212 lines
25 KiB
XML
212 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="69F5E78B441F25617CFA4A9EAE1D011D" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399D4FF5006DCF872FAFCF891" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Cephalophus nigrifrons Gray 1871" docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="731" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="730" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="BC361273603EC0F81A5D6A3F2FF68881">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B73EEBA4646D16235F3383302B51D7E9">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AF173264017D5023FA19D94631F4F437">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5E77D469DA83395FD1308606C4EB230E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="158A3D1644ADB272F1BE34CE74CA6CD5">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="B354AC51AF025181D5B26C2D2A7BD6D2" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="E1D657DD0E3E0249AA1F80D536D1F4BE">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="6A97D68263BCB7D807410BB690BB522E">
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<mods:placeTerm id="FEC2822603D979D84C321D9329CCC614">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B55E0331943CFC0A5D4A0C58F6DF6F80">
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<mods:title id="C3913662808A91AF230E926450CFC5D8">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CA752F6881D3B7DD1B408DB97CA37C24">
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<treatment id="03F5071399D4FF5006DCF872FAFCF891" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773223" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659358" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773223" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399D4FF5006DCF872FAFCF891" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399D4FF5006DCF872FAFCF891" lastPageId="160" lastPageNumber="731" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D4FF6F06DCF872F9F1F79F" box="[1482,1564,2032,2078]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F06DCF872F9F1F79F" blockId="159.[1479,2506,2032,2121]" box="[1482,1564,2032,2078]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<heading id="D0AB016999D4FF6F06DCF872F9F1F79F" box="[1482,1564,2032,2078]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099D4FF6F06DCF872F9F1F79F" box="[1482,1564,2032,2078]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="156.[100,130,3345,3370]" captionTargetBox="[13,2771,13,3637]" captionTargetPageId="155" captionText="On following pages: 259. Western White-bellied Duiker (Cephalophus leucogaster); 260. Uele White-bellied Duiker (Cephalophus arrhenii); 261. Red-flanked Duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus); 262. Natal Red Duiker (Cephalophus natalensis); 263. Harvey's Duiker (Cephalophus harveyi); 264. Black-fronted Duiker (Cephalophus nigrifrons); 265. ltombwe Duiker (Cephalophus hypoxanthus); 266. Rwenzori Duiker (Cephalophus rubidus); 267. Mount Elgon Duiker (Cephalophus fosteri); 268. Mount Kenya Duiker (Cephalophus hooki)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512973/files/figure.png" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">264.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D4FF6F053AF872F809F79F" box="[1580,2020,2032,2078]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F053AF872F809F79F" blockId="159.[1479,2506,2032,2121]" box="[1580,2020,2032,2078]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<heading id="D0AB016999D4FF6F053AF872F809F79F" box="[1580,2020,2032,2078]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99D4FF6F053AF872F809F79F" box="[1580,2020,2032,2078]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Black-fronted Duiker</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D4FF6F0B38F872F627F79F" box="[2094,2506,2032,2078]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F0B38F872F627F79F" blockId="159.[1479,2506,2032,2121]" box="[2094,2506,2032,2078]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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||
<heading id="D0AB016999D4FF6F0B38F872F627F79F" box="[2094,2506,2032,2078]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F0B38F872F627F79F" ID-CoL="SDRP" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1871" box="[2094,2506,2032,2078]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrifrons">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D4FF6F0B38F872F627F79F" box="[2094,2506,2032,2078]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Cephalophus nigrifrons</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D4FF6F06DFF7B2F64DF7C4" box="[1481,2464,2096,2117]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F06DFF7B2F64DF7C4" blockId="159.[1479,2506,2032,2121]" box="[1481,2464,2096,2117]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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||
