205 lines
21 KiB
XML
205 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="184C93D4723E4F4C38A00D10EE6369EB" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139978FFC303DAFE8EFD45F651" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Redunca occidentalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="622" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="622" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="B1BD0ACFCD1F27D9714C45AF8EE77A40" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="B4CFE427F3CC210EAB1A68FC0A578516">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="20A51FD87C1E4F5C3DC2107F600DDDF5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="63AF486F0CBB11F8DFC3FE4638788908" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3AB0D48685A2A975A3183F3C50B2F3A8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7E223F204C7BE9AD22C281012DBDE1E9">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="ACC00E5F1B59D9A4DF21A20BDF579D99">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="B08D5C5D422FE4D031C8AADB8438A232" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="F7171D2C61EF07F3718E5A0598043915">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="C6898B3C8389CBA5459E73060A4F457D">
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<mods:placeTerm id="10065849C9602C93B5614137BE15B27C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B7318B1941DB741DF014AA028D9731C0">
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<mods:title id="8CE1A3B7E00AF45185A3EC3366916967">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A1BC78D3C1FBAC66FFB1CEAB4D757EA0">
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<mods:identifier id="C7B9096654E13359F83F6A4CAF83334B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="303EEF76AAAC9D5B5416FCA51DB396C1" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F507139978FFC303DAFE8EFD45F651" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636802" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659196" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636802" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139978FFC303DAFE8EFD45F651" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139978FFC303DAFE8EFD45F651" lastPageNumber="622" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DAFE8EFEF6FEB7" box="[204,283,268,310]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DAFE8EFEF6FEB7" blockId="51.[200,1152,268,350]" box="[204,283,268,310]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<heading id="D0AB01699978FFC303DAFE8EFEF6FEB7" box="[204,283,268,310]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809978FFC303DAFE8EFEF6FEB7" box="[204,283,268,310]" captionStart="Plate 36: Bovidae" captionStartId="50.[91,121,3388,3413]" captionTargetBox="[12,2750,14,3636]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="112. Southern Reedbuck (Redunca arundinum), 113. Zambian Reedbuck (Redunca occidentalis), 114. Western Reedbuck (Redunca redunca), 115. Nigerian Reedbuck (Redunca nigeriensis), 116. Sudan Reedbuck (Redunca cottoni), 117. Bohor Reedbuck (Redunca bohor), 118. Southern Mountain Reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula), 119. Chanler’s Mountain Reedbuck (Redunca chanleri), 120. Adamawa Reedbuck (Redunca adamauae)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512936" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512936/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">113.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC3023BFE8EFD28FEB7" box="[301,709,268,310]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC3023BFE8EFD28FEB7" blockId="51.[200,1152,268,350]" box="[301,709,268,310]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<heading id="D0AB01699978FFC3023BFE8EFD28FEB7" box="[301,709,268,310]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9978FFC3023BFE8EFD28FEB7" box="[301,709,268,310]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Zambian Reedbuck</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC301E1FE8EFB92FEB7" box="[759,1151,268,310]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC301E1FE8EFB92FEB7" blockId="51.[200,1152,268,350]" box="[759,1151,268,310]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<heading id="D0AB01699978FFC301E1FE8EFB92FEB7" box="[759,1151,268,310]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869978FFC301E1FE8EFB92FEB7" baseAuthorityName="Rothschild" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[759,1151,268,310]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Redunca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC301E1FE8EFB92FEB7" box="[759,1151,268,310]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Redunca occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DFFECAFBA4FEDC" box="[201,1097,328,349]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DFFECAFBA4FEDC" blockId="51.[200,1152,268,350]" box="[201,1097,328,349]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<heading id="D0AB01699978FFC303DFFECAFBA4FEDC" box="[201,1097,328,349]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC303DFFECAFEFBFEDC" bold="true" box="[201,278,328,349]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9978FFC30236FECAFE0BFEDC" box="[288,486,328,349]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869978FFC30236FECAFE98FEDC" box="[288,373,328,349]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Redunca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rédunca</taxonomicName>
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de
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC3028BFECAFE0BFEDC" box="[413,486,328,349]" name="Zambia" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Zambie</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC302ECFECAFDB8FEDC" bold="true" box="[506,597,328,349]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9978FFC30149FECAFCE6FEDC" box="[607,779,328,349]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Sambia-Riedbock</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC30009FECAFC97FEDC" bold="true" box="[799,890,328,349]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9978FFC30092FECAFBA4FEDC" box="[900,1097,328,349]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869978FFC30092FECAFC34FEDC" box="[900,985,328,349]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Redunca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Redunca</taxonomicName>
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de
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC30714FECAFBA4FEDC" box="[1026,1097,328,349]" name="Zambia" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC30026FE0FFB3DFE53" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC30026FE0FFB3DFE53" blockId="51.[811,1402,397,819]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC30026FE0FFC27FE2B" bold="true" box="[816,970,397,426]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869978FFC300F1FE0FFB26FE53" ID-CoL="3L9V" authority="Rothschild, 1907" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cervicapra" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cervicapra arundineum [sic] occidentalis Rothschild, 1907</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC307F0FE37FBC5FE78" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC307F0FE37FBC5FE78" blockId="51.[811,1402,397,819]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589978FFC307F0FE37FBC5FE78" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198499" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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Near Fort Jameson,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC300AFFE5EFBC9FE78" box="[953,1060,476,505]" name="Zambia" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC30026FE7DFE8BFC05" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC30026FE7DFE8BFC05" blockId="51.[811,1402,397,819]" lastBlockId="51.[200,1407,827,2512]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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The Zambian Reedbuck was formerly classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869978FFC30769FDA8FAD7FDC6" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" box="[1151,1338,554,583]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arundinum">R. arundinum</taxonomicName>
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; it is elevated to species status here, but further studies are needed to clarify the differ ences in morphology and distribution between the two taxa. Many references treat all records north of the Zambezi River as belonging to
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869978FFC300FDFC98FB4DFCB2" baseAuthorityName="Rothschild" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[1003,1184,794,819]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Redunca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">R. occidentalis</taxonomicName>
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, but skull measurements indicate that this species is restricted to the general vicinity of Lake
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC30606FCB9FA9EFCDD" box="[1296,1395,827,860]" name="Malawi" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DFFC0BFAEEFBA1" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9978FFC303DFFC0BFAEEFBA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512575/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" targetBox="[199,792,402,817]" targetPageId="51">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DFFC0BFAEEFBA1" blockId="51.[200,1407,827,2512]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC303DFFC0BFE95FC2B" bold="true" box="[201,376,905,938]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC302B2FC0BFDE3FC2B" box="[420,526,905,938]" name="Zambia" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC30109FC0BFD6FFC2B" box="[543,642,905,938]" name="Malawi" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC301B8FC0BFCC3FC2B" box="[686,814,905,938]" name="Tanzania" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, and N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC300B7FC0BFBB7FC2B" box="[929,1114,905,938]" name="Mozambique" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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; despite the specific epithet
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869978FFC3022DFC32FE27FC50" box="[315,458,944,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Redunca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">occidentalis</taxonomicName>
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(“western”), the Zambian Reedbuck appears to be confined to E Africa. No studies have attempted to conclusively delimit the geographical range of the Zambian Reedbuck from that of the Southern Reedbuck (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869978FFC30725FB81FB1BFBA1" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" box="[1075,1270,1027,1056]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arundinum">R. arundinum</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DFFBA4FAE5FA79" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DFFBA4FAE5FA79" blockId="51.[200,1407,827,2512]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC303DFFBA4FE2DFBC6" bold="true" box="[201,448,1062,1095]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Weight 57.7-65.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09978FFC301BAFBA4FD05FBC6" box="[684,744,1062,1095]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" unit="kg" value="5.0">5 kg</quantity>
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(males from E
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC300ABFBA4FBCAFBC6" box="[957,1063,1062,1095]" name="Zambia" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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) or 66.4-67.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09978FFC307CCFBA4FAF8FBC6" box="[1242,1301,1062,1095]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" unit="kg" value="7.0">7 kg</quantity>
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(males from
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC3020DFBCCFE6EFBEE" box="[283,387,1102,1135]" name="Malawi" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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), and 44.5-55 kg (females). No confirmed body length measurements for the Zambian Reedbuck are available, but are presumed to be similar to those of the Southern Reedbuck. The pelage is rusty gray or tawny over the body; the limbs and tail tend to be suffused with gray. The undersides are white, and this coloration expands to cover the buttocks. The legs have a black stripe on their front surfaces. The underside of the tail and its tufted tip are white. The head and neck are paler and grayer than in the Southern Reedbuck. A blaze of darker brown runs along the bridge of the nose. The ears are large, and a black glandular patch is present beneath each ear base. The forward-curving horns are borne only by males; these are shorter and less curved than those of the Southern Reedbuck. The skull has a larger occipital crest than that of the Southern Reedbuck. Dental formulais10/3,C0/1,P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DFFA7CFB6CF914" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DFFA7CFB6CF914" blockId="51.[200,1407,827,2512]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC303DFFA7CFED5F99E" bold="true" box="[201,312,1534,1567]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Savanna zones (including floodplains and montane grassland) with ready access to water. Population density on the Nyika Plateau (
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC300F1F9A7FBA6F9C7" box="[999,1099,1573,1606]" name="Malawi" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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) was estimated to be 1-9 ind/km? based on aerial counts; this method has a tendency to underestimate numbers, and thus actual density is likely in the range of 4 ind/km?.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DCF919FBBEF965" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DCF919FBBEF965" blockId="51.[200,1407,827,2512]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC303DCF919FE3EF93D" bold="true" box="[202,467,1691,1724]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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A grazer; the dietary habits of the Zambian Reedbuck are poorly known, but are likely similar to those of the Southern Reedbuck.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DCF96CFB27F8B3" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DCF96CFB27F8B3" blockId="51.[200,1407,827,2512]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC303DCF96CFEBDF88A" bold="true" box="[202,336,1774,1803]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Breeding.</emphasis>
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There is no specific information available for this species, but aspects of reproduction are presumably similar to those of the Southern Reedbuck.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DFF8BFFE46F851" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DFF8BFFE46F851" blockId="51.[200,1407,827,2512]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC303DFF8BFFE58F8DB" bold="true" box="[201,437,1853,1882]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Primarily crespuscular and nocturnal. This species is reportedly active throughout the night, and retires into cover at 08:00-09:00 h for the day. Zambian Reedbucks are reluctant to leave their resting places unless closely approached by a potential threat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DCF854FE91F765" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DCF854FE91F765" blockId="51.[200,1407,827,2512]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC303DCF854FC7CF876" bold="true" box="[202,913,2006,2039]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Pairs or threesomes are typical in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC303DDF87FFEDBF79F" box="[203,310,2045,2078]" name="Zambia" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Larger groups of 4-5 or even up to twelve animals have been recorded. Preliminary observations indicate thatthis species,like the Southern Reedbuck, is sedentary and concentrates all activities in a restricted home range. When startled, this species flees with bounding jumps rather than at a smooth run; the Zambian Reedbuck frequently stops while fleeing, and observes the threat, holding the head high and the ears pricked.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DDF76CFD7BF600" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DDF76CFD7BF600" blockId="51.[200,1407,827,2512]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC303DDF76CFDC7F68A" bold="true" box="[203,554,2286,2315]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869978FFC30676F76CFE8BF6B0" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arundinum">R. arundinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Due to the imprecise delineation of the distributional limits of the Zambian Reedbuck, population figures are unknown; over 6700 animals are believed to live in protected areas in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959978FFC30139F6E2FD7FF600" box="[559,658,2400,2433]" name="Malawi" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9978FFC303DAF60DFD45F651" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059978FFC303DAF60DFD45F651" blockId="51.[200,1407,827,2512]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179978FFC303DAF60DFE8BF629" bold="true" box="[204,358,2447,2472]" pageId="51" pageNumber="622">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ansell (1960), Cotterill (2000), East (1999), IUCN/SSC
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869978FFC300AFF60DFB67F629" authority="Specialist" authorityName="Specialist" box="[953,1162,2447,2472]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antelope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="51" pageNumber="622" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Antelope Specialist</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group (2008av), Kingdon (1997), Lydekker (1914), Wilson (1968).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |