331,1358]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2169C3E9D5EFFA1FA17FAE3FA67FACE" box="[1448,1483,1332,1358]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is considered introduced (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FCB4FA8CFB1DFAF5" author="Webb CJ &amp; Sykes WR &amp; Garnock-Jones PJ" box="[779,1201,1371,1398]" journalOrPublisher="Christchurch: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Botany Division DSIR" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref11810" refString="Webb CJ, Sykes WR, Garnock-Jones PJ. 1988. Flora of New Zealand. Vol. IV. Christchurch: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Botany Division DSIR." title="Flora of New Zealand. Vol. IV" type="book" year="1988">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FCB4FA8CFB1DFAF5" box="[779,1201,1371,1398]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Webb, Sykes &amp; Garnock-Jones, 1988</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FB7FFA8BFD31FA1D" author="Conn BJ &amp; Jeanes JA &amp; Richards PG" editor="Walsh NG &amp; Entwisle TJ" journalOrPublisher="Melbourne: Cornaceae to Asteraceae. Inkata Press" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref8618" refString="Conn BJ, Jeanes JA, Richards PG. 1999. Oxalidaceae. In: Walsh NG, Entwisle TJ, eds. Flora of Victoria. Vol. 4. Melbourne: Cornaceae to Asteraceae. Inkata Press." title="Oxalidaceae" type="book" volumeTitle="Flora of Victoria. Vol. 4" year="1999">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FB7FFA8BFD31FA1D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Conn, Jeanes &amp; Richards, 1999</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FD13FA53FC80FA1D" author="Gray AM" box="[684,812,1411,1438]" editor="Duretto MF" journalOrPublisher="Tasmanian Museum &amp; Art Gallery" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="8" refId="ref9303" refString="Gray AM. 2011. 70 Oxalidaceae, version 2011: 1. In: Duretto MF, ed. Flora of Tasmania online. Hobart: Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum &amp; Art Gallery, 8." title="70 Oxalidaceae, version 2011: 1" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Flora of Tasmania online. Hobart: Tasmanian Herbarium" year="2011">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FD13FA53FC80FA1D" box="[684,812,1411,1438]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gray, 2011</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Native taxa are 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FC40FA53FA65FA1D" authority="R. Knuth &amp; Schltr." authorityName="R. Knuth &amp; Schltr." box="[1023,1481,1411,1438]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="novae-caledoniae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FC40FA53FB46FA1D" box="[1023,1258,1411,1438]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. novae-caledoniae</emphasis>
R.Knuth &amp; Schltr.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FE4DFA7CFDFCFA45" box="[498,592,1451,1477]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="exilis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FE4DFA7CFDFCFA45" box="[498,592,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. exilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FDE0FA7CFCBEFA46" authority="Haw" authorityName="Haw" box="[607,786,1451,1478]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubens">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FDE0FA7CFD7CFA45" box="[607,720,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. rubens</emphasis>
Haw
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FCA0FA7CFBADFA46" authority="Haw." authorityName="Haw." box="[799,1025,1451,1478]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perennans">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FCA0FA7CFC14FA45" box="[799,952,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. perennans</emphasis>
Haw.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FBB1FA7CFAABFA45" authority="Lourteig" authorityName="Lourteig" box="[1038,1287,1451,1477]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chnoodes">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FBB1FA7CFB36FA45" box="[1038,1178,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. chnoodes</emphasis>
Lourteig
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FAABFA7CFA34FA45" box="[1300,1432,1451,1477]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radicosa">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FAABFA7CFA34FA45" box="[1300,1432,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. radicosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FD98FA04FBC7FA6D" authority="B. J. Conn &amp; P. G. Richards. Unlike" authorityName="B. J. Conn &amp; P. G. Richards. Unlike" box="[551,1131,1491,1517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thompsoniae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FD98FA04FD72FA6D" box="[551,734,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. thompsoniae</emphasis>
B.J.Conn &amp; P.G.Richards. Unlike
</taxonomicName>
authors of African Floras, authors of Australasian Floras accept 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FCF9FA2CFC64F995" box="[838,968,1531,1557]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radicosa">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FCF9FA2CFC64F995" box="[838,968,1531,1557]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. radicosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a distinct species. Australasian species live in a wide range of natural and anthropogenic habitats and although all are close in morphology to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FD18F99CFCE4F9E4" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[679,840,1610,1637]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FD18F99CFCE4F9E4" box="[679,840,1610,1637]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all have distinct morphological features that separate them. Nevertheless, confusion of specimens and observations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FB3DF9A4FA8EF90C" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1154,1314,1650,1677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FB3DF9A4FA8EF90C" box="[1154,1314,1650,1677]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the native taxa must always be considered. Study of the Australasia situation is complicated because Eiten considered all Australasian members of the section 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FB34F915FAB0F95C" box="[1163,1308,1730,1756]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FB34F915FAB0F95C" box="[1163,1308,1730,1756]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be part of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FE4DF93DFD39F884" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[498,661,1770,1796]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FE4DF93DFD39F884" box="[498,661,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2169C3E9D5EFFA1FD23F93DFD16F884" box="[668,698,1770,1796]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and many specimens in herbaria retain his determinations (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FAC8F93CFA59F884" author="Eiten G." box="[1399,1525,1770,1796]" journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="257 - 309" part="69" refId="ref8999" refString="Eiten G. 1963. Taxonomy and regional variation of Oxalis section Corniculatae. I. Introduction, keys and synopsis of the species. American Midland Naturalist 69 (2): 257 - 309 DOI 10.2307 / 2422912." title="Taxonomy and regional variation of Oxalis section Corniculatae. I. Introduction, keys and synopsis of the species" type="journal article" year="1963">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FAC8F93CFA59F884" box="[1399,1525,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eiten, 1963</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5EFFA0FDADF8C5FCB4FEFC" blockId="6.[498,1542,1288,1916]" lastBlockId="7.[498,1542,234,539]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Of possible native species, the closest species to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FBF6F8C5FB43F8AC" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1097,1263,1810,1836]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FBF6F8C5FB43F8AC" box="[1097,1263,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Australasia is 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5EFFA1FE4DF8EDFD04F8D3" box="[498,680,1849,1876]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thompsoniae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FE4DF8EDFD04F8D3" box="[498,680,1849,1876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O. thompsoniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that has recently been described (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5EFFA1FB87F8EDFAEBF8D4" author="Conn BJ &amp; Richards PG" box="[1080,1351,1849,1876]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="171 - 181" part="7" refId="ref8658" refString="Conn BJ, Richards PG. 1994. A new species of Oxalis section Corniculatae (Oxalidaceae) from Australasia. Australian Systematic Botany 7 (2): 171 - 181 DOI 10.1071 / sb 9940171." title="A new species of Oxalis section Corniculatae (Oxalidaceae) from Australasia" type="journal article" year="1994">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5EFFA1FB87F8EDFAEBF8D4" box="[1080,1351,1849,1876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Conn &amp; Richards, 1994</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). It has a weedy habitat and is only known from collections made from the late 20th century. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FE4DFF3CFCBCFE84" author="Conn BJ &amp; Richards PG" box="[498,784,234,261]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="171 - 181" part="7" refId="ref8658" refString="Conn BJ, Richards PG. 1994. A new species of Oxalis section Corniculatae (Oxalidaceae) from Australasia. Australian Systematic Botany 7 (2): 171 - 181 DOI 10.1071 / sb 9940171." title="A new species of Oxalis section Corniculatae (Oxalidaceae) from Australasia" type="journal article" year="1994">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FE4DFF3CFCBCFE84" box="[498,784,234,261]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Conn &amp; Richards (1994)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
suggest it may have been introduced to Australasia, but is of unknown origin. Likewise it may have evolved recently in Australasia from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FAE3FEC4FA53FEAC" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1372,1535,274,301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FAE3FEC4FA53FEAC" box="[1372,1535,274,301]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nevertheless, all reliable determinations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FC55FEEDFB22FED4" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1002,1166,314,340]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FC55FEEDFB22FED4" box="[1002,1166,314,340]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2169C3E9D5FFFA0FB29FEEDFB14FED4" box="[1174,1208,314,340]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in Australasia date from the mid to late 20th century.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5FFFA0FDADFE5DFD28FD9B" blockId="7.[498,1542,234,539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
In summary, the prevailing consensus that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FBAEFE5DFB1BFE24" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1041,1207,394,420]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FBAEFE5DFB1BFE24" box="[1041,1207,394,420]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a recent introduction to Australasia seems to be consistent with the available evidence. However, the similarities of Australasian species with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FCFDFE0DFC44FE73" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[834,1000,473,500]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FCFDFE0DFC44FE73" box="[834,1000,473,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
perhaps indicate a close evolutionary relationship.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5FFFA0FE4DFDEFFD16FDD4" blockId="7.[498,1542,568,1156]" box="[498,698,568,596]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0A64A3B9D5FFFA0FE4DFDEFFD16FDD4" bold="true" box="[498,698,568,596]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FE4DFDEFFD16FDD4" bold="true" box="[498,698,568,596]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">North America</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5FFFA0FE4DFDB4FA25FCC5" blockId="7.[498,1542,568,1156]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The Flora of North America lists several native members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FB04FDB4FA57FDFD" box="[1211,1531,611,637]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FB04FDB4FAA8FDFD" box="[1211,1284,611,637]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Oxalis</emphasis>
section 
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FAD8FDB4FA57FDFD" box="[1383,1531,611,637]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These are 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FDD3FD5BFC3BFD25" authority="Schwegman" authorityName="Schwegman" box="[620,919,651,678]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="illinoensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FDD3FD5BFCADFD25" box="[620,769,651,678]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. illinoensis</emphasis>
Schwegman
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FC1BFD5BFB49FD25" authority="(Trel.) Small" authorityName="Small" baseAuthorityName="Trel." box="[932,1253,651,678]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrantha">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FC1BFD5BFBEBFD25" box="[932,1095,651,678]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. macrantha</emphasis>
(Trel.) Small
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FB4DFD5BFA1BFD25" authority="Small" authorityName="Small" box="[1266,1463,651,678]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FB4DFD5BFAC7FD25" box="[1266,1387,651,678]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. grandis</emphasis>
Small
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FE4DFD63FCBAFD4D" authority="(Small) Fedde" authorityName="Fedde" baseAuthorityName="Small" box="[498,790,691,718]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="colorea">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FE4DFD63FDC4FD4D" box="[498,616,691,718]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. colorea</emphasis>
(Small) Fedde
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FC9CFD63FC22FD4D" box="[803,910,692,718]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FC9CFD63FC22FD4D" box="[803,910,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FC21FD63FBDDFD4D" authority="Trel." authorityName="Trel." box="[926,1137,691,718]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suksdorfii">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FC21FD63FB9CFD4D" box="[926,1072,691,718]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. suksdorfii</emphasis>
Trel.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FBC1FD63FB5DFD4D" box="[1150,1265,691,718]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FBC1FD63FB5DFD4D" box="[1150,1265,691,718]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FABEFD63FA74FD4D" authority="Kunth" authorityName="Kunth" box="[1281,1496,691,718]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FABEFD63FA2EFD4D" box="[1281,1410,691,718]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. albicans</emphasis>
Kunth
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FE4DFD0CFCD4FD75" authority="Nutt. ex Torr. &amp; A. Gray" authorityName="Torr. &amp; A. Gray" box="[498,888,731,757]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pilosa">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FE4DFD0CFDFBFD75" box="[498,599,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. pilosa</emphasis>
Nutt. ex Torr. &amp; A.Gray
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FC3CFD0CFAACFD75" authority="(Abrams) R. Knuth" authorityName="R. Knuth" baseAuthorityName="Abrams" box="[899,1280,731,758]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FC3CFD0CFBB2FD75" box="[899,1054,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. californica</emphasis>
(Abrams) R.Knuth
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FA85FD0CFD72FC9D" authority="(Small) Fedde. Furthermore" authorityName="Fedde. Furthermore" baseAuthorityName="Small" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="texana">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FA85FD0CFA06FD75" box="[1338,1450,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. texana</emphasis>
(Small) Fedde. Furthermore
</taxonomicName>
, in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean there are other species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FDEDFCFCFD71FCC5" box="[594,733,811,837]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FDEDFCFCFD71FCC5" box="[594,733,811,837]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FD53FCFCFC17FCC5" authority="Urb." authorityName="Urb." box="[748,955,811,837]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugeliana">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FD53FCFCFCD1FCC5" box="[748,893,811,837]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. rugeliana</emphasis>
Urb.
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FC48FCFCFA2FFCC5" authority="Focke (Nesom, 2017)" authorityName="Focke (Nesom" authorityYear="2017" box="[1015,1411,811,837]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thelyoxys">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FC48FCFCFB28FCC5" box="[1015,1156,811,837]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. thelyoxys</emphasis>
Focke (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FB5BFCFBFAD5FCC5" author="Nesom GL" box="[1252,1401,811,837]" editor="Tucker GC &amp; Zarucchi JL" journalOrPublisher="New York: Oxford University Press" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="113 - 153" refId="ref10520" refString="Nesom GL. 2017. Oxalidaceae. In: Tucker GC, Zarucchi JL, eds. Flora of North America. Vol. 12. New York: Oxford University Press, 113 - 153." title="Oxalidaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Flora of North America. Vol. 12" year="2017">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FB5BFCFBFAD5FCC5" box="[1252,1401,811,837]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nesom, 2017</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5FFFA0FDADFC85FD71FBB4" blockId="7.[498,1542,568,1156]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FDADFC85FD45FCEC" baseAuthorityName="Lourteig" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[530,745,850,876]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FDADFC85FD45FCEC" box="[530,745,850,876]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2169C3E9D5FFFA0FD50FC84FCBEFCED" box="[751,786,851,877]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is considered an introduction to North America (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FADFFC84FA59FCED" author="Nesom GL" box="[1376,1525,851,877]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="727 - 738" part="3" refId="ref10483" refString="Nesom GL. 2009. Again: taxonomy of yellow-flowered caulescent Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) in eastern North America. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3 (2): 727 - 738." title="Again: taxonomy of yellow-flowered caulescent Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) in eastern North America" type="journal article" year="2009">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FADFFC84FA59FCED" box="[1376,1525,851,877]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nesom, 2009</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). In Central America and the Caribbean the earliest herbarium specimens date from the 1820s (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FD07FC74FCCDFC3C" author="Lourteig A." box="[696,865,930,956]" journalOrPublisher="Phytologia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="57 - 198" part="42" refId="ref10241" refString="Lourteig A. 1979. Oxalidaceae extra-austroamericanae: 2. Oxalis L. Sectio Corniculatae DC. Phytologia 42: 57 - 198." title="Oxalidaceae extra-austroamericanae: 2. Oxalis L. Sectio Corniculatae DC" type="journal article" year="1979">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FD07FC74FCCDFC3C" box="[696,865,930,956]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lourteig, 1979</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). However, an illustration in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FB7EFC75FA3BFC3C" author="Hernandez F." box="[1217,1431,930,956]" journalOrPublisher="Roma: Instituto poligrafico e zecca dello stato. Libraria dello stato" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref9666" refString="Hernandez F. 1651. Rerum medicarum novae hispaniae thesaurus. Vol. 1 - 4. Roma: Instituto poligrafico e zecca dello stato. Libraria dello stato." title="Rerum medicarum novae hispaniae thesaurus. Vol. 1" type="book" year="1651">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FB7EFC75FA3BFC3C" box="[1217,1431,930,956]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hernández (1651)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
has been interpreted as being 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FD55FC1CFB3CFC65" authority="(Pico &amp; Nuez, 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Pico &amp; Nuez" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[746,1168,970,997]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FD55FC1CFC3EFC64" box="[746,914,970,997]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FC19FC1CFB29FC64" author="Pico B &amp; Nuez F." box="[934,1157,970,997]" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="527 - 540" part="47" refId="ref10766" refString="Pico B, Nuez F. 2000. Minor crops of Mesoamerica in early sources (I). Leafy vegetables. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 47 (5): 527 - 540 DOI 10.1023 / A: 1008704110054." title="Minor crops of Mesoamerica in early sources (I). Leafy vegetables" type="journal article" year="2000">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FC19FC1CFB29FC64" box="[934,1157,970,997]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pico &amp; Nuez, 2000</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, although the illustrated specimen cannot be confidently distinguished from other North American taxa, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FDECFBCDFD7BFBB4" box="[595,727,1050,1076]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FDECFBCDFD7BFBB4" box="[595,727,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. albicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5FFFA0FDADFB95FBDEFB03" blockId="7.[498,1542,568,1156]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
We found no convincing evidence that conflicts with the widely held view that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FE4DFBBDFD34FB03" baseAuthorityName="Pico &amp; Nuez" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[498,664,1129,1156]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FE4DFBBDFD34FB03" box="[498,664,1129,1156]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been introduced to North America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5FFFA0FE4DFB74FD13FB3F" blockId="7.[498,1542,1187,1934]" box="[498,703,1187,1215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0A64A3B9D5FFFA0FE4DFB74FD13FB3F" bold="true" box="[498,703,1187,1215]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FE4DFB74FD13FB3F" bold="true" box="[498,703,1187,1215]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">South America</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5FFFA0FE4DFB19FD48F91F" blockId="7.[498,1542,1187,1934]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Several species in section 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FC9EFB19FC19FB68" box="[801,949,1230,1256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FC9EFB19FC19FB68" box="[801,949,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reported in South America such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FE4DFB20FD66FA91" authority="Turcz." authorityName="Turcz." box="[498,714,1270,1297]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bisfracta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FE4DFB20FDDBFA90" box="[498,631,1270,1297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. bisfracta</emphasis>
Turcz.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FD6BFB20FBA8FA90" authority="R. Knuth" authorityName="R. Knuth" box="[724,1028,1270,1297]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calachaccensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FD6BFB20FC35FA90" box="[724,921,1270,1297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. calachaccensis</emphasis>
R.Knuth
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FBAFFB20FB1FFA90" baseAuthorityName="Pico &amp; Nuez" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1040,1203,1270,1297]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FBAFFB20FB1FFA90" box="[1040,1203,1270,1297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FB00FB20FAE4FA90" box="[1215,1352,1270,1297]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FB00FB20FAE4FA90" box="[1215,1352,1270,1297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FA3EFB20FD40FAB9" authority="Savigny (Eiten, 1963)" authorityName="Savigny (Eiten" authorityYear="1963" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sexenata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FA3EFB20F9A9FA90" box="[1409,1541,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. sexenata</emphasis>
Savigny (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FDE0FAC8FD4DFAB8" author="Eiten G." box="[607,737,1310,1336]" journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="257 - 309" part="69" refId="ref8999" refString="Eiten G. 1963. Taxonomy and regional variation of Oxalis section Corniculatae. I. Introduction, keys and synopsis of the species. American Midland Naturalist 69 (2): 257 - 309 DOI 10.2307 / 2422912." title="Taxonomy and regional variation of Oxalis section Corniculatae. I. Introduction, keys and synopsis of the species" type="journal article" year="1963">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FDE0FAC8FD4DFAB8" box="[607,737,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eiten, 1963</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Also, others, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FC4BFAC8FAB6FAB8" authority="Barneoud" authorityName="Barneoud" box="[1012,1306,1310,1337]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dumetorum">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FC4BFAC8FB0CFAB8" box="[1012,1184,1310,1337]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. dumetorum</emphasis>
Barnéoud
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FAE8FAC8FD87FAE1" authority="Jacq." authorityName="Jacq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conorrhiza">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FAE8FAC8FA5BFAB8" box="[1367,1527,1310,1337]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. conorrhiza</emphasis>
Jacq.
</taxonomicName>
can be included under a broader circumscription of section 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FB47FA91FA20FAE0" box="[1272,1420,1350,1376]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FB47FA91FA20FAE0" box="[1272,1420,1350,1376]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FE43FAB8FD14FA08" author="Vaio M &amp; Gardner A &amp; Emshwiller E &amp; Guerra M." box="[508,696,1390,1416]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="199 - 211" part="68" refId="ref11615" refString="Vaio M, Gardner A, Emshwiller E, Guerra M. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2): 199 - 211 DOI 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.03.019." title="Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae)" type="journal article" year="2013">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FE43FAB8FD14FA08" box="[508,696,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Vaio et al., 2013</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FD70FAB8FC3AFA08" author="Vaio M &amp; Gardner A &amp; Emshwiller E &amp; Guerra M." box="[719,918,1390,1416]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="199 - 211" part="68" refId="ref11615" refString="Vaio M, Gardner A, Emshwiller E, Guerra M. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2): 199 - 211 DOI 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.03.019." title="Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae)" type="journal article" year="2013">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FD70FAB8FC3AFA08" box="[719,918,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Vaio et al. (2013)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
used a molecular phylogeny to trace the evolutionary roots of section 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FD0EFA41FCE9FA30" box="[689,837,1430,1456]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FD0EFA41FCE9FA30" box="[689,837,1430,1456]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to South America. However, establishing whether 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FE4DFA69FD34FA58" baseAuthorityName="Pico &amp; Nuez" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[498,664,1470,1496]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FE4DFA69FD34FA58" box="[498,664,1470,1496]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2169C3E9D5FFFA0FD1FFA69FD6FFA58" box="[672,707,1470,1496]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is native to South America is complicated because of the other closely related species present on the continent. Where observations are not supported by specimens it is impossible to know if they have been correctly identified. The earliest specimens we have found of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FCF7F9E1FC42F9CF" baseAuthorityName="Pico &amp; Nuez" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[840,1006,1589,1616]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FCF7F9E1FC42F9CF" box="[840,1006,1589,1616]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from South America (Brazil) are from 1815 to the 1830s (
<tableCitation id="C6D3C8EC9D5FFFA0FD69F98AFC81F9F7" box="[726,813,1629,1655]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1524,290,1527]" captionText="Table 1 Notable early specimens of Oxalis corniculata and O. stricta." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E">Table 1</tableCitation>
). However, in both cases the plants were either cultivated or weeds of cultivation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D5FFFA0FDADF97AFB9BF80E" blockId="7.[498,1542,1187,1934]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FDADF97AFD77F947" author="Vaio M &amp; Gardner A &amp; Emshwiller E &amp; Guerra M." box="[530,731,1709,1735]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="199 - 211" part="68" refId="ref11615" refString="Vaio M, Gardner A, Emshwiller E, Guerra M. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2): 199 - 211 DOI 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.03.019." title="Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae)" type="journal article" year="2013">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FDADF97AFD77F947" box="[530,731,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Vaio et al. (2013)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
showed that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FCC7F97AFBB1F947" baseAuthorityName="Pico &amp; Nuez" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[888,1053,1709,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FCC7F97AFBB1F947" box="[888,1053,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is genetically close to the Bolivian species 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FE4DF902FD15F96E" box="[498,697,1748,1775]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calachaccensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FE4DF902FD15F96E" box="[498,697,1748,1775]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. calachaccensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In fact, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FC9BF902FC47F96E" box="[804,1003,1748,1775]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calachaccensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FC9BF902FC47F96E" box="[804,1003,1748,1775]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. calachaccensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not possess any character that uniquely distinguishes it from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FCEDF92AFB3CF897" authority="(Eiten, 1963)" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[850,1168,1788,1815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FCEDF92AFC59F896" box="[850,1013,1788,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. corniculata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FBBAF92AFB29F896" author="Eiten G." box="[1029,1157,1788,1814]" journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="257 - 309" part="69" refId="ref8999" refString="Eiten G. 1963. Taxonomy and regional variation of Oxalis section Corniculatae. I. Introduction, keys and synopsis of the species. American Midland Naturalist 69 (2): 257 - 309 DOI 10.2307 / 2422912." title="Taxonomy and regional variation of Oxalis section Corniculatae. I. Introduction, keys and synopsis of the species" type="journal article" year="1963">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FBBAF92AFB29F896" box="[1029,1157,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eiten, 1963</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FB24F92AFACCF896" box="[1179,1376,1788,1815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calachaccensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FB24F92AFACCF896" box="[1179,1376,1788,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. calachaccensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FDA9F8F3FD1CF8BE" author="Knuth RGP" box="[534,688,1828,1854]" editor="Herzog T" journalOrPublisher="Leiden: Mededeelingen van' s Rijks-Herbarium" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref9985" refString="Knuth RGP. 1915. Oxalidaceae. In: Herzog T, ed. Die von Dr. Th. Herzog auf seiner zweiten Reise durch Bolivien in den Jahren 1910 und 1911 gesammelten Pflanzen. Vol. 27. Leiden: Mededeelingen van' s Rijks-Herbarium, 1 - 90." title="Oxalidaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Die von Dr. Th. Herzog auf seiner zweiten Reise durch Bolivien in den Jahren 1910 und 1911 gesammelten Pflanzen. Vol. 27" year="1915">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FDA9F8F3FD1CF8BE" box="[534,688,1828,1854]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Knuth (1915)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
using material he collected in 1911 from La Paz, Bolivia and one is left to assume it is native to that location. However, as 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D5FFFA0FB8FF89AFB57F8E6" author="Vaio M &amp; Gardner A &amp; Emshwiller E &amp; Guerra M." box="[1072,1275,1868,1894]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="199 - 211" part="68" refId="ref11615" refString="Vaio M, Gardner A, Emshwiller E, Guerra M. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2): 199 - 211 DOI 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.03.019." title="Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae)" type="journal article" year="2013">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FB8FF89AFB57F8E6" box="[1072,1275,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Vaio et al. (2013)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
indicate, the taxonomic status of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D5FFFA0FD5DF8A3FC05F80E" box="[738,937,1908,1934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calachaccensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D5FFFA0FD5DF8A3FC05F80E" box="[738,937,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">O. calachaccensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is doubtful.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D50FFAFFDADFF3CFAE1FED4" blockId="8.[498,1542,234,340]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
No earlier literature or archaeobotanical evidence has been found for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFA81FF3CFA4FFE84" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1342,1507,234,261]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFA81FF3CFA4FFE84" box="[1342,1507,234,261]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2169C3E9D50FFAFFA55FF3CF9AAFE85" box="[1514,1542,235,261]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" sensu="stricto">s.s</taxonomicNameLabel>
in South America. Even though 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFCCFFEC4FBBAFEAC" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[880,1046,274,301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFCCFFEC4FBBAFEAC" box="[880,1046,274,301]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has South American ancestry, there is no evidence for the species being in South America before the 19th century.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D50FFAFFE4DFEA4FD83FE0F" blockId="8.[498,1543,371,1916]" box="[498,559,371,399]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0A64A3B9D50FFAFFE4DFEA4FD83FE0F" bold="true" box="[498,559,371,399]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFE4DFEA4FD83FE0F" bold="true" box="[498,559,371,399]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Asia</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D50FFAFFE4DFE48FB08FDD9" blockId="8.[498,1543,371,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFE4DFE48FD6AFE39" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[498,710,415,441]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFE4DFE48FD6AFE39" box="[498,710,415,441]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in Asia and is an important weed in countries such as India and China (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFD7DFE10FCE3FE61" author="Reddy CS" box="[706,847,455,481]" journalOrPublisher="Life Science Journal" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="84 - 89" part="5" refId="ref11071" refString="Reddy CS. 2008. Catalogue of invasive alien flora of India. Life Science Journal 5 (2): 84 - 89." title="Catalogue of invasive alien flora of India" type="journal article" year="2008">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFD7DFE10FCE3FE61" box="[706,847,455,481]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Reddy, 2008</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFCE3FE1FFBEBFE61" author="Liu Q &amp; Watson M." box="[860,1095,455,481]" editor="Wu ZY &amp; Raven PH &amp; Hong DY" journalOrPublisher="Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref10196" refString="Liu Q, Watson M. 2008. Oxalidaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH, Hong DY, eds. Flora of China. Vol. 11. Beijing: Science Press and St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press." title="Oxalidaceae" type="book" volumeTitle="Flora of China. Vol. 11. Beijing: Science Press and St" year="2008">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFCE3FE1FFBEBFE61" box="[860,1095,455,481]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Liu &amp; Watson, 2008</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). The authors of Asian Floras, such as those from China and Japan, do not commit to whether 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFB2DFE38FA94FD88" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1170,1336,494,521]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFB2DFE38FA94FD88" box="[1170,1336,494,521]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is native or introduced, but they conclude that the widespread dispersal by humans has made its origin obscure (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFDE0FDE9FC3AFDD8" author="Oi J &amp; Meyer FG &amp; Walker EH" box="[607,918,574,601]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref10625" refString="Oi J, Meyer FG, Walker EH. 1965. Flora of Japan. Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution." title="Flora of Japan. Washington D. C" type="book" year="1965">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFDE0FDE9FC3AFDD8" box="[607,918,574,601]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ōi, Meyer &amp; Walker, 1965</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFC1AFDE8FB38FDD8" author="Liu Q &amp; Watson M." box="[933,1172,574,601]" editor="Wu ZY &amp; Raven PH &amp; Hong DY" journalOrPublisher="Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref10196" refString="Liu Q, Watson M. 2008. Oxalidaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH, Hong DY, eds. Flora of China. Vol. 11. Beijing: Science Press and St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press." title="Oxalidaceae" type="book" volumeTitle="Flora of China. Vol. 11. Beijing: Science Press and St" year="2008">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFC1AFDE8FB38FDD8" box="[933,1172,574,601]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Liu &amp; Watson, 2008</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D50FFAFFDADFDB1FB2BFC67" blockId="8.[498,1543,371,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Nevertheless, there are several archaeobotanical reports of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFB79FDB0FAC0FD00" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1222,1388,614,641]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFB79FDB0FAC0FD00" box="[1222,1388,614,641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seed from China. The earliest of these are from the Majiabang culture (Hunan, 7000–5800 BP; 16 seeds in two excavations) and Daxi culture (Jiangsu, 7,000–5,300 BP; 17 seeds) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFE43FD09FD15FD78" author="Nasu H &amp; Gu HB &amp; Momohara A &amp; Yasuda Y." box="[508,697,734,760]" journalOrPublisher="Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 14" part="4" refId="ref10363" refString="Nasu H, Gu HB, Momohara A, Yasuda Y. 2012. Land-use change for rice and foxtail millet cultivation in the Chengtoushan site, central China, reconstructed from weed seed assemblages. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 4 (1): 1 - 14 DOI 10.1007 / s 12520 - 011 - 0077 - 9." title="Land-use change for rice and foxtail millet cultivation in the Chengtoushan site, central China, reconstructed from weed seed assemblages" type="journal article" year="2012">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFE43FD09FD15FD78" box="[508,697,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nasu et al., 2012</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFD79FD09FCDFFD78" author="Qiu ZW &amp; Liu BS &amp; Li YQ &amp; Shang X &amp; Jiang HE" box="[710,883,734,760]" journalOrPublisher="Science China Earth Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1803 - 1816" part="59" refId="ref11012" refString="Qiu ZW, Liu BS, Li YQ, Shang X, Jiang HE. 2016. Analysis of plant remains at the Neolithic Yangjia Site Wuxi City Jiangsu Province (East China). Science China Earth Sciences 59 (9): 1803 - 1816 DOI 10.1007 / s 11430 - 016 - 5326 - 4." title="Analysis of plant remains at the Neolithic Yangjia Site Wuxi City Jiangsu Province (East China)" type="journal article" year="2016">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFD79FD09FCDFFD78" box="[710,883,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Qiu et al., 2016</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Then are reports from Henan Province 4,950–4,450 BP where 74 seeds were found (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFC86FCD1FC5AFCA0" author="Deng Z &amp; Qin L &amp; Gao Y &amp; Weisskopf AR &amp; Zhang C &amp; Fuller DQ" box="[825,1014,773,800]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="0139885" part="10" refId="ref8794" refString="Deng Z, Qin L, Gao Y, Weisskopf AR, Zhang C, Fuller DQ. 2015. From early domesticated rice of the middle Yangtze basin to millet, rice and wheat agriculture: archaeobotanical macro-remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700 - 500 BC). PLOS ONE 10 (10): e 0139885 DOI 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0139885." title="From early domesticated rice of the middle Yangtze basin to millet, rice and wheat agriculture: archaeobotanical macro-remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700 - 500 BC)" type="journal article" year="2015">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFC86FCD1FC5AFCA0" box="[825,1014,773,800]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Deng et al., 2015</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). There are also reports of multiple preserved seed from the Huangguashan period in Fujian province from more than 3,000 BP; from the Bronze Age in Yunnan province, and from during the Tang dynasty in Lantau (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFE43FCAAFDD0FC17" author="Atha M." box="[508,636,893,919]" journalOrPublisher="Report of investigation conducted on behalf of the Hong Kong archaeological society" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" publicationUrl="http://www.hkarch.org/pdf/report/2011%20Excavation%20Report%20for%20HKAS%202011%20Archaeological%20Investigation%20at%20San%20Tau,%20Lantau%20Island.pdf" refId="ref8073" refString="Atha M. 2012. Archaeological investigation at San Tau Lantau Island. Report of investigation conducted on behalf of the Hong Kong archaeological society. Available at http: // www. hkarch. org / pdf / report / 2011 % 20 Excavation % 20 Report % 20 for % 20 HKAS % 202011 % 20 Archaeological % 20 Investigation % 20 at % 20 San % 20 Tau, % 20 Lantau % 20 Island. pdf." title="Archaeological investigation at San Tau Lantau Island" type="book" year="2012">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFE43FCAAFDD0FC17" box="[508,636,893,919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Atha, 2012</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFD34FCA9FCEDFC17" author="Yao A &amp; Jiang Z &amp; Chen X &amp; Liang Y." box="[651,833,893,919]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Anthropological Archaeology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="213 - 229" part="40" refId="ref11904" refString="Yao A, Jiang Z, Chen X, Liang Y. 2015. Bronze age wetland / scapes: complex political formations in the humid subtropics of southwest China, 900 - 100 BC. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 40: 213 - 229 DOI 10.1016 / j. jaa. 2015.08.005." title="Bronze age wetland / scapes: complex political formations in the humid subtropics of southwest China, 900 - 100 BC" type="journal article" year="2015">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFD34FCA9FCEDFC17" box="[651,833,893,919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Yao et al., 2015</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFCEFFCA9FBB8FC17" author="Deng Z &amp; Hung HC &amp; Fan X &amp; Huang Y &amp; Lu H." box="[848,1044,893,919]" journalOrPublisher="Holocene" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="34 - 43" part="28" refId="ref8750" refString="Deng Z, Hung HC, Fan X, Huang Y, Lu H. 2017. The ancient dispersal of millets in southern China: New archaeological evidence. Holocene 28 (1): 34 - 43 DOI 10.1177 / 0959683617714603." title="The ancient dispersal of millets in southern China: New archaeological evidence" type="journal article" year="2017">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFCEFFCA9FBB8FC17" box="[848,1044,893,919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Deng et al., 2017</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). The paper of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFB71FCA9FA32FC17" author="Nasu H &amp; Gu HB &amp; Momohara A &amp; Yasuda Y." box="[1230,1438,893,919]" journalOrPublisher="Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 14" part="4" refId="ref10363" refString="Nasu H, Gu HB, Momohara A, Yasuda Y. 2012. Land-use change for rice and foxtail millet cultivation in the Chengtoushan site, central China, reconstructed from weed seed assemblages. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 4 (1): 1 - 14 DOI 10.1007 / s 12520 - 011 - 0077 - 9." title="Land-use change for rice and foxtail millet cultivation in the Chengtoushan site, central China, reconstructed from weed seed assemblages" type="journal article" year="2012">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFB71FCA9FA32FC17" box="[1230,1438,893,919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nasu et al. (2012)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
has a particularly convincing illustration of a seed. At all of these sites there was evidence of early agriculture where 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFD77FC1AFCC2FC67" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[712,878,973,999]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFD77FC1AFCC2FC67" box="[712,878,973,999]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have been a weed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D50FFAFFDADFC22FD6FFB56" blockId="8.[498,1543,371,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Apart from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFD21FC22FCEFFB8F" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[670,835,1013,1039]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFD21FC22FCEFFB8F" box="[670,835,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the only other possibility is that these are seeds of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFA2AFC22FA53FB8E" box="[1429,1535,1013,1039]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFA2AFC22FA53FB8E" box="[1429,1535,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is believed to be native to China (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFC03FBCAFB0FFBB7" author="Liu Q &amp; Watson M." box="[956,1187,1053,1079]" editor="Wu ZY &amp; Raven PH &amp; Hong DY" journalOrPublisher="Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref10196" refString="Liu Q, Watson M. 2008. Oxalidaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH, Hong DY, eds. Flora of China. Vol. 11. Beijing: Science Press and St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press." title="Oxalidaceae" type="book" volumeTitle="Flora of China. Vol. 11. Beijing: Science Press and St" year="2008">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFC03FBCAFB0FFBB7" box="[956,1187,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Liu &amp; Watson, 2008</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). However, this Flora of China describes 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFDDAFB92FD7CFBDE" box="[613,720,1093,1119]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFDDAFB92FD7CFBDE" box="[613,720,1093,1119]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as growing in “Forests, ravines; 400–1,500 m” in Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Zhejiang. This is not consistent with the presence of this 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFD0CFB43FD50FB2E" box="[691,764,1172,1198]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFD0CFB43FD50FB2E" box="[691,764,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oxalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in either Hunan, Fujian, Yunnan or Jiangsu province as an agricultural weed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D50FFAFFDADFB33FBDAFA6D" blockId="8.[498,1543,371,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Also in Asia, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFD0DFB33FD57FB7E" box="[690,763,1252,1278]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFD0DFB33FD57FB7E" box="[690,763,1252,1278]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oxalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seeds have been found in Japan from the Early Yayoi period (ca. 2,820–2,530 BP); in the Philippines in the 1st millennium BC and in Vietnam between 3,450 and 3,250 BP (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFCEDFAE3FC6FFACE" author="Paz V." box="[850,963,1332,1358]" journalOrPublisher="Asian Perspectives" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="107 - 118" part="44" refId="ref10732" refString="Paz V. 2005. Rock shelters, caves, and archaeobotany in Island Southeast Asia. Asian Perspectives 44 (1): 107 - 118 DOI 10.1353 / asi. 2005.0012." title="Rock shelters, caves, and archaeobotany in Island Southeast Asia" type="journal article" year="2005">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFCEDFAE3FC6FFACE" box="[850,963,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paz, 2005</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFC6EFAE3FB51FACD" author="Nasu H &amp; Momohara A." box="[977,1277,1331,1358]" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary International" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="504 - 512" part="397" refId="ref10423" refString="Nasu H, Momohara A. 2016. The beginnings of rice and millet agriculture in prehistoric Japan. Quaternary International 397: 504 - 512 DOI 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2015.06.043." title="The beginnings of rice and millet agriculture in prehistoric Japan" type="journal article" year="2016">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFC6EFAE3FB51FACD" box="[977,1277,1331,1358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nasu &amp; Momohara, 2016</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFAB3FAE4FA47FACE" author="Castillo CC &amp; Fuller DQ &amp; Piper PJ &amp; Bellwood P &amp; Oxenham M." box="[1292,1515,1331,1358]" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary International" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="63 - 79" part="489" refId="ref8569" refString="Castillo CC, Fuller DQ, Piper PJ, Bellwood P, Oxenham M. 2018. Hunter-gatherer specialization in the Late Neolithic of southern Vietnam - the case of Rach Nui. Quaternary International 489: 63 - 79 DOI 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2016.11.034." title="Hunter-gatherer specialization in the Late Neolithic of southern Vietnam - the case of Rach Nui" type="journal article" year="2018">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFAB3FAE4FA47FACE" box="[1292,1515,1331,1358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Castillo et al., 2018</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFE4DFA8CFD71FAF5" author="Castillo CC &amp; Fuller DQ &amp; Piper PJ &amp; Bellwood P &amp; Oxenham M." box="[498,733,1371,1397]" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary International" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="63 - 79" part="489" refId="ref8569" refString="Castillo CC, Fuller DQ, Piper PJ, Bellwood P, Oxenham M. 2018. Hunter-gatherer specialization in the Late Neolithic of southern Vietnam - the case of Rach Nui. Quaternary International 489: 63 - 79 DOI 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2016.11.034." title="Hunter-gatherer specialization in the Late Neolithic of southern Vietnam - the case of Rach Nui" type="journal article" year="2018">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFE4DFA8CFD71FAF5" box="[498,733,1371,1397]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Castillo et al. (2018)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
provide a photograph of the single seed they found. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFAEEFA8BFD6BFA1D" author="Nasu H &amp; Momohara A." journalOrPublisher="Quaternary International" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="504 - 512" part="397" refId="ref10423" refString="Nasu H, Momohara A. 2016. The beginnings of rice and millet agriculture in prehistoric Japan. Quaternary International 397: 504 - 512 DOI 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2015.06.043." title="The beginnings of rice and millet agriculture in prehistoric Japan" type="journal article" year="2016">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFAEEFA8BFD6BFA1D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nasu &amp; Momohara (2016)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
indicate that they found between 11 and 58 seeds across two different excavations. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFD38FA7CFD5DFA45" box="[647,753,1451,1477]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFD38FA7CFD5DFA45" box="[647,753,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has neither been found in the Philippines nor Vietnam, so it seems reasonable to assume these are seeds of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFC75FA04FBDCFA6D" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[970,1136,1491,1517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFC75FA04FBDCFA6D" box="[970,1136,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D50FFAFFDADFA2CFA6EF95C" blockId="8.[498,1543,371,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
There is early documentary evidence of the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFB18FA2CFAE1F995" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1191,1357,1531,1557]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFB18FA2CFAE1F995" box="[1191,1357,1531,1557]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in China from 1751 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFD82F9F5FC05F9BD" author="Osbeck P &amp; Toren O &amp; Ekeberg CG" box="[573,937,1570,1597]" journalOrPublisher="London: B. White" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 396" refId="ref10697" refString="Osbeck P, Toren O, Ekeberg CG. 1771. A voyage to China and the East Indies (Vol. 1). London: B. White, 1 - 396." title="A voyage to China and the East Indies (Vol. 1" type="book chapter" year="1771">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFD82F9F5FC05F9BD" box="[573,937,1570,1597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Osbeck, Torén &amp; Ekeberg, 1771</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). This is from Guangdong, outside the known range of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFDE3F99CFD6BF9E4" box="[604,711,1611,1637]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFDE3F99CFD6BF9E4" box="[604,711,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in China and in a region where 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFBF3F99CFB5DF9E4" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1100,1265,1610,1637]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFBF3F99CFB5DF9E4" box="[1100,1265,1610,1637]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is common today. There is also a specimen from Osbeck in the Bergius Herbarium from 1751 and this has been identified by Lourteig as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFCE7F94DFC52F934" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[856,1022,1690,1716]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFCE7F94DFC52F934" box="[856,1022,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6D3C8EC9D50FFAFFBAFF94DFBC4F934" box="[1040,1128,1690,1716]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1524,290,1527]" captionText="Table 1 Notable early specimens of Oxalis corniculata and O. stricta." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF2EADDF9D5CFFA3FFCAFF2FFC87FE8E">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The distribution of first records illustrated in 
<figureCitation id="136AE1D29D50FFAFFD2FF915FD7DF95C" box="[656,721,1730,1756]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="9.[524,589,840,862]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,234,827]" captionTargetId="figure-272@9.[498,1538,234,812]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 1 First observations of Oxalis corniculata. First observations of Oxalis corniculata globally based upon herbarium specimens, historic literature and paleobotanical research. The map uses the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (Brummitt, 2001). Areas were no records were discovered are coloured in green. Note that the scale used is non-linear to allow visualization of the differences in modern introduction dates.The map uses a Mollweide projection.Details of these records have been deposited in an open repository (Groom, 2018). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6384/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5816780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5816780/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
demonstrates the cluster of early records from south–east Asia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D50FFAFFDADF93DF9ABF8FB" blockId="8.[498,1543,371,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D50FFAFFDADF93DFD72F884" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[530,734,1770,1796]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFDADF93DFD72F884" box="[530,734,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also the main food plant of the larvae of 
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFB6AF93DFA6DF884" box="[1237,1473,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pseudozizeeria maha</emphasis>
Kollar, 1844 (pale grass blue butterfly) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D50FFAFFC07F8C5FBC8F8AC" accessDate="2019-01-26" author="Saji K &amp; Haneesh KM &amp; Soman A &amp; Kanwal A." box="[952,1124,1810,1836]" editor="Kunte K &amp; Sondhi S &amp; Roy P" journalOrPublisher="Indian Foundation for Butterflies" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="59" publicationUrl="http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sp/607/Pseudozizeeria-maha" refId="ref11180" refString="Saji K, Haneesh KM, Soman A, Kanwal A. 2017. Pseudozizeeria maha Kollar, 1844 - Pale Grass Blue. In: Kunte K, Sondhi S, Roy P, eds. Butterflies of India, v. 2. 59. Indian Foundation for Butterflies. Available at http: // www. ifoundbutterflies. org / sp / 607 / Pseudozizeeria-maha (accessed 26 January 2019)." title="Pseudozizeeria maha Kollar, 1844 - Pale Grass Blue" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Butterflies of India, v. 2" year="2017">
<emphasis id="B92521459D50FFAFFC07F8C5FBC8F8AC" box="[952,1124,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Saji et al., 2017</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). This species is found across India, south–east Asia, China, North and South Korea and Japan. The presence of this largely monophagous insect suggests that the original native range of its host plant lies within Asia.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EADDF9D51FFAEFDB3FC9FFA47FC70" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5816780" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5816780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5816780/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[524,589,840,862]" targetBox="[498,1541,234,827]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D51FFAEFDB3FC9FFA47FC70" blockId="9.[524,1515,840,1009]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFDB3FC9FFBA6FCDE" bold="true" box="[524,1034,840,863]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Figure 1 First observations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFCF3FC9EFBAFFCDF" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[844,1027,841,863]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFCF3FC9EFBAFFCDF" bold="true" box="[844,1027,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
First observations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFB58FC9EFA3BFCDE" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1255,1431,841,862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFB58FC9EFA3BFCDE" box="[1255,1431,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
globally based upon herbarium specimens, historic literature and paleobotanical research. The map uses the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D51FFAEFBD1FC53FAADFC18" author="Brummitt RK" box="[1134,1281,899,921]" journalOrPublisher="Pittsburgh: Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Carnegie Mellon University" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref8542" refString="Brummitt RK. 2001. World geographical scheme for recording plant distributions, edition 2. Pittsburgh: Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Carnegie Mellon University." title="World geographical scheme for recording plant distributions, edition 2" type="book" year="2001">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFBD1FC53FAADFC18" box="[1134,1281,899,921]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brummitt, 2001</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Areas were no records were discovered are coloured in green. Note that the scale used is non-linear to allow visualization of the differences in modern introduction dates. The map uses a Mollweide projection. Details of these records have been deposited in an open repository (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D51FFAEFCC9FC0CFC42FC70" author="Groom Q." box="[886,1006,987,1008]" journalOrPublisher="Zenodo DOI" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref9403" refString="Groom Q. 2018. Earliest records of Oxalis corniculata by country (Version 1) [Data set]. Zenodo DOI 10.5281 / zenodo. 1332025." title="Earliest records of Oxalis corniculata by country (Version 1) [Data set]" type="book" year="2018">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFCC9FC0CFC42FC70" box="[886,1006,987,1008]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Groom, 2018</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6384/fig-1
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D51FFAEFDADFBFFFB7EFB62" blockId="9.[498,1542,1064,1608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
While it is an indirect indication, the use of plants in traditional medicine can perhaps indicate a long association of a plant with human culture. In our survey of the medicinal uses of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFD78FBAFFCC1FB11" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[711,877,1143,1170]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFD78FBAFFCC1FB11" box="[711,877,1143,1170]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we discovered a total of 182 publications containing 892 remedies for ailments at different locations. It is evident from this map that Asia is at the centre of where 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFD60FB1FFC29FB61" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[735,901,1223,1250]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFD60FB1FFC29FB61" box="[735,901,1223,1250]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is used medicinally (
<figureCitation id="136AE1D29D51FFAEFB3FFB10FB6DFB61" box="[1152,1217,1223,1249]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="10.[524,589,816,838]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,234,803]" captionTargetId="figure-295@10.[498,1538,234,788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 2 The number of ethnopharmacological citations. The number of ethnopharmacological citations for the uses of Oxalis corniculata. Areas with no reports of usage are coloured in green. The map uses the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (Brummitt, 2001). The map uses a Mollweide projection. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6384/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5816782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5816782/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D51FFAEFDADFB27FC1AF9C8" blockId="9.[498,1542,1064,1608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
In conclusion, there are several high-quality paleobotanical records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFAFCFB38FA4BFA89" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1347,1511,1263,1289]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFAFCFB38FA4BFA89" box="[1347,1511,1263,1289]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in eastern Asia and early documentary evidence. Furthermore, there is at least one insect that feeds on 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFD2BFAE8FC95FAD9" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[660,825,1343,1369]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFD2BFAE8FC95FAD9" box="[660,825,1343,1369]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the continent and there is ample documentation of the use of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFD39FAB0FC85FA00" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[646,809,1382,1409]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFD39FAB0FC85FA00" box="[646,809,1382,1409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in traditional Asian medicine. Therefore, there are several lines of evidence for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFD17FA58FCE2FA28" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[680,846,1422,1449]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFD17FA58FCE2FA28" box="[680,846,1422,1449]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having a long presence in Asia, although the association of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFE4DFA60FD34FA50" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[498,664,1462,1489]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFE4DFA60FD34FA50" box="[498,664,1462,1489]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with human disturbance and agriculture has probably led to its further spread within Asia. This makes it difficult to point to a more specific area of origin. However, the archaeobotanical remains from eastern China, Japan and the Philippines do point to a long history in this area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D51FFAEFE4DF9B0FDD4F903" blockId="9.[498,1542,1639,1908]" box="[498,632,1639,1667]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D0A64A3B9D51FFAEFE4DF9B0FDD4F903" bold="true" box="[498,632,1639,1667]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFE4DF9B0FDD4F903" bold="true" box="[498,632,1639,1667]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Polynesia</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D51FFAEFE4DF944FD5AF8F4" blockId="9.[498,1542,1639,1908]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFE4DF944FD6AF92D" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[498,710,1683,1709]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFE4DF944FD6AF92D" box="[498,710,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was present on Hawaii (1779) and Tahiti (1769) when they were explored during the scientific expeditions of Captain James Cook (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D51FFAEFB41F96CFA3BF955" author="St John H." box="[1278,1431,1723,1749]" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="315 - 324" part="32" refId="ref11482" refString="St John H. 1978. The first collection of Hawaiian plants by David Nelson in 1779. Hawaiian plant studies 55. Pacific Science 32: 315 - 324." title="The first collection of Hawaiian plants by David Nelson in 1779. Hawaiian plant studies 55" type="journal article" year="1978">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFB41F96CFA3BF955" box="[1278,1431,1723,1749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">St John, 1978</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, archaeological excavations have found 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFC0DF934FBF9F97C" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[946,1109,1762,1789]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFC0DF934FBF9F97C" box="[946,1109,1762,1789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seed in sediment dated from between the 15th and 17th centuries (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D51FFAEFCF5F8DCFC4EF8A4" author="McCoy P." box="[842,994,1802,1829]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Polynesian Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="223 - 244" part="86" refId="ref10315" refString="McCoy P. 1977. The Mauna Kea adze quarry project: a summary of the 1975 field investigations. Journal of the Polynesian Society 86: 223 - 244." title="The Mauna Kea adze quarry project: a summary of the 1975 field investigations" type="journal article" year="1977">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFCF5F8DCFC4EF8A4" box="[842,994,1802,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">McCoy, 1977</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D51FFAEFC4EF8DDFBDFF8A4" author="Allen MS" box="[1009,1139,1802,1828]" journalOrPublisher="Hawaiian Archaeology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="19 - 30" part="1" refId="ref7999" refString="Allen MS. 1984. A review of archaeobotany and palaeoethnobotany in Hawaii. Hawaiian Archaeology 1: 19 - 30." title="A review of archaeobotany and palaeoethnobotany in Hawaii" type="journal article" year="1984">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFC4EF8DDFBDFF8A4" box="[1009,1139,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Allen, 1984</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D51FFAEFAB1F8DCFA18F8A4" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1294,1460,1802,1829]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFAB1F8DCFA18F8A4" box="[1294,1460,1802,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is either native to Polynesia or, as suggested by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D51FFAEFBB4F8E5FB08F8CC" author="Ridley HN" box="[1035,1188,1842,1868]" journalOrPublisher="Ashford: L. Reeve &amp; Co" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref11124" refString="Ridley HN. 1930. The dispersal of plants throughout the world. Ashford: L. Reeve &amp; Co." title="The dispersal of plants throughout the world" type="book" year="1930">
<emphasis id="B92521459D51FFAEFBB4F8E5FB08F8CC" box="[1035,1188,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ridley (1930)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, was introduced by Polynesian colonizers.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EADDF9D52FFADFDB3FCE7FA47FC1D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5816782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5816782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5816782/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[524,589,816,838]" targetBox="[498,1541,234,803]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D52FFADFDB3FCE7FA47FC1D" blockId="10.[524,1515,816,926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFDB3FCE7FBCFFCC6" bold="true" box="[524,1123,816,838]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 2 The number of ethnopharmacological citations.</emphasis>
The number of ethnopharmacological citations for the uses of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFD54FC99FC3AFCE3" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[747,918,846,867]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFD54FC99FC3AFCE3" box="[747,918,846,867]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Areas with no reports of usage are coloured in green. The map uses the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D52FFADFB7FFCBBFAF9FC00" author="Brummitt RK" box="[1216,1365,875,897]" journalOrPublisher="Pittsburgh: Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Carnegie Mellon University" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref8542" refString="Brummitt RK. 2001. World geographical scheme for recording plant distributions, edition 2. Pittsburgh: Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Carnegie Mellon University." title="World geographical scheme for recording plant distributions, edition 2" type="book" year="2001">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFB7FFCBBFAF9FC00" box="[1216,1365,875,897]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brummitt, 2001</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). The map uses a Mollweide projection. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6384/fig-2
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D52FFADFE4DFC0CFD74FC7E" blockId="10.[498,1542,987,1900]" box="[498,728,987,1022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D0A64A3B9D52FFADFE4DFC0CFD74FC7E" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[498,728,987,1022]" fontSize="14" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="0">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFE4DFC0CFD74FC7E" bold="true" box="[498,728,987,1022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">DISCUSSION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D52FFADFE4DFBDAFCFEFB46" blockId="10.[498,1542,987,1900]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The concept of native range is fluid and difficult to define precisely. It is hard to separate human activities from the supposed “natural” distribution of the organism, particularly when the term is used with agricultural weeds. Rather than define nativeness precisely we have merely tried to seek evidence for the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFAB3FB52FA1EFB1E" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1292,1458,1156,1183]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFAB3FB52FA1EFB1E" box="[1292,1458,1156,1183]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during its global colonization.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D52FFADFDADFB02FAF5F9AD" blockId="10.[498,1542,987,1900]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D52FFADFDADFB02FD71FB6E" author="Vaio M &amp; Gardner A &amp; Emshwiller E &amp; Guerra M." box="[530,733,1236,1262]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="199 - 211" part="68" refId="ref11615" refString="Vaio M, Gardner A, Emshwiller E, Guerra M. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2): 199 - 211 DOI 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.03.019." title="Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae)" type="journal article" year="2013">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFDADFB02FD71FB6E" box="[530,733,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vaio et al. (2013)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
provides us with a fixed origin for the section 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFABAFB03FA35FB6E" box="[1285,1433,1236,1262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFABAFB03FA35FB6E" box="[1285,1433,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in South America, but the further speciation in Australasia and North America indicates that dispersal of the section to those continents occurred hundreds of thousands of years before present. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D52FFADFDE8FA9CFCCDFAE6" author="Heibl C &amp; Renner SS" box="[599,865,1355,1382]" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="823 - 834" part="61" refId="ref9477" refString="Heibl C, Renner SS. 2012. Distribution models and a dated phylogeny for Chilean Oxalis species reveal occupation of new habitats by different lineages, not rapid adaptive radiation. Systematic Biology 61 (5): 823 - 834 DOI 10.1093 / sysbio / sys 034." title="Distribution models and a dated phylogeny for Chilean Oxalis species reveal occupation of new habitats by different lineages, not rapid adaptive radiation" type="journal article" year="2012">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFDE8FA9CFCCDFAE6" box="[599,865,1355,1382]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heibl &amp; Renner (2012)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
estimate that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFBB5FA9BFB1CFAE5" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1034,1200,1355,1382]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFBB5FA9BFB1CFAE5" box="[1034,1200,1355,1382]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diverged from North American taxa (
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFD12FAA3FCB9FA0D" box="[685,789,1396,1422]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFD12FAA3FCB9FA0D" box="[685,789,1396,1422]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">O. stricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFCF1FAA3FC13FA0D" box="[846,959,1395,1422]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFCF1FAA3FC13FA0D" box="[846,959,1395,1422]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">O. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) about 10 million years ago. Therefore, there is no reason to presuppose that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFC94FA4BFC7DFA35" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[811,977,1435,1462]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFC94FA4BFC7DFA35" box="[811,977,1435,1462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2169C3E9D52FFADFC66FA4BFC57FA36" box="[985,1019,1436,1462]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
evolved in South America. Furthermore, additional resolution of the phylogeny of the section 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFBDAFA14FB55FA5D" box="[1125,1273,1475,1501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFBDAFA14FB55FA5D" box="[1125,1273,1475,1501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is needed. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D52FFADFE4DFA3BFD12F985" author="Vaio M &amp; Gardner A &amp; Emshwiller E &amp; Guerra M." box="[498,702,1515,1541]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="199 - 211" part="68" refId="ref11615" refString="Vaio M, Gardner A, Emshwiller E, Guerra M. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2): 199 - 211 DOI 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.03.019." title="Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae)" type="journal article" year="2013">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFE4DFA3BFD12F985" box="[498,702,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vaio et al. (2013)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
did not include any of the known Australasian, Central American and Caribbean 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFD17F9C4FC90F9AD" box="[680,828,1555,1581]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFD17F9C4FC90F9AD" box="[680,828,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and only two of the North American species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D52FFACFDADF9ECFBEEFEAD" blockId="10.[498,1542,987,1900]" lastBlockId="11.[498,1542,234,1934]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Although Europe has often been suggested as the origin of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFB71F9ECFAD8F9D5" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1230,1396,1595,1621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFB71F9ECFAD8F9D5" box="[1230,1396,1595,1621]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is no convincing evidence for its occurrence here earlier than the Renaissance. In contrast, there is clear evidence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFCA0F95CFC68F924" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[799,964,1674,1701]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFCA0F95CFC68F924" box="[799,964,1674,1701]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in eastern Asia occurring for several thousand years. Archaeological evidence supports this conclusion. Furthermore, early specimens, literature and anthropogenic usage are consistent. This conclusion also makes sense regarding the proximity of its nearest relatives. These are native to Australasia, North America and South America. This means, if one accepts the eastern Asian origin of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFE4DF885FD34F8EB" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[498,664,1873,1900]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFE4DF885FD34F8EB" box="[498,664,1873,1900]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that then 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D52FFADFCA4F886FBF7F8EB" box="[795,1115,1873,1899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corniculatae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFCA4F886FCC8F8EB" box="[795,868,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oxalis</emphasis>
section 
<emphasis id="B92521459D52FFADFC78F886FBF7F8EB" box="[967,1115,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Corniculatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a largely circum-Pacific distribution, which we find rather more parsimonious than one member of the section naturally occurring in relative isolation in Europe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D53FFACFDADFEEDFA18FDEB" blockId="11.[498,1542,234,1934]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
There is undoubtedly considerable bias in the publication of ethnobotanical literature and in the intensity of collection of specimens from different parts of the world. In general, native plants are more often used in traditional medicines, but that is probably because there are more available (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFCCBFE65FAE7FE4C" author="De Medeiros PM &amp; Ladio AH &amp; Albuquerque UP" box="[884,1355,433,460]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="729 - 746" part="150" refId="ref8696" refString="De Medeiros PM, Ladio AH, Albuquerque UP. 2013. Patterns of medicinal plant use by inhabitants of Brazilian urban and rural areas: a macroscale investigation based on available literature. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2): 729 - 746 DOI 10.1016 / j. jep. 2013.09.026." title="Patterns of medicinal plant use by inhabitants of Brazilian urban and rural areas: a macroscale investigation based on available literature" type="journal article" year="2013">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFCCBFE65FAE7FE4C" box="[884,1355,433,460]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">De Medeiros, Ladio &amp; Albuquerque, 2013</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Plants are also specifically introduced for their medicinal properties. Nevertheless, these independent sources of evidence both focus on subtropical eastern Asia as an important region for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFDA4FDFEFD13FDC3" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[539,703,553,579]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFDA4FDFEFD13FDC3" box="[539,703,553,579]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although this evidence is weak these results are consistent with a native origin of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFDDEFD86FCAAFDEB" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[609,774,593,619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFDDEFD86FCAAFDEB" box="[609,774,593,619]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Asia and there is little support for an origin elsewhere.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D53FFACFDADFDAEFC02FC2A" blockId="11.[498,1542,234,1934]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The spread of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFD01FDAEFCC8FD13" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[702,868,633,659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFD01FDAEFCC8FD13" box="[702,868,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into the Pacific islands with Polynesian voyagers is also consistent with an east Asian origin. Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome studies of Polynesians traces their origins back to Taiwan, the Philippines and Melanesia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFE43FD26FD60FC8A" author="Kayser M &amp; Brauer S &amp; Cordaux R &amp; Casto A &amp; Lao O &amp; Zhivotovsky LA &amp; Moyse-Faurie C &amp; Rutledge RB &amp; Schiefenhoevel W &amp; Gil D &amp; Lin AA &amp; Underhill PA &amp; Oefner PJ &amp; Trent RJ &amp; Stoneking M." box="[508,716,752,778]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="2234 - 2244" part="23" refId="ref9902" refString="Kayser M, Brauer S, Cordaux R, Casto A, Lao O, Zhivotovsky LA, Moyse-Faurie C, Rutledge RB, Schiefenhoevel W, Gil D, Lin AA, Underhill PA, Oefner PJ, Trent RJ, Stoneking M. 2006. Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: MtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (11): 2234 - 2244 DOI 10.1093 / molbev / msl 093." title="Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: MtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific" type="journal article" year="2006">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFE43FD26FD60FC8A" box="[508,716,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kayser et al., 2006</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFD66FD27FC01FC8A" author="Ohashi J &amp; Naka I &amp; Tokunaga K &amp; Inaoka T &amp; Ataka Y &amp; Nakazawa M &amp; Matsumura Y &amp; Ohtsuka R." box="[729,941,752,778]" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Physical Anthropology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="551 - 556" part="130" refId="ref10557" refString="Ohashi J, Naka I, Tokunaga K, Inaoka T, Ataka Y, Nakazawa M, Matsumura Y, Ohtsuka R. 2006. Brief communication: mitochondrial DNA variation suggests extensive gene flow from Polynesian ancestors to indigenous Melanesians in the northwestern Bismarck Archipelago. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 130 (4): 551 - 556 DOI 10.1002 / ajpa. 20383." title="Brief communication: mitochondrial DNA variation suggests extensive gene flow from Polynesian ancestors to indigenous Melanesians in the northwestern Bismarck Archipelago" type="journal article" year="2006">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFD66FD27FC01FC8A" box="[729,941,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ohashi et al., 2006</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, a proposed spread of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFAA7FD26FA17FC8A" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1304,1467,752,779]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFAA7FD26FA17FC8A" box="[1304,1467,752,779]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
out of east Asia into the Pacific islands with early colonists could parallel the intentional introduction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFD11FC97FC21FCDA" box="[686,909,832,858]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Colocasia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFD11FC97FC21FCDA" box="[686,909,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colocasia esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Schott (taro) to these island (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFA9CFC97FD85FC02" author="Helmkampf M &amp; Wolfgruber TK &amp; Bellinger MR &amp; Paudel R &amp; Kantar MB &amp; Miyasaka SC &amp; Kimball HL &amp; Brown A &amp; Veillet A &amp; Read A &amp; Shintaku M." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Heredity" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="272 - 282" part="109" refId="ref9527" refString="Helmkampf M, Wolfgruber TK, Bellinger MR, Paudel R, Kantar MB, Miyasaka SC, Kimball HL, Brown A, Veillet A, Read A, Shintaku M. 2017. Phylogenetic relationships, breeding implications, and cultivation history of Hawaiian taro (Colocasia esculenta) through genome-wide SNP genotyping. Journal of Heredity 109 (3): 272 - 282 DOI 10.1093 / jhered / esx 070." title="Phylogenetic relationships, breeding implications, and cultivation history of Hawaiian taro (Colocasia esculenta) through genome-wide SNP genotyping" type="journal article" year="2017">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFA9CFC97FD85FC02" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Helmkampf et al., 2017</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). This, however, does not exclude natural dispersal between islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFE43FC47FC32FC2A" author="Aoyama Y &amp; Kawakami K &amp; Chiba S." box="[508,926,912,938]" journalOrPublisher="Japan. Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="2787 - 2801" part="21" refId="ref8021" refString="Aoyama Y, Kawakami K, Chiba S. 2012. Seabirds as adhesive seed dispersers of alien and native plants in the oceanic Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (11): 2787 - 2801 DOI 10.1007 / s 10531 - 012 - 0336 - 9." title="Seabirds as adhesive seed dispersers of alien and native plants in the oceanic Ogasawara Islands" type="journal article" year="2012">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFE43FC47FC32FC2A" box="[508,926,912,938]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Aoyama, Kawakami &amp; Chiba, 2012</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D53FFACFDADFC6FFD13FB19" blockId="11.[498,1542,234,1934]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFDADFC6FFD0CFC51" author="Eiten G." box="[530,672,951,977]" journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="257 - 309" part="69" refId="ref8999" refString="Eiten G. 1963. Taxonomy and regional variation of Oxalis section Corniculatae. I. Introduction, keys and synopsis of the species. American Midland Naturalist 69 (2): 257 - 309 DOI 10.2307 / 2422912." title="Taxonomy and regional variation of Oxalis section Corniculatae. I. Introduction, keys and synopsis of the species" type="journal article" year="1963">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFDADFC6FFD0CFC51" box="[530,672,951,977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eiten (1963)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
suggested Australasia and south–east Asia as the area of origin of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFE4DFC37FD39FC79" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[498,661,991,1018]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFE4DFC37FD39FC79" box="[498,661,991,1018]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, he did so for the wrong reasons. He supposed that the variability and broad geographic spread of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFCCEFBDFFBBBFBA1" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[881,1047,1031,1058]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFCCEFBDFFBBBFBA1" box="[881,1047,1031,1058]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicated that it was parental to the whole group, rather than a more newly derived species as 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFB1CFBE7FAC3FBC9" author="Vaio M &amp; Gardner A &amp; Emshwiller E &amp; Guerra M." box="[1187,1391,1071,1097]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="199 - 211" part="68" refId="ref11615" refString="Vaio M, Gardner A, Emshwiller E, Guerra M. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2): 199 - 211 DOI 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.03.019." title="Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae)" type="journal article" year="2013">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFB1CFBE7FAC3FBC9" box="[1187,1391,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vaio et al. (2013)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
have subsequently shown it to be. He also lumped all Australasian specimens into 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFE4DFBA8FD34FB19" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[498,664,1151,1177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFE4DFBA8FD34FB19" box="[498,664,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2169C3E9D53FFACFD1FFBA8FD13FB19" box="[672,703,1151,1177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D53FFACFDADFB70FCD8F96E" blockId="11.[498,1542,234,1934]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFDADFB70FD4FFB41" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[530,739,1191,1217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFDADFB70FD4FFB41" box="[530,739,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oxalis corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could have been an early introduction to Europe from the east. It may have occurred in Europe before the modern discovery of the New World. An obvious pathway would have been trade along the silk route, which has been suggested as a route of introduction for crops, weeds and plant diseases in both directions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFAA7FAC8FA63FAB8" author="Wei H &amp; Li J &amp; Peng Z &amp; Lu B &amp; Zhao Z &amp; Yang W." box="[1304,1487,1310,1336]" journalOrPublisher="Progress in Natural Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1525 - 1531" part="18" refId="ref11843" refString="Wei H, Li J, Peng Z, Lu B, Zhao Z, Yang W. 2008. Relationships of Aegilops tauschii revealed by DNA fingerprints: the evidence for agriculture exchange between China and the West. Progress in Natural Science 18 (12): 1525 - 1531 DOI 10.1016 / j. pnsc. 2008.05.022." title="Relationships of Aegilops tauschii revealed by DNA fingerprints: the evidence for agriculture exchange between China and the West" type="journal article" year="2008">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFAA7FAC8FA63FAB8" box="[1304,1487,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wei et al., 2008</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFE4DFA91FD13FAE0" author="Smith O &amp; Clapham A &amp; Rose P &amp; Liu Y &amp; Wang J &amp; Allaby RG" box="[498,703,1350,1376]" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="4003" part="4" refId="ref11429" refString="Smith O, Clapham A, Rose P, Liu Y, Wang J, Allaby RG. 2014. A complete ancient RNA genome: identification, reconstruction and evolutionary history of archaeological Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus. Scientific Reports 4 (1): 4003 DOI 10.1038 / srep 04003." title="A complete ancient RNA genome: identification, reconstruction and evolutionary history of archaeological Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus" type="journal article" year="2014">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFE4DFA91FD13FAE0" box="[498,703,1350,1376]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Smith et al., 2014</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). We accept the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFBAAFA91FB17FAE0" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1045,1211,1350,1376]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFBAAFA91FB17FAE0" box="[1045,1211,1350,1376]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Europe in the 15th century, but it might have arrived earlier, during the period of the Pax Mongolica (13th–14th centuries) and the reopening of the silk routes at this time. However, the possible earlier presence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFC8BFA69FC74FA58" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[820,984,1470,1496]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFC8BFA69FC74FA58" box="[820,984,1470,1496]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Carthage indicates an earlier introduction to the Mediterranean Basin. It is interesting that peach stones also occur in the Carthage deposits. Peaches (
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFD70F9D9FCD6F9A7" box="[719,890,1550,1575]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="persica">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFD70F9D9FCD6F9A7" box="[719,890,1550,1575]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Prunus persica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Batsch) were introduced to Europe by the 1st century AD and peaches also have an Asian origin (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFBF5F9E1FA93F9CF" author="Faust M &amp; Timon B." box="[1098,1343,1589,1615]" editor="Janick J" journalOrPublisher="DOI" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="331 - 379" refId="ref9135" refString="Faust M, Timon B. 1995. Origin and dissemination of peach. In: Janick J, ed. Horticultural Reviews. Vol. 17. United States: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd, 331 - 379 DOI 10.1002 / 9780470650585. ch 10." title="Origin and dissemination of peach" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Horticultural Reviews. Vol. 17. United States: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd" year="1995">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFBF5F9E1FA93F9CF" box="[1098,1343,1589,1615]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Faust &amp; Timon, 1995</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Coincidentally, it has also recently been suggested that taro was introduced to Europe in the 4th century AD from south–eastern Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D53FFACFCE7F952FBE5F91F" author="Grimaldi IM &amp; Muthukumaran S &amp; Tozzi G &amp; Nastasi A &amp; Boivin N &amp; Matthews PJ &amp; Van Andel T." box="[856,1097,1669,1695]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="0198333" part="13" refId="ref9341" refString="Grimaldi IM, Muthukumaran S, Tozzi G, Nastasi A, Boivin N, Matthews PJ, Van Andel T. 2018. Literary evidence for taro in the ancient Mediterranean: a chronology of names and uses in a multilingual world. PLOS ONE 13 (6): e 0198333 DOI 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0198333." title="Literary evidence for taro in the ancient Mediterranean: a chronology of names and uses in a multilingual world" type="journal article" year="2018">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFCE7F952FBE5F91F" box="[856,1097,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Grimaldi et al., 2018</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, there are other examples of plants that have been transported between Asia and Europe for agriculture even before the 2nd millennium.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D53FFABFDADF92BFD03FEFC" blockId="11.[498,1542,234,1934]" lastBlockId="12.[498,1542,234,1018]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The situation in sub-Saharan Africa is still unclear and may only be resolved once the taxonomic position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFD41F8F2FC2EF8BE" box="[766,898,1828,1855]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radicosa">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFD41F8F2FC2EF8BE" box="[766,898,1828,1855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. radicosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D53FFACFC7FF8F2FBC1F8BE" box="[960,1133,1828,1855]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis id="B92521459D53FFACFC7FF8F2FBC1F8BE" box="[960,1133,1828,1855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been established. In the case of South Africa, Cape Town was originally founded 1652 and was an important trading port for the Dutch East India Company during the 17th and 18th century. As such, it is not hard to envisage that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFCE8FF3CFC51FE84" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[855,1021,234,261]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFCE8FF3CFC51FE84" box="[855,1021,234,261]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced there. Nevertheless, the testimony of Floras indicates that even if 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFC63FEC4FB2EFEAC" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[988,1154,274,301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFC63FEC4FB2EFEAC" box="[988,1154,274,301]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was present in Africa before the modern era, it has become more common and today has a wider distribution than previously.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D54FFABFDADFE5DFD12FD3B" blockId="12.[498,1542,234,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
In South America the final difficulty is the status of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFBC4FE5DFAEDFE24" box="[1147,1345,394,420]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calachaccensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFBC4FE5DFAEDFE24" box="[1147,1345,394,420]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. calachaccensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is indistinguishable morphologically and genetically from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFB3DFE65FA84FE4B" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1154,1320,433,460]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFB3DFE65FA84FE4B" box="[1154,1320,433,460]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Its presence in Bolivia suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFD5DFE0DFC29FE73" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[738,901,473,500]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFD5DFE0DFC29FE73" box="[738,901,473,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is either native to South America, or that the specimens described as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFD35FDD5FCFCFD9B" box="[650,848,513,540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calachaccensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFD35FDD5FCFCFD9B" box="[650,848,513,540]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. calachaccensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are in fact introduced 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFBDEFDD5FAABFD9B" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1121,1287,513,540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFBDEFDD5FAABFD9B" box="[1121,1287,513,540]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Certainly, Knuth described 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFD02FDFEFC28FDC3" box="[701,900,553,579]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calachaccensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFD02FDFEFC28FDC3" box="[701,900,553,579]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. calachaccensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from plants collected comparatively recently (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D54FFABFE43FD86FD27FDEB" author="Knuth RGP" box="[508,651,593,619]" editor="Herzog T" journalOrPublisher="Leiden: Mededeelingen van' s Rijks-Herbarium" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref9985" refString="Knuth RGP. 1915. Oxalidaceae. In: Herzog T, ed. Die von Dr. Th. Herzog auf seiner zweiten Reise durch Bolivien in den Jahren 1910 und 1911 gesammelten Pflanzen. Vol. 27. Leiden: Mededeelingen van' s Rijks-Herbarium, 1 - 90." title="Oxalidaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Die von Dr. Th. Herzog auf seiner zweiten Reise durch Bolivien in den Jahren 1910 und 1911 gesammelten Pflanzen. Vol. 27" year="1915">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFE43FD86FD27FDEB" box="[508,651,593,619]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Knuth, 1915</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). We are inclined to think that specimens described as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFAABFD86FA76FDEB" box="[1300,1498,593,619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calachaccensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFAABFD86FA76FDEB" box="[1300,1498,593,619]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. calachaccensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are modern introductions and that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFCD6FDAEFB9CFD13" box="[873,1072,633,659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calachaccensis">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFCD6FDAEFB9CFD13" box="[873,1072,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. calachaccensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be considered a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFDADFD76FD14FD3B" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[530,696,673,699]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFDADFD76FD14FD3B" box="[530,696,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEFD579D54FFABFDADFD1FFB94FC79" blockId="12.[498,1542,234,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Relying upon physical evidence to determine the native origins of plant has its limitations and biases. A complementary method would be to examine the genetic diversity of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFDC3FCCEFC8DFCB2" baseAuthorityName="Eiten" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[636,801,792,819]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFDC3FCCEFC8DFCB2" box="[636,801,792,819]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
globally. Taxa tend to be most genetically diverse in the area of their origin (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D54FFABFD35FC97FCFEFCDA" author="Sakai AK &amp; Allendorf FW &amp; Holt JS &amp; Lodge DM &amp; Molofsky J &amp; With KA &amp; Baughman S &amp; Cabin RJ &amp; Cohen JE &amp; Ellstrand NC &amp; McCauley DE &amp; Neil P &amp; Parker IM &amp; Thompson JN &amp; Weller SG" box="[650,850,832,858]" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="305 - 332" part="32" refId="ref11255" refString="Sakai AK, Allendorf FW, Holt JS, Lodge DM, Molofsky J, With KA, Baughman S, Cabin RJ, Cohen JE, Ellstrand NC, McCauley DE, O' Neil P, Parker IM, Thompson JN, Weller SG. 2001. The population biology of invasive species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32 (1): 305 - 332 DOI 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 32.081501.114037." title="The population biology of invasive species" type="journal article" year="2001">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFD35FC97FCFEFCDA" box="[650,850,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sakai et al., 2001</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
) and such an approach has been useful in understanding the invasion biology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5186D49D54FFABFCB6FCBFFC09FC02" box="[777,933,872,898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pes-caprae">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFCB6FCBFFC09FC02" box="[777,933,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. pes-caprae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC080A69D54FFABFC68FCBEFB1FFC02" author="Ferrero V &amp; Barrett SC &amp; Castro S &amp; Caldeirinha P &amp; Navarro L &amp; Loureiro J &amp; Rodriguez-Echeverria S." box="[983,1203,872,898]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="2143 - 2155" part="24" refId="ref9184" refString="Ferrero V, Barrett SC, Castro S, Caldeirinha P, Navarro L, Loureiro J, Rodriguez-Echeverria S. 2015. Invasion genetics of the Bermuda buttercup (Oxalis pes-caprae): complex intercontinental patterns of genetic diversity, polyploidy and heterostyly characterize both native and introduced populations. Molecular Ecology 24 (9): 2143 - 2155 DOI 10.1111 / mec. 13056." title="Invasion genetics of the Bermuda buttercup (Oxalis pes-caprae): complex intercontinental patterns of genetic diversity, polyploidy and heterostyly characterize both native and introduced populations" type="journal article" year="2015">
<emphasis id="B92521459D54FFABFC68FCBEFB1FFC02" box="[983,1203,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ferrero et al., 2015</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). It is hoped that such a study might be possible in the future if the difficulties of collecting representative populations from six continents can be surmounted. Such a study would further define the evolution and migration of this taxon worldwide.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>