<heading id="D0AB016999D4FF6F06DFF7B2F64DF7C4" box="[1481,2464,2096,2117]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799D4FF6F06DFF7B2F9FBF7C4" bold="true" box="[1481,1558,2096,2117]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99D4FF6F0509F7B2F8E7F7C4" box="[1567,1802,2096,2117]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Céphalophe a front noir</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D4FF6F040BF7B2F894F7C4" bold="true" box="[1821,1913,2096,2117]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99D4FF6F0494F7B2F7ABF7C4" box="[1922,2118,2096,2117]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Schwarzstirnducker</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D4FF6F0B4DF7B2F75BF7C4" bold="true" box="[2139,2230,2096,2117]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99D4FF6F0BD6F7B2F712F7C4" box="[2240,2303,2096,2117]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Duiker</vernacularName>
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de frente negra
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D4FF6F0B39F7F4F795F73B" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F0B39F7F4F795F73B" blockId="159.[2095,2682,2166,2588]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D4FF6F0B39F7F4F724F712" bold="true" box="[2095,2249,2166,2195]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F0BFEF7F4F79EF73B" ID-CoL="SDRP" authority="Gray, 1871" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1871" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrifrons">Cephalophus nigrifrons Gray, 1871</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D4FF6F0B92F71FF705F73B" box="[2180,2280,2205,2234]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F0B92F71FF705F73B" blockId="159.[2095,2682,2166,2588]" box="[2180,2280,2205,2234]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899D4FF6F0B92F71FF705F73B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198303" box="[2180,2280,2205,2234]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D4FF6F0B92F71FF709F73B" box="[2180,2276,2205,2234]" name="Gabon" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D4FF6F0B24F746F76FF6FE" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F0B24F746F76FF6FE" blockId="159.[2095,2682,2166,2588]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F0B24F746F710F760" baseAuthorityName="Grubb & Grovers" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[2098,2301,2244,2273]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypoxanthus">C. hypoxanthus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F0A00F746F64FF760" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[2326,2466,2244,2273]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubidus">C. rubidus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F0AADF746F5C0F760" box="[2491,2605,2244,2273]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="foster">C. foster</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F0B24F772F777F688" authorityName="St. Leger" authorityYear="1934" box="[2098,2202,2288,2313]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hooki">C. hooki</taxonomicName>
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, which were formerly classified as subspecies of C. nigrifons, are here considered full species. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D4FF6F0B26F607F992F5ED" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99D4FF6F0B26F607F992F5ED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512883" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512883/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" targetBox="[1478,2071,2172,2588]" targetPageId="159">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F0B26F607F653F627" blockId="159.[2095,2682,2166,2588]" box="[2096,2494,2437,2470]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D4FF6F0B26F607F653F627" bold="true" box="[2096,2494,2437,2470]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F0B25F62EF77EF59D" blockId="159.[2095,2682,2166,2588]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F0B25F62EF77EF59D" authority="Gray, 1871" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1871" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrifrons" subSpecies="nigrifrons">C.n.nigrifronsGray,1871—SENigeriaandfromSCameroontoNAngola,EtoEDRCongo.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F06DAF5A0F992F5ED" blockId="159.[1481,2684,2594,3453]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F06DAF5A0F881F5C2" authority="Lonnberg, 1919" authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1919" box="[1484,1900,2594,2627]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrifrons" subSpecies="kivuensis">C. n. kivuensis Lonnberg, 1919</taxonomicName>
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— Virunga Volcanoes in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D4FF6F0BA9F5A0F6C3F5C2" box="[2239,2350,2594,2627]" name="Uganda" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D4FF6F0A29F5A0F642F5C2" box="[2367,2479,2594,2627]" name="Rwanda" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D4FF6F0AA8F5A0F5D9F5C2" box="[2494,2612,2594,2627]" name="Burundi" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Burundi</collectingCountry>
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, and E
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D4FF6F06F0F5CDF996F5ED" box="[1510,1659,2639,2668]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99D4FF6F06DFF5F3F89AF2FC" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599D4FF6F06DFF5F3F89AF2FC" blockId="159.[1481,2684,2594,3453]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799D4FF6F06DFF5F3F927F513" bold="true" box="[1481,1738,2673,2706]" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 85-107 cm, tail 10-16 cm, shoulder height 53.5-57.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099D4FF6F06E3F51AF9D7F538" box="[1525,1594,2712,2745]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
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; weight 13-16 kg. Females are slightly larger than males. Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F0917F51AF596F538" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1871" box="[2561,2683,2712,2745]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrifrons">nigrifrons</taxonomicName>
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is generally larger than kivuensis. Overall color is a deep, glossy chestnut; each hair has a brown base and reddish tip. The pelage is thick, especially in kivuensis. Underparts are scarcely paler than the back in some individuals, but are significantly paler in some populations (e.g. in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599D4FF6F047FF4B7F759F4D7" box="[1897,2228,2869,2902]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="159" pageNumber="730">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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). There is no dark dorsal stripe as seen in many duikers, but a large dark spot or line is present on the chest. The legs are noticeably long; their coloration is dark, becoming almost black at the hooves. In subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F057FF429F90EF44D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1871" box="[1641,1763,2987,3020]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrifrons">nigrifrons</taxonomicName>
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, the blackish coloration begins at the carpal and tarsal joints; in kivuensis, the entire leg is grayish-black. The shoulders may be darker in some animals. Hooves are elongated and narrow. The tail is long, blackish in color, and has a tuft of dark hair with scattered white hairs at the tip. The face is colored similarly to the body, with a distinctive black blaze that runs continuously from nose to crest, expanding to encompass the entire forehead. The forehead is very black in kivuensis, but is occasionally mixed with chestnut in
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699D4FF6F0446F315F827F339" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1871" box="[1872,1994,3223,3256]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrifrons">nigrifrons</taxonomicName>
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. A rufousstripe borders each side of the blaze as it passes the eyes. The chin varies from pale reddish or yellow to white, being paler in animals from higher elevations. The well-developed coronal crest is black or reddish. The ears are black, with a white spot on the inside. The horns are 6.5-9.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099D4FF6F0AD0F28FF5E1F2AF" box="[2502,2572,3341,3374]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="159" pageNumber="730" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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long in males (record length is 11-5 cm) and 1:3.5-2 cm in females. Dental formula is 1 0/3, C0/1,P 3/3, M3/5 (x2) =32.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EBFF500379FE95FDC4FE7F" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EBFF500379FE95FDC4FE7F" blockId="160.[104,1314,279,1811]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EBFF500379FE95FF30FEB9" bold="true" box="[111,221,279,312]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
[Lowland swampy forests, marshy areas, or forests nearrivers or streams. Long legs and elongated hooves likely adaptations to moving through wet terrain. This species’ range expands during wet seasons when seasonally inundated forests become flooded. Refuge is sought in marshy areas, which may reduce depredation by Leopards (Panthera pardus). Densities of the Black-fronted Duikerin the Ituri Forest,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EBFF500793FE3BFAF5FE57" box="[1157,1304,441,470]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, are approximately 1-6 ind/km?.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EBFF500379FD81FD64FC7C" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EBFF500379FD81FD64FC7C" blockId="160.[104,1314,279,1811]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EBFF500379FD81FE9AFDA5" bold="true" box="[111,375,515,548]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Primarily frugivorous, but consumes more vegetation (leaves and stems) than other sympatric duikers. Stomach content analyses in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EBFF500730FDA9FB6EFDCD" box="[1062,1155,555,588]" name="Gabon" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
revealed a dietary composition of 71-6% fruit, 27-8% leaves and stems, 0-62% fungi, and trace amounts of flowers and animal matter. Most fruits consumed are 1-3 cm in diameter; these are typically eaten whole. Preferred fruit species include Plagiostyles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EBFF5007F8FD23FEBCFD68" authority="Klainedoxa" authorityName="Klainedoxa" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africana">africana, Klainedoxa</taxonomicName>
|
||
gabonensis, and Ongokea gore. Leaf stems and animal matter are eaten at greater frequency during wet seasons. In the mountains of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EBFF5000D9FD6DFBD2FC91" box="[975,1087,751,784]" name="Rwanda" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
, preferred food species include Impatiens spp., Cerastium spp., Stellaria sennii, Geranium spp., Droguetia iners, Mentha
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EBFF500224FCC0FE1BFCDE" authority="Viola" authorityName="Viola" box="[306,502,834,863]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquatica">aquatica, Viola</taxonomicName>
|
||
eminii, Tylophoropsis heterophylla, Trifolium spp., and Plantago
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EBFF5003A7FCE8FEDCFC06" box="[177,305,874,903]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolata">lanceolata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lichens such as Usnea sp. and mosses are also consumed; the duikers may stand on their hindlegs to pull down hanging lichens. Black-fronted Duikers have been observed consuming ants by licking the ground crossed by ant columns. This species rarely enters agricultural areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EBFF500378FB85FCC0FBCA" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EBFF500378FB85FCC0FBCA" blockId="160.[104,1314,279,1811]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EBFF500378FB85FF19FBA5" bold="true" box="[110,244,1031,1060]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
There is very little specific information available for this species. Maximum life span (as recorded in captivity) is over 17 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EBFF50037BFBD0FAF3FBF2" box="[109,1310,1106,1139]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EBFF50037BFBD0FAF3FBF2" blockId="160.[104,1314,279,1811]" box="[109,1310,1106,1139]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EBFF50037BFBD0FEBBFBF2" bold="true" box="[109,342,1106,1139]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Diurnal, butlittle other specific information available for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EBFF500378FBFBFAFAFA54" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EBFF500378FBFBFAFAFA54" blockId="160.[104,1314,279,1811]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EBFF500378FBFBFCD1FB1B" bold="true" box="[110,828,1145,1178]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Black-fronted Duikers frequently use pathways in dense vegetation alongside marshy areas. They may disperse far into swamps during the day to forage, especially in the dry seasons (January-February and June-July), and return to the shelter of forests at night. When startled into flight, they make loud thumping noises (it is not known whether these are vocalizations or from the large inguinal glands). The Black-fronted Duiker has been observed swimming across rivers. This species is typically solitary, but is occasionally seen in pairs (suggested to be stable associations). Home ranges are marked with preorbital gland secretions and loud whistle-like calls;it is not known whether territoriality is involved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EBFF500379FA59FCDFF940" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EBFF500379FA59FCDFF940" blockId="160.[104,1314,279,1811]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EBFF500379FA59FE24FA7D" bold="true" box="[111,457,1499,1532]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Blackfronted Duiker continues to thrive in remote and inaccessible areas, but is threatened by bushmeat hunting in regions of human habitation. The total number of Blackfronted Duikers (including populations of the Mount
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EBFF500066F9D4FC28F9F2" box="[880,965,1622,1651]" name="Kenya" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
Duiker, C. hooki, the Itombwe Duiker, C. hypoxanthus, the Mount Elgon Duiker, C. foster, and the Rwenzori Duiker,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EBFF5003F4F92AFE8BF940" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[226,358,1704,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="160" pageNumber="773" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubidus">C. rubidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is estimated at 300,000 animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EBFF500366F952FAFCF891" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EBFF500366F952FAFCF891" blockId="160.[104,1314,279,1811]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EBFF500366F952FEEBF968" bold="true" box="[112,262,1744,1769]" pageId="160" pageNumber="731">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Dubost (1984), East (1999), Grubb & Groves (2001), IUCN/SSC
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EBFF5000B8F952FB96F968" authority="Specialist" authorityName="Specialist" box="[942,1147,1744,1769]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antelope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="160" pageNumber="731" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Antelope Specialist</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group (2008h), Lydekker (1914), Plumptre (2001), Powell & Grubb (2002), Thomas (1892b), Weigl (2005), Wilson (1987, 2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |