187 lines
19 KiB
XML
187 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="460CA59F488473FEB2BB74D78CA9CB2B" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399DAFF6206D6F708F69CFDEE" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Philantomba defriesi" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="717" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="716" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="09D55345D861229C0F05F056FCEF4B7F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="ABF5B0FFD55384D43224CC0AA67EA963">
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<mods:title id="70764D15B057FF5872662C48B4F5E059">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B7EDB4DA43FD16A78160BEB7A2884A07" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DA8217ECE5881BDE4544901FB153586A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2C4119BB247A219F9A5AD2B66FC88DC5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="B0B5D16F499B49F0558E4EE4C23EB171" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C5979B8C6CDDF35149A79151F2F46B1F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="38EEFF68730FD829107B7E7AEA73F527">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="20F9D61473117BD700CF133902E229E3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="32D56C4FD98EA21A169539DAFF79A5DB">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="F6A7A2C3B2076C0BF51F06823FC7181B" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="5648855E5871DBDFD2C3FD835F26B3B3">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="40DA522E59ADA02234D851F2CFCBFBE3">
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<mods:placeTerm id="D61DAAA55035B62EEF76F30098461860">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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<mods:titleInfo id="BAC7945518A93E1EBCCE47B9182AE7E4">
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<mods:title id="43F77A285EAAE44376D9A897B977FB75">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="EAC71807EFE84E69327E045EC7A7257A">
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<mods:classification id="F240597971E76D4090DEF25A50FE9964">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7C4EAB97BD3652A9BAA62CB789143A90" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F5071399DAFF6206D6F708F69CFDEE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773184" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773184" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399DAFF6206D6F708F69CFDEE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399DAFF6206D6F708F69CFDEE" lastPageId="146" lastPageNumber="717" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF6106D6F708F9FFF739" box="[1472,1554,2186,2232]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF6106D6F708F9FFF739" blockId="145.[1470,2454,2186,2273]" box="[1472,1554,2186,2232]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DAFF6106D6F708F9FFF739" box="[1472,1554,2186,2232]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099DAFF6106D6F708F9FFF739" box="[1472,1554,2186,2232]" captionStart="Plate 51: Bovidae" captionStartId="142.[106,136,3389,3414]" captionTargetBox="[14,2769,14,3636]" captionTargetPageId="141" captionText="233. Western Blue Duiker (Philantomba congica), 234. Bioko Blue Duiker (Philantomba melanorhea), 235. Eastern Blue Duiker (Philantomba aequatorialis), 236. Mountain Blue Duiker (Philantomba lugens), 237. Simpson’s Blue Duiker (Philantomba simpsoni), 238. Malawi Blue Duiker (Philantomba hecki), 239. Zimbabwe Blue Duiker (Philantomba bicolor), 240. Cape Blue Duiker (Philantomba monticola), 241. Angolan Blue Duiker (Philantomba anchietae), 242. Zambian Blue Duiker (Philantomba defries)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512969/files/figure.png" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">242.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF610535F708F80BF739" box="[1571,2022,2186,2232]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF610535F708F80BF739" blockId="145.[1470,2454,2186,2273]" box="[1571,2022,2186,2232]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DAFF610535F708F80BF739" box="[1571,2022,2186,2232]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DAFF610535F708F80BF739" box="[1571,2022,2186,2232]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Zambian Blue Duiker</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF610B0EF708F67BF739" box="[2072,2454,2186,2232]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF610B0EF708F67BF739" blockId="145.[1470,2454,2186,2273]" box="[2072,2454,2186,2232]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DAFF610B0EF708F67BF739" box="[2072,2454,2186,2232]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DAFF610B0EF708F67BF739" baseAuthorityName="Rothschild" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[2072,2454,2186,2232]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="defriesi">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF610B0EF708F67BF739" box="[2072,2454,2186,2232]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Philantomba defriesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF6106A9F74BF67FF75F" box="[1471,2450,2249,2270]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF6106A9F74BF67FF75F" blockId="145.[1470,2454,2186,2273]" box="[1471,2450,2249,2270]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DAFF6106A9F74BF67FF75F" box="[1471,2450,2249,2270]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF6106A9F74BF9E1F75F" bold="true" box="[1471,1548,2249,2270]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DAFF610503F74BF8E8F75F" box="[1557,1797,2249,2270]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Céphalophe de De Fries</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF61040CF74BF898F75F" bold="true" box="[1818,1909,2249,2270]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DAFF610468F74BF7D0F75F" box="[1918,2109,2249,2270]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Sambia-Blauducker</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF610B44F74BF740F75F" bold="true" box="[2130,2221,2249,2270]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DAFF610BA1F74BF71BF75F" box="[2231,2294,2249,2270]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Duiker</vernacularName>
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azul de
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DAFF610A5DF74BF67FF75F" box="[2379,2450,2249,2270]" name="Zambia" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF610B30F692F6F7F6D5" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF610B30F692F6F7F6D5" blockId="145.[2086,2673,2320,2741]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF610B30F692F72CF6AC" bold="true" box="[2086,2241,2320,2349]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DAFF610BF0F692F6F8F6D5" authority="Rothschild, 1904" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1904" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mnyasae" subSpecies="defriesi">Cephalophus mnyasae defriesi Rothschild, 1904</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF610A3EF6B5F7A2F623" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF610A3EF6B5F7A2F623" blockId="145.[2086,2673,2320,2741]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899DAFF610A3EF6B5F7A2F623" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198440" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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Itambe, between Lakes Mweru and Tanganyika,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DAFF610A97F6D8F7A6F623" name="Zambia" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">northern Rhodesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF610B30F62BF6A3F671" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF610B30F62BF6A3F671" blockId="145.[2086,2673,2320,2741]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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Formerly included as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DAFF61094EF62BF74EF671" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1789" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">P. monticola</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF610B30F675F76DF50F" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99DAFF610B30F675F76DF50F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512839" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512839/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" targetBox="[1469,2062,2324,2740]" targetPageId="145">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF610B30F675F76DF50F" blockId="145.[2086,2673,2320,2741]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF610B30F675F738F599" bold="true" box="[2086,2261,2551,2584]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DAFF610BEBF675F68EF599" box="[2301,2403,2551,2584]" name="Angola" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Angola</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DAFF610A9BF675F5CCF599" box="[2445,2593,2551,2584]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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(S of Upemba National Park), and
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DAFF610AD1F59DF5C2F5C1" box="[2503,2607,2591,2624]" name="Zambia" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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NW of the
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799DAFF610B81F5C4F6C8F5E6" box="[2199,2341,2630,2663]" country="Zambia" name="Muchinga" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Muchinga</collectingRegion>
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and Zambezi escarpments.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF610B30F516F6F3F2AB" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF610B30F516F6F3F2AB" blockId="145.[2086,2673,2320,2741]" lastBlockId="145.[1470,2672,2748,3448]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF610B30F516F6CCF534" bold="true" box="[2086,2337,2708,2741]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 54-66 cm, tail
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099DAFF6106E4F53EF9DBF55C" box="[1522,1590,2748,2781]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
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; weight up to 5-4 kg (males) and 7-3 kg (females). Size is large among
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DAFF610904F53EF9E6F485" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Philantomba</taxonomicName>
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duikers. The overall color of the Zambian Blue Duiker is gray-brown, although there is considerable variation among individuals. The pelage is noticeably paler than in the neighboring
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DAFF6105CEF4B3F8D5F4D3" box="[1752,1848,2865,2898]" name="Malawi" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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Blue Duiker (PF. hecki). The forequarters are often bluishgray, the dorsum darker gray over the midline, and the flanks usually have a reddish tinge. The tail and rump are dark, and this coloration extends laterally onto the upper hindlegs, where there is a clearly defined line between this dark patch and the reddish haunches. The legs are distinctly rufous; the front surfaces tend to be brighter. The undersides (including the lower surface of the tail) are whitish, as are the inner legs to the carpal and tarsal joints. The groin and axillary regions are bright white. The face is marked with a dark blaze running from the muzzle to the top of the head. A wide rufous superciliary streak borders this blaze around the eyes. The cheeks are paler than the body. The ears are dark fawn with scattered white hairs on their outer surfaces; the insides are white. Horns are present in both sexes, growing (on average) 4-35 cm long in males and 3-11 cm in females. They are widely spaced and tend to have a slight curve. Dental formulais10/3,.C0/1,P 3/3. M 3/3 (62) = 32.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF6106A8F2B2F974F2F9" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF6106A8F2B2F974F2F9" blockId="145.[1470,2672,2748,3448]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF6106A8F2B2F9C1F2D0" bold="true" box="[1470,1580,3376,3409]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Forests and thickets. The Zambian Blue Duiker is especially common in Cryptosepalum forest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D9FF620376FE91FE97FE05" pageId="146" pageNumber="717" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D9FF620376FE91FE97FE05" blockId="146.[94,1299,275,633]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D9FF620376FE91FE8EFEB5" bold="true" box="[96,355,275,308]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Folivorous/frugivorous. The fruits of Ficus brachypoda and Gymnema sp. and the leaves of Maerua friesii have been recorded in the diet; feeding habits are otherwise unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D9FF620376FE13FEA3FE78" pageId="146" pageNumber="717" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D9FF620376FE13FEA3FE78" blockId="146.[94,1299,275,633]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D9FF620376FE13FF0BFE2B" bold="true" box="[96,230,401,426]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Births in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D9FF62026EFE13FE0DFE2B" box="[376,480,401,426]" name="Zambia" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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have been recorded in June, August, and October. Litter size is one. Other aspects of reproduction are thought to resemble the similar
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D9FF6207A7FE36FF7BFE78" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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Blue Duiker.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D9FF620349FD81FF17FDEE" pageId="146" pageNumber="717" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D9FF620349FD81FF17FDEE" blockId="146.[94,1299,275,633]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D9FF620349FD81FEBEFDA1" bold="true" box="[95,339,515,544]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Most active in open habitats (forest edges and clearings) in the early morning and late afternoon. The rest of the day and night are spent in dense vegetation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D9FF62064FFE95F5EBFEDD" pageId="146" pageNumber="717" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D9FF62064FFE95F5EBFEDD" blockId="146.[1367,2570,279,628]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799D9FF62064FFE95F7F5FEB5" bold="true" box="[1369,2072,279,308]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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There is little specific information available for this species, but field observations are usually ofsolitary individuals or pairs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D9FF62064FFEE4F83CFDA1" pageId="146" pageNumber="717" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D9FF62064FFEE4F83CFDA1" blockId="146.[1367,2570,279,628]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D9FF62064FFEE4F955FE02" bold="true" box="[1369,1720,358,387]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES Appendix II (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D9FF620B47FEE4F71EFE02" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[2129,2291,358,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="146" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">P. monticola</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (combined with the other nine blue duiker species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D9FF6206EEFE37F979FE53" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[1528,1684,437,466]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="146" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">P. monticola</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex). The Zambian Blue Duiker continues to survive in protected areas, but it is thought to have been broadly affected by hunting. No recent estimates of population size have been made.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D9FF62064CFDACF69CFDEE" pageId="146" pageNumber="717" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D9FF62064CFDACF69CFDEE" blockId="146.[1367,2570,279,628]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799D9FF62064CFDACFA1EFDC6" bold="true" box="[1370,1523,558,583]" pageId="146" pageNumber="717">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ansell (1974), East (1999), Grubb & Groves (2001), IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008as), Jeffery et al. (1989), Kingdon (1982), Lydekker (1914), Smithers (1966), Wilson (2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |