191 lines
19 KiB
XML
191 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="FF7C6A75C23E8691DDF4712BDC3C604E" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399EFFF540679FA88F678F453" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Oreotragus stevensoni Roberts 1946" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="735" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="735" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="2CF9849701904E0DEE1C9AC10AE1F9FB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0DBFAC569E9281E52F945886858D3188">
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<mods:title id="95548729F98DB7BDA89F3B5A9A30D4CE">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4EE57A70D17CA1C12B25B754F984864F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="293023E2C3FF8E5D642B2229696600E5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="D8B6D2EAE747EF03B537ED5EB1C97392" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B196235DA536C30AAEF3D83D6DA3C4D4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FAB0086E233BDBAAA2FEBFB3F629D71E">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8B6EA33964ACDC0B1164FBDC38815AEB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="635DFFB8EB024119356B6D5AE45B809A">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="84B19BD7E7578D7B77E2B5EF08C5A86C" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="8A86A68775457F385AC67A5DAB31C609">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="66DFDB085B0A0F754FD85C80FEAE471B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="850883F458283F1171C8EE810B03FA33">
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<mods:title id="A2349A2BCFB9724F9BD212C2AA0E3245">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="33C6C8D672A81D7B6E36B01497AA8AD7">
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<mods:classification id="4330AF88A8B3239D2C277021F8F98160">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="8913DB652754C511BE42BCA5171DC999" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F5071399EFFF540679FA88F678F453" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773239" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659310" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773239" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399EFFF540679FA88F678F453" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399EFFF540679FA88F678F453" lastPageNumber="735" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540679FA88FA2DFAB9" blockId="164.[1388,2473,1290,1378]" box="[1391,1472,1290,1336]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EFFF540679FA88FA2DFAB9" box="[1391,1472,1290,1336]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099EFFF540679FA88FA2DFAB9" box="[1391,1472,1290,1336]" captionStart="Plate 54: Bovidae" captionStartId="164.[117,147,3397,3418]" captionTargetBox="[13,2775,15,3638]" captionTargetPageId="163" captionText="269. Cape Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus), 270. Transvaal Klipspringer (Oreotragus transvaalensis), 271. Stevenson’s Klipspringer (Oreotragus stevensoni), 272. Angolan Klipspringer (Oreotragus tyler), 273. Zambian Klipspringer (Oreotragus centralis), 274. Noack’s Klipspringer (Oreotragus aceratos), 275. Masai Klipspringer (Oreotragus schillingsi), 276. Golden Klipspringer (Oreotragus aureus), 277. Ethiopian Klipspringer (Oreotragus saltatrixoides), 278. Somali Klipspringer (Oreotragus somalicus), 279. Nigerian Klipspringer (Oreotragus porteousi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512975/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">271.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF5406C4FA88F83CFAB9" box="[1490,2001,1290,1336]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF5406C4FA88F83CFAB9" blockId="164.[1388,2473,1290,1378]" box="[1490,2001,1290,1336]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EFFF5406C4FA88F83CFAB9" box="[1490,2001,1290,1336]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EFFF5406C4FA88F83CFAB9" box="[1490,2001,1290,1336]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Stevenson’s Klipspringer</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540B0CFA88F675FAB9" box="[2074,2456,1290,1336]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540B0CFA88F675FAB9" blockId="164.[1388,2473,1290,1378]" box="[2074,2456,1290,1336]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EFFF540B0CFA88F675FAB9" box="[2074,2456,1290,1336]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EFFF540B0CFA88F675FAB9" authority="Roberts, 1946" authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1946" box="[2074,2456,1290,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stevensoni">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540B0CFA88F675FAB9" box="[2074,2456,1290,1336]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Oreotragus stevensoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF54067BFACBF645FADF" box="[1389,2472,1353,1374]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF54067BFACBF645FADF" blockId="164.[1388,2473,1290,1378]" box="[1389,2472,1353,1374]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EFFF54067BFACBF645FADF" box="[1389,2472,1353,1374]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF54067BFACBFA57FADF" bold="true" box="[1389,1466,1353,1374]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EFFF5406D5FACBF929FADF" box="[1475,1732,1353,1374]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Oréotrague de Stevenson</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF5405CCFACBF8D8FADF" bold="true" box="[1754,1845,1353,1374]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EFFF540428FACBF7DCFADF" box="[1854,2097,1353,1374]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Simbabwe-Klippspringer</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540B50FACBF74CFADF" bold="true" box="[2118,2209,1353,1374]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EFFF540BBCFACBF645FADF" box="[2218,2472,1353,1374]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Saltarrocas de Stevenson</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF5404C2FA13F7F3FA54" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF5404C2FA13F7F3FA54" blockId="164.[2004,2589,1425,1846]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF5404C2FA13F782FA2F" bold="true" box="[2004,2159,1425,1454]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EFFF540B93FA13F7F5FA54" authority="Roberts, 1946" authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1946" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stevenson">Oreotragus stevenson: Roberts, 1946</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540B27FA3AF7B1FA7D" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540B27FA3AF7B1FA7D" blockId="164.[2004,2589,1425,1846]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899EFFF540B27FA3AF7B1FA7D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198471" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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Matopo Hills, S of
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF540A42FA3AF635FA54" box="[2388,2520,1464,1493]" country="Zimbabwe" name="Bulawayo" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Bulawayo</collectingRegion>
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, WS
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EFFF5404C3FA5DF7B5FA7D" box="[2005,2136,1503,1532]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Rhodesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF5404C2F984F6ECF9CB" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF5404C2F984F6ECF9CB" blockId="164.[2004,2589,1425,1846]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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Formerly considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EFFF540914F984F7BBF9CB" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oreotragus">O. oreotragus</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF5404C2F9D7F6B6F918" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99EFFF5404C2F9D7F6B6F918" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512897" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512897/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" targetBox="[1387,1980,1429,1845]" targetPageId="164">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF5404C2F9D7F6B6F918" blockId="164.[2004,2589,1425,1846]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF5404C2F9D7F76EF9F3" bold="true" box="[2004,2179,1621,1650]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Distribution.</emphasis>
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The dry country of W
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EFFF540AC8F9D7F7C6F918" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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and N & E
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EFFF540BC4F9FAF6BAF918" box="[2258,2391,1656,1689]" name="Botswana" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF5404C2F91DF83DF7F0" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF5404C2F91DF83DF7F0" blockId="164.[2004,2589,1425,1846]" lastBlockId="164.[1386,2589,1857,3026]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF5404C2F91DF723F941" bold="true" box="[2004,2254,1695,1728]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Total length 82-92 cm (males) and 88:3-100 cm (females), tail 6:5-10.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EFFF540B63F971F72CF891" box="[2165,2241,1779,1808]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
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(both sexes), shoulder height 49-52 cm (males) and 50-53.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EFFF540ACEF897F5F1F8B7" box="[2520,2588,1813,1846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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(females), ear 8:-5-10 cm, hindfoot 21.5-24 cm; weight 9-11-11.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EFFF540A0DF8C3F6B0F8DF" box="[2331,2397,1857,1886]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" unit="kg" value="6.0">6 kg</quantity>
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(males) and 5-15.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EFFF5406A0F8EAFA19F804" box="[1462,1524,1896,1925]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" unit="kg" value="9.0">9 kg</quantity>
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(females). Stevenson’s Klipspringer is one of the smallest species; the sexes are apparently much the same size or the female is slightly larger. Skull length (both sexes) is 134-14 cm. Like the Transvaal Klipspringer (O. transvaalensis), this species has particularly long horns: length 8:8-11.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EFFF5404DBF858F7F4F87A" box="[1997,2073,2010,2043]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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. The color is much duller than the Transvaal Klipspringer, being strongly grizzled, with black on the dorsum but not on the flanks, and the head is much darker, but it is similar to the Transvaal Klipspringer in that the underparts are extensively white.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF54067AF7F5F746F73E" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF54067AF7F5F746F73E" blockId="164.[1386,2589,1857,3026]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF54067AF7F5FA37F719" bold="true" box="[1388,1498,2167,2200]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Habitat.</emphasis>
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As in other species of klipspringer, rocky areas including mountainous regions, rocky hills, kopjes, and gorges are preferred habitats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF54067AF744F70AF6DC" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF54067AF744F70AF6DC" blockId="164.[1386,2589,1857,3026]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF54067AF744F997F766" bold="true" box="[1388,1658,2246,2279]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Stevenson's Klipspringer eats leaves, new shoots, berries, fruits, seed pods, flowers of woody plants, forbs, and some new grass. Generally all the moisture they need is obtained from their food. Diet is much the same as the Zambian Klipspringer (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EFFF540527F6C2F924F6DC" baseAuthorityName="Hinton" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[1585,1737,2368,2397]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">O. centralis</taxonomicName>
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), with perhaps more fruits and berries.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF54067AF6EAF5F4F67B" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF54067AF6EAF5F4F67B" blockId="164.[1386,2589,1857,3026]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF54067AF6EAFA1CF604" bold="true" box="[1388,1521,2408,2437]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Breeding.</emphasis>
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The male follows the female closely, with “laufschlag,” and blocks her movement, standing with arched neck; she may bite him, and they circle tightly before mating. Gestation is five months. Birth occurs in dense vegetation or among rocks; the infants lie quietly for 2-3 months, and walk unsteadily. Weaning occurs at 4-5 months.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF54067CF582F7A2F519" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF54067CF582F7A2F519" blockId="164.[1386,2589,1857,3026]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF54067CF582F9B5F5A0" bold="true" box="[1386,1624,2560,2593]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Stevenson's Klipspringers are very vigilant, and react to the alarm calls of other species. They give alarm whistles or flee silently, usually to a higher vantage point, where they begin continuous trumpeting alarm calls, made through the nose—the females’ calls coming just after the males’.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF54067AF520F630F4B5" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF54067AF520F630F4B5" blockId="164.[1386,2589,1857,3026]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF54067AF520F7DCF53E" bold="true" box="[1388,2097,2722,2751]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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A population of Stevenson’s Klipspringers at Matobo Hills had a mean territory size of only 5-5 ha. They may leave their territories to forage. There may be more than one female in the territory. In
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EFFF540A86F572F5F8F48C" box="[2448,2581,2800,2829]" name="Botswana" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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, a long-established territory had dung piles up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EFFF540B0EF491F786F4B5" box="[2072,2155,2835,2868]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" unit="cm" value="90.0">90 cm</quantity>
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diameter and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE099EFFF540A2BF491F661F4B5" box="[2365,2444,2835,2868]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
high.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF54067AF4BDF8C9F42A" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF54067AF4BDF8C9F42A" blockId="164.[1386,2589,1857,3026]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF54067AF4BDF924F4DD" bold="true" box="[1388,1737,2879,2908]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EFFF540916F4BDFA1EF405" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oreotragus">O. oreotragus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EFFF540519F4E5F97BF405" box="[1551,1686,2919,2948]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oreotragus</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa, except the Nigerian Klipspringer (O. o. porteousi), are not considered separately by [UCN.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF54067AF43BF678F453" box="[1388,2453,3001,3026]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF54067AF43BF678F453" blockId="164.[1386,2589,1857,3026]" box="[1388,2453,3001,3026]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF54067AF43BF9EBF453" bold="true" box="[1388,1542,3001,3026]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Estes (1991), Groves & Grubb (2011), Roberts (1996), Skinner & Chimimba (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |